History of animal rights

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himself to the guinea-pig, must have what is vulgarly, but truly, known as "elbow-room;" and it must be self-evident how emphatically this rule applies to winged animals. It may be urged, in the case of domestic fowls, that from constant disuse, and from clipping and plucking, and other sorts of maltreatment, their wings can hardly be regarded as instruments of flight; we maintain, however, that you may pluck a fowl's wing-joints as bare as a pumpkin, but you will not erase from his memory that he is a fowl, and that his proper sphere is the open air. If he likewise reflects that he is an ill-used fowl — a prison-bird — he will then come to the conclusion, that there is not the least use, under such circumstances, for his existence; and you must admit that the decision is only logical and natural.

1180:: "By this method also we put an end to the time-honored disputes concerning the participation of animals in natural law: for it is clear that, being destitute of intelligence and liberty, they cannot recognize that law; as they partake, however, in some measure of our nature, in consequence of the sensibility with which they are endowed, they ought to partake of natural right; so that mankind is subjected to a kind of obligation even toward the brutes. It appears, in fact, that if I am bound to do no injury to my fellow-creatures, this is less because they are rational than because they are sentient beings: and this quality, being common both to men and beasts, ought to entitle the latter at least to the privilege of not being wantonly ill-treated by the former." 1474:(1779–1837) to create a voluntary organisation that would promote kindness toward animals. Broome canvassed opinions in letters that were published or summarised in various periodicals in 1821. After the passage of Richard Martin's anti-cruelty to cattle bill in 1822, Broome attempted to form a Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals that would bring together the patronage of persons who were of social rank and committed to social reforms. Broome organised and chaired a meeting of sympathisers in November 1822, where it was agreed that a society should be created and at which Broome was named its secretary, but the attempt was short-lived. In 1824, Broome arranged a new meeting in Old Slaughter's Coffee House in 1573: 1677:(1806–1873), the English philosopher, also argued that utilitarianism must take animals into account, writing in 1864: "Nothing is more natural to human beings, nor, up to a certain point in cultivation, more universal, than to estimate the pleasures and pains of others as deserving of regard exactly in proportion to their likeness to ourselves. ... Granted that any practice causes more pain to animals than it gives pleasure to man; is that practice moral or immoral? And if, exactly in proportion as human beings raise their heads out of the slough of selfishness, they do not with one voice answer 'immoral,' let the morality of the principle of utility be for ever condemned." 1216:, argued that it was the ability to suffer that should be the benchmark of how we treat other beings. Bentham states that the capacity for suffering gives the right to equal consideration; equal consideration is that the interests of any being affected by an action are to be considered and have the equal interest of any other being. If rationality were the criterion, he argued, many humans, including infants and the disabled, would also have to be treated as though they were things. He did not conclude that humans and nonhumans had equal moral significance, but argued that the latter's interests should be taken into account. He wrote in 1789, just as African slaves were being 1198: 1189:(1762), he encouraged parents to raise their children on a vegetarian diet. He believed that the food of the culture a child was raised eating, played an important role in the character and disposition they would develop as adults. "For however one tries to explain the practice, it is certain that great meat-eaters are usually more cruel and ferocious than other men. This has been recognized at all times and in all places. The English are noted for their cruelty while the Gaures are the gentlest of men. All savages are cruel, and it is not their customs that tend in this direction; their cruelty is the result of their food." 2110: 1899: 1144: 1879:

possibly be accepted by the advanced humanitarian thought of the present day—it is a purely arbitrary assumption, at variance with our best instincts, at variance with our best science, and absolutely fatal (if the subject be clearly thought out) to any full realization of animals' rights. If we are ever going to do justice to the lower races, we must get rid of the antiquated notion of a 'great gulf' fixed between them and mankind, and must recognize the common bond of humanity that unites all living beings in one universal brotherhood."

1943:(1998) write that the significance of the affair lay in the relationships that formed in support of the "Brown Dog Done to Death", which became a symbol of the oppression the women's suffrage movement felt at the hands of the male political and medical establishment. Kean argues that both sides saw themselves as heirs to the future. The students saw the women and trade unionists as representatives of anti-science sentimentality, and the women saw themselves as progressive, with the students and their teachers belonging to a previous age. 2363:, formed a branch of the Hunt Saboteurs Association in Luton, later calling it the Band of Mercy after a 19th-century RSPCA youth group. The Band attacked hunters' vehicles by slashing tires and breaking windows, calling it "active compassion". In November 1973, they engaged in their first act of arson when they set fire to a Hoechst Pharmaceuticals research laboratory, claiming responsibility as a "nonviolent guerilla organization dedicated to the liberation of animals from all forms of cruelty and persecution at the hands of mankind." 48: 2459:(1927–1998), a former seaman and civil rights activist, became the most notable of the new animal advocates in the United States. A proponent of gradual change, he formed Animal Rights International in 1974, and introduced the idea of "reintegrative shaming", whereby a relationship is formed between a group of animal rights advocates and a corporation they see as misusing animals, with a view to obtaining concessions or halting a practice. It is a strategy that has been widely adopted, including the group 2152:

