History of Zionism

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in accordance with the aspirations of Labour Zionism, the 1967 conquest of land that was part of 'biblical Israel' provided a material basis for the ascent of the concept of Eretz Israel. Expressing the perception of rightful Jewish claims on 'biblical land', the construction of Jewish settlements in the conquered territories intensified after the 1977 elections, which ended the dominance of the Labour Party. Yet as the first Intifada made disturbingly visible, Israel's de facto rule over the Palestinian population created a dilemma of democracy versus Jewish majority in the long run. With the beginning of Oslo and the option of territorial compromise, the rift between supporters of Eretz Israel and Medinat Israel deepened to an unprecedented degree, the assassination of Prime Minister Rabin in November 1995 being the most dramatic evidence.

5617: 5442: 3893:, the only Jew in the British Cabinet and a staunch anti-Zionist, "was passionately opposed to the declaration on the grounds that (a) it was a capitulation to anti-Semitic bigotry, with its suggestion that Palestine was the natural destination of the Jews, and that (b) it would be a grave cause of alarm to the Muslim world". Additional references to the future rights of non-Jews in Palestine and the status of Jews worldwide were thus inserted by the British cabinet, reflecting the opinion of the only Jew within it. As the draft was finalized, the term "state" was replaced with "home", and comments were sought from Zionists abroad. Louis Brandeis, a member of the US Supreme Court, influenced the style of the text and changed the words "Jewish race" to "Jewish people". 1274: 4421: 8085: 4444:, arranged by Aaron Propes in 1923. Jabotinsky spoke of the Arab attacks on the settlement of Tel Hai and other Jewish settlements in the Galilee. He believed that these incidents, indicative of serious threats to the Jewish Palestinians, could only be addressed by the recreation of the ancient Jewish state of Israel, extending across the entirety of both Palestine and Jordan. This is the defining philosophy of Revisionist Zionism. Jabotinsky proposed creating Betar to foster a new generation of Jews thoroughly indoctrinated in these nationalist ideals and trained for military action against all enemies of Judaism. In 1931, Jabotinsky was elected 2984: 2904:("The Old New Land") in 1902. He described the Affair as a personal turning point. Seeing Dreyfus's Jewishness used so successfully as a scapegoat by the monarchist propagandists disillusioned Herzl. Dreyfus's guilt was deemed indisputable simply because Jewish stereotypes of nefariousness prevented a fair trial from occurring. Herzl outright denied that any such Jewish stereotypes were rooted in reality in any way. However, he believed that anti-semitism was so deeply ingrained in European society that only the creation of a Jewish state would enable the Jews to join the family of nations and escape antisemitism. 1916:. Antisemites saw Jews as an alien religious, national and racial group and actively tried to prevent Jews from acquiring equal rights and citizenship. The Catholic press was at the forefront of these efforts and was quietly encouraged by the Vatican, which saw its own decline in status as linked to the equality granted to Jews. By the late 19th century, the more extreme nationalist movements in Europe often promoted physical violence against Jews who they regarded as interlopers and exploiters threatening the well-being of their nations. 7953:'s more moderate approach in attaining Jewish statehood, and later objected to its continued existence, which he saw as competition and largely irrelevant following the formation of the state; he clashed with the leadership of the international Zionist Organization. The ZO's main activities at this point were relegated to assisting persecuted Jews, usually in countries where Zionism was illegal, and assisting immigration to Israel in countries where Jews faced little persecution, plus raising awareness and encouraging support for Israel. 2311: 7915: 44: 2003: 2750:, since they were very poor and lived off charitable donations from Europe, which they feared would be used by the newcomers. However, from 1800 there was a movement of Sephardi businessmen from North Africa and the Balkans to Jaffa and the growing community there perceived modernity and Aliyah as the key to salvation. Unlike the Haredi communities, the Jaffa community did not maintain separate Ashkenazi and Sephardi institutions and functioned as a single unified community. 4743:" program. The latter was an effort to increase Jewish immigrant employment, secure the creation of a Jewish proletariat, and to prevent Zionist settlement from turning into a standard colonial enterprise. Initially, it sought to develop separate settlements and economies and campaigned for the exclusive employment of Jews; it later campaigned against the employment of Arabs. Its adverse effects on the Arab majority were increasingly noted by the mandatory administration. 12196: 2857: 2852: 3323: 7162: 4405: 638: 3495: 3377: 2098:"Since the Jew is nowhere at home, nowhere regarded as a native, he remains an alien everywhere. That he himself and his ancestors as well are born in the country does not alter this fact in the least... to the living the Jew is a corpse, to the native a foreigner, to the homesteader a vagrant, to the proprietary a beggar, to the poor an exploiter and a millionaire, to the patriot a man without a country, for all a hated rival." 2927: 4753:"If that principle is to rule, and so the wishes of Palestine's population are to be decisive as to what is to be done with Palestine, then it is to be remembered that the non-Jewish population of Palestine – nearly nine-tenths of the whole – are emphatically against the entire Zionist programme. The tables show that there was no one thing upon which the population of Palestine were more agreed than upon this." 3060:. He also made efforts to cultivate Orthodox rabbinical support. Rabbinical support depended on the Zionist movement making no challenges to existing Jewish tradition. However, an opposition movement arose that emphasized the need for a revolution in Jewish thought. While Herzl believed that the Jews needed to return to their historic homeland as a refuge from antisemitism, the opposition, led by 8039:

areas, particularly the old city of Jerusalem, on the other. Zionism and its ideological underpinnings have become less important in Israeli politics, except for the ongoing national debate about what is meant by a "Jewish State", and the geographic limits of the State of Israel. These debates however, have largely taken place outside Zionist organizations, and within Israeli national politics.

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was evidently implied. He thought very highly of the capabilities of the country, and hinted that his chief object in acquiring power here would be to promote the return". 26 years later, Disraeli wrote in his article entitled "The Jewish Question is the Oriental Quest" (1877) that within fifty years, a nation of one million Jews would reside in Palestine under the guidance of the British.

798:, with statistics showing a steady pattern of growth in the percentage of diaspora Jews relocating to Israel. Today, Israel is home to around 40% of the world's Jews, and it is also the only country in which Jews account for the majority of the population. To date, there is no other example in human history of a nation being re-established after such a long period of existence as a 4015:, which they were allowed to take on tour in Europe. The tour terminated in Tel Aviv, and Habima never returned to Moscow, becoming instead the Israel National Theatre. The Revolution was accompanied by a brief flowering of Yiddish arts before being decimated by censorship and by 1950 a significant number of prominent Yiddish intellectuals had been sent to the 3904:, publicly expressing the government's view in favour of "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people", and specifically noting that its establishment must not "prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country". 5125: 8034:

since, Mr. Begin had preached undying loyalty to what he called Judea and Samaria (the West Bank lands) and promoted Jewish settlement there. But he did not annex the West Bank and Gaza to Israel after he took office, reflecting a recognition that absorbing the Palestinians could turn Israel it into a binational state instead of a Jewish one.

3314:, adopted by the Central Conference of American Rabbis in 1885: "We consider ourselves no longer a nation but a religious community, and therefore expect neither a return to Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship under the administration of the sons of Aaron, nor the restoration of any of the laws concerning the Jewish state." 4666:. Kook was concerned that growing secularism of Zionist supporters and increasing antagonism towards the movement from the largely non-Zionist Orthodox community might lead to a schism between them and sought to create a brand of Zionism that would serve as a bridge between Jewish Orthodoxy and secular Jewish Zionists. 7957:

immigration and assisting immigrants in absorption and integration, fund-raising on behalf of needs and development, encouraging private capital investment, and mobilizing public opinion support for Israel internationally. Worldwide Jewish political and financial support has been of vital importance for Israel.

3328: 3325: 3324: 3287:. However, as the cultural and socialist Zionists increasingly broke with tradition and used language contrary to the outlook of most religious Jewish communities, many orthodox religious organizations began opposing Zionism. Their opposition was based on its secularism and on the grounds that only the 3974:, returned to Russia (from Palestine) and requested to form Jewish Brigades within the Red Army. Trotsky supported the request but opposition from the Yevsektsia led to the proposal's failure. Poale Zion split between a pro-Communist "Left", and an anti-Communist "Right". Future Israeli Prime Minister 7129:

into an Arab state and a Jewish state (with Jerusalem becoming an international enclave). Amid public rejoicing in Jewish communities in Palestine, the Jewish Agency accepted the plan. The Palestinian Arab leadership and the Arab League rejected the decision and announced that they would not abide by

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from Poland to migrate to Palestine as the Jewish Agency was dominated by European Zionists, and increasingly by Socialist Zionists. Immigration restrictions did, however mean that Jewish immigrants to Palestine had to prove their loyalty and dedication by spending years preparing for migration. Many

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began to organize illegal Jewish migration to Palestine. In Europe and America they advocated pressing Britain to allow mass Jewish emigration and the formation of a Jewish Army in Palestine. The army would force the Arab population to accept mass Jewish migration and promote British interests in the

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Lloyd George was an evangelical Christian and pro-Zionist. According to Lloyd George, when he asked Weizmann about payment for his efforts to help Britain, Weizmann told him that he wanted no money, just the rights over Palestine. Weizmann became a close associate of Lloyd George (Prime Minister from

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Although 500,000 Russian Jews were serving in the Russian army, the Russian leadership regarded all Jews as their enemies and assumed that most were avoiding the draft. In 1915, following German advances in the Baltic provinces, the Russian military leadership accused the Jews of being a German fifth

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as the Jewish national language. Like the Zionist movement, the Bund was founded in 1897 and it was one of the largest socialist movements in Europe; however, it did not grow as fast as Zionism. The Bund campaigned for Jewish autonomy and recognition of Jewish (non-territorial) national rights within

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was merely a feeler, my views were not fully developed at that time—since then all I have written has been for one purpose. The man who should restore the Hebrew race to their country would be the Messiah—the real saviour of prophecy!" He did not add formally that he aspired to play this part, but it

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In 1941, a pro-Nazi coup in Iraq led to a massacre of Jews in Baghdad (where they were the largest ethnic group and formed 40% of the population). With anti-Semitism growing, particularly following Iraqi independence, over a 1,000 Jews were illegally fleeing Iraq for Palestine every month. In March

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in accordance with the UN resolution, and Israel was established as the Jewish state. This marked a major turning point, since the Zionist movement had accomplished its principal goal. As a result, many Zionist institutions became government institutions, and the three Zionist militias were combined

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In Palestine the Zionist leadership instructed all able-bodied Jews to volunteer for the British Army. In addition there was an effort to parachute fighters into Europe, though little came of this. Fearing a Nazi invasion, the Jewish community prepared for a final stand to be made against the Nazis.

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During the Holocaust Europe's Jews were cut off from and disowned by the outside world. Jews were systematically impoverished, starved and murdered. Where Jews did try to fight the Nazis, Zionists were prominent in the resistance. However those fighting never had a chance of success, and were always

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in Germany in 1933 produced a powerful new impetus for increased Zionist support and immigration to Palestine. The long-held assimilationist and non-Zionist view that Jews could live securely as minorities in European societies was deeply undermined, since Germany had been regarded previously as the

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The book contains fictional minutes of an imaginary meeting in which alleged Jewish leaders plotted to take over the world. Nilus later claimed they were presented to the elders by Herzl (the "Prince of Exile") at the first Zionist congress. A Polish edition claimed they were taken from Herzl's flat

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to investigate the offer as a temporary measure for Russian Jews in danger. Despite its emergency and temporary nature, the proposal proved very divisive, and widespread opposition to the plan was fueled by a walkout led by the Russian Jewish delegation to the Congress. Nevertheless, a committee was

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Congress delegates were elected by the membership. Members were required to pay dues known as a "shekel". At the congress, delegates elected a 30-man executive council, which in turn elected the movement's leader. The movement was democratic and women had the right to vote, which was still absent in

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and a massive wave of Jews began leaving, mainly for America. So many Russian Jews arrived in Jaffa that the town ran out of accommodation and the local Jews began forming communities outside the Jaffa city walls. However, the migrants faced difficulty finding work (the new settlements mainly needed

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Reflecting the traditional divisions within the Zionist movement, this axis invokes two concepts, namely Eretz Israel, i.e. the biblical 'Land of Israel', and Medinat Israel, i.e. the Jewish and democratic State of Israel. While the concept of Medinat Israel dominated the first decades of statehood

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The following figures relate to the last pre-war Zionist congress in Geneva, 1939. Elections for the congress were held in 48 countries and 529 delegates attended. Members of the movement voted for the parties. Each party submitted a delegate list. Seats were distributed to the parties according to

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During the 1920s concerns about antisemitism increased across Europe. By 1928, nations were increasingly legislating immigration, which at times prevented Jews from entering, and some of the new European states, established after the First World War, perceived Jewish immigrants as a threat to their

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In late 1921, the 12th Zionist congress was held in Carlsbad, Czechoslovakia; it was the first congress to be held since 1913, because of World War I. Four hundred-fifty delegates attended, representing 780,000 fee paying Zionist members worldwide. Weizmann was elected its president in recognition

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of Lithuania (1720-1797) promoted a teaching from the Zohar (book of Jewish mysticism) that “the gates of wisdom above and the founts of wisdom below will open” would happen after the start of the 6th century of the 6th millennium i.e. after the year 5600 of the Jewish calendar (1839-1840 AD). Many

11066:(Chapel-Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2001), D. Ofer, Escaping the Holocaust, Illegal Immigration to the Land of Israel, 1939–1944 (New York: Oxford University Press 1990), J & D Kimche, The Secret Roads: The Illegal Migration of a People 1938–1948 (London: Secker & Warburg 1954) 3622:

and Machanot Halolim. During British rule the lack of available immigration permits to Palestine led the youth movements to operate training programs in Europe, which prepared Jews for migration to Palestine. As a Socialist-Zionist immigrants arrived already speaking Hebrew, trained in agriculture

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Gordon believed that the Jews lacked a "normal" class structure and that the various classes that constitute a nation had to be created artificially. Socialist Zionists therefore set about becoming Jewish peasants and proletarians and focused on settling land and working on it. According to Gordon

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Socialist Zionists believed that the Jews' centuries of being oppressed in anti-Semitic societies had reduced Jews to a meek, despairing existence that invited further antisemitism. They argued that Jews should redeem themselves by becoming farmers, workers, and soldiers in a country of their own.

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substantial unofficial and unauthorized movements of people must be expected, and these will require considerable force to prevent, for the patience of many of the persons involved is, and in my opinion with justification, nearing the breaking point. It cannot be overemphasized that many of these

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One issue fatally divided Arab and Jew in Palestine: immigration. Jews would not compromise over immigration, which they needed as a means of escaping European persecution and which was a core doctrine of Zionism. The Arabs for their part could not compromise on immigration because to do so would

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Lord Lindsay wrote in 1847: "The soil of Palestine still enjoys her sabbaths, and only waits for the return of her banished children, and the application of industry, commensurate with her agricultural capabilities, to burst once more into universal luxuriance, and be all that she ever was in the

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and could only stay a limited amount of time. In 1555 the Pope decreed that Jews in Rome were to face similar restrictions. The requirement for Jews to live in Ghettos spread across Europe and Ghettos were frequently highly overcrowded and heavily taxed. They also provided a convenient target for

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One of the main developments in the initial period of the State was the growth of the Herut party.... It developed from the older Revisionist groups, the 'terrorist' groups of the Irgun Zvai Leumi and members of the Revisionist party ... in 1965 Herut founded, together with the great part of the

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Control of the West Bank and Gaza placed Israel in the position of control over a large population of Palestinian Arabs. Over the years this has generated conflict between competing core Zionist ideals of an egalitarian democratic state on the one hand, and territorial loyalty to historic Jewish

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Despite the death of almost a third of the world's Jews during the Second World War, the number of fee paying members of the Zionist movement continued to grow. The December 1946 Zionist congress in Basle (Switzerland) attracted 375 delegates from 43 countries representing two million fee paying

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Zionists and Nazi authorities had converging interests, as both wanted Jews out of Germany. Even if Nazi authorities didn’t support a Jewish State, they saw Jewish emigration as an answer for the German Jew problem, and Zionist organisations were favoured over other Jew ones by the authorities.

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The success of Zionism in getting international recognition for its project led to growth in the membership and development of new forms of Zionism. The period 1919–1923 saw migration by Jews escaping the civil war in Russia, the period 1924–1929 migration by Jews escaping antisemitic regimes in

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became involved in Zionism, just before the First World War, that Zionism gained significant support. By 1917, the American Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs, which Brandeis chaired, had increased American Zionist membership ten times to 200,000 members; "American Jewry

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Before 1917, Palestine's Arab population mostly saw themselves as Ottoman subjects. They feared the objectives of the Zionist movement, but they assumed the movement would fail. After the Young Turk revolution in 1908, Arab Nationalism grew rapidly in the area and most Arab Nationalists regarded

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on schools, universities and cities to prevent entry by Jews. From 1827 to 1917 Russian Jewish boys were required to serve 25 years in the Russian army, starting at the age of 12. The intention was to forcibly destroy their ethnic identity, however the move severely radicalized Russia's Jews and

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The seed was sown in 1977, when Menachem Begin of Likud brought his party to power for the first time in a stunning election victory over Labor. A decade before, in the 1967 war, Israeli troops had in effect undone the partition accepted in 1948 by overrunning the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Ever

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The Zionist movement entered a new phase of activity. Its priorities were encouraging Jewish settlement in Palestine, building the institutional foundations of a Jewish state and raising funds for these purposes. The 1920s did see a steady growth in the Jewish population and the construction of

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The Jewish population of the USA increased about ten times between 1880 and 1920, with the immigration of poorer, more liberal and radical, "downtown", Eastern European immigrants fleeing persecution in contrast to the older generations of German, Spanish and Portuguese Jews that were much more

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now existed and that their obligations under the mandate were fulfilled. Further migration would be harmful to the Arab population. A further 10,000 Jews a year were to be admitted from 1939 to 1944 as well as a one-time allowance of 25,000 in view of the situation in Europe. After that Jewish

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Churchill also restricted Jewish migration to an annual quota decided by the British. Certificates allowing migration were distributed by the Jewish Agency. Jews with 1000 Pounds in cash or Jewish professionals with 500 Pounds in cash could emigrate freely. Churchill's reforms made it hard for

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in 1920, served as the primary role model of the Betar. A disabled man with only one arm, he led his people in the futile defense of the settlement and reportedly died with the words, "Never mind, it is good to die for our country" (Hebrew: "אין דבר ,טוב למות בעד ארצנו"). This was particularly

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Soviet propaganda backfired in 1967 and led to a major spurt of Jews applying to leave for Israel. The Zionist movement mounted a major campaign to pressure the USSR to allow Soviet Jews to migrate to Israel. Zionist activists in the USSR studied Hebrew (illegal in the USSR), held clandestine

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Initially Palestinian Arabs looked to the Arab-nationalist leaders to create a single Arab state, however Faisal's agreement with Weizmann led Palestinian-Arabs to develop their own brand of nationalism and call for Palestine to become a state governed by the Arab majority, in particular they

5089:"On the basis of German Jewish policy and its foreign policy implications, there exists no reason to paralyse Zionist tendencies in Germany because Zionism does not contradict the National Socialist goal of gradually eliminating the Jews from Germany." Vicco von Bülow-Schwante, september 1935 3357:

provided arms so the Zionists could protect the Jewish community and this prevented a pogrom. Zionist leader Jabotinsky eventually led the Jewish resistance in Odessa. During his subsequent trial Trotsky produced evidence that the police had organized the effort to create a pogrom in Odessa.

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Most Diaspora Jews identify with Zionism and have done so since the 1930s, in the sense that they support the State of Israel, even if they do not choose to emigrate; the Zionist movement also has undertaken a variety of roles to encourage support for Israel. These have included encouraging

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on the Allied side, most Jews supported Germany and in much of Eastern Europe the advancing Germans were regarded as liberators by the Jews. Like the Germans and the Russians, the British assumed that most Jews were avoiding the draft; these beliefs were groundless, but the Polish Zionist

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Overall the yishuv leaders had not done enough in publicizing and trying to stop the Holocaust. While they could have succeeded in saving thousands of Jews if rescuing Jews had been their top priority, rather than state creation, they had no power to "stop" the Holocaust. In the words of

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with the Nazis, whereby German Jews could buy and then export German manufactured goods to Palestine. In Palestine the goods were later sold and the income returned to the migrants. As a result of this agreement, the influx of capital gave a much-needed economic boost in the midst of the

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As in the US, England had experienced a rapid growth in their Jewish minority. About 150,000 Jews migrated there from Russia in the period 1881–1914. With this immigration influx, pressure grew from British voters to halt it; added to the established knowledge in British society of

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of his role in obtaining the Balfour Declaration. The conference passed a proposal for an "Arab-Jewish Entente", which called on Zionist leadership to "forge a true understanding with the Arab nation". Weizmann led the movement until 1931. From 1931 to 1935 the WZO was presided by

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1950, the Iraqi government announced that for a period of 9 months it would permit Jews to leave. Over 98% of the 130,000 Iraqi Jews opted to move to Israel (they were flown from Iran). Many of them abandoning substantial property which was expropriated by the Iraqi government.

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have written that the Irgun went to considerable lengths to avoid harming civilians, such as issuing pre-attack warnings; according to Hoffman, Irgun leadership urged "targeting the physical manifestations of British rule while avoiding the deliberate infliction of bloodshed."

3592:"the land of Israel is bought with labour: not with blood and not with fire." He called on Jews to embrace a "religion of labour" as opposed to their existing religion. Socialist Zionism became a dominant force in Israel, however, it exacerbated the schism between Zionism and 4791:, especially the educated among us, look with the deepest sympathy on the Zionist movement. Our delegation here in Paris is fully acquainted with the proposals submitted yesterday by the Zionist organization to the Peace Conference, and we regard them as moderate and proper. 3749:, a German citizen. With different national sections of the movement supporting different sides in the war, Zionist policy was to maintain strict neutrality and "to demonstrate complete loyalty to Turkey", the German ally controlling Palestine. Following Turkey's entry into 3643:

was one of the graduates. Zionist settlers were usually young and far from their families so a relatively permissive culture was able to develop. Within the Kibbutz movement child rearing was done communally thus freeing women to work (and fight) alongside the men.

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The British government responded by trying to force Jews to return to their places of origin. Holocaust survivors entering the British Zone were denied assistance or forced to live in hostels with former Nazi collaborators (Britain gave asylum to a large number of

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in 1894, profoundly shocked emancipated Jews. The depth of antisemitism in the first country to grant Jews equal rights led many to question their future prospects among Christians. Among those who witnessed the Affair was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist,

1144:. This form of persecution originated in tenth century Baghdad and was copied by Christian rulers. Constant expulsions and insecurity led Jews to adopt artisan professions that were easily transferable between locations (such as furniture making or tailoring). 2975:"Under public law" is generally understood to mean seeking legal permission from the Ottoman rulers for Jewish migration. In this text the word "home" was substituted for "state" and "public law" for "international law" so as not to alarm the Ottoman Sultan. 1061:

Jewish daily prayers include many references to "your people Israel", "your return to Jerusalem" and associate salvation with a restored presence in the Land of Israel, the Land of Zion and Jerusalem (usually accompanied by a Messiah); for example the prayer

5474:(mainly Romania) were responsible for the deaths of at least 10% of the 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust. Axis governments, local police forces and local volunteers across Europe played a critical role in rounding up or executing Jews for the Nazis. 3685:

only a few years after the Basel conference, and the movement became popular among Jews living within the Arab and Muslim world where Jews generally faced religious discrimination, prejudice and occasional violence. A number of the founders of the city of

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in anticipation of the return of the Messiah in 1840. A dispatch from the British Consulate in Jerusalem in 1839 reported that "the Jews of Algiers and its dependencies, are numerous in Palestine..." There was also significant migration from Central Asia

4469:("The Betar Song"), written by Jabotinsky, include a line that quotes Trumpeldor's last words of "never mind". As the song expresses, Betar youth were to be as "proud, generous, and fierce " as Trumpeldor, and as ready to sacrifice themselves for Israel. 3064:, believed that the Jews must revive and foster a Jewish national culture and, in particular strove to revive the Hebrew language. Many also adopted Hebraized surnames. The opposition became known as Cultural Zionists. Important Cultural Zionists include 4357:

party to "Nazi and Fascist parties" and described it as a "terrorist, right wing, chauvinist organization". Irgun's tactics appealed to many Jews who believed that any action taken in the cause of the creation of a Jewish state was justified, including

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In the search for support, Herzl, before his death, had made the most progress with the German Kaiser, joining him on his 1898 trip to Palestine. At the outbreak of war in 1914, the offices of the Zionist Organization were located in Berlin and led by

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noted the movement's spread: "not only in the number of Jews affiliated with the Zionist organization and congress, but also in the fact that there is hardly a nook or corner of the Jewish world in which Zionistic societies are not to be found."

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The Reformation led to the emergence of the belief of a return of the Jews to Palestine due to a specific theological biblical interpretation, among some Protestant Christian thinkers, and originally as an anti-Catholic and anti-Muslim movement.

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migration would require (the extremely unlikely) agreement of the Arab majority (by this time Jews were about one-third of the population). The British promised the Arabs independence by 1949 and imposed restrictions on land purchases by Jews.

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Despite resistance from both Zionist and non-Zionist Jews, Betar quickly gained a large following in Poland, Palestine, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and elsewhere. It was particularly successful in Poland, which had the

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against the British authorities, including bombing bridges, rail lines, and ships used to deport illegal Jewish immigrants, as well as assisting in bringing Jews to Palestine in defiance of British policy. After the United Nations adopted a

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and Hillel Silver were two leaders of the Zionist Organization of America. They felt its massive funding legitimized taking a major role in shaping Israeli government policy. They opposed the social and economic policies of Prime Minister

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led France to become the first country in Europe to grant Jews legal equality. Britain gave Jews equal rights in 1856, Germany in 1871. The spread of western liberal ideas among newly emancipated Jews created for the first time a class of

5195:(and winning support). Jewish support in the fight against Fascism was guaranteed. In Palestine, Zionists increasingly viewed the British as an enemy, but they deemed the fight against the Nazis more important. In 1940 a group led by 3401:), one that would teach only in Hebrew and that the Zionists hoped would help them prove their usefulness to the Turks (this did not come to fruition until 1918). In Haifa, the cornerstone was laid for a Jewish Technical school, the 3254:

By 1904, cultural Zionism was accepted by most Zionists and a schism was beginning to develop between the Zionist movement and Orthodox Judaism. In 1904, Herzl died unexpectedly at the age of 44 and the leadership was taken over by

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Revisionism was popular in Poland but lacked large support in Palestine. The Revisionists refused to comply with British quotas on Jewish migration, and, following the election of Hitler in Germany, the Revisionist youth movements

4296:, "The policy of the new organization was based squarely on Jabotinsky's teachings: every Jew had the right to enter Palestine; only active retaliation would deter the Arabs; only Jewish armed force would ensure the Jewish state". 8593:"Sound the great shofar for our freedom, raise the banner to gather our exiles and gather us together from the four corners of the earth (Isaiah 11:12) Blessed are you, O Lord, Who gathers in the dispersed of His people Israel." 8355: 4030:. The plan was encouraged by donations from US Jewish charities trying to protect and help Jews. A number of Zionist agricultural collectives were established in Crimea in preparation for Kibbutz life. Soviet leader 4699:, the British banned Jabotinsky from re-entering Palestine, and until his death in 1940, he advocated the more militant revisionist ideology in Europe and America. In 1935, he and the Revisionists left the mainstream 3955:, a Jewish section of the Bolshevik organization created by Stalin which worked to end Jewish communal and religious life, while anti-Communist social democrats maintained independent Bund structures, especially in 7059:

Despite winning the 1945 British election with a manifesto promising to create a Jewish state in Palestine, the Labour Government succumbed to Foreign Office pressure and kept Palestine closed to Jewish migration.

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as an official language and Hebrew was outlawed: The only language to be outlawed in the USSR. Few Jews were tempted by the Soviet Jewish Republic and as of 2002 Jews constitute only about 1.2% of its population.

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in Palestine, led by the Mufti, organized the revolt. During the revolt the Mufti was forced to flee to Iraq, where he was involved in a pro-Nazi coup during which the Jewish areas of Baghdad were subjected to a

3932:. Between 1918 and 1921, when the Bolsheviks assumed control of the Ukraine, over 50,000 Jews were killed, a further 100,000 were permanently maimed or died of wounds and 200,000 Jewish children became orphans. 5509:"The story of the yishuv leaders during the Holocaust was essentially one of helplessness. They rescued a few thousand Jews from Europe. They could, perhaps have saved more, but they could not save millions." 5485:, was a Socialist-Zionist and Zionists of all political spectra played a leading role in the struggle. The uprising's left-leaning survivors eventually made their way to Palestine and founded two Kibbutzim, 5019:

political stability. Many countries feared that immigrating Jews from the east would bring revolutionary political ideas with them; Jews were also perceived as being a negative moral influence on society.

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was revered in a cultural, national, ethnic, historical, and religious sense. They thought of a return to it in a future messianic age. Return remained a recurring theme among generations, particularly in

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Persecution of Jews played a key role in preserving Jewish identity and keeping Jewish communities transient, it would later provide a key role in inspiring Zionists to reject European forms of identity.

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became Prime Minister of the Russian Empire. Jews were prominent in the new government and the British hoped that Jewish support would help keep Russia in the war. In June 1917 the British army, led by

10602: 4769:"…to make it clear that the establishment of self-governing institutions in Palestine was to be subordinated to the paramount pledge and obligation of establishing a Jewish National Home in Palestine" 3771:, mostly with less than 24 hours notice, and to relocate in central Russia. An estimated 100,000 died of starvation and exposure and their plight contributed to the disintegration of the Russian army. 11141:- Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2004, pp. 125–148, Indiana University Press. "Revisionist Zionism is the founding ideology of the non-religious right in Israel, represented primarily by the Likud Party." 7091:

after the war). In American-controlled zones, political pressure from Washington allowed Jews to live in their own quarters and meant the US Army helped Jews trying to escape the centres of genocide.

5099:

For example, even when Jews were excluded from Nazi film industry, Zionist Union of Germany was allowed to organise segregated production and distribution outlets, by the German Propaganda Ministry.

6988:

A large section of the membership was wiped out. The damage was particularly great in Poland where about a third of the Zionist members had lived (the Russian membership had been lost to communism).

3326: 4314:

The organization committed acts of terrorism against the British, whom it regarded as illegal occupiers, and against Arabs. In particular the Irgun was described as a terrorist organization by the

8156:(Labor) Party, according to historian Zohar Segev. Their interventions were rejected and Israeli politicians agreed that American Zionists had a major role in funding but not in policy guidance. 6814: 4001:

were allowed to emigrate to Palestine. Bialik became the Israeli national poet. Despite opposition from the Evsektsiya, Stalin also permitted funding of a Hebrew theatre troupe in Moscow, called

4463:

significant given that the Jews did not yet have a country: Trumpeldor was referring to sacrificing one's life in order to further the establishment of an independent Jewish state. The words of

3465:

but the mainstream socialist movement only unevenly recognized Jews as a nationality within the movement and was often unwilling to combat worker antisemitism and or publicly condemn pogroms.

5520:. They agreed that the Zionist movement would seek the creation of a Jewish state after the war and that all Jewish organizations would fight to ensure free Jewish migration into Palestine. 5516:

The 1942 Zionist conference could not be held because of the war. Instead 600 Jewish leaders (not just Zionists) met at the Biltmore Hotel in New York and adopted a statement known as the

4807:

Zionist supporters were by now aware of Arab opposition, and this led the movement in 1921 to pass a motion calling on the leadership to "forge a true understanding with the Arab nation".

10089: 4799:

the Jews did not propose to set up a government of their own but wished to work under British protection, to colonize and develop Palestine without encroaching on any legitimate interests

10511: 10499: 7964:") marked a major turning point in the history of both Israel and of Zionism. Israeli forces captured the eastern half of Jerusalem, including the holiest of Jewish religious sites, the 5066:, and combined, the Jewish population of Palestine rose rapidly. While these conditions also led to increased Arab immigration, the rapid rise in Jewish immigrants eventually led to the 3819:, a critical ingredient in manufacturing explosives that Britain was unable to manufacture in sufficient quantity. In 1915, the British government fell as a result of its inability to 3174:

established to investigate the possibility, which was eventually dismissed in the Seventh Zionist Congress in 1905. After that, Palestine became the sole focus of Zionist aspirations.

3408:

Jewish migrants and organizations began making large land purchases, in particular buying malarial swamps (of which there were many) and draining them to produce highly fertile land.

4623:

shall be recognised as a public body for the purpose of advising and co-operating with the Administration of Palestine...." This inclusion paralleled a similar proposal made by the

4531:

included military drilling, instruction in Hebrew, and encouragement to learn English. Militia groups organized by Betar Poland helped to defend against attacks by the anti-Semitic

7055:

people are now desperate, that they have become accustomed under German rule to employ every possible means to reach their end, and that the fear of death does not restrain them.

4920: 2731:

responded to the persecution of Jews in Eastern Europe by sponsoring agricultural settlements for Russian Jews in Palestine. The Jews who migrated in this period are known as the

1943: 2106:

movement to actively promote Jewish settlement in Palestine. In 1890, the "Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Eretz Israel" (better known as the

3659:. She was elected in 1919 as a member of a Zionist party. In Mandatory Palestine women in Jewish towns could vote in elections before women won the right to vote in Britain. 3020:, was sought, but unsuccessfully. Instead, the WZO pursued a strategy of building a homeland through persistent small-scale immigration and the founding of such bodies as the 5513:

Efforts were made to offer the Nazis money for the release of Jews. However, these efforts were systematically (and, according to Segev, cynically) destroyed by the British.

3858:

British representatives promised they would allow him to create such a state (the boundaries were vague). They also provided him with large sums of money to fund his revolt.

1136:

Jews in Catholic states were banned from owning land and from pursuing a variety of professions. From the 13th century Jews were required to wear identifying clothes such as

5215:

In 1938–39 the Zionist movement had 1,040,540 members in 61 countries. Total world Jewish population at this time was about 16 million. Zionism was banned in Turkey and the

3457:

a socialist Russia. Initially the Bund included Zionist Socialist parties but over time the leadership came to oppose Zionism and Orthodox Judaism. The Bund was part of the

11261: 11152: 3206: 3109:, printed a local newspaper which continually alleged Jewish plots against the town's Christian minority (Kishinev had slightly more Jews). Krushevan's campaigning led to 1235:

It has been advocated that the first modern Zionist were Christian, and that the contribution of Christian Zionism had been ignored by traditional Zionist historiography.

5901: 4759:"… serious modification of the extreme Zionist programme for Palestine of unlimited immigration of Jews, looking finally to making Palestine distinctly a Jewish State…" 3763:

both volunteered for the Turkish Army but were rejected and exiled to Egypt. They moved to the US and tried to recruit Jews to set up a Jewish unit in the Turkish army.

3588:. Socialist Zionists rejected Yiddish as a language of exile, embracing Hebrew as the language that was common to all Jewish communities and which originated in Israel. 3291:

could re-establish Jewish rule in Israel. Therefore, most Orthodox Jews maintained the traditional Jewish belief that while the Land of Israel was given to the ancient

854:

from Egypt, which is estimated at about 1400 BCE, and the beginning of the journey of the Jewish People toward the Land of Israel. These are celebrated annually during

5192: 3445: 9726:"Zionism-Israel Information Center Historical Source Documents - Edwin Montagu Memorandum on the Balfour Declaration as Antisemitism, August 1917 Judaism and Zionism" 5223:

the number of votes they obtained and candidates elected in the order in which they were named on the list. This system today forms the basis for Israeli elections.

4958:

Following Roosevelt's death, the Truman administration publicly adhered to the policy announced in the letter in an official statement released on October 18, 1945.

2055:

understood this to imply the coming of the Messiah at that time, and thus an early wave of Jewish migration to the Holy Land began in 1808 and grew until the 1840s.

10105: 4739:

Arab nationalists predominantly perceived Zionism as a threat to their own aspirations. This sense was heightened, by the growth of Zionist labor movement and its "

2964:

The organization and uniting of the whole of Jewry by means of appropriate institutions, both local and international, in accordance with the laws of each country.

2094:(self-emancipation), arguing that Jews could only be truly free in their own country and analyzing the persistent tendency of Europeans to regard Jews as aliens: 11208: 7002:

All Jews now agreed on the need for a Jewish state where Jews could live free of the fear of persecution and which would provide a haven in times of persecution.

3114: 8317: 3782:

community. Britain was anxious to win US support for its war effort, and winning over Jewish financial and popular support in the US was considered vital. With

2126: 8023:

Party to power, after thirty years in opposition to the dominant Labor party and indicated further movement to the political right. Joel Greenburg, writing in

8004:

The preservation of the identity of the Jewish people through the fostering of Jewish, Hebrew and Zionist education and of Jewish spiritual and cultural values

7088: 6839: 7095:

members. As before the largest parties were the Socialist Zionist parties although these lacked a full majority. Only ten of the delegates were British Jews.

3002:(WZO) met every year, then, up to the Second World War, they gathered every second year. Since the creation of Israel, the Congress has met every four years. 11519: 9937: 8382: 2669: 734: 566: 4950:

lest the US support for Zionism will infringe on the rights of the Arabs of Palestine. On April 5, 1945, the President replied in a letter to the King that

3935:

At the time of the Russian revolution, the Bund had 30,000 members in Russia, compared to 300,000 Zionist members of which about 10% were Marxist-Zionists.

3795:, was a means of recruiting Russian Jewish immigrants (who were mostly Zionists) to the British war effort. The legion was dominated by Zionist volunteers. 11109: 9607: 9127: 7987:

The 28th Zionist Congress (Jerusalem, 1968) adopted the following five principles, known as the "Jerusalem Program", as the aims of contemporary Zionism:

3129:, spent weeks interviewing the survivors and reporting in detail what had happened, leading to a European and American outcry. Bialik wrote an epic poem " 12445: 11224:

The UNGA resolution 4686 was passed at the 74th plenary meeting on 16 December 1991 by a vote of 111-25-13. The text of the resolution is available here

9883: 9031: 7411: 4535:. The interwar Polish government helped Betar with military training. Some members admired the Polish nationalist camp and imitated some of its aspects. 3604: 10163:

The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine

10148:

The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine

9194: 10512:

https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/reso/RESOLUTIONS%20OF%20THE%2018TH%20ZIONIST%20CONGRESS%20PRAGUE%20AUGUST%2021ST%20TO%20SEPT%203RD,%201933.pdf

10500:

https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/reso/RESOLUTIONS%20OF%20THE%2018TH%20ZIONIST%20CONGRESS%20PRAGUE%20AUGUST%2021ST%20TO%20SEPT%203RD,%201933.pdf

6747: 3703: 1925: 9854: 5454:

bloodily suppressed by the Nazis. The only instances where Jews had been successful, were when they fought in the woods as partisans, for example the

5811: 5034:

Nazi efforts to induce Jews to leave Germany were made, but were undermined by their refusal to allow them to take their property also. In response,

3237:... which has the goal of uniting all the Jews of the whole world in one union—a union that is more closely knit and more dangerous than the Jesuits. 1788: 3310:

rejected Zionism as inconsistent with the requirements of Jewish citizenship in the diaspora. The opposition of Reform Judaism was expressed in the

12534: 8047: 6907: 5993: 3383:

was founded on empty dunes, purchased from Arabs, north of the existing city of Jaffa. This photograph is of the auction of the first lots in 1909.

12529: 12475: 12465: 9586: 8043: 6971: 6397: 3603:("Workers of Zion") movement, launching parties across Europe, North America and Palestine, in the 1900s - of which the most significant was the 3365:. In 1909 a group of 65 Zionists laid the foundations for a modern city in Palestine. The city was named after the Hebrew title of Herzl's book " 12195: 8950:

Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question with texts of protocols, treaty stipulations and other public acts and official documents

3299:, and the right of the Jews to that land was permanent and inalienable, the Messiah must appear before the land could return to Jewish control. 3133:", criticizing the Jews for their failure to adequately defend themselves. The poem became a rallying cry for generations of Zionist activists. 11088: 8143:

helped mobilized political support in the United States for Israel, with large scale funding and pressure on Washington and on public opinion.

7131: 4183: 2064: 8978: 8742: 5096:

ordered in 1935 the prohibition of speeches who advised Jews to remain in Germany. Zionism and emigration narratives were promoted by the SS.

3113:

in which 50 Jews were murdered, thousands of homes and shops destroyed and hundreds of young girls and women raped. A local Zionist activist,

12440: 8876: 7584: 7104: 4182:

in 1947, the Haganah came into the open as the biggest fighting force among Palestinian Jews, successfully overcoming Arab forces during the

3943:

and in this role suppressed the Bund. Bundists supportive of the Bolsheviks formed short-lived Kombund (Communist Bund) parties (such as the

3402: 1515: 3774:

In the United States, still officially neutral, most Russian and German Jews supported the Germans, as did much of the largely anti-British

7770: 581: 4954:

I would take no action, in my capacity as Chief of the Executive Branch of this Government, which might prove hostile to the Arab people.

4873:

Religious tension, an international economic crisis (affecting crop prices) and nationalist tension (over Zionist immigration) led to the

772:

While Zionist values serve as the ideological foundation of Israel, the importance of Zionism as an organized movement has declined since

12012: 11919: 11753: 10464: 7544: 7319: 7126: 6991:

Those Jews who were not killed lost their possessions; the ability of the Zionist movement to raise money in Europe was severely reduced.

6611: 5664: 4635:

state-like Jewish institutions, but also saw the emergence of Palestinian Arab nationalism and growing resistance to Jewish immigration.

4179: 1966:, was reported as saying that one-third of Russia's Jews was expected to emigrate, one-third to accept baptism, and one-third to starve. 1318: 666: 10465:"Documents on Palestine, Resolution Passed at the 12th Zionist Congress, Proposal for an Arab-Jewish Entente, Carlsbad, 4 December 1921" 8792:

Hastening Redemption--Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel by Arie Morgenstern, Oxford University Press 2006, pgs 24-25

4114:

Formed out of previous existing militias, its original purpose was to defend Jewish settlements from Arab attacks, such as the riots of

5929: 5911: 1358: 9561: 9325:"Most Orthodox Jews originally rejected Zionism because they believed the Jews must await the Messiah to restore them to nationhood." 9102: 12549: 11941: 11265: 8540: 7901: 7817: 3940: 2674: 1929: 1859: 551: 11183: 11035: 5157:

effectively revoked the citizenship of the 500,000 Jews of Germany, making them refugees in their own country. In March 1938 Hitler

11997: 11854: 11524: 11491: 6852: 4707:. Following mainstream Zionism's' acceptance of their earlier militant demand for a Jewish state they eventually rejoined in 1946. 4174: 795: 5102:

Even if Nazi attitude towards Zionism was favourable, it was contradictory, as economic restriction on Jews prevented emigration.

4967:

effectively end their majority in Palestine. As time went on the conflict between the two communities became increasingly bitter.

2739:

is a Hebrew word meaning "ascent", referring to the act of spiritually "ascending" to the Holy Land and a basic tenet of Zionism.

12002: 11992: 11748: 8603: 8046:

was passed. It stated that "zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination." Resolution 3379 was rescinded in 1991 by the

6938: 6914: 6867: 6808: 6741: 5886: 5106:

visited Palestine in 1937 for illegal immigration mediations with Haganah Zionists but they were cut off by British authorities.

5027:

country in which Jews had been most successfully integrated. With nearly all other countries closed to Jewish immigration, a new

2533: 2473: 467: 9073: 1904:

However, the formation of modern nations in Europe accompanied changes in the prejudices against Jews. What had previously been

5150: 5067: 4976: 4889: 4127: 3948: 3944: 3458: 2507: 8061:, Rabbi Michael Cohen and Dr. Eilon Schwartz. The Green Zionist Alliance focuses on the environment of Israel and its region. 5031:

headed for Palestine. Those unable to pay the fees required for immediate entry by the British had to join the waiting lists.