gave rise to a splinter group, the RSPCA Reform Group, which sought to radicalize the organization, leading to chaotic meetings of the group's ruling Council, and successful (though short-lived) efforts to change it from within by electing to the council members who would argue from an animal rights perspective, and force the RSPCA to address issues such as hunting, factory farming, and animal experimentation. Ryder himself was elected to the council in 1971, and served as its chair from 1977 to 1979.

826: 378: 1595:" of meat-eating was because of the unnatural, cold climate they emigrated to and the necessity of meat for survival in such a climate, for fruits and vegetables could not be dependably cultivated at those times. He applauded the animal protection movement in England—"To the honor, then, of the English, be it said that they are the first people who have, in downright earnest, extended the protecting arm of the law to animals." He also argued against the dominant 8745: 1329: 1756: 506: 1100:(1693), that animals did have feelings, and that unnecessary cruelty toward them was morally wrong, but that the right not to be harmed adhered either to the animal's owner, or to the human being who was being damaged by being cruel. Discussing the importance of preventing children from tormenting animals, he wrote: "For the custom of tormenting and killing of beasts will, by degrees, harden their minds even towards men." 4303:. Salt cited Spencer's definition of rights: "Every man is free to do that which he wills, provided he infringes not the equal liberty of any other man ... Whoever admits that each man must have a certain restricted freedom, asserts that it is right he should have this restricted freedom ... And hence the several particular freedoms deducible may fitly be called, as they commonly are called, his rights." 487: 2193:

on their entrails in the hope—or on the mere off chance—that we might thereby see a little more clearly into the present ... To us it seems incredible that the Greek philosophers should have scanned so deeply into right and wrong and yet never noticed the immorality of slavery. Perhaps 3000 years from now it will seem equally incredible that we do not notice the immorality of our own oppression of animals.

1275: 1346:(1754–1834), MP for Galway in Ireland, but it was lost among laughter in the House of Commons that the next thing would be rights for asses, dogs, and cats. Nicknamed "Humanity Dick" by George IV, Martin finally succeeded in 1822 with his "Ill Treatment of Horses and Cattle Bill"—or "Martin's Act", as it became known—which was the world's first major piece of animal protection legislation. It was given 1841:(1844–1900) found other reasons to defend animals. He wrote that "The sight of blind suffering is the spring of the deepest emotion." He once wrote: "For man is the cruelest animal. At tragedies, bull-fights, and crucifixions hath he hitherto been happiest on earth; and when he invented his hell, behold, that was his heaven on earth." Throughout his writings, he speaks of the human being as an animal. 1998: 1320:--they have no rights!" Erskine in his parliamentary speech combined the vocabulary of animal rights and trusteeship with a theological appeal included in the Bill's preamble to opposing cruelty. The Bill was passed by the Lords, but was opposed in the Commons by Windham, who said it would be used against the "lower orders" when the real culprits would be their employers. 1286:

19th century, there had been prosecutions for poor treatment of animals, but only because of the damage to the animal as property. In 1793, for example, John Cornish was found not guilty of maiming a horse after pulling the animal's tongue out; the judge ruled that Cornish could be found guilty only if there was evidence of malice toward the owner.

2281:, the position that there are no grounds to suppose that a violation of the basic interests of a human—for example, an interest in not suffering—is different in any morally significant way from a violation of the basic interests of a nonhuman. Singer used the term "speciesism" in the book, citing Ryder, and it stuck, becoming an entry in the 772:. The ruling said that if human beings are entitled to these rights, animals should be too. The court went beyond the requirements of the Constitution that all living beings should be shown compassion, and said: "It is not only our fundamental duty to show compassion to our animal friends, but also to recognize and protect their rights." 2478:, which involves toxicity tests on the skin or in the eyes of animals. He took out a full-page ad in several newspapers, featuring a rabbit with sticking plaster over the eyes, and the caption, "How many rabbits does Revlon blind for beauty's sake?" Revlon stopped using animals for cosmetics testing, donated money to help set up the 2337:(1983), in which he argues that nonhuman animals are "subjects-of-a-life", and therefore possessors of moral rights, a work regarded as a key text in animal rights theory. Regan wrote in 2001 that philosophers had written more about animal rights in the previous 20 years than in the 2,000 years before that. Garner writes that 1913:(1878–1963), a Swedish feminist, and a friend, Lisa Shartau, traveled to England to study medicine at the London School of Medicine for Women, intending to learn enough to become authoritative anti-vivisection campaigners. In the course of their studies, they witnessed several animal experiments, and published the details as 4024:: "It is asserted that beasts have no rights ... that 'there are no duties to be fulfilled towards animals.' Such a view is one of revolting coarseness, a barbarism of the West, whose source is Judaism." A few passages later, he called the idea that animals exist for human benefit a "Jewish stence." See Phelps, 2091:

2.8 million in 2005 (50–100 million worldwide), and a modern annual estimated range of 10 million to upwards of 100 million in the US—but mostly because of the industrialization of farming, which saw billions of animals raised and killed for food on a scale considered impossible before the war.

2277:, now one of the animal rights movement's canonical texts. Singer based his arguments on the principle of utilitarianism – the view, in its simplest form, that an act is right if it leads to the "greatest happiness of the greatest number", a phrase first used in 1776 by Jeremy Bentham. He argued in favor of the 978:, the first known animal protection legislation in Europe was passed in Ireland in 1635. It prohibited pulling wool off sheep, and the attaching of ploughs to horses' tails, referring to "the cruelty used to beasts." In 1641, the first legal code to protect domestic animals in North America was passed by the 2621:

Even though the petition was denied, the NhRP interpreted Justice Jaffe's decision as a victory. In its press release it emphasized the fact that Justice Jaffe agreed with NhRP, writing that "'persons' are not restricted to human beings, and that who is a 'person' is not a question of biology, but of

2260:

We are familiar with Black Liberation, Gay Liberation, and a variety of other movements. With Women's Liberation some thought we had come to the end of the road. Discrimination on the basis of sex, it has been said, is the last form of discrimination that is universally accepted and practiced without

1957:

Members of the English Vegetarian Society who avoided the use of eggs and animal milk in the 19th and early 20th century were known as strict vegetarians. The International Vegetarian Union cites an article informing readers of alternatives to shoe leather in the Vegetarian Society's magazine in 1851

1730:

Rachels writes that Darwin noted the moral implications of the cognitive similarities, arguing that "humanity to the lower animals" was one of the "noblest virtues with which man is endowed." He was strongly opposed to any kind of cruelty to animals, including setting traps. He wrote in a letter that

1656:

was an early advocate against force-fed poultry and caged hens. About the former, she wrote that force-feeding, was a process that "may produce a handsome-looking bird, and it may weigh enough to satisfy the whim or avarice of its stuffer; but, when before the fire, it will reveal the cruel treatment

1534:(1879) that animals have the same natural right to life and liberty that human beings do, disregarding Descartes' mechanistic view—or what he called the "Neo-Cartesian snake"—that they lack consciousness. Other writers of the time who explored whether animals might have natural (or moral) rights were 1285:

The 19th century saw an explosion of interest in animal protection, particularly in England. Debbie Legge and Simon Brooman write that the educated classes became concerned about attitudes toward the old, the needy, children, and the insane, and that this concern was extended to nonhumans. Before the

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is given "dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth." Dominion need not entail property rights, but it has been interpreted, by some, over the centuries to imply "ownership".

1878:

He argued that there was no point in claiming rights for animals if those rights were subordinated to human desire, and took issue with the idea that the life of a human might have more moral worth. " notion of the life of an animal having 'no moral purpose,' belongs to a class of ideas which cannot

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passed, outlawing cruelty against domestic animals, and leading to years of arguments about whether bulls could be classed as domestic in order to ban bullfighting. The state of Washington followed in 1859, New York in 1866, California in 1868, and Florida in 1889. In England, a series of amendments

1359:

Legge and Brooman argue that the success of the Bill lay in the personality of "Humanity Dick", who was able to shrug off the ridicule from the House of Commons, and whose sense of humour managed to capture the House's attention. It was Martin himself who brought the first prosecution under the Act,

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Key scholars in the history of animal ethics include René Descartes, who in the 17th century maintained that animals are automata lacking any consciousness; Immanuel Kant, who argued that we have no duties directly to animals; and Jeremy Bentham, who insisted that animals’ capacity to suffer must be

2379:

list of domestic terrorist threats. The tactics of some of the more determined ALF activists are anathema to many animal rights advocates, such as Singer, who regard the movement as something that should occupy the moral high ground. ALF activists respond to the criticism with the argument that, as

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to the other animals is one of unremitting exploitation. We employ their work; we eat and wear them. We exploit them to serve our superstitions: whereas we used to sacrifice them to our gods and tear out their entrails in order to foresee the future, we now sacrifice them to science, and experiment

1735:

for "real investigations on physiology; but not for mere damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick with horror ..." In 1875, he testified before a Royal Commission on Vivisection, lobbying for a bill to protect both the animals used in vivisection, and the study of