4154:. The group received clandestine military support from Poland. Haganah sought cooperation with the British in the event of an 12544: 11907: 11902: 10757: 9978: 9947: 9924: 9797: 9466: 8680: 8645: 8518: 8439: 7400: 6862: 5896: 842:

and his sons had gone down to Egypt to escape a drought, they were enslaved and became a nation. Later, as commanded by God,

827:

The precedence for Jews to return to their ancestral homeland, motivated by strong divine intervention, first appears in the

3188:

were willing to establish a Jewish homeland anywhere, but failed to attract significant support and were dissolved in 1925.

12514: 11924: 11635: 8456: 7938: 6897: 5616: 5481:

of January and April 1943 included the participation of both right- and left-leaning Zionist organizations. Its commander,

4570:(who had also spent the First World War in Britain). Weizmann resumed presidency of the WZO in 1935 and led it until 1946. 3956: 3925: 2468: 2423: 2404: 486: 8429: 6227: 4710:

During this period, Revisionist Zionism was detested by the competing Socialist Zionist movement, which saw them as being

3798:

In January 1915, two months after the British declaration of war against the Ottomans, Zionist and British cabinet member

11587: 11569: 10913: 10852: 8670: 7490: 7324: 6964: 6142: 4840: 4325: 4187: 4061:. The Bund survived in independent Poland until the Second World War, when its membership was exterminated by the Nazis. 3799: 3516: 3226: 3200: 2453: 2080:, arguing that the salvation of the Jews, promised by the Prophets, can come about only by self-help. In 1882, after the 1191: 1147:

Persecution in Spain and Portugal led a large number of Jews there to convert to Christianity, however many continued to

788: 773: 508: 176: 144: 8780: 3427:

and witnessed maltreatment of Jews by Russian troops. Her son, the second child to be born on the Kibbutz, was General

1166:

In 1516 the Republic of Venice decreed that Jews would only be allowed to reside in a walled-in area of town called the

11607: 11332: 10005: 9612: 9505: 9156: 8720: 8565: 7622: 7573: 5546: 3855: 3181: 2970:

Preparatory steps toward obtaining the consent of governments, where necessary, in order to reach the goals of Zionism.

2623: 2209: 11205: 5085:

Zionist were also see as a useful tool to help justify and promote anti-assimilation laws, and a new Jewish identity.

4538:

Throughout the 1930s and early 1940s, Betar aided the widespread immigration of Jews to Palestine in violation of the

3259:, who led the movement until 1911. During this period, the movement was based in Berlin (Germany's Jews were the most 12077: 11314: 11179:

Israel's Contested Identity and the Mediterranean, The territorial-political axis: Eretz Israel versus Medinat Israel

10973: 10935: 10672: 10577: 10280: 10259:

Liberals, a parliamentary bloc ... in 1973, with the addition of other small groups, it became transformed into Likud

10251: 10214: 10189: 9840: 9676: 9338:"Reform Jews originally rejected Zionism as inconsistent with the acceptance of Jewish citizenship in the Diaspora." 9235: 9061: 9015: 8988: 8927: 8917: 8904: 8365: 8321: 8116: 8012: 6182: 4038:

population who had been exempt from Tsarist persecution. (Karaites are Jews who reject the authority of the Talmud.)

3542: 3333: 2194: 6157: 5441: 5073:

By 1938, the increasing pressure put on European Jews also led mainstream Zionists to organize illegal immigration.

4420: 4281:, Defence). The Irgun has been viewed as a terrorist organization or organization which carried out terrorist acts. 3524: 12470: 10296: 8260: 8093: 7713: 7357: 6890: 6677: 6305: 6162: 6127: 6092: 5636: 4996:

immigrants arrived after rigorous preparation including agricultural and ideological training and learning Hebrew.

4026:

Between 1922 and 1928, the Soviets embarked on a plan of moving Ukrainian Jews to agricultural communes, mainly in

3843: 2710: 2169:, Britain established a consulate in Jerusalem in 1838, the first diplomatic appointment in the city. In 1839, the 10679:

Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the "single author".

10350: 6682: 12335: 12145: 11912: 11859: 11849: 11763: 11544: 8140: 7427: 7122: 7118:

From the Zionist point of view, the second option corresponded to their goal and they gave full support to this.

6177: 2961:

The promotion by appropriate means of the settlement in Palestine of Jewish farmers, artisans, and manufacturers.

2664: 932: 659: 11285:

Zohar Segev, "American Zionists' Place in Israel after Statehood: From Involved Partners to Outside Supporters"

2769:

farmers and builders) and 70% ultimately left, mostly moving on to America. One of the migrants in this period,

12685: 12340: 12297: 12170: 12120: 10033: 9191: 8255: 7617: 7395: 7362: 6957: 6122: 6037: 4546:. In total, Betar was responsible for the entrance of over 40,000 Jews into Palestine under such restrictions. 3808:

to the British Cabinet on the benefits of a British protectorate over Palestine to support Jewish immigration.

3520: 3362: 3185: 3043: 2523: 2502: 2458: 2352: 947:

from modern Turkey claimed he would lead the Jews back to Palestine. At the beginning of the 19th century, the

889:

conquered Babylon and issued a proclamation granting the people of Judah their freedom. 50,000 Judeans, led by

779:

The Zionist movement continues to exist in the form of various organizations working to support Israel, combat

730: 528: 10892: 10207:

Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb

9039: 8506: 6724: 6057: 4999: 3827:

became the minister responsible for armaments, and asked Weizmann to develop his process for mass production.

1082:

and onwards, some famous rabbis (and often their followers) made aliyah to the Land of Israel. These included

12420: 12345: 12330: 11758: 7894: 7568: 7390: 7342: 7025: 6885: 6579: 6263: 6147: 6137: 6102: 6097: 5841: 5047:. Arlozorov, however, was assassinated shortly after his return, it was generally believed by members of the 4780: 4521: 3610:

Socialist Zionists formed youth movements that became influential organizations in their own right including

3233:, achieved global notability. In 1903, the editor claimed that the protocols revealed the menace of Zionism: 1852: 1771: 1123: 9433: 6042: 5191:

The British were concerned about maintaining Arab support as Italian Fascist and German Nazi propaganda was

3121:(still quite new in the area) to various world press centers. The Zionist movement sent a young journalist, 12680: 12124: 11929: 11768: 11514: 11484: 9862: 8874:

Rethinking Moses Montefiore: Religion, Nationhood, and International Philanthropy in the Nineteenth Century

7875: 7416: 6847: 6497: 6347: 6187: 6167: 6067: 6047: 4628: 4619:

In addition to accepting the Balfour Declaration policy statement, the League included that "n appropriate

4532: 2679: 2492: 2224:

alongside him, records Disraeli's proto-Zionist views: "He then unfolded a plan of restoring the nation to

2189:

reported that the British government was considering Jewish restoration. Correspondence in 1841–42 between

1338: 9968: 6714: 5685: 4604:

politics. In the 1922 Polish elections, Zionists held 24 seats of a total of 35 Jewish parliament members.

12736: 12675: 11778: 11773: 11617: 11597: 8084: 8070: 7681: 7666: 7589: 7558: 6943: 6833: 6487: 6172: 6132: 6052: 5793: 3832: 3718: 3391: 3229:" (subtitle "Protocols extracted from the secret archives of the central chancery of Zion"), invented by 2463: 2221: 979:

In addition to Messianic movements, the population of the Holy Land was slowly bolstered by Jews fleeing

496: 206: 186: 8953: 6280: 2232:

is weak—the Turks/holders of property could be bought out—this, he said, was the object of his life..."

12695: 12660: 12430: 12370: 12320: 12185: 11559: 11554: 8233: 7671: 7276: 7077:") taking Jews from Eastern Europe down to the Mediterranean where the Jewish Agency organized ships (" 6786: 6664: 6357: 6062: 5541: 4700: 4674: 4638: 4624: 3804: 3284: 3017: 2999: 2957:

secured under public law. The Congress contemplates the following means to the attainment of this end:

2911: 2593: 2253: 2020: 1595: 1447: 1423: 1399: 1353: 1333: 1095: 652: 561: 450: 23: 3738: 2144:

public discourse in the early 19th century, at about the same time as the British Protestant Revival.

12574: 12455: 11701: 10229:

Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004. Print. p. 243

7422: 7378: 7373: 7352: 6857: 6594: 6192: 6117: 6107: 5138: 5005: 4613: 4370: 4191: 2892:

and lived in Vienna (Jews were only allowed to live in Vienna from 1848), who published his pamphlet

2480: 2261: 2201:, the British consul in Damascus, is seen as the first recorded plan proposed for political Zionism. 2178: 1750: 1734: 1441: 513: 8100:

were frequently used as a euphemism for anti-Jewish campaigns in Eastern Europe and the Arab world.

4307:

that killed at least 107 Palestinian Arabs, including women and children, carried out together with

3431:, who commanded Israeli troops in the 1956 war then was Minister of Defence during the Six Day War. 12360: 12175: 12165: 11455: 8801: 8739: 8708: 8218: 8112:, who was sentenced to 13 years in prison for his actions before being exchanged for a Soviet spy. 7887: 7506: 7191: 6755: 6457: 6077: 4927: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4816: 4704: 4620: 4300: 4042: 3505: 3146: 3130: 3047: 2983: 2603: 2560: 2528: 2485: 2340: 2277: 1974: 1963: 1845: 1286: 1119: 556: 546: 233: 131: 57: 11460: 11124: 10377:

Jabotinsky and the revisionist movement, 1925–1948: The Right in Zionism and in Israel, 1925–1985.

9264:

See "Pogrom, Kishinev and the tilt of History" by Steven Zipperstein, Liveright 2018 pages 180-182

8873: 6512: 5458:, a group of 1213 Jews who survived the whole war while making trouble for the Nazis. Nazi allies 3394:, the first such school to teach only in Hebrew. All the city's affairs were conducted in Hebrew. 2181:

to report on the condition of the Jews there. The report was widely published and was followed by

935:

is considered the last serious Jewish attempt to gain autonomy in Palestine in antiquity. In 1160

12365: 12325: 11869: 11534: 11529: 11477: 10181: 8265: 7775: 7605: 7527: 6933: 6627: 6452: 6268: 5819: 5446: 4006: 3746: 3619: 3509: 3342: 3268: 3126: 2934: 2198: 2147:

Not all such attitudes were favorable towards the Jews; they were shaped in part by a variety of

2111: 1726: 1718: 1608: 1252: 1091: 918: 624: 586: 501: 289: 11373:

Medoff, Rafael (1998). "Review Essay: Recent Trends in the Historiography of American Zionism".

7968:

of the ancient Temple. They also took over the remaining territories of pre-1948 Palestine, the

6492: 6299: 5761: 4608:

After the defeat and dismantling of the Ottoman Empire by European colonial powers in 1918, the

4194:, the Haganah was merged with other groups and reorganized into the official army of the state. 12710: 12425: 11895: 11696: 10774: 8054: 8029:

twenty years after the election, notes its significance and that of related events; he writes:

7796: 7742: 6709: 6239: 6152: 5598: 5536: 5478: 4975:

British support for Zionism was always controversial and the issue was periodically debated in

4893: 4159: 3648: 3337:, a Russian documentary film by Noah Sokolovsky presented at the 11th Zionist congress in 1913. 3170: 3098: 2942: 2213: 1905: 1876:

in Europe led to an 18th- and 19th-century Jewish enlightenment movement in Europe, called the

1694: 1051: 859: 10716: 10396: 8001:

The strengthening of the State of Israel, based on the "prophetic vision of justice and peace"

5784: 3791:

was able to exploit it to promote a Jewish division in the British army. For the British, the

2228:—said the country was admirably suited for them—the financiers all over Europe might help—the 12460: 12415: 12070: 11967: 11946: 11885: 11880: 11706: 11640: 10867:

Mussolini's Propaganda Abroad: Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, 1935–1940

10380: 9995: 8124: 8105: 7943: 7812: 7676: 7643: 7612: 7485: 6999:

Many Jews were now desperate to leave Europe and willing to take grave risks for that purpose

6447: 6220: 6032: 4947: 4763: 4747: 4662:(the first Chief Rabbi of Palestine) and his son Zevi Judah, began to develop the concept of 4549: 4366: 4135: 4108: 3709:

Zionism as a threat, although a minority perceived Zionism as providing a path to modernity.

3260: 3243: 2633: 1970: 1343: 1205:

although the short lived Nazi Empire resurrected most practices. In 1965 the Catholic Church

1198: 722:), held as the forerunners of modern Zionist ideals, were responsible for the creation of 20 619: 11364:

A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel

9005: 7137: 4810: 3924:

and the collapse of the Western part of the Russian Empire. During the fighting, there were

12715: 12690: 12400: 12350: 11627: 11612: 10840: 9565: 9312: 9294: 9277: 8250: 8223: 7950: 7635: 7461: 7046: 7035: 6798: 6507: 6432: 6311: 6251: 6234: 6001: 5578: 5532: 5486: 5482: 5184: 5000:

Rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany: the Fifth Aliyah (1929–1939) and illegal immigration

4878: 4874: 4844: 4696: 4304: 4123: 4115: 3998: 3890: 3883: 3820: 3462: 3411:

In 1909 a socialist commune was given some land near the Sea of Galilee, forming the first

3154: 3025: 3021: 2991: 2703: 2598: 2497: 2130:"Memorandum to the Protestant Powers of the North of Europe and America", published in the 2036: 2028: 1933: 1873: 1393: 1348: 571: 391: 224: 10545: 10471: 9970:

Terror out of Zion : Irgun Zvai Leumi, LEHI, and the Palestine underground, 1929-1949

9004:

Disraeli, Benjamin; Gunn, John Alexander Wilson; Wiebe, Melvin George (30 November 1997).

8859:

The Untold Story. The Role of Christian Zionists in the Establishment of Modern-day Israel

8763: 8607: 6632: 5528:

Most Jewish resistance to the Nazis was led by Zionists. What follows is a partial list:

4847:. During the following decades, he became the focus of Palestinian opposition to Zionism. 4527:

In 1934, Poland was home to 40,000 of Betar's 70,000 members. Routine Betar activities in

2803:

was built just outside Jaffa. Over 50 Jewish settlements were established in this period.

765:. Though he did not live to witness it, his vision was fulfilled with the founding of the 8: 12655: 12539: 12524: 12282: 12222: 12155: 11972: 11812: 11645: 11177: 11032: 9725: 9514: 9148: 9142: 8292: 8270: 8200: 8097: 8016: 7540: 7532: 7511: 7495: 7329: 7311: 7306: 7196: 7186: 7171: 6803: 6622: 6442: 5715: 5589: 5571: 5180: 4992: 4905: 4851: 4692: 4686: 4539: 4433: 4374: 4289: 4285: 4255: 4104: 3994: 3983: 3901: 3862: 3788: 3669: 3361:

The vicious pogroms led to a wave of immigrants to Palestine. This new wave expanded the

3311: 3267:

after the collapse of the Ottoman Regime. From 1911 to 1921, the movement was led by Dr.

3122: 2613: 2577: 2330: 2265: 1909: 1820: 1800: 1572: 1323: 1244: 784: 518: 472: 346: 10487: 9624: 9444:

The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917, Volume 1 by Nora Levin New York 1988: Chapter 1

9400:

Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920–1947

7914: 5956: 5936: 5173: 5028: 4542:

immigration quotas, which had not been increased despite the surge of refugees from the

2967:

The strengthening and fostering of Jewish national sentiment and national consciousness.

2183:

Memorandum to Protestant Monarchs of Europe for the restoration of the Jews to Palestine

12480: 12160: 11602: 11582: 11390: 10524: 9369: 9202: 8410: 8025: 7833: 7786: 7451: 6687: 6569: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6022: 5269: 4659: 4387: 4320: 3917: 3866: 3824: 3768: 3288: 3142: 3077: 3016:

to allow systematic Jewish settlement in Palestine. The support of the German Emperor,

3010: 2954: 2770: 2628: 2225: 2170: 2085: 2069: 1947: 1471: 1382: 1327: 1180: 1070:(return to Israel) has always been considered a praiseworthy act for Jews according to 822: 358: 275: 10856: 9782:

A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present

9769:

A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present

8735: 8672:

A Short History of Christian Zionism: From the Reformation to the Twenty-First Century

7098: 6427: 6342: 4134:, the official governmental body in charge of Palestine's Jewish community during the 12650: 12509: 12485: 12287: 12272: 12232: 12019: 11890: 11805: 11728: 11691: 11655: 11394: 11328: 11310: 11225: 11103: 10969: 10931: 10794: 10753: 10693: 10668: 10621: 10573: 10276: 10247: 10239: 10210: 10185: 10029: 10001: 9974: 9943: 9920: 9672: 9601: 9462: 9461:. Cambridge New York Port Melbourne New Delhi Singapore: Cambridge University Press. 9231: 9152: 9121: 9081: 9057: 9011: 8984: 8923: 8900: 8716: 8676: 8641: 8561: 8514: 8435: 8414: 8402: 8361: 8287: 8245: 8195: 8170: 8109: 7994:

The ingathering of the Jewish people in the historic homeland, Eretz Israel, through

7747: 7697: 7656: 7265: 7207: 7143: 5879: 5856: 5690: 5551: 5455: 5093: 5039: 4663: 4653: 4609: 4500:

umpeldor" ( ברית יוסף תרומפלדור ). Although Trumpeldor's name is properly spelt with

4477: 4459: 4455: 3921: 3783: 3474: 3449: 3398: 3165:). Herzl initially rejected the idea, preferring Palestine, but after the April 1903 2840: 2728: 2376: 2234: 2217: 2121: 2090: 2007: 1886: 1881: 1805: 1777: 1220: 1202: 1187: 996: 960: 940: 922: 294: 253: 85: 70: 32: 11153:"The World: Pursuing Peace; Netanyahu and His Party Turn Away from 'Greater Israel'" 10813: 10065: 9416: 6647: 6382: 5710: 4919:

his main role was broadcasting propaganda and recruiting Muslims, primarily for the

4639:

Expansion of Zionism: the Third Aliyah (1919–1923) and the Fourth Aliyah (1924–1928)

3560:

mentality" among the Jewish people and established rural communes in Israel called "

2310: 1163:. Inquisitors could arbitrarily torture suspects and many victims were burnt alive. 12700: 12670: 12640: 12620: 12385: 12237: 12212: 12204: 12063: 11800: 11686: 11681: 11660: 11592: 11539: 11382: 10786: 9361: 8897:

A Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839

8633: 8394: 8180: 8175: 8149: 8115:

Over the years a number of Israeli and American Jewish organizations, most notably

7918: 7843: 7064: 7041: 6768: 6659: 6527: 6522: 6417: 5675: 5517: 5162: 5120: 5044: 4939: 4912: 4855: 4776: 4473: 4329: 4170: 4139: 4119: 4057:

The Yevsektsiyas were disbanded in 1927 and many their leaders perished during the

4050: 4046: 4019:. A Soviet census found that 90% of Belarusian Jews and 76% of Ukrainian Jews gave 3975: 3760: 3756: 3640: 3636: 3615: 3593: 3581: 3480: 3366: 3223:, began publishing a new work alleging a Jewish plot to take control of the world. 3037: 2900: 2747: 2724: 2572: 2555: 2347: 2260:, to dedicate the land of Israel for the return of the Jews. Protestant theologian 2242: 2190: 2166: 2107: 2032: 1827: 1783: 1710: 1702: 1544: 1387: 1087: 969: 847: 723: 411: 353: 336: 270: 263: 196: 95: 80: 75: 10717:"Ein nützlicher Feind. Zionismus im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland 1933-1939" 8696:

The Popes against the Jews: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism

6719: 6462: 6318: 5951: 4961: 4933: 4480:(136 CE) and to the altered abbreviation of the Hebrew name of the organisation, " 3056:

Herzl's strategy relied on winning support from foreign rulers, in particular the

869:

conquered Judea in 587 BCE and the Judeans were exiled to Babylon. In the book of

12395: 12315: 12242: 11962: 11792: 11740: 11716: 11711: 11212: 11187: 11064:

Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States and Jewish Refugees 1945–1948

11039: 11015: 10747: 10607: 10434: 9403: 9198: 8880: 8819: 8746: 8144: 7867: 7838: 7828: 7807: 7791: 7718: 6699: 6564: 6517: 6422: 5941: 5906: 5891: 5861: 5725: 5700: 5680: 5052: 4908:, which imposed restrictions on Jewish immigration and land acquisition by Jews. 4346: 4274: 4240: 4221: 4213: 4081: 4035: 4031: 3928:

perpetrated by fighters from all sides, but especially the counter-revolutionary

3779: 3724:

conservative and rich. It was not until 1912, when the secular "people's lawyer"

3631:

The Zionist movement never restricted female suffrage. In 1911, Zionist activist

3585: 3256: 3212: 3177: 3166: 3110: 3106: 3089: 2832: 2815: 2696: 2362: 2335: 2294: 2281: 2073: 1978: 1742: 1587: 1435: 1429: 1313: 1184: 1167: 1156: 1034: 738: 614: 445: 401: 325: 65: 11238: 11204:

The UNGA Res 3379 was passed at the 2400th plenary meeting on 10 November 1975.

10311: 9939:

Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories

9901:

Zionist Rape of the Holy Land!: How Zionism Turned Palestine Into a Jewish State

8481: 5153:

and concern that millions of Jews would soon be seeking entry to Palestine. The

2839:, the first Jewish student association in Vienna and printed Pinsker's pamphlet 2155:

among the classically educated British elite, or by hopes to extend the Empire.