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Throughout the whole country the people do not kill any living creature, nor drink intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic. The only exception is that of the Chandalas. That is the name for those who are (held to be) wicked men, and live apart from others. ... In that country they do not keep

2510:

in 1982, then smuggled to Austria to be used in pharmaceutical experiments, but was discovered by customs officials when he arrived in the country, and was taken to a shelter instead. He was kept there for 25 years, until the group that ran the shelter went bankrupt in 2007. Donors offered to help

2378:

The decentralized model of activism is frustrating for law enforcement organizations, who find the networks difficult to infiltrate, because they tend to be organized around friends. In 2005, the US Department of Homeland Security indicated how seriously it takes the ALF when it included them in a

2151:

The controversy spread to the RSPCA, which had grown away from its radical roots to become a conservative group with charity status and royal patronage. It had failed to speak out against hunting, and indeed counted huntsmen among its members. As with the League Against Cruel Sports, this position

1932:

In response, anti-vivisection campaigners commissioned a statue of the dog to be erected in Battersea Park in 1906, with the plaque: "Men and Women of England, how long shall these Things be?" The statue caused uproar among medical students, leading to frequent vandalism of the statue and the need

1032:

and bull running, said to tenderize the meat. These could be seen in villages and fairgrounds, and became associated with idleness, drunkenness, and gambling. Kete writes that the Puritans interpreted the biblical dominion of man over animals to mean responsible stewardship, rather than ownership.

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Beginning in the 1970s, there was a surge of interest among philosophers and other scholars in the issue of the treatment of animals, something that continues to this day. This has been accompanied by, and has to some extent influenced, many forms of activism on behalf of animals. This activism is

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involving the chimpanzees Hercules and Leo, Justice Barbara Jaffe did not immediately dismiss the filing and instead ordered a hearing requiring the chimpanzee owner to show why the chimpanzees should not be released and transferred to the sanctuary. Following the hearing, Justice Jaffe issued an

2086:

Despite the proliferation of animal protection legislation, animals still had no legal rights. Debbie Legge writes that existing legislation was very much tied to the idea of human interests, whether protecting human sensibilities by outlawing cruelty, or protecting property rights by making sure

1793:

in April 1866. Bergh had been appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to a diplomatic post in Russia, and had been disturbed by the mistreatment of animals he witnessed there. He consulted with the president of the RSPCA in London, and returned to the United States to speak out against bullfights,

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Also in 1999, Public Law 106-152 (Title 18, Section 48) was put into action in the United States. This law makes it a felony to create, sell, or possess videos showing animal cruelty with the intention of profiting financially from them. However, there have been strong arguments that this law is

1664:

We are no advocates for converting the domestic fowl into a cage-bird. We have known amateur fowl-keepers...coop up a male bird and three or four hens in an ordinary egg-chest placed on its side, and with the front closely barred with iron hooping! This system will not do. Every animal, from man

2090:

Notwithstanding the interest in animal welfare of the previous century, the situation for animals deteriorated in the 20th century, particularly after the Second World War. This was in part because of the increase in the numbers used in animal research—300 in the UK in 1875, 19,084 in 1903, and

444:

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the growth of the anti-vivisection movement, which advocated against the use and exploitation of live animals in scientific research. Women within the movement played a prominent role in its growth and influence within the broader scientific community.

436:

Aristotle placed human beings at the top of nature's scale of being. Because animals lack reason, he said, they are by nature instruments for human use. But there were other philosophers in ancient Greece and Rome who were more sympathetic to animals, some maintaining that animals do exercise a

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animals were not harmed. The over-exploitation of fishing stocks, for example, is viewed as harming the environment for people; the hunting of animals to extinction means that humans in the future will derive no enjoyment from them; poaching results in financial loss to the owner, and so on.

1873:

Even the leading advocates of animal rights seem to have shrunk from basing their claim on the only argument which can ultimately be held to be a really sufficient one—the assertion that animals, as well as men, though, of course, to a far less extent than men, are possessed of a distinctive

1119:

asks: "Is it for oxen that God is concerned? Does he not speak entirely for our sake? It was written for our sake." Christian philosophers interpreted this to mean that humans had no direct duty to nonhuman animals, but had a duty only to protect them from the effects of engaging in cruelty.