12665: 12599: 12594: 12227: 12105: 11982: 11650: 11549: 11500: 11138: 10637:

By Simon Wiesenthal, Michael Fineberg, Shimon Samuels, Mark Weitzman 2007 p. 49

10021: 9964: 9830:

The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917 by Nora Levin, New York 1988, chapter 9

8190: 7272: 7228: 7178: 6773: 6672: 6538: 6472: 6402: 6352: 6215: 6112: 5851: 5776: 5770: 5695: 5561: 5556: 5295: 5154: 5103: 5056: 5035: 4560: 4350: 4315: 3897: 3871: 3836: 3812: 3775: 3725: 3569: 3346: 3307: 3216: 3069: 3057: 3013: 2894: 2876: 2807: 2765: 2654: 2385: 2158: 2152: 2141: 2132: 2115: 1810: 1495: 1459: 1405: 1290: 1282: 1115: 811: 761: 756: 692: 604: 380: 321: 90: 10790: 8919:

Restoring the Jews to their homeland: nineteen centuries in the quest for Zion

8398: 8123:, mounted a political campaign to free Soviet Jews. Aided with the efforts of 8057:, was founded by a group of American and Israeli environmentalists led by Dr. 6984:

The Nazi-inspired genocide in Europe had grave consequences for the Zionists.

6407: 5966: 5720: 4107:

between 1920 and its disestablishment in 1948, when it became the core of the

3753:

in August however, the Zionists were expelled from Tel Aviv and its environs.

2773:

set about modernizing Hebrew so that it could be used as a national language.

805: 12730: 12630: 12579: 12569: 12267: 12252: 12217: 12150: 12135: 12007: 10798: 10048: 9214: 9171: 8858: 8637: 8406: 8185: 7981: 7930: 7925:) publicly pronouncing the Declaration of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948, 7862: 7630: 7474: 7469: 7295: 6589: 6437: 6392: 5981: 5961: 5846: 5753: 5705: 5606: 5490: 5256: 5196: 5134: 4988: 4916: 4911:

After the British reoccupied Iraq the Mufti joined the Nazis. He worked with

4567: 4543: 4337: 4333: 4293: 4131: 3979: 3936: 3875: 3792: 3734: 3419:. There were nine members, two of them women. One of the women was a former 3303: 3280: 3191: 3094: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3051: 2946: 2930: 2914:

into being and, together with Nathan Birnbaum, planned its First Congress at

2907: 2885: 2776: 2550: 2433: 2418: 2367: 2325: 2229: 2081: 2024: 1997: 1985: 1671: 1510: 1490: 1206: 1098:

and 300 of his followers, and over 500 disciples (and their families) of the

973: 965: 944: 926: 882: 835: 752: 684: 642: 440: 376: 9821:

The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917 by Nora Levin, New York 1988, pg 114

8015:, characterized as "the revolution", brought the nationalistic, right-wing, 5109: 4718:; the movement also caused a great deal of concern among Arab Palestinians. 3697: 3639:(lit. "the girls' farm") to train Zionist women in farming. The famous poet 2002: 12645: 12635: 12625: 12584: 12380: 12310: 12247: 12130: 12044: 11665: 11320: 11262:"Jewish Standard The Soviet Jewry campaign transformed American Jewry, too" 10546:"Right of Self-Determination of the Palestinian People - CEIRPP, DPR study" 10099: 9912: 8952:, Lucien Wolf, published by the Jewish Historical Society of England, 1919 8625: 8282: 8108:

abuses on behalf of western organizations. The most prominent activist was

7965: 7760: 7723: 7702: 6760: 6637: 6337: 5986: 5971: 5946: 5799: 5670: 5646: 5308: 5200: 5146: 5055:

may have ordered the assassination to hide Arlozorov's connection with his

5023: 5009: 4984: 4943: 4881:

and the survivors forced to leave the town. Devastation also took place in

4863: 4859: 4740: 4308: 4266: 4251: 4151: 4096: 3971: 3611: 3577: 3573: 3416: 3354: 3230: 2910:

infused political Zionism with a new and practical urgency. He brought the

2792: 2780: 2732: 2684: 2608: 2565: 2438: 2428: 2413: 2285: 2249: 2174: 2103: 2040: 1984:

Between 1880 and 1928, two million Jews left Russia; most emigrated to the

1913: 1651: 1500: 1465: 1248: 1171: 1160: 1141: 1038: 832: 780: 748: 700: 523: 372: 11386: 8738:

at Russian Committee in defense of the human rights (in Russian), also in

8239: 7991:

The unity of the Jewish people and the centrality of Israel in Jewish life

4550:

The British Mandate and the Arab–Jewish struggle for Palestine (1918–1939)

3889:

In August 1917, as the British cabinet discussed the Balfour Declaration,

3737:

scripture, Zionism became an attractive solution for both Britain and the

2926: 1209:

the idea of holding Jews collectively responsible for the death of Jesus.

865:

The theme of return to their traditional homeland came up again after the

12262: 12257: 12180: 9434:

http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1913_1914_4_SpecialArticles.pdf

9307: 9289: 9273: 8846: 7961: 7446: 7138:

Zionist activity after the founding of the State of Israel (1948–present)

7068: 6642: 6087: 5976: 5566: 5166: 4811:

Jerusalem's Grand Mufti and the emergence of Palestinian Arab nationalism

4341: 4155: 4058: 3990: 3851: 3750: 3729:

thenceforth became the financial center for the world Zionist movement".

3632: 3428: 3424: 3264: 2856: 2851: 2800: 2758: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1815: 1676: 1601: 1551: 1505: 1417: 1411: 1307: 1273: 1152: 1127: 1079: 1075: 1063: 985: 980: 936: 850:, if this was not done. Torah describes the story of the plagues and the 729:

At the core of the Zionist ideology was the traditional aspiration for a

243: 162: 11290: 11134:

to the 'Whole Land of Israel': Ideological Change in Revisionist Zionism

10695:

Review of Nicosia, Francis R., Zionism and Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany

8604:"Rabbi David Golinkin's Lecture for Aliyah Program | Masorti Olami" 7011:

Britain was now weakened and less able to resist international pressure.

4926:

In 1948 the Mufti returned to Egypt. He was involved in the short-lived

4691:

The Revisionist Zionists were established in 1923 and originally led by

1950:. In response to the Jewish drive for integration and modern education ( 12375: 12355: 12024: 11577: 11451: 11406: 11367: 11350: 9494:

Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1933/39

9373: 8228: 7973: 7079: 7021: 6995:

This calamity led to important changes in Jewish and Zionist politics:

6502: 5743: 5161:, making its 200,000 Jews stateless refugees. In September the British 5142: 5063: 5013: 4711: 4670: 4465: 4235:, lit. "The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel"), or 4142:, Haganah's activities were moderate, in accordance with the policy of 4011: 3967: 3952: 3929: 3913: 3879: 3600: 3565: 3292: 2754: 2443: 2390: 2257: 2148: 2076:. Also in 1862, German Orthodox Rabbi Kalischer published his tractate 2059: 2051: 2044: 2016: 1666: 1646: 1453: 1265: 1137: 1099: 1083: 1047: 1022: 991: 952: 914: 890: 851: 455: 158: 100: 43: 9496:, By Herbert Arthur Strauss, Published 1993, Walter de Gruyter, p. 985 8507:""Exile" and "Restoration" in the Conceptual World of Ancient Judaism" 7103:

In 1947 Britain announced its intention to withdraw from Palestine. A

4612:

endorsed the full text of the Balfour Declaration and established the

4554: 2821: 1227:

We welcome the friendship of Christian Zionists. —Theodore Herzl, 1897

12604: 12589: 12305: 12277: 11817: 11721: 8212: 8128: 7969: 7949:

David Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of Israel objected to the

7239: 5916: 5866: 5625: 5502: 5436: 5158: 5129:

Poster calling for rescue and Jewish immigration to Palestine in 1940

5114: 5051:(in recent years it has been suggested that Nazi propaganda Minister 4795:

In their first meeting in June 1918 Weizmann had assured Faisal that

4773: 4404: 4359: 4009:

attended the first night and the group put on a historic play called

3989:

In 1921, following a personal request to Stalin by the Soviet author

3678: 3118: 2245:

visited the Land of Israel seven times and fostered its development.

1832: 1661: 1577: 1008: 956: 874: 11053:, written by Yehuda Bauer, published by Random House; New York, 1970 9641:"Herzl's Journeys in Palestine and Egypt" by Desmond Stewart in the 9365: 9054:

Chronicle of Jewish History: From the Patriarchs to the 21st Century

7111:

to establish a bi-national state in Palestine (the minority option);

4930:

sponsored by Egypt but was sidelined by most of the Arab countries.

3681:

phenomenon. In the Arab world, the first Zionist branches opened in

3494: 11977: 11837: 10150:. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. pp. 20–26. 8058: 7926: 7244: 7223: 7099:

British withdrawal: the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

7015: 7005:

The Jews of the USA were now the dominant force in Jewish politics.

6482: 5467: 4723: 4413: 4146:("self-restraint"), which caused the splitting of the more radical 3691: 3687: 3557: 3420: 3387: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3274: 3219:(a movement dedicated to genocide of the Jews) with the aid of the 3031: 2889: 2395: 2140:

Ideas of the restoration of the Jews in the Land of Israel entered

1955: 1951: 1946:

in Tsarist Russia. From 1791 they were only allowed to live in the

1877: 1626: 1582: 1103: 1043: 1016: 1004: 948: 898: 855: 799: 5523: 4262:

between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of the older and larger

3811:

The most prominent Russian-Zionist migrant in Britain was chemist

3712: 3180:

left the main Zionist movement over this decision and founded the

3136: 2122:

Early British and American support for a Jewish state in Palestine

12435: 12390: 12086: 11832: 11827: 11469: 10590:

The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement 1918–1929

9761: 9546:

The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement 1918–1929

7686: 7522: 7212: 7073: 7031: 5748: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5282: 4715: 4515:

Vladimir Jabotinsky in the company of Betar commanders, Palestine

4270: 4248: 4163: 4143: 4093: 4075: 4020: 3963: 3816: 3682: 3561: 3484: 3453: 3412: 3397:

In Jerusalem, foundations were laid for a Jewish University (the

3220: 3158: 3102: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2545: 2357: 1656: 1538: 1363: 1148: 1071: 878: 866: 696: 680: 609: 462: 116: 9459:

The Bolshevik Response to Antisemitism in the Russian Revolution

8053:

In 2001, the first ever environmental Zionist organization, the

7937:

On 14 May 1948 the leaders of the Jewish community in Palestine

7008:

More Jews were prepared to mobilize on behalf of their brethren.

5227:

Members and delegates at the 1939 Zionist congress, per country

4592: 4299:

Two of the operations for which the Irgun is best known are the

3317: 3024:(1901—a charity that bought land for Jewish settlement) and the 1919: 846:

went before Pharaoh, demanded, "Let my people go!" and foretold

12450: 12140: 12115: 12110: 11934: 11842: 11822: 11464: 11446: 11305:

Taylor, A.R., 1971, "Vision and intent in Zionist Thought", in

10275:(2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 115. 10165:. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. p. 32. 9841:"Before Crimea Was Russian, It Was a Potential Jewish Homeland" 8558:

A History of the Jews: From the Babylonian Exile to the Present

8297: 7995: 7922: 7765: 7290: 7161: 7151: 6793: 6654: 5321: 5243: 4962:

Growing conflict between Palestinian Jews and Palestinian Arabs

4934:

Saudi–U.S. correspondence on Arab–Jewish relations in Palestine

4898: 4821: 4727: 4601: 4597: 4528: 4449: 4441: 4425: 4409: 4399: 4263: 4259: 4169:

With the end of World War II and British refusal to cancel the

4100: 4034:

considered creating a Jewish state in Crimea which had a large

4027: 4002: 3847: 3656: 3350: 3150: 2880: 2811: 2743: 2659: 2649: 2448: 2302: 1939: 1631: 1616: 1533: 1176: 1055: 1028: 1012: 886: 870: 766: 755:

with a Jewish-majority population, in contrast to a theocratic

743: 477: 121: 107: 5210: 3283:

for religious support, with the main party being the orthodox

3141:

A few weeks after the pogrom, the British Colonial Secretary,

2764:

In 1881–1882 the Tsar sponsored a huge wave of pogroms in the

2062:, a former associate of Karl Marx and Frederich Engels, wrote 1889:

who absorbed the prevailing ideas of enlightenment, including

12705: 12410: 12405: 9205:(University of Maryland) January 2007, accessed May 20, 2007. 8153: 8131:

were released from prison and allowed to emigrate to Israel.

8020: 7977: 7249: 6412: 5204: 5048: 4882: 4788: 4383: 4378: 4354: 4203: 4173:'s restrictions on Jewish immigration, the Haganah turned to 4147: 4016: 3263:) and made little progress, failing to win support among the 3162: 3009:

The WZO's initial strategy was to obtain permission from the

2915: 2618: 2538: 1641: 1636: 1621: 1257: 1000: 902: 843: 839: 828: 126: 10178:

Rules for Rebels: The Science of Victory in Militant History

9215:

The Basle Program. Resolutions of the First Zionist Congress

8764:"Zionism and Israel - Biographies - Yehuda Alkalai (Akalay)" 7107:

investigated the situation and offered two solutions :

3912:

On November 7, five days after the Balfour declaration, the

3854:" hoping to create an Arab state in the Middle East. In the 3207:

Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion

2035:. Other advocates of Jewish independence include (American) 12100: 10447: 10445: 10066:"Irgun Zvai Leumi | Jewish right-wing underground movement" 9484:, By Norman Davies, Columbia University Press, 1982, p. 302 8713:

Jews in the Russian Army, 1827–1917: Drafted into Modernity

8134: 8120: 5621: 5336:

Delegates per political party at the 1939 Zionist congress

5216: 4867: 4669:

The Religious Zionists established a youth movement called

4437: 4318:, British, and United States governments; in media such as 3652: 3249: 2953:

Zionism seeks to establish a home for the Jewish people in

1278: 1183:

in 1290. A ban remained in force that was only lifted when

894: 858:, and the Passover meal traditionally ends with the words " 806:

Background: the historical and religious origins of Zionism

715: 12055: 9884:

The Post-Soviet Jewish Population in Russia and the World.

8630:

Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism

8431:

Next Year in Jerusalem: Exile and Return in Jewish History

7040:

In 1945, President Truman sent a personal representative,

3978:

was a member of the Israeli branch of the latter, forming

11403:

A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time

10053:

A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time

8206: 7044:, to investigate the situation of the Jewish survivors (" 5110:

The Zionist–British struggle and Nazi Germany (1939–1948)

5077:

Cooperation with Nazi Germany before the second world war

5062:

Starting in 1934, the Revisionists also began organizing

4866:, also known as the Wailing Wall, which was owned by the 4850:

The Mufti believed that Jews were seeking to rebuild the

4587: 3698:

Early Zionists and the non-Jewish population of Palestine

3296: 3028:(1903—provided loans for Jewish businesses and farmers). 2779:

was founded on 31 July 1882 by a group of ten members of

881:

foresaw their return. The Bible recounts how, in 538 BCE

10966:

tsm: The seventh million: the Israelis and the Holocaust

10442: 8707: 3556:

Socialist Zionists rejected religion as perpetuating a "

11016:"The Biltmore Program of the Zionist leadership - 1942" 9669:

Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs: From Peace to War

9390:, Jewish Publication Society of America 1972, chapter 3 8783:. p.60. Jewish Literary Trust, (London, England). 1981 8542:

The Babylonian exile and the revitalization of a people

8457:"Why are you supposed to say "next year in Jerusalem"?" 8344:

By Joël Krieger, Margaret E. Crahan p. 942, Oxford 2001

8240:

History of Zionism and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

8127:, this campaign eventually succeeded in 1987 when most 7114:

to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state.

5133:

In Britain the 1930s, British Labour Party politician,

4862:. This led to a long confrontation over the use of the 4583:

1933 18th Congress, Prague: 828,000 fee paying members.

4577:

1929 16th Congress, Zurich: 604,000 fee paying members.

4041:

In 1924 Stalin became the ruler of the USSR. In 1928 a

3767:

column and ordered 500,000 to leave their homes in the

3434: 2810:, was inhabited by about half a million people, mostly 1954:) and the movement for emancipation, the Tsars imposed 1066:(Isaiah 59:20): "And a redeemer shall come to Zion..." 10893:"The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population" 9544:, New York 1988, chapter 3, See also Yehoshua Porath, 7960:

The 1967 war between Israel and the Arab states (the "

7132:

Civil conflict between the Arabs and Jews in Palestine

4580:

1931 17th Congress, Basel: 670,000 fee paying members.

4064: 3117:, raised money from wealthy Jewish residents and sent 2723:

In the late 1870s, Jewish philanthropists such as the

2264:

submitted a petition to the US president in 1891; the

1238: 787:, and encourage diaspora Jews to move to Israel. Most 10488:

https://www.bjpa.org/search-results/publication/18204

8632:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 129–135, 4750:

concluded about the principle of self determination:

3564:". Major theoreticians of Socialist Zionism included 3125:, who, along with a reporter sent by US news magnate 2742:

The movement of Jews to Palestine was opposed by the

10393:

No Way Out: The Politics of Polish Jewry, 1935–1939.

9402:, Sandra Marlene Sufian, Chicago 2007, see also the 8104:

religious ceremonies (circumcision was illegal) and

8079: 5149:. British support for Zionism was undermined by the 4373:. The Irgun was a political predecessor to Israel's 4229: 2068:

calling for the Jews to create a socialist state in

796:

the global Jewish population has experienced a shift

10357:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 August 1998 10246:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 173–4. 9703:

by Jehuda Reinharz, Oxford 1993, chapters 3 & 4

9352:Taylor, Alan (1972). "Zionism and Jewish History". 9178:50 years later', also published in: Hannah Arendt, 8482:"Jewish Word | Why We Say 'Next Year in Jerusalem'" 5449:

calling for Jewish mobilization during World War II

4970: 4555:

Chaim Weizmann leads the World Zionist Organization

4448:("head of Betar") at the first world conference in 4284:The Irgun policy was based on what was then called 3605:

Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion)

3242:

in Austria and a 1920 German version renamed them "

3169:, Herzl introduced a controversial proposal to the 2822:

Founding of the modern Zionist movement (1897–1917)