2200:

writes that Harrison's book and Brophy's article led to an explosion of interest in the relationship between humans and nonhumans. In particular, Brophy's article was discovered in or around 1969 by a group of postgraduate philosophy students at the University of Oxford, Roslind and Stanley

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are reasons equally insufficient for abandoning a sensitive being to the same fate. What else is it that should trace the insuperable line? Is it the faculty of reason or perhaps the faculty of discourse? But a full-grown horse or dog, is beyond comparison a more rational, as well as a more

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criticizing animal experimentation, based on incidents he had witnessed in laboratories. The letters, published in April and May 1969, were seen by Brigid Brophy, who put Ryder in touch with the Godlovitches and Harris. Ryder also started distributing pamphlets in Oxford protesting against

1828:

wrote in 1927, "without any need to resort to fantastic speculations as to the existence of any possible subjective states." It was a position that hearkened back to Descartes in the 17th century, that nonhumans were purely mechanical, with no rationality and perhaps even no consciousness.

1469:

Richard Martin soon realized that magistrates did not take the Martin Act seriously, and that it was not being reliably enforced. Martin's Act was supported by various social reformers who were not parliamentarians and an informal network had gathered around the efforts of Reverend

915:, comments that while law and justice are applicable strictly to men only, beneficence and charity towards beasts is characteristic of a gentle heart. This is intended as a correction and advance over the merely utilitarian treatment of animals and slaves by Cato himself. The 1587:(1788–1860). He wrote that Europeans were "awakening more and more to a sense that beasts have rights, in proportion as the strange notion is being gradually overcome and outgrown, that the animal kingdom came into existence solely for the benefit and pleasure of man." 666:

prohibited the killing and the eating of meat during the busy farming period between April and September but excluded the eating of wild birds and animals. This ban and several others that followed over the centuries were overturned in the nineteenth century during the

2060:, environmental legislation; in November 1937 by a law regulating animal transport in cars; and in September 1938 by a similar law dealing with animals on trains. Hitler was a vegetarian in the later years of his life; several members of his inner circle, including 3028:

Ahimsa is the ruling principle of Indian life from the very earliest times. ... This positive spiritual attitude is easily explained to the common man in a negative way as "ahimsa" and hence this way of denoting it. Tiruvalluvar speaks of this as "kollaamai" or

1933:

for a 24-hour police guard. The affair culminated in riots in 1907 when 1,000 medical students clashed with police, suffragettes and trade unionists in Trafalgar Square. Battersea Council removed the statue from the park under cover of darkness two years later.

2035:

wrote that the Nazis tried to abolish the distinction between humans and animals, to the point where many people were regarded as less valuable than animals. In April 1933 the Nazis passed laws regulating the slaughter of animals; one of their targets was

1364:—a street seller of fruit—arrested for beating a donkey, and paraded the animal's injuries before a reportedly astonished court. Burns was fined, and newspapers and music halls were full of jokes about how Martin had relied on the testimony of a donkey. 1962:

entirely. There was increasing unease within the society from the start of the 20th century onwards with regards to egg and milk consumption, and in 1923 its magazine wrote that the "ideal position for vegetarians is abstinence from animal products."

1590:

He stopped short of advocating vegetarianism, arguing that, so long as an animal's death was quick, men would suffer more by not eating meat than animals would suffer by being eaten. Schopenhauer also theorized that the reason people succumbed to the

2375:, passing animals removed from farms and laboratories to sympathetic veterinarians, safe houses and sanctuaries. Some activists also engage in threats, intimidation, and arson, acts that have lost the movement sympathy in mainstream public opinion. 1127:(1724–1804), following Aquinas, opposed the idea that humans have direct duties toward nonhumans. For Kant, cruelty to animals was wrong only because it was bad for humankind. He argued in 1785 that "cruelty to animals is contrary to man's duty to 1607:

to any ends whatsoever. They can therefore be used for vivisection, hunting, coursing, bullfights, and horse racing, and can be whipped to death as they struggle along with heavy carts of stone. Shame on such a morality that is worthy of pariahs,

464:

pigs and fowls, and do not sell live cattle; in the markets there are no butchers’ shops and no dealers in intoxicating drink. In buying and selling commodities they use cowries. Only the Chandalas are fishermen and hunters, and sell flesh meat.

2148:. The practice of sabotaging hunts (for example, by misleading the dogs with scents or horns) spread throughout south-east England, particularly around university towns, leading to violent confrontations when the huntsmen attacked the "sabs". 441:

included in our moral reckoning. Charles Darwin argued not only that there is an evolutionary biological continuity between humans and (other) animals, but also that humans differ from animals mentally and emotionally in degree only.

1969:(1869–1948) argued in 1931 before a meeting of the society in London that vegetarianism should be pursued in the interests of animals, and not only as a human health issue. He met both Henry Salt and Anna Kingsford, and read Salt's 2515:. The lawyer proposing the chimpanzee's personhood asked the court to appoint a legal guardian for him and to grant him four rights: the right to life, limited freedom of movement, personal safety, and the right to claim property. 1717:—revolutionized the way humans viewed their relationship with other species. Not only did human beings have a direct kinship with other animals, but the latter had social, mental and moral lives too, Darwin argued. He wrote in his 1794:

cockfights, and the beating of horses. He created a "Declaration of the Rights of Animals", and in 1866 persuaded the New York state legislature to pass anti-cruelty legislation and to grant the ASPCA the authority to enforce it.