2791:). Zikhron Ya'akov was founded in December 1882 by 943:that aimed to reconquer the promised land. In 1648 11434:The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader 10337:Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement, 1925–1948 10121:W. Khalidi, 1971, 'From Haven to Conquest', p. 598 10082: 9935: 9855:"Beyond the Pale: Jewish Life Between the Wars II" 5115:1939 White Paper and the British rift with Zionism 4946:expressed his concern in a letter to US President 4600:in the 1930s. Zionist parties were very active in 4408:Members of Betar movement at a summer camp in the 3704:Zionist and Palestinian Arab attitudes before 1948 3690:were early Moroccan Jewish immigrants and Ottoman 3677:Support for Zionism was not a purely European and 1959:familiarized them with nationalism and socialism. 1926:History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union 1159:. In 1542 the inquisition expanded to include the 10525:"The Avalon Project : The Palestine Mandate" 10422:Living With Antisemitism: Modern Jewish Responses 10028:. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 181. 9917:Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement 1925–1948 9003: 5176:, over 100,000 German Jews headed for Palestine. 4877:. In these religious-nationalist riots Jews were 4843:, after he had been pardoned for his role in the 3920:in Russia. The Bolshevik seizure of power led to 2945:, the following agreement, commonly known as the 877:), Jews lamented their exile while Prophets like 12728: 12446:Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America 11108:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 11091:. Archived from the original on November 1, 2003 10779:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 10667:. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222. 9606:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9452: 9450: 9126:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9109:. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007 8847:British Zionism - Support for Jewish Restoration 8088:Israeli demonstration in support of Soviet Jewry 7016:Rapid growth of illegal immigration to Palestine 4904:In 1939 he rejected as insufficient the British 3275:Opposition from Orthodox Jews and Reformist Jews 3032:Cultural Zionism and opposition to Theodor Herzl 2988:May our eyes behold your return in mercy to Zion 2268:called for the return of Palestine to the Jews. 683:is generally considered to have been founded by 12476:International Fellowship of Christians and Jews 12466:Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland 10904: 10902: 10662: 10205:Einstein, Albert (2007). Rowe, David E. (ed.). 9342:. Stephen M. Wylen, 2000, Paulist Press, p. 356 9329:. Stephen M. Wylen, 2000, Paulist Press, p. 356 9255:by Steven Zipperstein, Liveright 2018 chapter 5 8624:Alam, M. Shahid (2009), Alam, M. Shahid (ed.), 8044:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 5524:Zionist role in the Jewish anti-Nazi resistance 5430: 3882:was awarded for bravery. Arab forces conquered 3713:World War I and the Balfour Declaration of 1917 3607:in Russia in 1906 - and a world union in 1907. 3580:, and leading figures in the movement included 1197:Persecution of Jews began to decline following 11317:, Northwestern university press, Evanston, USA 11150: 10439:Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. New York, 1983. 9929: 9340:Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism 9327:Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism 9107:- Part One - An Educated, Desperate Young Man" 4762:Churchill himself stated that the goal of the 3896:On November 2, the British Foreign Secretary, 3815:. Weizmann developed a new process to produce 2118:, and by 1897, it counted over 4,000 members. 2065:Rome and Jerusalem. The Last National Question 1151:rituals. The Church responded by creating the 12071: 11485: 10658: 10656: 10436:Operation Action – Rescue From The Holocaust. 10334: 9556: 9554: 9447: 8342:The Oxford companion to politics of the world 8315: 7895: 6965: 4472:The name Betar בית"ר refers to both the last 4458:, the leader of the Jewish settlers who were 4231:Hā-ʾIrgun Ha-Tzvaʾī Ha-Leūmī b-Ērētz Yiśrāʾel 3318:Russian pogroms and Second Aliyah (1904–1914) 2704: 1920:Persecution of the Jews in the Russian Empire 1853: 1050:prayers, which traditionally concluded with " 660: 11413:American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust 10925: 10899: 10814:"Adolf Eichmann's Secret Visit to Palestine" 9589:. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008 8869: 8867: 8861:by Jamie Cowen (Leadership U), July 13, 2002 4892:occurred, which lasted for three years. The 3662: 3279:Under Herzl's leadership, Zionism relied on 1074:and some Rabbis consider it one of the core 11366:(2003). good history by a leading scholar, 11323:, Yoram Hazony, and Michael B. Oren, eds., 10882:(1961) New Viewpoints, New York 1973 p. 716 10752:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 54, 55. 10691: 10209:. Princeton University Press. p. 350. 8842: 8840: 8007:The protection of Jewish rights everywhere. 5211:Zionist movement on the eve of World War II 4382:(or "Freedom") party, which led to today's 3823:for the war effort. In the new government, 3523:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2994:to the Fifth Zionist Congress, Basel, 1901. 2978: 2271: 704: 12441:Women's International Zionist Organization 12078: 12064: 11492: 11478: 10749:The Third Reich and the Palestine Question 10653: 10330: 10328: 10238: 10146:"Jewish Terrorism and Jewish Resistance". 9551: 8736:History of the national question in Russia 8427: 7902: 7888: 6972: 6958: 6817:Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany 5583: 5169:, making a further 100,000 Jews refugees. 4596:Poster from the Zionist Tarbut schools of 4386:party. Likud has led or been part of most 4353:in 1948, compared Irgun and its successor 3907: 3423:who had volunteered as a nurse during the 3215:, a newspaper publisher and member of the 3083: 2818:, but also some dozens of thousands Jews. 2806:In 1890, Palestine, which was part of the 2761:were the first modern Jewish settlements. 2711: 2697: 1860: 1846: 1258:Europe's Age of Enlightenment and the Jews 1109: 1023:Aliyah and the "Ingathering of the Exiles" 791:continue to define themselves as Zionist. 667: 653: 11357:The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948 11240:The Jews of Baghdad and Zionism 1920–1948 10963: 10775:"Zionist film propaganda in Nazi Germany" 10603:Chaim Weizmann: The Making of a Statesman 10592:, Yehoshua Porath, London 1974, chapter 2 10452:Chaim Weizmann: The Making of a Statesman 10133:Encyclopedia of world history Vol 5 pg 20 9993: 9713:Chaim Weizmann, The Making of a Statesman 9656:Chaim Weizmann, the Making of a Statesman 9645:, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Spring, 1974), pp. 18–38 8943: 8864: 8852: 7083:") to illegally carry them to Palestine. 3802:presented a detailed memorandum entitled 3694:had a vigorous Zionist movement by 1908. 3543:Learn how and when to remove this message 3439: 3403:Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 3097:was a small town in the Russian empire's 2675:Demographic history of Palestine (region) 2670:History of the Jews in the Land of Israel 1930:Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 1019:also had significant Jewish populations. 893:returned. A second group of 5000, led by 10620:The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945 by 10409:The Road to Power: Herut Party in Israel 10204: 10198: 9903:. Crown City Publishing Company, p. 169. 9587:"Louis D. Brandeis and American Zionism" 9456: 9417:"Devorah Dayan - Jewish Women's Archive" 9253:Pogrom, Kishinev and the tilt of History 8965:Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land 8837: 8698:by David Kertzer New York 2001 chapter 6 8135:American involvement in Israeli politics 8094:the USSR became increasingly anti-Jewish 8083: 8064: 7913: 6853:Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp 5440: 5124: 4820: 4734: 4591: 4510: 4419: 4403: 4099:organization of the Jewish population (" 3375: 3321: 3250:Herzl's death and new Zionist leadership 2982: 2925: 2125: 2015:Proto-Zionists include the (Lithuanian) 2001: 10773:Horak, Jan-Christopher (January 1984). 10714: 10570:Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict 10325: 10273:Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict 10175: 10169: 10020: 10000:(4th ed.). Routledge. p. 29. 9810:The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917 9756:The Jews of the Soviet Union since 1917 9689:The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917 9345: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9228:Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict 9056:, p.231, Ktav Publishing House (1997), 8817: 8555: 8479: 8380: 8309: 6809:Central Committee of the Liberated Jews 5207:over its refusal to fight the British. 3626: 2348:Jews who remained in the Land of Israel 1155:in 1478 and by expelling all remaining 12729: 11420:New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel 11372: 11345:Brenner, Michael, and Shelley Frisch. 10741: 10739: 10737: 10687: 10685: 10540: 10538: 10339:. Frank Cass. pp. 51–52, 383 n.4. 9954:No 33 of 5708-1948 – 23 September 1948 9542:The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism 9529:Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897–1918 9351: 9192:Zionism & The British In Palestine 8967:, London, H. Colburn 1847, V II, p. 71 8504: 8207:Zionist institutions and organizations 7933:, founder of modern political Zionism. 7929:, Israel, beneath a large portrait of 5219:, which had well over 3 million Jews. 4942:was drawing to its close, the King of 4680: 4588:The League of Nations endorses Zionism 3949:Jewish Communist Labour Bund in Poland 3945:Jewish Communist Labour Bund (Ukraine) 3941:People's Commissariat of Nationalities 3459:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 3390:had a modern "scientific" school, the 2136:(Hobart, Tasmania, Australia), in 1841 1938:Jews in Eastern Europe faced constant 1170:. Ghetto residents had to pay a daily 1090:with several hundred of his students, 816: 691:began earlier and is intertwined with 679:As an organized nationalist movement, 12550:Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict 12059: 11473: 11236: 10880:The Destruction of the European Jews, 10772: 10454:, Jehuda Reinharz, Oxford 1993 p. 359 10270: 10244:The Transformation of Israeli Society 10130: 9798:Jewish Publication Society of America 9482:God's Playground: A History of Poland 9140: 8976: 8915: 8668: 8664: 8662: 8619: 8617: 8428:Greenspoon, Leonard J. (2019-10-15). 8353: 7050:") in Europe. Harrison reported that 4365:Irgun members were absorbed into the 4303:in Jerusalem on 22 July 1946 and the 3137:British post-Kishinev "Uganda Scheme" 759:), as expressed in his 1896 pamphlet 12535:UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86 11636:Timeline of the Second Temple period 11359:(2003). essays on specialized topics 11151:Joel Greenberg (November 22, 1998). 11078:, "Zionists at Basle" 9/12/1946 p. 3 10811: 10724:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 10343: 10106:Irgun's Hand Seen in Alps Rail Blast 10090:Irgun Bomb Kills 11 Arabs, 2 Britons 9963: 9812:by Nora Levin, New York 1988, pg 103 9758:by Nora Levin page 43. New York 1988 9241: 9007:Benjamin Disraeli Letters: 1852-1856 8623: 8582:Vision and intent in Zionist Thought 8545:(Thesis). The Ohio State University. 8538: 8454: 8360:. iUniverse Publishing. p. 48. 8357:Hamishiya: The Story of Five Friends 8320:. My Jewish Learning. Archived from 5038:of the Jewish Agency negotiated the 4695:. After his involvement against the 4647: 3623:and prepared for life in Palestine. 3521:adding citations to reliable sources 3488: 3468: 3435:Zionist adoption of left-wing values 1212: 12530:UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 10914:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 10869:by Manuela Williams, Routledge 2006 10853:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 10745: 10734: 10682: 10535: 10309: 9899:Washington Robnett, George (1976). 9701:Weizmann, the Making of a Statesman 8963:Crawford, A. W. C. (Lord Lindsay), 8276: 8164: 5174:absence of alternative destinations 4839:by the Palestine High Commissioner 4544:Nazi persecution and murder of Jews 4522:largest Jewish population in Europe 4326:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry 4278: 4244: 4225: 4217: 4085: 4065:Zionist paramilitaries in Palestine 3821:manufacture enough artillery shells 3651:was the first woman elected to the 3452:within Eastern Europe and promoted 3341:Widespread pogroms accompanied the 3227:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 3201:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 3194:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 1969:Famous incidents includes the 1913 1239:Pre-Zionist initiatives (1799–1897) 1192:Resettlement of the Jews in England 13: 11520:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine 11499: 11426: 11339: 10692:Stackelberg, Roderick (May 2009), 10395:Hebrew Union College Press, 1997. 9613:American Jewish Historical Society 8659: 8614: 7071:began to organize escape routes (" 5547:Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye 5151:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 5068:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 4508:(ת) so as to produce the acronym. 4130:. It was under the control of the 4128:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 3182:Jewish Territorialist Organization 2624:Ministry of Aliyah and Integration 14: 12748: 12545:Israeli–Palestinian peace process 11440: 9888:Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe 8980:Disraeli and the Eastern Question 8781:"Jewish quarterly, Volumes 29-31" 8505:Talmon, Shemaryahu (2001-01-01), 8480:Johnson, George E. (2022-04-04). 8080:Resistance to Soviet anti-Zionism 7771:Jewish exodus from Arab countries 7401:Israeli–Palestinian peace process 6908:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 5812:Collaborators during World War II 5535:- Organiser and commander of the 4188:Israel's independence declaration 3878:participated in the invasion and 3334:The Life of the Jews in Palestine 2898:("The Jewish State") in 1896 and 2865:Theodor Herzl and his 1896 book, 2195:Board of Deputies of British Jews 2110:) was officially registered as a 983:, especially after the so-called 12471:Institute for Zionist Strategies 12194: 11279: 11254: 11230: 11218: 11198: 11170: 11144: 11117: 11081: 11069: 11056: 11044: 11026: 11008: 10995: 10982: 10957: 10944: 10919: 10885: 10872: 10860: 10846: 10830: 10805: 10766: 10708: 10640: 10635:Antisemitism: The Generic Hatred 10628: 10613: 10595: 10583: 10562: 10517: 10505: 10493: 10481: 10457: 10427: 10414: 10401: 10385: 10369: 10303: 10289: 10264: 10161:"Major Political Developments". 9531:, Oxford University Press. 1977. 9457:McGeever, Brendan (2019-09-26). 9074:"Gems in Israel-Zichron Ya'acov" 8977:Kovic, Milos (4 November 2010). 8383:"The Bible and Israeli Identity" 7160: 7105:United Nations Special Committee 6891:List of books about Nazi Germany 6678:Resistance movement in Auschwitz 6306:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 5615: 5374:General Zionists (conservative) 4971:British immigration restrictions 4436:at a meeting of Jewish youth in 4162:, prompting the creation of the 3844:Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca 3493: 2855: 2850: 2309: 2208:In 1851, correspondence between 1991: 1272: 1201:'s conquest of Europe after the 831:, and thus later adopted in the 733:through the re-establishment of 636: 42: 12336:Zionist Organization of America 11850:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 11608:Judah's revolts against Babylon 11307:The transformation of Palestine 10928:Defiance: The Bielski Partisans 10355:Centenary of Zionism: 1897-1997 10232: 10223: 10154: 10139: 10124: 10115: 10058: 10042: 10014: 9987: 9957: 9936:Dr. Yvonne Schmidt (May 2008). 9906: 9893: 9876: 9847: 9833: 9824: 9815: 9803: 9787: 9774: 9749: 9736: 9718: 9706: 9694: 9691:by Nora Levin pp 28–29. NY 1988 9682: 9661: 9648: 9635: 9617: 9579: 9534: 9521: 9499: 9487: 9475: 9438: 9427: 9409: 9393: 9380: 9332: 9319: 9301: 9283: 9267: 9258: 9220: 9208: 9185: 9165: 9134: 9095: 9066: 9046: 9024: 9010:. University of Toronto Press. 8997: 8970: 8957: 8909: 8890: 8811: 8795: 8786: 8774: 8756: 8751:Studies in Comparative Genocide 8729: 8701: 8689: 8669:Lewis, Donald M. (2021-08-31). 8596: 8587: 8574: 8549: 8141:Zionist Organization of America 7320:UN Partition Plan for Palestine 7123:United Nations General Assembly 6748:Joint Declaration by Members of 5137:, established a new party, the 4301:bombing of the King David Hotel 3835:(Foreign Secretary from 1916), 1908:now became a new phenomenon of 1789:Applicability of religious laws 933:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 794:Due to the success of Zionism, 747:). Herzl sought an independent 735:Jewish sovereignty in Palestine 12686:Zionism as settler colonialism 12341:Zionist Organization of Canada 12171:Revival of the Hebrew language 10930:. Oxford University Press US. 9715:by Jehuda Reinharz, Chapter 2. 8922:. J. Aronson. pp. 150–6. 8885:The American Historical Review 8715:. Cambridge University Press. 8532: 8498: 8473: 8448: 8421: 8374: 8347: 8335: 8256:History of the Southern Levant 5183:in which they declared that a 4804:demanded an elected assembly. 4658:In the 1920s and 1930s, Rabbi 4254:organization that operated in 4226:הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל 4158:invasion of Palestine through 3886:and later took over Damascus. 3856:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 3599:Socialist Zionists formed the 3363:revival of the Hebrew language 3345:, inspired by the Pro-Tsarist 3149:: Land for a Jewish state in " 3105:, where an active antisemite, 3044:Revival of the Hebrew language 2998:For the first four years, the 2524:Revival of the Hebrew language 2353:Homeland for the Jewish people 1988:, a minority chose Palestine. 1003:became an important center of 314:Late Antiquity and Middle Ages 1: 12421:Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia) 12346:Religious Zionists of America 12331:Zionist Federation of Germany 11436:(1997), major primary sources 11299: 10916:, Volume II p. 907 HMSO 1946. 8381:Shapira, Anita (April 2004). 7545:comparisons with Nazi Germany 7089:Belarusian Nazi collaborators 7026:British Conflict with Zionism 6815:Reparations Agreement between 6683:Związek Organizacji Wojskowej 6358:Human medical experimentation 5385:Mizrahi (Orthodox religious) 5179:In 1939 the British issued a 4336:. However, academics such as 4324:newspaper; as well as by the 2921: 2746:communities who lived in the 1772:History of Palestine (region) 1349:Hebron massacre (August 1834) 1124:Christianity and antisemitism 908: 12681:Progressive except Palestine 11930:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 11415:(1995), the standard history 10715:Nicosia, Francis R. (1989). 10648:Department of State Bulletin 9942:. GRIN Verlag. p. 254. 9643:Journal of Palestine Studies 9562:"Patriot, Judge and Zionist" 9354:Journal of Palestine Studies 9217:August 30, 1897 (mideastweb) 8303: 8261:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7358:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 6348:Extermination through labour 6202:Transit and collection camps 5431:Zionism during the Holocaust 4616:for Palestine (Full text:). 4180:partition plan for Palestine 2826: 2680:Historical Jewish population 1344:Plunder of Safed (June 1834) 7: 12676:Muslim supporters of Israel 12085: 10912:, prepared in 1946 for the 10312:"Shir Betar/The Betar Song" 10184:. pp. 44–45, 118–120. 9671:. Oxford University Press. 9512:by Richard Gottheil in the 8887:. Vol. 110 No.3.) June 2005 8753:by Levon Chorbajian (p.237) 8513:, Brill, pp. 107–146, 8434:. Purdue University Press. 8159: 8071:Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 7682:Israel Aerospace Industries 7541:Criticism of the government 6944:Righteous Among the Nations 6840:Deportations of French Jews 4230: 3833:First Lord of the Admiralty 3719:Balfour Declaration of 1917 3392:Herzliya Hebrew High School 2534:Hebraization of place names 2222:Chancellor of the Exchequer 2151:beliefs, or by a streak of 2072:as a means of settling the 1054:", and in the thrice-daily 737:, to be facilitated by the 10: 12753: 12696:Zionist political violence 12661:Jewish political movements 12431:Jewish Resistance Movement 12321:World Zionist Organization 12186:Zionism, race and genetics 11051:Flight and Rescue: Brichah 10837:Hurrah for the Blackshirts 10650:, October 21, 1945, p. 623 10271:Smith, Charles D. (2004). 8234:World Zionist Organization 8068: 7363:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 7141: 7029: 7019: 5587: 5542:Jewish Combat Organization 5434: 5363:General Zionists (centre) 5118: 5003: 4814: 4684: 4651: 4558: 4397: 4201: 4073: 4069: 3716: 3701: 3478: 3472: 3446:General Jewish Labour Bund 3204: 3198: 3087: 3041: 3035: 3000:World Zionist Organization 2912:World Zionist Organization 2594:World Zionist Organization 2275: 2254:Latter Day Saints movement 2021:Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk 1995: 1923: 1400:Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi 1334:Revival of Tiberias (1563) 1242: 1190:the monarchy in 1649 (see 1113: 1096:Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk 1026: 912: 820: 809: 12613: 12562: 12505: 12494: 12456:American Zionist Movement 12296: 12203: 12192: 12093: 12035: 11955: 11868: 11791: 11739: 11674: 11626: 11568: 11507: 10791:10.1080/01439688400260041 10026:Encyclopedia of Terrorism 9994:Whittaker, David (2012). 9973:. Dublin: Academy Press. 9784:, Indiana 2001, pp. 72–74 9771:, 2001, pp. 60–61 and 64. 9506:Zionism article (section 9388:Leon Trotsky and the Jews 9020:– via Google Books. 8993:– via Google Books. 8556:Grayzel, Solomon (1968). 8455:Lind, Dara (2014-08-05). 8399:10.1017/S0364009404000030 7921:(First Prime Minister of 7623:National Security Council 5163:agreed to Nazi annexation 5139:British Union of Fascists 4781:Faisal–Weizmann Agreement 4673:in 1929, and a number of 4504:(ט), it was written with 4393: 4190:and the beginning of the 3874:, invaded Palestine. The 3663:Zionism in the Arab world 2262:William Eugene Blackstone 2256:, sent a representative, 1962:The tsar's chief adviser 1912:and acquired a new name: 995:(the Arabic name for the 939:led a Jewish uprising in 789:Israeli political parties 724:Jewish towns in Palestine 12361:Jewish Agency for Israel 12176:Hebraization of surnames 12166:Negation of the Diaspora 11860:Revolt against Heraclius 11588:Ancient Israel and Judah 11570:Ancient Israel and Judah 11456:Central Zionist Archives 11347:Zionism: A Brief History 11309:, ed. by I. Abu-Lughod, 11289:(2007) 93#2 pp. 277-302 11176:Raffaella A. Del Sarto, 11130:Both Banks of the Jordan 10663:David Wdowiński (1963). 10351:"Youth Movements: Betar" 9890:, 2004, No. 1 (52). p.51 9859:www.friends-partners.org 8709:Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern 8638:10.1057/9780230101371_13 8539:Moss, Karen Sue (2000). 8219:Jewish Agency for Israel 7428:Unilateral disengagement 7325:Independence Declaration 6756:Auschwitz bombing debate 6078:Nazi concentration camps 6023:Nazi extermination camps 6002:List of selected ghettos 5917:People with disabilities 5193:targeting the Arab world 4928:All-Palestine Government 4870:but was sacred to Jews. 4837:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 4833:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni 4826:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni 4817:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni 4705:New Zionist Organization 4197: 4043:Jewish Autonomous Oblast 4023:as their mother tongue. 3667:The 1911 edition of the 3147:British Uganda Programme 3131:In the City of Slaughter 3048:Hebraization of surnames 2979:Organizational structure 2835:, 19 years old, founded 2604:Jewish Agency for Israel 2529:Hebraization of surnames 2278:Mikveh Israel Settlement 2272:First Aliyah (1881–1903) 2216:the following year, and 2102:Pinsker established the 1975:Blood libel against Jews 1964:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 1149:secretly practice Jewish 1120:Jewish ghettos in Europe 972:led a large movement of 201:10th century BCE–587 BCE 191:10th century BCE–720 BCE 145:Ancient Israel and Judah 132:Late Bronze Age collapse 12366:Jewish National Council 12326:Zionist General Council 11545:Expulsions and exoduses 11418:Wigoder, Geoffrey, ed. 11407:excerpt and text search 11375:American Jewish History 11368:excerpt and text search 11351:excerpt and text search 11287:American Jewish History 11089:"The Jerusalem Program" 10812:מלול, חן (2017-11-06). 10182:Oxford University Press 10070:Encyclopædia Britannica 9667:Teveth, Shabtai (1985) 9629:www.jewishmuseum.org.uk 8266:List of Zionist figures 5907:Slavs in Eastern Europe 5892:Romani people (Gypsies) 5584:Impact of the Holocaust 5447:United Palestine Appeal 4138:. Until the end of the 4007:Konstantin Stanislavski 3908:1917 Russian Revolution 3805:The Future of Palestine 3620:HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed 3343:1905 Russian Revolution 3192:Russian publication of 3127:William Randolph Hearst 3084:Kishinev pogrom of 1903 3006:Great Britain in 1914. 2935:Second Zionist Congress 2199:Charles Henry Churchill 2193:, the President of the 2112:charitable organization 2088:published the pamphlet 1695:Great Academy of Paris 1339:Sack of Tiberias (1660) 1253:History of antisemitism 1142:stars on their clothing 1110:Persecution of the Jews 1092:Joseph ben Ephraim Karo 919:Jewish military history 726:between 1870 and 1897. 699:. The organizations of 171:12th–10th centuries BCE 12711:Conservatism in Israel 12426:Jewish Party (Romania) 11896:Invasion of Banu Nadir 11697:First Jewish-Roman War 11327:, Shalem Press, 2007, 11195: 10855:- Appendix IV copy at 10335:Yaakov Shavit (1988). 10295:JewishVirtualLibrary, 10135:. Infobase Publishing. 10131:Terry, Janice (2008). 9744:Love, Poverty, and War 9730:www.zionism-israel.com 9658:, p. 10. Oxford, 1993. 9508:Wide Spread of Zionism 9316:, Serif 2001 pp. 75–76 9280:, Serif 2001 chapter 3 8916:Adler, Joseph (1997). 8818:Pinsker, Leon (1882). 8768:www.zionism-israel.com 8675:. InterVarsity Press. 8354:Louza, Marcel (2011). 8106:monitored Human Rights 8098:accusations of Zionism 8089: 8055:Green Zionist Alliance 8036: 7934: 7714:Science and Technology 7618:Intelligence Community 7057: 6898:The Destruction of the 6742:International response 6178:Transnistria (Romania) 5996:German-occupied Poland 5537:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 5511: 5479:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 5450: 5130: 5006:Hitler's rise to power 4956: 4894:Supreme Muslim Council 4828: 4801: 4793: 4629:Paris Peace Conference 4605: 4516: 4429: 4417: 3649:Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer 3461:and affiliated to the 3444:In Eastern Europe the 3440:The Jewish Labour Bund 3384: 3338: 3239: 3171:Sixth Zionist Congress 3099:Bessarabia Governorate 2995: 2973: 2943:First Zionist Congress 2938: 2405:Aliyah in modern times 2214:British Prime Minister 2212:, whose father became 2179:Robert Murray M'Cheyne 2137: 2100: 2012: 2011:by J. L. Pinsker, 1882 1364:Moshavot establishment 1319:Manuel I decree (1496) 1314:Alhambra decree (1492) 1229: 1052:Next year in Jerusalem 860:Next Year in Jerusalem 751:(usually defined as a 687:in 1897. However, the 12461:Am Yisrael Foundation 11947:Medieval antisemitism 11886:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa 11881:Siege of Banu Qurayza 11855:Revolt against Gallus 11641:Second Temple Judaism 11422:(2nd ed. 2 vol. 1994) 11387:10.1353/ajh.1998.0002 11325:New Essays on Zionism 11190: 10926:Tec, Nechama (1993). 10910:A survey of Palestine 10550:Question of Palestine 10176:Abrahms, Max (2018). 9919:p. 97 Routledge 1988 9141:Engel, David (2008). 8125:Reagan administration 8087: 8065:Immigration from Iraq 8031: 7944:Israel Defense Forces 7939:declared independence 7917: 7353:Arab–Israeli conflict 7052: 6939:Memorials and museums 6868:Memorials and museums 6329:Extermination methods 6033:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 5624:on selection ramp at 5507: 5444: 5128: 5022:The rise to power of 4952: 4948:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4824: 4797: 4785: 4764:Churchill White Paper 4748:King-Crane Commission 4735:Zionism and the Arabs 4595: 4514: 4432:Betar was founded by 4423: 4407: 4371:1948 Arab–Israeli war 4367:Israel Defense Forces 4349:, in a letter to the 4192:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4109:Israel Defense Forces 3982:(the ancestor of the 3926:pogroms across Russia 3861:In February 1917 the 3633:Hannah Meisel Shochat 3379: 3331: 3244:The Zionist Protocols 3235: 3221:Tsarist Secret Police 3115:Jacob Bernstein Kogan 2986: 2951: 2929: 2634:Am Yisrael Foundation 2481:from the Soviet Union 2454:from Muslim countries 2129: 2096: 2005: 1971:Menahem Mendel Beilis 1906:religious persecution 1225: 1181:expelled from England 1078:in Judaism. From the 981:Christian persecution 557:Historical literature 552:Historical population 514:Arab–Israeli conflict 12716:Liberalism in Israel 12691:Zionist antisemitism 12515:Chronology of Aliyah 12401:World Agudath Israel 12351:Jewish National Fund 11908:Sephardic Golden Age 11702:Battle of Beth Horon 11628:Second Temple period 11613:Babylonian captivity 10746:Nicosia, Francis R. 10698:, H-German, H-Review 10665:And we are not saved 10610:, Oxford 1993 p. 359 10379:by Routledge, 1988. 10096:. December 30, 1947. 9997:The Terrorism Reader 9794:Trotsky and the Jews 9313:Warrant for Genocide 9295:Warrant for Genocide 9278:Warrant for Genocide 9147:. Longman. pp. 8802:Zvi Hirsch Kalischer 8580:Taylor, A.R., 1971, 8251:History of Palestine 8224:Jewish National Fund 7951:Zionist Organization 7417:Occupied territories 7134:ensued immediately. 6915:Functionalism versus 6848:Survivors of Sobibor 6560:Operation "Reinhard" 6312:Politische Abteilung 6300:SS-Totenkopfverbände 5533:Mordechai Anielewicz 5483:Mordechai Anielewicz 5185:Jewish National Home 5145:in 1940 and the BUF 4993:Revisionist Zionists 4875:1929 Palestine riots 4845:1920 Palestine riots 4701:Zionist Organization 4644:Poland and Hungary. 4625:Zionist Organization 4573:Zionist Congresses: 4369:at the start of the 4305:Deir Yassin massacre 4166:task force in 1941. 3999:Shaul Tchernichovsky 3900:, made his landmark 3891:Edwin Samuel Montagu 3655:, the Parliament of 3627:Zionism and feminism 3517:improve this section 3463:Second International 3155:Uasin Gishu District 3026:Anglo-Palestine Bank 3022:Jewish National Fund 2888:. Herzl was born in 2599:Jewish National Fund 2037:Mordecai Manuel Noah 2029:Zvi Hirsch Kalischer 1934:Antisemitic boycotts 1874:Age of Enlightenment 1609:Mishkenot Sha'ananim 1035:Jews in the Diaspora 774:Israeli independence 731:Jewish national home 529:Iran–Israel conflict 392:Kingdom of Jerusalem 373:Early Islamic period 347:Byzantine Palaestina 225:Second Temple period 12656:Jewish emancipation 12540:Timeline of Zionism 12525:Balfour Declaration 12156:Gathering of Israel 11646:Hellenistic Judaism 11555:Political movements 11432:Hertzberg, Arthur. 11411:Urofsky, Melvin I. 10952:The Seventh Million 10568:C. D. Smith, 2001, 10529:avalon.law.yale.edu 10407:Shapiro, Yonathan. 9625:"The Jewish Museum" 9568:on October 27, 2007 9515:Jewish Encyclopedia 8883:by Abigail Green. ( 8806:Jewish Encyclopedia 8626:"Christian Zionism" 8316:Rabbi Ed Snitkoff. 8293:Jewish emancipation 8271:Timeline of Zionism 8201:Revisionist Zionism 8092:In the late 1940s, 8017:Revisionist Zionist 7391:Treaties with Egypt 7307:Balfour Declaration 7127:partition Palestine 7121:On 29 November the 6934:Days of remembrance 6834:Holocaust survivors 6628:Vrba–Wetzler report 6623:Auschwitz Protocols 6580:End of World War II 6570:Extermination camps 6555:Mogilev Conference 6498:Kamianets-Podilskyi 5716:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 5590:After the Holocaust 5572:Mordechai Tenenbaum 5337: 5228: 5064:illegal immigration 4921:Waffen SS in Bosnia 4879:massacred in Hebron 4854:on the site of the 4852:Temple in Jerusalem 4687:Revisionist Zionism 4681:Revisionist Zionism 4675:Religious Kibbutzim 4424:Betar formation in 4388:Israeli governments 4286:Revisionist Zionism 4175:sabotage activities 4105:Mandatory Palestine 4045:was created in the 3993:, the Hebrew poets 3984:Israeli Labor Party 3902:Balfour Declaration 3863:tsar was overthrown 3670:Jewish Encyclopedia 3312:Pittsburgh Platform 3123:Hayim Nahman Bialik 2879:, which erupted in 2614:Mossad LeAliyah Bet 2331:Gathering of Israel 2266:Blackstone Memorial 1910:racial antisemitism 1821:Haredim and Zionism 1394:Obadiah MiBartenura 1359:Jerusalem expansion 1354:Safed attack (1838) 1245:Jewish Emancipation 1058:(Standing prayer). 951:, disciples of the 848:severe consequences 817:Biblical precedents 12737:History of Zionism 12520:History of Zionism 11603:Assyrian Captivity 11583:Origins of Judaism 11525:Population history 11401:Sachar, Howard M. 11362:Laqueuer, Walter. 11211:2006-10-01 at the 11186:2010-06-10 at the 11157:The New York Times 11123:Shelef, Nadav G., 11038:2008-02-13 at the 11020:www.mideastweb.org 10964:Tom Segev (1994). 10895:. 9 February 2015. 10420:Reinharz, Jehuda. 10310:Steiner, Michael. 10112:. August 16, 1947. 10088:Pope Brewer, Sam. 10022:Kushner, Harvey W. 9298:, Serif 2001 p. 74 9226:C.D. Smith, 2001, 9197:2007-11-27 at the 9052:Scharfstein, Sol, 8899:(Edinburgh, 1842) 8879:2008-02-17 at the 8824:www.mideastweb.org 8820:"Autoemancipation" 8745:2008-11-20 at the 8610:on April 14, 2010. 8090: 8026:The New York Times 7998:from all countries 7972:(from Jordan) the 7935: 7766:Jewish immigration 6750:the United Nations 6550:Wannsee Conference 5665:Major perpetrators 5451: 5335: 5226: 5131: 4868:Muslim authorities 4829: 4714:and influenced by 4660:Abraham Isaac Kook 4606: 4517: 4430: 4418: 4321:The New York Times 3966:Zionist movement, 3918:October Revolution 3867:Alexander Kerensky 3825:David Lloyd George 3769:Pale of Settlement 3385: 3339: 3143:Joseph Chamberlain 3078:Menachem Ussishkin 2996: 2939: 2771:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 2508:from Latin America 2424:during World War I 2205:days of Solomon." 2185:. In August 1840, 2171:Church of Scotland 2138: 2086:Judah Leib Pinsker 2023:, (Bosnian) Rabbi 2019:, (Russian) Rabbi 2013: 1948:Pale of Settlement 1796:History of Zionism 1735:Johanan ben Zakai 1472:Haim Aharon Valero 823:The Return to Zion 689:history of Zionism 244:Hellenistic period 58:Prehistoric Levant 12724: 12723: 12651:Jewish Autonomism 12558: 12557: 12510:History of Israel 12486:Birthright Israel 12053: 12052: 12045:WP:Jewish history 11903:Under Muslim rule 11891:Battle of Khaybar 11806:Synagogal Judaism 11787: 11786: 11729:Bar Kokhba revolt 11692:Jewish-Roman Wars 11656:Hasmonean kingdom 11598:Kingdom of Israel 11033:accessed Nov 2007 10968:. Hill and Wang. 10759:978-1-4128-3934-1 10622:Gerald Reitlinger 10433:Perl, William R. 10391:Melzer, Emanuel. 9980:978-0-906187-11-1 9949:978-3-638-94450-2 9925:978-0-7146-3325-1 9796:, Joseph Nedava, 9780:Zvi Y. Gitelman, 9767:Zvi Y. Gitelman, 9654:Jehuda Reinharz, 9540:Mohammed Muslih, 9527:Isaiah Friedman, 9468:978-1-107-19599-8 9180:The Jew as pariah 8682:978-0-8308-4698-6 8647:978-0-230-10137-1 8520:978-90-04-49363-6 8441:978-1-61249-604-7 8318:"Secular Zionism" 8288:Jewish Autonomism 8246:History of Israel 8196:Religious Zionism 8171:Christian Zionism 8110:Anatoly Sharansky 7980:) as well as the 7912: 7911: 7559:Foreign relations 7423:West Bank barrier 7412:International law 7208:Mediterranean Sea 7144:History of Israel 7063:In Europe former 7047:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 7036:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 6982: 6981: 6858:Victims of Nazism 6799:Displaced persons 6732: 6731: 6633:Czesław Mordowicz 6602: 6601: 6365: 6364: 5994:Jewish ghettos in 5867:Forced euthanasia 5857:Haavara Agreement 5827: 5826: 5763:Totenkopfverbände 5691:Reinhard Heydrich 5579:Lohamei HaGeta'ot 5552:Rachel Zilberberg 5487:Lohamei HaGeta'ot 5456:Bielski partisans 5428: 5427: 5396:Radical Workers 5333: 5332: 5199:, later known as 5040:Haavara Agreement 4835:was appointed as 4756:and recommended: 4664:Religious Zionism 4654:Religious Zionism 4648:Religious Zionism 4610:League of Nations 4540:British Mandate's 4478:Bar Kokhba revolt 4460:killed at Tel Hai 4456:Joseph Trumpeldor 4311:on 9 April 1948. 4256:Mandate Palestine 3553: 3552: 3545: 3475:Socialist Zionism 3469:Socialist Zionism 3399:Hebrew University 3329: 2873: 2872: 2841:Auto-Emancipation 2753:Founded in 1878, 2721: 2720: 2377:Pre-Modern Aliyah 2252:, founder of the 2218:Benjamin Disraeli 2165:At the urging of 2091:Auto-Emancipation 2008:Auto-Emancipation 1882:French Revolution 1870: 1869: 1806:Pre-Modern Aliyah 1778:History of Israel 1491:Etrog cultivation 1308:Nachmanides Aliya 1281:community in the 1221:Christian Zionism 1213:Christian Zionism 1207:formally excluded 1203:French Revolution 997:Iberian Peninsula 961:Ottoman Palestine 941:Upper Mesopotamia 923:Pre-Modern Aliyah 677: 676: 643:Israel portal 492: 437: 420: 419: 305: 304: 295:Jewish-Roman Wars 254:Hasmonean dynasty 215: 214: 187:Kingdom of Israel 112: 62: 12744: 12701:Zio (pejorative) 12671:Muscular Judaism 12641:New antisemitism 12621:List of Zionists 12575:Independence Day 12503: 12502: 12386:Hashomer Hatzair 12198: 12080: 12073: 12066: 12057: 12056: 12041: 11877:Mohammedan Wars 11801:Rabbinic Judaism 11754:Byzantine Empire 11707:Galilee campaign 11687:Judean Civil War 11682:Maccabean Revolt 11675:Wars and revolts 11672: 11671: 11661:Herodian kingdom 11618:Babylonian Yehud 11593:Kingdom of Judah 11530:Military history 11494: 11487: 11480: 11471: 11470: 11461:Zionism: History 11452:Official website 11398: 11294: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11273: 11264:. 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Harrison 6974: 6967: 6960: 6863:Rescuers of Jews 6769:Nuremberg trials 6700:Ghetto uprisings 6660:Jewish partisans 6617: 6616: 6565:Holocaust trains 6378: 6377: 6143:Mauthausen-Gusen 6018: 6017: 5786:Verfügungstruppe 5676:Heinrich Himmler 5649: 5642: 5641: 5619: 5609: 5594: 5593: 5518:Biltmore Program 5338: 5334: 5229: 5225: 5121:1939 White Paper 5045:Great Depression 5029:wave of migrants 4940:Second World War 4856:Dome of the Rock 4693:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 4434:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 4330:Zionist Congress 4290:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 4280: 4246: 4233: 4227: 4219: 4186:. Shortly after 4171:1939 White Paper 4140:Second World War 4087: 4047:Russian Far East 3976:David Ben-Gurion 3951:) or joined the 3789:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 3761:Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi 3757:David Ben-Gurion 3641:Rachel Bluwstein 3616:Hashomer Hatzair 3594:Orthodox Judaism 3582:David Ben-Gurion 3548: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3497: 3489: 3481:Kibbutz Movement 3367:The Old New Land 3330: 3038:Cultural Zionism 2867:The Jewish State 2859: 2854: 2846: 2845: 2748:Four Holy Cities 2713: 2706: 2699: 2573:Development town 2556:One Million Plan 2313: 2290: 2289: 2243:Moses Montefiore 2191:Moses Montefiore 2167:Lord Shaftesbury 2108:Odessa Committee 2033:Moses Montefiore 2031:, and (British) 1862: 1855: 1848: 1828:Edah HaChareidis 1784:Four Holy Cities 1763:Related articles 1754: 1751:Tifereth Israel 1746: 1738: 1730: 1722: 1714: 1706: 1698: 1611: 1604: 1554: 1547: 1388:Joseph Saragossi 1330:massacres (1517) 1276: 1262: 1261: 1106:, among others. 1088:Yechiel of Paris 1076:613 commandments 970:Judah ben Shalom 721: 718: 712: 709: 706: 669: 662: 655: 641: 640: 639: 562:Economic history 490: 435: 412:Mamluk Sultanate 337:Syria Palaestina 318: 317: 264:Herodian dynasty 230: 229: 197:Kingdom of Judah 181:10th century BCE 150: 149: 111: 61: 46: 36: 18: 17: 12752: 12751: 12747: 12746: 12745: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12720: 12609: 12554: 12499: 12497: 12490: 12481:Nefesh B'Nefesh 12396:HaNoar HaTzioni 12292: 12199: 12190: 12089: 12084: 12054: 12049: 12039: 12031: 12020:Israeli history 11963:Jewish question 11951: 11864: 11793:Rabbinic period 11783: 11735: 11717:Diaspora revolt 11712:Siege of Masada 11670: 11622: 11564: 11535:Genetic history 11503: 11498: 11443: 11429: 11427:Primary sources 11342: 11340:Further reading 11302: 11297: 11284: 11280: 11271: 11269: 11260: 11259: 11255: 11243: 11235: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11213:Wayback Machine 11203: 11199: 11188:Wayback Machine 11175: 11171: 11161: 11159: 11149: 11145: 11131: 11127: 11122: 11118: 11101: 11100: 11094: 11092: 11087: 11086: 11082: 11074: 11070: 11061: 11057: 11049: 11045: 11040:Wayback Machine 11031: 11027: 11014: 11013: 11009: 11000: 10996: 10987: 10983: 10976: 10962: 10958: 10949: 10945: 10938: 10924: 10920: 10907: 10900: 10891: 10890: 10886: 10877: 10873: 10865: 10861: 10851: 10847: 10835: 10831: 10822: 10820: 10810: 10806: 10771: 10767: 10760: 10744: 10735: 10719: 10713: 10709: 10701: 10699: 10690: 10683: 10675: 10661: 10654: 10645: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10618: 10614: 10608:Jehuda Reinharz 10600: 10596: 10588: 10584: 10567: 10563: 10554: 10552: 10544: 10543: 10536: 10523: 10522: 10518: 10510: 10506: 10498: 10494: 10486: 10482: 10474: 10467: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10450: 10443: 10432: 10428: 10419: 10415: 10406: 10402: 10390: 10386: 10375:Shavit, Jacob. 10374: 10370: 10360: 10358: 10349: 10348: 10344: 10333: 10326: 10316: 10314: 10308: 10304: 10294: 10290: 10283: 10269: 10265: 10254: 10237: 10233: 10228: 10224: 10217: 10203: 10199: 10192: 10174: 10170: 10160: 10159: 10155: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10116: 10104: 10100: 10087: 10083: 10074: 10072: 10064: 10063: 10059: 10047: 10043: 10036: 10019: 10015: 10008: 9992: 9988: 9981: 9965:Bell, J. Bowyer 9962: 9958: 9950: 9934: 9930: 9911: 9907: 9898: 9894: 9881: 9877: 9868: 9866: 9853: 9852: 9848: 9843:. 4 March 2014. 9839: 9838: 9834: 9829: 9825: 9820: 9816: 9808: 9804: 9792: 9788: 9779: 9775: 9766: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9741: 9737: 9724: 9723: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9687: 9683: 9666: 9662: 9653: 9649: 9640: 9636: 9623: 9622: 9618: 9599: 9598: 9592: 9590: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9571: 9569: 9560: 9559: 9552: 9548:, introduction. 9539: 9535: 9526: 9522: 9504: 9500: 9492: 9488: 9480: 9476: 9469: 9455: 9448: 9443: 9439: 9432: 9428: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9404:Peel Commission 9398: 9394: 9386:Joseph Nedava, 9385: 9381: 9366:10.2307/2535953 9350: 9346: 9337: 9333: 9324: 9320: 9306: 9302: 9288: 9284: 9272: 9268: 9263: 9259: 9251: 9242: 9225: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9199:Wayback Machine 9190: 9186: 9170: 9166: 9159: 9139: 9135: 9119: 9118: 9112: 9110: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9087: 9085: 9072: 9071: 9067: 9051: 9047: 9030: 9029: 9025: 9018: 9002: 8998: 8991: 8975: 8971: 8962: 8958: 8948: 8944: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8914: 8910: 8895: 8891: 8881:Wayback Machine 8872: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8845: 8838: 8828: 8826: 8816: 8812: 8800: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8747:Wayback Machine 8734: 8730: 8723: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8683: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8622: 8615: 8602: 8601: 8597: 8592: 8588: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8554: 8550: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8503: 8499: 8490: 8488: 8486:Moment Magazine 8478: 8474: 8465: 8463: 8453: 8449: 8442: 8426: 8422: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8352: 8348: 8340: 8336: 8327: 8325: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8279: 8242: 8209: 8167: 8162: 8145:Emanuel Neumann 8137: 8082: 8073: 8067: 8048:Resolution 4686 7908: 7872: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7822: 7801: 7780: 7753: 7752: 7732: 7731: 7728: 7719:Start-up Nation 7707: 7691: 7659: 7649: 7648: 7640: 7608: 7606:Security forces 7598: 7597: 7594: 7578: 7561: 7551: 7550: 7537: 7516: 7500: 7479: 7457: 7456: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7405: 7383: 7367: 7345: 7335: 7334: 7316: 7312:British Mandate 7300: 7268: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7233: 7217: 7201: 7174: 7153:State of Israel 7152: 7146: 7140: 7101: 7038: 7028: 7020:Main articles: 7018: 6978: 6949: 6948: 6929: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6903: 6899: 6881: 6873: 6872: 6844: 6841: 6829: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6789: 6779: 6778: 6752: 6749: 6744: 6734: 6733: 6688:Witold's Report 6614: 6604: 6603: 6433:Radziłów pogrom 6375: 6367: 6366: 6015: 6007: 6006: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5932: 5922: 5921: 5882: 5872: 5871: 5862:Madagascar Plan 5837: 5829: 5828: 5820:Nazi ideologues 5816: 5726:Christian Wirth 5701:Odilo Globocnik 5686:Heinrich Müller 5681:Joseph Goebbels 5645: 5639: 5629: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5526: 5439: 5433: 5352:Worker's Party 5213: 5159:annexed Austria 5123: 5117: 5112: 5053:Joseph Goebbels 5016: 5002: 4973: 4964: 4936: 4885:and Jerusalem. 