1224:

The French have already discovered that the blackness of the skin is no reason a human being should be abandoned without redress to the caprice of a tormentor. It may one day come to be recognized that the number of the legs, the

1505:, where livestock had been sold since the 10th century, and to look into the treatment of horses by coachmen. The society became the Royal Society in 1840, when it was granted a royal charter by Queen Victoria, herself strongly 2494:

unconstitutional in light of the Supreme Court's jurisprudence concerning privacy and sex. as well as the fact that the U.S. government may not criminalize mere possession of obscene materials in the privacy of one's own home.

1001:(1989) writes that, at the height of René Descartes' influence in Europe—and his view that animals were simply automata—it is significant that the New Englanders created a law that implied animals were not unfeeling machines. 840:

Aristotle stated that animals lacked reason (logos), and placed humans at the top of the natural world, yet the respect for animals in ancient Greece was very high. Some animals were considered divine, e.g. dolphins. In the

2501:

banned experiments on apes, unless they are performed in the interests of the individual ape. Also in Austria, the Supreme Court ruled in January 2008 that a chimpanzee (called Matthew Hiasl Pan by those advocating for his

1727:(1871), he argued that "There is no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals in their mental faculties", attributing to animals the power of reason, decision making, memory, sympathy, and imagination. 2221:" to describe the exclusion of nonhuman animals from the protections offered to humans. He subsequently became a contributor to the Godlovitches' symposium, as did Harrison and Brophy, and it was published in 1971 as 1367:

Other countries followed suit in passing legislation or making decisions that favoured animals. In 1822, the courts in New York ruled that wanton cruelty to animals was a misdemeanor at common law. In France in 1850,

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clergyman, and University of Cambridge graduate. Ward's list of "rites" included rite 92: "No man shall exercise any Tirrany or Crueltie toward any brute Creature which are usually kept for man's use." Historian

1809:(1846–1888) became one of the first English women to graduate in medicine, after studying for her degree in Paris, and the only student at the time to do so without having experimented on animals. She published 5244: 1522:(1824), arguing that every living creature, human and nonhuman, has more right to the use of its own body than anyone else has to use it, and that our duty to promote happiness applies equally to all beings. 5121: 1356:, and made it an offence, punishable by fines up to five pounds or two months imprisonment, to "beat, abuse, or ill-treat any horse, mare, gelding, mule, ass, ox, cow, heifer, steer, sheep or other cattle." 5274: 2366:

Lee and another activist were sentenced to three years in prison in 1974, paroled after 12 months. In 1976, Lee brought together the remaining Band of Mercy activists along with some fresh faces to start a

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degree of reason and are owed gentle treatment. Also from ancient times there can be found in all the world's major religious traditions, expressed in varying ways, injunctions against cruelty to animals.

1977:(1910–2005), decided to break from the Vegetarian Society over the issue of egg and milk use. Watson coined the term "vegan" for those whose diet included no animal products, and they formed the British 1441:

That a Committee be appointed to adopt measures for Inspecting the Markets and Streets of the Metropolis, the Slaughter Houses, the conduct of Coachmen, etc.- etc, consisting of the following Gentlemen:

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him, but under Austrian law only a person can receive personal gifts, so any money sent to support him would be lost to the shelter's bankruptcy. The association appealed the ruling to the

3451: 2506:) was not a person, after the Association Against Animal Factories sought personhood status for him because his custodians had gone bankrupt. The chimpanzee had been captured as a baby in 1312:(1750–1823) introduced a bill to protect cattle and horses from malicious wounding, wanton cruelty, and beating. He told the House of Lords that animals had protection only as property: " 1067:

of the universe, the aim of which was to show that the world could be mapped out without allusion to subjective experience. His mechanistic approach was extended to the issue of animal

1820:

Ryder writes that, as the interest in animal protection grew in the late 1890s, attitudes toward animals among scientists began to harden. They embraced the idea that what they saw as

2252:

came to believe that, by eating animals, he was engaging in the oppression of other species. Keshen introduced Singer to the Godlovitches, and in 1973 Singer reviewed their book for

1813:(1881), advocating vegetarianism, and in the same year founded the Food Reform Society. She was also vocal in her opposition to experimentation on animals. In 1898, Cobbe set up the 449:

intended to raise public awareness and to change laws, in order to make a major, even revolutionary, practical difference in the lives of animals and in our relationships to them.