4819: 4813: 4737: 4703:and formed the 4697:1929 Arab riots 4689: 4683: 4656: 4650: 4641: 4614:British Mandate 4590: 4563: 4557: 4552: 4476:to fall in the 4402: 4396: 4347:Albert Einstein 4292:. According to 4206: 4200: 4136:British Mandate 4126:and during the 4092:) was the main 4078: 4072: 4067: 4032:Mikhail Kalinin 3962:Members of the 3910: 3780:German American 3721: 3715: 3706: 3700: 3665: 3629: 3586:Berl Katznelson 3549: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3514: 3498: 3487: 3477: 3471: 3450:Jewish autonomy 3442: 3437: 3322: 3320: 3277: 3257:David Wolffsohn 3252: 3213:Pavel Krushevan 3209: 3203: 3197: 3186:territorialists 3178:Israel Zangwill 3167:Kishinev pogrom 3145:, proposed the 3139: 3107:Pavel Krushevan 3092: 3090:Kishinev pogrom 3086: 3054: 3040: 3034: 2981: 2949:, was reached: 2924: 2833:Nathan Birnbaum 2829: 2824: 2816:Christian Arabs 2717: 2665:Jewish refugees 2629:Nefesh B'Nefesh 2561:Immigrant camps 2363:Jewish question 2288: 2282:Bilu (movement) 2276:Main articles: 2274: 2124: 2074:Jewish question 2027:(German) Rabbi 2000: 1994: 1979:Kishinev pogrom 1977:) and the 1903 1936: 1922: 1880:. In 1791, the 1866: 1837: 1780: 1758: 1752: 1744: 1736: 1728: 1720: 1712: 1704: 1696: 1681: 1607: 1600: 1592: 1559: 1550: 1543: 1520: 1511:Soap production 1477: 1448:Menachem Mendel 1436:Yehuda he-Hasid 1430:Moses ibn Habib 1368: 1294: 1260: 1255: 1241: 1215: 1185:Oliver Cromwell 1130: 1112: 1031: 1025: 929: 913:Main articles: 911: 883:Cyrus the Great 825: 819: 814: 808: 785:persecuted Jews 767:State of Israel 739:Jewish diaspora 719: 713: 710: 707: 673: 637: 635: 630: 629: 615:Hebrew calendar 600: 592: 591: 547:Historical maps 542: 534: 533: 487:State of Israel 473:British Mandate 430: 422: 421: 402:Ayyubid dynasty 326:Rabbinic period 315: 307: 306: 227: 217: 216: 207:Babylonian rule 177:United Monarchy 147: 137: 136: 54: 34: 27: 12: 11: 5: 12750: 12740: 12739: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12666:Greater Israel 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12617: 12615: 12614:Related topics 12611: 12610: 12608: 12607: 12602: 12600:Ben-Gurion Day 12597: 12595:Jabotinsky Day 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12566: 12564: 12560: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12506: 12500: 12495: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12302: 12300: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12209: 12207: 12201: 12200: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12146:Territorialism 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12106:Land of Israel 12103: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12090: 12083: 12082: 12075: 12068: 12060: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12047: 12042: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12017: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11983:Reform Judaism 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11959: 11957: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11949: 11944: 11942:Ottoman Empire 11939: 11938: 11937: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11910: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11874: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11809: 11808: 11797: 11795: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11745: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11689: 11684: 11678: 11676: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11651:Yehud Medinata 11648: 11643: 11638: 11632: 11630: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11574: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11515:Historiography 11511: 11509: 11505: 11504: 11501:Jewish history 11497: 11496: 11489: 11482: 11474: 11468: 11467: 11458: 11449: 11442: 11441:External links 11439: 11438: 11437: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11399: 11370: 11360: 11355:Cohen, Naomi. 11353: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11333:978-9657052440 11318: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11278: 11253: 11248:users.ox.ac.uk 11229: 11217: 11197: 11169: 11143: 11139:Israel Studies 11116: 11080: 11068: 11055: 11043: 11025: 11007: 10994: 10981: 10974: 10956: 10943: 10936: 10918: 10898: 10884: 10878:Raul Hilberg, 10871: 10859: 10845: 10843:, Pimlico 2007 10829: 10818:The Librarians 10804: 10765: 10758: 10733: 10730:(37): 367–400. 10707: 10681: 10673: 10652: 10639: 10627: 10612: 10594: 10582: 10561: 10534: 10516: 10504: 10492: 10480: 10477:on 2010-07-06. 10456: 10441: 10426: 10413: 10400: 10384: 10368: 10342: 10324: 10302: 10288: 10281: 10263: 10252: 10231: 10222: 10215: 10197: 10190: 10168: 10153: 10138: 10123: 10114: 10110:New York Times 10098: 10094:New York Times 10081: 10057: 10041: 10034: 10013: 10007:978-0415687317 10006: 9986: 9979: 9956: 9948: 9928: 9905: 9892: 9886:Published in: 9875: 9846: 9832: 9823: 9814: 9802: 9786: 9773: 9760: 9748: 9735: 9717: 9705: 9693: 9681: 9660: 9647: 9634: 9616: 9578: 9550: 9533: 9520: 9498: 9486: 9474: 9467: 9446: 9437: 9426: 9408: 9392: 9379: 9344: 9331: 9318: 9300: 9282: 9266: 9257: 9240: 9219: 9207: 9184: 9176:Der Judenstaat 9164: 9158:978-1405835565 9157: 9133: 9094: 9078:Gems in Israel 9065: 9045: 9042:on 2003-04-06. 9023: 9016: 8996: 8989: 8983:. OUP Oxford. 8969: 8956: 8942: 8928: 8908: 8889: 8863: 8851: 8836: 8810: 8794: 8785: 8773: 8755: 8728: 8722:978-0521515733 8721: 8700: 8688: 8681: 8658: 8646: 8613: 8595: 8586: 8573: 8567:978-0999163368 8566: 8548: 8531: 8519: 8497: 8472: 8447: 8440: 8420: 8373: 8366: 8346: 8334: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8215: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8191:Reform Zionism 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8136: 8133: 8081: 8078: 8069:Main article: 8066: 8063: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7992: 7984:(from Syria). 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7721: 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7229:Sea of Galilee 7226: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7197:Transportation 7194: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7179:Land of Israel 7175: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7156: 7139: 7136: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7100: 7097: 7017: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6917:intentionalism 6913: 6912: 6911: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6842:to death camps 6838: 6837: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6774:Denazification 6771: 6766: 6758: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6704: 6703: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6673:Witold Pilecki 6670: 6666:Sonderkommando 6662: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6648:Alfréd Wetzler 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6615: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6584: 6583: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6544: 6543: 6539:Final Solution 6533: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6477: 6476: 6473:Einsatzgruppen 6468: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6387: 6386: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6353:Einsatzgruppen 6350: 6345: 6340: 6332: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6183:Theresienstadt 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6118:Gonars (Italy) 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6027: 6026: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6004: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5852:Nuremberg Laws 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836:Early policies 5835: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5815: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5778:Sturmabteilung 5774: 5771:Einsatzgruppen 5767: 5759: 5751: 5746: 5738: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5711:Richard Glücks 5708: 5703: 5698: 5696:Adolf Eichmann 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5658: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5640: 5637:Responsibility 5635: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5612: 5611: 5603: 5602: 5585: 5582: 5575: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5562:Zivia Lubetkin 5559: 5557:Yitzhak Suknik 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5525: 5522: 5445:Poster by the 5435:Main article: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5296:United Kingdom 5292: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5212: 5209: 5155:Nuremberg Laws 5119:Main article: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5036:Haim Arlozorov 5001: 4998: 4972: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4935: 4932: 4915:and aided the 4860:Al-Aqsa Mosque 4841:Herbert Samuel 4815:Main article: 4812: 4809: 4736: 4733: 4685:Main article: 4682: 4679: 4652:Main article: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4561:Chaim Weizmann 4559:Main article: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4488:umpeldor" or " 4398:Main article: 4395: 4392: 4351:New York Times 4316:United Nations 4220:; full title: 4202:Main article: 4199: 4196: 4074:Main article: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 3939:was the first 3909: 3906: 3898:Arthur Balfour 3872:Edmund Allenby 3837:Arthur Balfour 3831:1916) and the 3813:Chaim Weizmann 3800:Herbert Samuel 3784:Tsarist Russia 3776:Irish American 3726:Louis Brandeis 3717:Main article: 3714: 3711: 3699: 3696: 3664: 3661: 3637:Havat Ha'Almot 3628: 3625: 3570:Nachman Syrkin 3551: 3550: 3501: 3499: 3492: 3473:Main article: 3470: 3467: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3347:Black Hundreds 3319: 3316: 3308:Reform Judaism 3276: 3273: 3251: 3248: 3217:Black Hundreds 3199:Main article: 3196: 3190: 3153:" (in today's 3138: 3135: 3088:Main article: 3085: 3082: 3070:Chaim Weizmann 3058:Ottoman Sultan 3036:Main article: 3033: 3030: 3014:Abdul Hamid II 3011:Ottoman Sultan 2980: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2933:addresses the 2923: 2920: 2895:Der Judenstaat 2877:Dreyfus Affair 2871: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2808:Ottoman Empire 2795:pioneers from 2766:Russian Empire 2719: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2644: 2643: 2642:Related topics 2639: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2386:Return to Zion 2380: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2328: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2306: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2273: 2270: 2159:The Great Game 2153:philo-Semitism 2133:Colonial Times 2123: 2120: 2116:Russian Empire 1996:Main article: 1993: 1990: 1921: 1918: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1850: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1811:Return to Zion 1808: 1803: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1756: 1748: 1740: 1732: 1724: 1719:Abraham Avinu 1716: 1708: 1700: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1460:Aaron Hershler 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1406:Levi ibn Habib 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1283:Land of Israel 1277: 1269: 1268: 1259: 1256: 1240: 1237: 1214: 1211: 1116:Jewish deicide 1111: 1108: 1024: 1021: 976:to Palestine. 910: 907: 901:, returned to 821:Main article: 818: 815: 812:Jewish history 810:Main article: 807: 804: 762:Der Judenstaat 757:Halakhic state 693:Jewish history 675: 674: 672: 671: 664: 657: 649: 646: 645: 632: 631: 628: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 605:Jewish history 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 587:Jewish warfare 584: 582:Jewish leaders 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 505: 504: 491:(1948–present) 483: 482: 481: 480: 470: 465: 460: 459: 458: 453: 448: 433:Modern history 431: 429:Modern history 428: 427: 424: 423: 418: 417: 414: 408: 407: 404: 398: 397: 394: 388: 387: 384: 369: 368: 365: 364: 363: 362: 361: 356: 343: 342: 339: 333: 332: 329: 322:Late antiquity 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 303: 302: 299: 298: 286: 285: 282: 281: 280: 279: 278: 273: 260: 259: 256: 250: 249: 246: 240: 239: 236: 228: 223: 222: 219: 218: 213: 212: 209: 203: 202: 199: 193: 192: 189: 183: 182: 179: 173: 172: 169: 168: 167: 166: 165: 148: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 129: 124: 119: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 55: 52: 51: 48: 47: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12749: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12631:The Holocaust 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12580:Jerusalem Day 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12570:Yom HaZikaron 12568: 12567: 12565: 12561: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12504: 12501: 12493: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12299: 12298:Organizations 12295: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12253:Proto-Zionism 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12202: 12197: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12151:Promised Land 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12136:Law of Return 12134: 12132: 12129: 12126: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12081: 12076: 12074: 12069: 12067: 12062: 12061: 12058: 12046: 12043: 12038: 12037: 12034: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12018: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12008:The Holocaust 12006: 12005: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11998:United States 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11978:Enlightenment 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11954: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11904: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11867: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11825: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11794: 11790: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11738: 11730: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11673: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11625: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11567: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11495: 11490: 11488: 11483: 11481: 11476: 11475: 11472: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11435: 11431: 11430: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11319: 11316: 11315:0-8101-0345-1 11312: 11308: 11304: 11303: 11292: 11288: 11282: 11268:on 2016-03-03 11267: 11263: 11257: 11249: 11242: 11241: 11233: 11226: 11221: 11214: 11210: 11207: 11201: 11194: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11173: 11158: 11154: 11147: 11140: 11136: 11135: 11120: 11111: 11105: 11090: 11084: 11077: 11072: 11065: 11059: 11052: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11029: 11021: 11017: 11011: 11004: 10998: 10991: 10985: 10977: 10975:0-8090-1570-6 10971: 10967: 10960: 10953: 10947: 10939: 10937:0-19-509390-9 10933: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10903: 10894: 10888: 10881: 10875: 10868: 10863: 10857: 10854: 10849: 10842: 10838: 10833: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10769: 10761: 10755: 10751: 10750: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10729: 10725: 10718: 10711: 10697: 10696: 10688: 10686: 10676: 10674:0-8022-2486-5 10670: 10666: 10659: 10657: 10649: 10643: 10636: 10631: 10624: 10623: 10616: 10609: 10605: 10604: 10598: 10591: 10586: 10579: 10578:0-312-20828-6 10575: 10571: 10565: 10551: 10547: 10541: 10539: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10514:pages 5 and 6 10513: 10508: 10501: 10496: 10490:pages 5 and 6 10489: 10484: 10473: 10466: 10460: 10453: 10448: 10446: 10438: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10417: 10410: 10404: 10398: 10397:Pages 7, 169. 10394: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10356: 10352: 10346: 10338: 10331: 10329: 10313: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10292: 10284: 10282:0-312-40408-5 10278: 10274: 10267: 10260: 10255: 10253:0-297-78423-4 10249: 10245: 10241: 10235: 10226: 10218: 10216:9780691120942 10212: 10208: 10201: 10193: 10191:9780192539441 10187: 10183: 10179: 10172: 10164: 10157: 10149: 10142: 10134: 10127: 10118: 10111: 10107: 10102: 10095: 10091: 10085: 10071: 10067: 10061: 10055:, pp. 265–266 10054: 10050: 10049:Howard Sachar 10045: 10037: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10017: 10009: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9990: 9982: 9976: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9960: 9951: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9932: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9909: 9902: 9896: 9889: 9885: 9879: 9865:on 2008-12-22 9864: 9860: 9856: 9850: 9842: 9836: 9827: 9818: 9811: 9806: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9783: 9777: 9770: 9764: 9757: 9752: 9745: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9721: 9714: 9709: 9702: 9697: 9690: 9685: 9678: 9677:0-19-503562-3 9674: 9670: 9664: 9657: 9651: 9644: 9638: 9630: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9609: 9603: 9588: 9582: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9537: 9530: 9524: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9490: 9483: 9478: 9470: 9464: 9460: 9453: 9451: 9441: 9435: 9430: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9389: 9383: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9335: 9328: 9322: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9279: 9275: 9270: 9261: 9254: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9237: 9236:0-312-20828-6 9233: 9229: 9223: 9216: 9211: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9188: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9172:Hannah Arendt 9168: 9160: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9137: 9129: 9123: 9108: 9106: 9098: 9084:on 2008-08-27 9083: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9062:0-88125-545-9 9059: 9055: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9027: 9019: 9017:9780802041371 9013: 9009: 9008: 9000: 8992: 8990:9780199574605 8986: 8982: 8981: 8973: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8951: 8946: 8931: 8929:1-56821-978-4 8925: 8921: 8920: 8912: 8906: 8905:1-85792-258-1 8902: 8898: 8893: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8870: 8868: 8860: 8855: 8848: 8843: 8841: 8825: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8803: 8798: 8789: 8782: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8732: 8724: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8704: 8697: 8692: 8684: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8665: 8663: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8618: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8569: 8563: 8559: 8552: 8544: 8543: 8535: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8501: 8487: 8483: 8476: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8443: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8369: 8367:9781462059119 8363: 8359: 8358: 8350: 8343: 8338: 8324:on 2015-04-06 8323: 8319: 8312: 8308: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8186:Labor Zionism 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8086: 8077: 8072: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7982:Golan Heights 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7958: 7954: 7952: 7947: 7945: 7940: 7932: 7931:Theodor Herzl 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7905: 7900: 7898: 7893: 7891: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7874: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7777: 7776:Israeli Arabs 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7645: 7642: 7637: 7636:Border Police 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7602: 7601: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7575: 7574:United States 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7555: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7528:Supreme Court 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7476: 7475:Jerusalem Law 7473: 7471: 7470:Law of Return 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7339: 7338: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7297: 7296:Theodor Herzl 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7168: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7096: 7092: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7023: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6975: 6970: 6968: 6963: 6961: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6918: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6900:European Jews 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6818: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6783: 6782: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6596: 6595:Death marches 6593: 6591: 6590:Wola massacre 6588: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6393:Kristallnacht 6391: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6371: 6370: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6319:Sanitätswesen 6316: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6163:Sachsenhausen 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6128:Herzogenbusch 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6093:Bergen-Belsen 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5926: 5925: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847:Nazi eugenics 5845: 5843: 5842:Racial policy 5840: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5755:Schutzstaffel 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5735:Organizations 5733: 5732: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5706:Theodor Eicke 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5608:The Holocaust 5605: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5521: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5492: 5491:Yad Mordechai 5488: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5407:State Party 5406: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257:United States 5255: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5197:Avraham Stern 5194: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5135:Oswald