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breakaway group, the Hunt Saboteurs Association. This was set up by a journalist, John Prestige, who had witnessed a pregnant deer being chased into a village and killed by the

2386:

From the 1980s through to the early 2000s there was an increased level of violence by animal rights extremist groups directed at individuals and institutions associated with

871:. He was the first to create a taxonomy of animals; he perceived some similarities between humans and other species, but stated for the most part that animals lacked reason ( 1782:

were receiving representation as 3/5 of a person on the basis that they were animal property, all the animal property of the free states should receive representation also.

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to which it has been subjected, and will weep a drippingpan-ful of fat tears. You will never find heart enough to place such a grief-worn guest at the head of your table".

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That a committee be appointed to superintend the Publication of Tracts, Sermons, and similar modes of influencing public opinion, to consist of the following Gentlemen:

5252: 1786: 1004:

The Puritans passed animal protection legislation in England too. Kathleen Kete writes that animal welfare laws were passed in 1654 as part of the ordinances of the

1236:

conversable animal, than an infant of a day or a week or even a month, old. But suppose the case were otherwise, what would it avail? the question is not, Can they

6620: 5282: 169: 905:

writes that current attitudes to animals can be traced to the heirs of the Western Christian tradition selecting the hierarchy that Aristotle sought to preserve.

1801:(1822–1904) founded the Society for the Protection of Animals Liable to Vivisection, the world's first organization opposed to animal research, which became the 1305:(1750–1810), who said the Bill was supported by Methodists and Jacobins who wished to "destroy the Old English character, by the abolition of all rural sports." 1033:

The opposition to blood sports became part of what was seen as Puritan interference in people's lives, and the animal protection laws were overturned during the

1973:(1880). Salt wrote in the pamphlet that "a Vegetarian is still regarded, in ordinary society, as little better than a madman." In 1944, several members, led by 1721:(1837): "Animals – whom we have made our slaves we do not like to consider our equals. – Do not slave holders wish to make the black man other kind?" Later, in 2584: 1861:. He wrote that the object of the essay was to "set the principle of animals' rights on a consistent and intelligible footing." Concessions to the demands for 1464: 2606:(NhPR) filed three lawsuits in New York State on behalf of four captive chimpanzees, demanding that the courts grant them the right to bodily liberty via the 806:. It has outlawed, or made illegal, the buying and selling of meat, fish and eggs, and also related jobs or work, such as fishing and penning "food animals". 8144: 4365: 1518: 2622:

public policy and principle" and also stating that "efforts to extend legal rights to chimpanzees are thus understandable; some day they may even succeed."

1874:

individuality, and, therefore, are in justice entitled to live their lives with a due measure of that "restricted freedom" to which Herbert Spencer alludes.

4590: 2931: 1775: 1301:

on the grounds that it was anti-working class, and was defeated by two votes. Another attempt was made in 1802, this time opposed by the Secretary at War,

1131:, because it deadens in him the feeling of sympathy for their sufferings, and thus a natural tendency that is very useful to morality in relation to other 2132:, and otters using dogs, an aristocratic and middle-class English practice, stoutly defended in the name of protecting rural traditions. The psychologist 1817:, with which she campaigned against the use of dogs in research, coming close to success with the 1919 Dogs (Protection) Bill, which almost became law. 1603:

Thus, because Christian morality leaves animals out of account ... they are at once outlawed in philosophical morals; they are mere "things," mere

1398:

At a meeting of the Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals, on the 16th day of June 1824, at Old Slaughter's Coffee House,

4977: 4450: 1917:(1903). Their allegations included that they had seen a brown terrier dog dissected while conscious, which prompted angry denials from the researcher, 5683: 4339: 4145:"Petition from Citizens of Ashtabula County, Ohio, for a Constitutional Amendment that Representation in Congress be Uniform throughout the Country" 3135: 5999: 768:

used the language of "rights" in relation to circus animals, ruling that they are "beings entitled to dignified existence" under Article 21 of the

8296: 3461: 2613:

and immediately send them to a sanctuary affiliated with the North American Primate Sanctuary Alliance. All of the petitions were denied. In the

408: 5306:

Books and papers are cited in short form in the footnotes, with full citations here. News and other sources are cited in full in the footnotes.

3951: 2715: 1814: 1567: 3076: 4569: 2664: 1453:, L B Allen Esqr., C C Wilson Esqr., Jno. Brogden Esqr., Alderman Brydges, A E Kendal Esqr., E Lodge Esqr., J Martin Esqr. T G Meymott Esqr. 2312:(1977). A Conference on Animal Rights was organized by Ryder and Linzey at Trinity College, Cambridge, in August 1977. This was followed by 6004: 5097: 4684:

Ben Gunn, former Chief Constable, Cambridge Constabulary, interviewed for "It Could Happen to You," True Spies, BBC Two, November 10, 2002.