Mosley 5127: 5122: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4989:Orthodox Jews 4986: 4980: 4978: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4890:Arab uprising 4886: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4808: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4779:, signed the 4778: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4645: 4636: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4621:Jewish agency 4617: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4568:Nahum Sokolow 4562: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4524:at the time. 4523: 4513: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4338:Bruce Hoffman 4335: 4334:Jewish Agency 4331: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4294:Howard Sachar 4291: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4272: 4269:organization 4268: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4132:Jewish Agency 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4077: 4062: 4060: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3980:Ahdut HaAvoda 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3937:Joseph Stalin 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3876:Jewish Legion 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3850:), began an " 3849: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3793:Jewish Legion 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3735:Old Testament 3730: 3727: 3720: 3710: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3547: 3544: 3536: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3502:This section 3500: 3496: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304:the Holocaust 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3281:Orthodox Jews 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3247: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3074:Nahum Sokolow 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2950: 2948: 2947:Basel Program 2944: 2936: 2932: 2931:Theodor Herzl 2928: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2886:Theodor Herzl 2882: 2878: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777:Rishon LeZion 2774: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2586:Organizations 2585: 2584: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2551:Youth village 2549: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2498:from Ethiopia 2496: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2368:Law of Return 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2326:Promised Land 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2220:, who became 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2082:Odessa pogrom 2079: 2078:Derishat Zion 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2043:and (German) 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025:Judah Alkalai 2022: 2018: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1998:Proto-Zionism 1992:Proto-Zionism 1989: 1987: 1986:United States 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1442:Haim Abulafia 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424:Moses Galante 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1236: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1179:). Jews were 1178: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993: 988: 987: 982: 977: 975: 974:Yemenite Jews 971: 967: 966:Bukharan Jews 962: 959:to settle in 958: 954: 950: 946: 945:Sabbatai Zevi 942: 938: 934: 928: 927:Proto-Zionism 924: 920: 916: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 836:Old Testament 834: 830: 824: 813: 803: 801: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 770: 768: 764: 763: 758: 754: 753:secular state 750: 746: 745: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 717: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 685:Theodor Herzl 682: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 650: 648: 647: 644: 634: 633: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 596: 595: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 538: 537: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 503: 500: 499: 498: 495: 494: 493: 489: 488: 479: 476: 475: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 457: 454: 452: 451:Mutasarrifate 449: 447: 444: 443: 442: 439: 438: 434: 426: 425: 415: 413: 410: 409: 405: 403: 400: 399: 395: 393: 390: 389: 385: 382: 378: 374: 371: 370: 366: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 350: 349: 348: 345: 344: 340: 338: 335: 334: 330: 327: 323: 320: 319: 311: 310: 300: 296: 292: 291: 288: 287: 283: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 267: 266: 265: 262: 261: 257: 255: 252: 251: 247: 245: 242: 241: 237: 235: 234:Persian Yehud 232: 231: 226: 221: 220: 210: 208: 205: 204: 200: 198: 195: 194: 190: 188: 185: 184: 180: 178: 175: 174: 170: 164: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 152: 151: 146: 141: 140: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 109: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 60: 59: 53:Early history 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 31: 30: 25: 20: 19: 16: 12646:Not one inch 12636:Antisemitism 12626:Anti-Zionism 12585:Yom HaAliyah 12519: 12381:Habonim Dror 12311:Hovevei Zion 12248:Post-Zionism 12131:Jewish state 12003:World War II 11993:Soviet Union 11987: 11973:Emancipation 11968:Disabilities 11749:Roman Empire 11666:Roman Judaea 11433: 11419: 11412: 11402: 11378: 11374: 11363: 11356: 11346: 11324: 11321:David Hazony 11306: 11286: 11281: 11270:. Retrieved 11266:the original 11256: 11247: 11239: 11232: 11220: 11200: 11191: 11178: 11172: 11160:. Retrieved 11156: 11146: 11126: 11119: 11093:. Retrieved 11083: 11075: 11071: 11063: 11062:A. Kochavi, 11058: 11050: 11046: 11028: 11019: 11010: 11002: 10997: 10989: 10984: 10965: 10959: 10951: 10946: 10927: 10921: 10909: 10887: 10879: 10874: 10866: 10862: 10848: 10836: 10832: 10821:. Retrieved 10817: 10807: 10785:(1): 49–58. 10782: 10778: 10768: 10748: 10727: 10723: 10710: 10700:, retrieved 10694: 10664: 10647: 10642: 10634: 10630: 10619: 10615: 10601: 10597: 10589: 10585: 10569: 10564: 10553:. Retrieved 10549: 10528: 10519: 10507: 10495: 10483: 10472:the original 10459: 10451: 10435: 10429: 10421: 10416: 10408: 10403: 10392: 10387: 10376: 10371: 10361:26 September 10359:. Retrieved 10354: 10345: 10336: 10315:. Retrieved 10305: 10297: 10291: 10272: 10266: 10257: 10243: 10234: 10225: 10206: 10200: 10177: 10171: 10162: 10156: 10147: 10141: 10132: 10126: 10117: 10109: 10101: 10093: 10084: 10073:. Retrieved 10069: 10060: 10052: 10044: 10025: 10016: 9996: 9989: 9969: 9959: 9938: 9931: 9916: 9913:Jacob Shavit 9908: 9900: 9895: 9887: 9882:Mark Tolts: 9878: 9867:. Retrieved 9863:the original 9858: 9849: 9835: 9826: 9817: 9809: 9805: 9793: 9789: 9781: 9776: 9768: 9763: 9755: 9751: 9743: 9738: 9729: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9679:. pp. 25, 26 9668: 9663: 9655: 9650: 9642: 9637: 9628: 9619: 9591:. Retrieved 9581: 9570:. Retrieved 9566:the original 9545: 9541: 9536: 9528: 9523: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9493: 9489: 9481: 9477: 9458: 9440: 9429: 9420: 9411: 9399: 9395: 9387: 9382: 9357: 9353: 9347: 9339: 9334: 9326: 9321: 9311: 9303: 9293: 9285: 9269: 9260: 9252: 9227: 9222: 9210: 9203:Sethi, Arjun 9187: 9179: 9175: 9167: 9143: 9136: 9111:. Retrieved 9104: 9097: 9086:. Retrieved 9082:the original 9077: 9068: 9053: 9048: 9040:the original 9035: 9026: 9006: 8999: 8979: 8972: 8964: 8959: 8949: 8945: 8933:. Retrieved 8918: 8911: 8896: 8892: 8884: 8854: 8827:. Retrieved 8823: 8813: 8805: 8797: 8788: 8776: 8767: 8758: 8750: 8731: 8712: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8671: 8651:, retrieved 8629: 8608:the original 8598: 8589: 8584:, pp. 10, 11 8581: 8576: 8557: 8551: 8541: 8534: 8524:, retrieved 8510: 8500: 8489:. Retrieved 8485: 8475: 8464:. Retrieved 8460: 8450: 8430: 8423: 8393:(1): 11–41. 8390: 8386: 8376: 8356: 8349: 8341: 8337: 8326:. Retrieved 8322:the original 8311: 8283:Anti-Zionism 8138: 8114: 8102: 8091: 8074: 8052: 8042:In 1975 the 8041: 8037: 8032: 8024: 8010: 7986: 7966:Western Wall 7959: 7955: 7948: 7942:to form the 7936: 7818:Universities 7797:Christianity 7761:Israeli Jews 7743:Demographics 7724:Silicon Wadi 7285: 7120: 7117: 7102: 7093: 7085: 7078: 7072: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7045: 7039: 6994: 6983: 6906: 6896: 6886:Bibliography 6762: 6698: 6665: 6638:Jerzy Tabeau 6578: 6536: 6471: 6381: 6328: 6317: 6310: 6298: 6289: 6201: 6076: 6021: 5800:Trawniki men 5792: 5785: 5777: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5734: 5671:Adolf Hitler 5663: 5654: 5647:Nazi Germany 5576: 5527: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5499: 5495: 5476: 5452: 5309:South Africa 5221: 5214: 5190: 5178: 5171: 5132: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5061: 5033: 5024:Adolf Hitler 5021: 5017: 5010:Fifth Aliyah 4985:Mizrahi jews 4981: 4974: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4944:Saudi Arabia 4937: 4925: 4910: 4903: 4887: 4872: 4849: 4830: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4783:. He wrote: 4771: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4745: 4741:Hebrew labor 4738: 4720: 4709: 4690: 4668: 4657: 4642: 4633: 4618: 4607: 4572: 4564: 4537: 4526: 4518: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4464: 4454: 4445: 4431: 4412:resort town 4390:since 1977. 4377: 4364: 4319: 4313: 4298: 4283: 4267:paramilitary 4252:paramilitary 4236: 4228: 4209: 4207: 4168: 4160:North Africa 4113: 4097:paramilitary 4089: 4079: 4056: 4040: 4025: 4010: 3988: 3972:Ber Borochov 3961: 3934: 3911: 3895: 3888: 3860: 3841: 3829: 3810: 3803: 3797: 3773: 3765: 3755: 3747:Otto Warburg 3743: 3731: 3722: 3707: 3676: 3668: 3666: 3647:The Zionist 3646: 3635:established 3630: 3612:Habonim Dror 3609: 3598: 3590: 3578:A. D. Gordon 3574:Ber Borochov 3554: 3539: 3530: 3515:Please help 3503: 3443: 3410: 3407: 3396: 3386: 3360: 3355:Leon Trotsky 3340: 3332: 3301: 3278: 3269:Otto Warburg 3253: 3240: 3236: 3231:Sergei Nilus 3225: 3210: 3193: 3176: 3140: 3093: 3055: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2990:. Design by 2987: 2974: 2952: 2940: 2906: 2899: 2893: 2874: 2866: 2849: 2836: 2830: 2805: 2793:Hovevei Zion 2781:Hovevei Zion 2775: 2763: 2752: 2741: 2736: 2733:First Aliyah 2722: 2685:Yom HaAliyah 2609:Youth Aliyah 2503:from Romania 2286:Hovevei Zion 2250:Joseph Smith 2247: 2241: 2233: 2210:Lord Stanley 2207: 2203: 2186: 2182: 2175:Andrew Bonar 2164: 2156: 2146: 2139: 2131: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2077: 2063: 2057: 2049: 2041:Leon Pinsker 2039:, (Russian) 2014: 2006: 1983: 1968: 1961: 1956:tight quotas 1937: 1914:antisemitism 1903: 1887:secular Jews 1871: 1795: 1573:Musta'arabim 1525:Philanthropy 1466:Jacob Saphir 1381:Nachmanides 1249:antisemitism 1234: 1230: 1226: 1218:For more see 1217: 1216: 1196: 1165: 1161:Papal States 1157:Jews in 1492 1146: 1138:special hats 1135: 1131: 1067: 1060: 1039:Eretz Israel 1032: 990: 984: 978: 968:). In 1868 930: 905:in 456 BCE. 864: 826: 793: 781:antisemitism 778: 771: 760: 749:Jewish state 742: 728: 701:Hovevei Zion 688: 678: 576: 524:Silicon Wadi 509:Independence 485: 484: 441:Ottoman rule 432: 290:Roman Judaea 106: 105: 56: 15: 12496:History and 12263:Non-Zionism 12258:Neo-Zionism 12223:Revisionist 12181:Judaization 11870:Middle Ages 11779:Mesopotamia 11381:: 117–134. 10954:, chapter 3 10950:Tom Segev, 10841:Martin Pugh 10625:1989 p. 199 10572:, 4th ed., 9308:Norman Cohn 9290:Norman Cohn 9274:Norman Cohn 9230:, 4th ed., 9036:www.lds.org 8829:January 21, 8740:AXT: Russia 8511:Restoration 7962:Six-Day War 7876:WikiProject 7813:Archaeology 7677:Agriculture 7585:Arab League 7486:Referendums 7069:Abba Kovner 6928:Remembrance 6725:Częstochowa 6668:photographs 6643:Rudolf Vrba 6493:Częstochowa 6443:Lviv (Lvov) 6343:Gas chamber 6258:Netherlands 6158:Ravensbrück 6123:Gross-Rosen 6088:Auschwitz I 5912:Homosexuals 5902:Soviet POWs 5721:Rudolf Höss 5567:Abba Kovner 5347:Percentage 5203:, left the 5181:White Paper 5167:Sudetenland 4906:White Paper 4888:In 1936 an 4777:Emir Faisal 4627:during the 4474:Jewish fort 4342:Max Abrahms 4328:, the 1946 4288:founded by 4090:The Defence 4059:Great Purge 3991:Maxim Gorky 3986:) in 1919. 3884:Transjordan 3852:Arab Revolt 3751:World War I 3448:called for 3429:Moshe Dayan 3425:Balkan Wars 3265:Young Turks 3261:assimilated 3184:(ITO). The 2941:During the 2801:Neve Tzedek 2759:Petah Tikva 2729:Rothschilds 2725:Montefiores 2493:from Poland 2486:post-Soviet 2104:Hibbat Zion 1944:persecution 1899:nationalism 1895:romanticism 1891:rationalism 1816:Three Oaths 1677:Petah Tikva 1602:Mea Shearim 1564:Communities 1552:Judah Touro 1418:Joseph Nasi 1412:Jacob Berab 1373:Key figures 1153:Inquisition 1128:Inquisition 1080:Middle Ages 1064:Uva Letzion 986:Reconquista 937:David Alroy 867:Babylonians 620:Archaeology 436:(1517–1948) 301:6 CE–136 CE 284:37 BCE–6 CE 248:333–164 BCE 238:538–333 BCE 211:587–538 BCE 163:Philistines 153:Iron Age I 33:History of 12376:Bnei Akiva 12356:Poale Zion 12283:Yiddishist 12205:Ideologies 12161:Settlement 12025:New Yishuv 12013:Resistance 11578:Israelites 11300:References 11272:2008-01-21 11095:2007-11-06 11001:Tom Segev 10823:2023-10-20 10702:2023-10-20 10555:2023-12-02 10075:2016-01-02 10035:145226550X 9869:2010-03-10 9742:Hitchens, 9593:2010-06-13 9572:2007-10-27 9182:, NY, 1978 9174:, 1946, ' 9113:2008-01-21 9105:Altneuland 9088:2008-01-26 8653:2023-10-24 8526:2023-11-19 8491:2023-11-19 8466:2023-11-19 8387:AJS Review 8328:2011-01-02 8229:Vaad Leumi 7974:Gaza Strip 7834:Literature 7462:Basic Laws 7142:See also: 7080:Aliyah Bet 7030:See also: 7022:Aliyah Bet 6612:Resistance 6503:Ninth Fort 6458:Vel' d'Hiv 6374:Atrocities 6269:Westerbork 6264:Amersfoort 6148:Neuengamme 6138:Kaiserwald 6103:Buchenwald 6098:Bogdanovka 5744:Nazi Party 5628:, May 1944 5588:See also: 5238:Delegates 5147:proscribed 5014:Aliyah Bet 5004:See also: 4977:Parliament 4712:capitalist 4671:Bnei Akiva 4466:Shir Betar 4446:rosh Betar 4375:right-wing 4080:'Haganah ( 4012:The Dybbuk 3968:Poale Zion 3953:Yevsektsia 3930:White Army 3914:Bolsheviks 3880:Jabotinsky 3702:See also: 3601:Poale Zion 3566:Moses Hess 3479:See also: 3293:Israelites 3205:See also: 3066:Ahad Ha'am 3062:Ahad Ha'am 3052:Ahad Ha'am 3042:See also: 3018:Wilhelm II 2922:Objectives 2901:Altneuland 2799:. In 1887 2755:Rosh Pinna 2516:Absorption 2444:Aliyah Bet 2391:Old Yishuv 2258:Orson Hyde 2149:Protestant 2060:Moses Hess 2052:Vilna Gaon 2045:Moses Hess 2017:Vilna Gaon 1924:See also: 1686:Synagogues 1672:Shefa-'Amr 1667:Kafr Yasif 1545:Montefiore 1496:Winemaking 1454:Haim Farhi 1299:Key events 1266:Old Yishuv 1243:See also: 1114:See also: 1100:Vilna Gaon 1084:Nahmanides 1072:Jewish law 1048:Yom Kippur 1027:See also: 992:Al-Andalus 953:Vilna Gaon 915:Old Yishuv 909:Precursors 891:Zerubbabel 714:Lovers of 456:Old Yishuv 258:164–37 BCE 159:Israelites 101:Ghassulian 12605:Rabin Day 12590:Herzl Day 12498:timelines 12306:Histadrut 12278:Canaanism 12273:Christian 12233:Religious 12125:proposals 11920:Byzantium 11818:Sanhedrin 11722:Kitos War 11540:Languages 11508:Overviews 11395:143834470 11250:(Thesis). 11162:March 26, 11076:The Times 10799:0143-9685 9360:(2): 41. 8415:161984097 8407:1475-4541 8304:Footnotes 8213:Histadrut 8129:refusniks 7970:West Bank 7667:Companies 7512:President 7496:Elections 7343:Conflicts 7330:Austerity 7240:Jerusalem 7187:Districts 7172:Geography 7125:voted to 6880:Resources 6804:Survivors 6787:Aftermath 6763:St. Louis 6715:Białystok 6528:Erntefest 6488:Bydgoszcz 6448:Marseille 6418:Szczuczyn 6398:Bucharest 6290:Divisions 6216:Breendonk 6188:Uckermark 6168:Salaspils 6068:Treblinka 6048:Jasenovac 5937:Białystok 5794:Wehrmacht 5626:Auschwitz 5577:See also 5503:Tom Segev 5437:Holocaust 5270:Palestine 4831:In 1921, 4774:Hashemite 4360:terrorism 4273:(Hebrew: 4258:and then 4247:), was a 4184:civil war 4086:הַהֲגָנָה 3922:civil war 3679:Ashkenazi 3562:Kibbutzim 3504:does not 3302:Prior to 3119:telegrams 3101:, now in 2955:Palestine 2918:in 1897. 2831:In 1883, 2827:Formation 2787:(today's 2578:Austerity 2566:Ma'abarot 2248:In 1842, 2235:Coningsby 2226:Palestine 2187:The Times 2070:Palestine 1596:Jerusalem 1578:Sephardim 1474:(d. 1923) 1468:(d. 1886) 1462:(d. 1873) 1456:(d. 1820) 1450:(d. 1788) 1444:(d. 1744) 1438:(d. 1700) 1432:(d. 1696) 1426:(d. 1689) 1420:(d. 1579) 1414:(d. 1546) 1408:(d. 1545) 1402:(d. 1528) 1396:(d. 1515) 1390:(d. 1507) 1188:overthrew 1102:known as 1009:Jerusalem 957:Lithuania 875:Psalm 137 833:Christian 783:, assist 769:in 1948. 572:Jerusalem 519:Austerity 416:1260–1517 406:1174–1260 396:1099–1291 276:Tetrarchy 86:Yarmukian 71:Mushabian 12731:Category 12563:Holidays 12371:Mizrachi 12238:Cultural 12121:Homeland 12094:Concepts 12040:See also 11925:Crusades 11913:Kairouan 11838:Savoraim 11764:Carthage 11741:Diaspora 11560:Timeline 11405:(2007), 11349:(2003). 11209:Archived 11184:Archived 11104:cite web 11036:Archived 11003:op. cit. 10990:op. cit. 10908:Source: 10646:text in 10424:, p. 306 10381:Page 55. 10242:(1985). 10024:(2002). 9967:(1979). 9602:cite web 9195:Archived 9122:cite web 8877:Archived 8743:Archived 8711:(2008). 8160:See also 8152:and his 8059:Alon Tal 7927:Tel Aviv 7868:Category 7844:Israelis 7787:Religion 7672:Diamonds 7452:Politics 7374:1948 War 7277:timeline 7245:Tel Aviv 7224:Dead Sea 6513:Piaśnica 6483:Babi Yar 6423:Jedwabne 6275:Slovakia 6221:Mechelen 6173:Stutthof 6133:Janowska 6058:Sajmište 6053:Majdanek 5942:Budapest 5599:a series 5597:Part of 5468:Slovakia 5274:167,562 5261:263,741 5248:299,165 5235:Members 5232:Country 5143:interned 5104:Eichmann 5094:Heydrich 4772:In 1919 4731:region. 4724:HeHalutz 4414:Zakopane 4332:and the 3916:led the 3842:In 1916 3692:Salonika 3688:Tel Aviv 3558:Diaspora 3533:May 2007 3421:Narodnik 3388:Tel Aviv 3381:Tel Aviv 3371:Tel-Aviv 3285:Mizrachi 3211:In 1903 3111:a pogrom 3095:Kishinev 2937:in 1898. 2890:Budapest 2727:and the 2396:Perushim 2341:Negation 2336:Diaspora 2318:Concepts 2295:a series 2293:Part of 2058:In 1862 1952:Haskalah 1878:Haskalah 1801:Timeline 1627:Tiberias 1583:Perushim 1516:Textiles 1506:Printing 1383:(d.1270) 1199:Napoleon 1172:poll tax 1104:Perushim 1044:Passover 1017:Tiberias 1005:Kabbalah 949:Perushim 931:The 613 899:Nehemiah 856:Passover 838:. After 800:diaspora 541:By topic 497:Timeline 386:638–1099 377:Filastin 96:Nizzanim 81:Harifian 76:Natufian 24:a series 22:Part of 12436:Palmach 12391:Haganah 12243:Federal 12213:General 12123: ( 12087:Zionism 11988:Zionism 11833:Amoraim 11828:Tannaim 11550:Schisms 11454:of the 11447:Zionism 11005:, p. 94 10992:, p. 72 10580:, p. 80 10411:, p. 36 9421:jwa.org 9374:2535953 9238:, p. 55 9144:Zionism 8749:and in 7748:Culture 7698:Tourism 7687:Kibbutz 7657:Economy 7523:Knesset 7491:Parties 7286:Zionism 7266:History 7213:Red Sea 7074:Berihah 7067:led by 7032:Berihah 6523:Rumbula 6453:Tykocin 6403:Dorohoi 6383:Pogroms 6338:Gas van 6252:Bolzano 6210:Belgium 6063:Sobibor 6043:Chełmno 5987:Vilnius 5930:Ghettos 5880:Victims 5788:(SS-VT) 5765:(SS-TV) 5749:Gestapo 5472:Croatia 5464:Romania 5460:Hungary 5418:Others 5344:Number 5326:15,220 5313:22,343 5300:23,513 5287:60,013 5283:Romania 5172:In the 5165:of the 4938:As the 4913:Himmler 4716:Fascism 4428:in 1936 4416:in 1935 4271:Haganah 4249:Zionist 4164:Palmach 4144:havlaga 4111:(IDF). 4094:Zionist 4088:, lit. 4076:Haganah 4070:Haganah 4051:Yiddish 4036:Karaite 4021:Yiddish 3970:led by 3964:Marxist 3817:acetone 3683:Morocco 3525:removed 3510:sources 3485:Kibbutz 3454:Yiddish 3417:Degania 3413:Kibbutz 3289:Messiah 3159:Eldoret 3103:Moldova 2837:Kadimah 2797:Romania 2789:Ukraine 2785:Kharkov 2546:Kibbutz 2474:Lebanon 2469:Morocco 2358:Zionism 2142:British 2114:in the 1973:trial ( 1940:pogroms 1737:(1600s) 1729:(1570s) 1713:(1490s) 1711:Abuhav 1703:Ramban 1657:Shechem 1647:Peki'in 1588:Hasidim 1539:Halukka 1501:Banking 1482:Economy 1291:Ottoman 955:, left 879:Ezekiel 708: 697:Judaism 681:Zionism 625:Museums 610:Yahwism 599:Related 577:Zionism 567:Judaism 463:Zionism 367:395–638 359:Secunda 341:136–395 271:Kingdom 117:Retjenu 66:Kebaran 12451:Aytzim 12228:Reform 12141:Yishuv 12116:Yerida 12111:Aliyah 11956:Modern 11935:Anusim 11843:Geonim 11823:Chazal 11774:Persia 11759:Greece 11465:Curlie 11393: 11331: 11313: 11291:online 11181:, p. 8 10988:Segev 10972: 10934: 10797: 10756: 10671: 10576: 10502:page 6 10317:1 July 10279: 10250: 10213: 10188: 10032: 10004: 9977: 9946: 9923: 9746:p. 327 9675: 9518:, 1911 9465: 9406:report 9372: 9234: 9155: 9060: 9014: 8987: 8935:19 Jan 8926: 8903: 8719: 8679: 8644: 8564: 8517: 8438: 8413: 8405: 8364: 8298:Yerida 7996:aliyah 7976:(from 7923:Israel 7863:Portal 7839:Sports 7829:Hebrew 7631:Police 7590:France 7533:Courts 7396:Jordan 7291:Aliyah 7192:Cities 6794:Bricha 6720:Łachwa 6710:Warsaw 6655:Bricha 6518:Ponary 6508:Odessa 6463:Wąsosz 6438:Kaunas 6428:Plungė 6240:Drancy 6228:France 6193:Warsaw 6108:Dachau 6038:Bełżec 5982:Warsaw 5962:Lublin 5952:Kraków 5947:Kaunas 5655:People 5341:Party 5322:Canada 5244:Poland 5012:, and 4899:pogrom 4728:Beitar 4602:Polish 4598:Poland 4529:Warsaw 4450:Danzig 4442:Latvia 4426:Berlin 4410:Polish 4400:Beitar 4394:Beitar 4275:Hebrew 4264:Jewish 4260:Israel 4241:Hebrew 4222:Hebrew 4214:Hebrew 4103:") in 4101:Yishuv 4082:Hebrew 4028:Crimea 4003:Habima 3995:Bialik 3957:Poland 3848:Arabia 3739:Empire 3657:Poland 3351:Odessa 3151:Uganda 3050:, and 2992:Lilien 2881:France 2812:Muslim 2744:Haredi 2737:Aliyah 2660:Yerida 2650:Yishuv 2449:Bricha 2434:Fourth 2419:Second 2303:Aliyah 2284:, and 1932:, and 1897:, and 1833:ShaDaR 1753:(1872) 1745:(1700) 1743:Hurva 1721:(1540) 1705:(1267) 1697:(1258) 1632:Biriya 1617:Hebron 1534:Kollel 1324:Hebron 1310:(1263) 1287:Mamluk 1285:under 1279:Jewish 1251:, and 1177:pogrom 1175:mobs ( 1168:ghetto 1126:, and 1068:Aliyah 1056:Amidah 1033:Among 1029:Aliyah 1015:, and 1013:Hebron 925:, and 887:Persia 871:Psalms 852:Exodus 744:aliyah 478:Yishuv 446:Eyalet 381:Urdunn 331:70–638 122:Habiru 108:Canaan 91:Lodian 35:Israel 26:on the 12706:Ulpan 12411:Betar 12406:Irgun 12288:Golus 12268:Green 12218:Labor 11769:Egypt 11391:S2CID 11244:(PDF) 11206:(PDF) 11132:' 11128:' 11125:From 11114:(WZO) 10720:(PDF) 10475:(PDF) 10468:(PDF) 10298:BETAR 9370:JSTOR 9201:, by 8411:S2CID 8154:Mapai 8021:Likud 7978:Egypt 7808:Music 7792:Islam 7250:Haifa 6828:Lists 6413:Izieu 6281:Sereď 6246:Italy 6014:Camps 5972:Minsk 5897:Poles 5205:Irgun 5049:Irgun 4883:Safed 4864:Kotel 4789:Arabs 4766:was: 4496:osef 4484:erit 4384:Likud 4379:Herut 4355:Herut 4237:Etzel 4218:ארגון 4210:Irgun 4204:Irgun 4198:Irgun 4148:Irgun 4049:with 4017:Gulag 3349:. 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