1652: 820: 7971: 7915: 3599: 2460: 1217: 2438:

in the United Kingdom. This association continues on into the 21st century, as evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as

947:(2011) writes that the most extensive account in antiquity of how animals should be treated was written by the Neoplatonist philosopher 601:

Numerous works of the classical Indian literature that speaks against animal cruelties exist in many Indian languages. For example, the

7642: 3350: 8055: 4104: 2479: 433:. There is a rich history of animal protection in the ancient texts, lives, and stories of Eastern, African, and Indigenous peoples. 5196: 2470:

in 1976, where cats were being experimented on, research that he persuaded them to stop. In 1980 he convinced the cosmetics company

1736:

physiology. Rachels writes that the animal rights advocates of the day, such as Frances Power Cobbe, did not see Darwin as an ally.

1685: 1478:, a London café frequented by artists and actors. The group met on June 16, 1824, and included a number of MPs: Richard Martin, Sir 8411: 8176: 6428: 5979: 2518:

In June 2008, a committee of Spain's national legislature became the first to vote for a resolution to extend limited rights to non

1824:—the attribution of human qualities to nonhumans—was unscientific. Animals had to be approached as physiological entities only, as 1289:

From 1800 onwards, there were several attempts in England to introduce animal protection legislation. The first was a bill against

6019: 5921: 6096: 5416: 5178: 4375: 2591:

and involuntary servitude, was cited in court to protect nonhuman rights. A federal judge dismissed the case in February 2012.

5214: 8312: 7900: 7825: 6232: 6009: 5964: 5543: 4249: 4172: 3821: 3394: 3294: 3260: 3233: 3202: 3170: 2994: 2904: 2852: 2823: 2767: 901:) and opposed eating meat on the grounds that it robbed them of life and was therefore unjust. Theophrastus did not prevail; 67: 3424: 8043: 7582: 6325: 4460: 3939:, reproduced by the Animal Legal and Historical Center, Michigan State University College of Law. Retrieved March 25, 2008. 2984: 2923: 2674: 425:

is believed to date as far back as Ancient India, particularly early Jainist and Hindu history. What follows is mainly the

8467: 6672: 2490:

In 1999, New Zealand passed a new Animal Welfare Act that had the effect of banning experiments on "non-human hominids".

636:, another ancient Tamil work, speak against cruelty to animals, including feeding on them and imprisoning them in cages. 401: 4469: 3478:

Jain Vegetarian Laws in the City of Palitana : Indefensible Legal Enforcement or Praiseworthy Progressive Moralism?

8592: 7935: 7845: 4832: 4636: 4085: 2467: 2391: 1352: 741:, which was formed in 1875, condemned several evil practices of several different religions and communities, including 5079: 8773: 8660: 8136: 8096: 8019: 7976: 7830: 7755: 7229: 5984: 5974: 5456:

Kete, Kathleen (2002). "Animals and Ideology: The Politics of Animal Protection in Europe," in Nigel Rothfels (ed.).

4216: 3546: 3334: 3050: 2967: 2878: 2793: 2740: 2699: 2411: 2345:(1989), contains 10 pages of philosophical material on animals up to 1970, but 13 pages between 1970 and 1989 alone. 1802: 1446: 1343: 1309: 1294: 953: 2642:(1886). "On To Mathura Or Muttra. Condition And Customs Of Central India; Of The Monks, Viharas, And Monasteries.". 2261:

pretense ... But one should always be wary of talking of "the last remaining form of discrimination." ...

718:. He was against, among other vices, the consumption of meat, animal sacrifices, and the appeasement of ghosts and 255: 8304: 7955: 7785: 7612: 6682: 6677: 6107: 2278: 1112: 1075:, linking human beings to the mind of God. The nonhuman, on the other hand, were for Descartes nothing but complex 4886: 4362: 4262: 2730: 2140:

tried in 1963 to steer it away from confronting members of the hunt, which triggered the formation that year of a

8272: 8025: 7910: 7119: 6705: 6600: 3476: 1054: 984: 262: 124: 2919: 8248: 6610: 6320: 5989: 5523: 5482: 5399: 5382: 5365: 5344: 5323: 4494:

Ten billion animals are now killed for food every year in the US alone; see Williams and DeMello (2007), p. 73.

3691: 2512: 1992: 1579:

argued in 1839 that the view of cruelty as wrong only because it hardens humans was "revolting and abominable".

1512:

From 1824 onwards, several books were published, analyzing animal rights issues, rather than protection alone.

1483: 1403: 394: 1572: 7885: 7770: 6590: 6122: 6060: 3371: 2614: 2145: 2081: 1631: 1491: 1450: 867:(384–322 BCE) said that nonhuman animals had no interests of their own, ranking them far below humans in the 159: 4985: 4447: 1583:

The development in England of the concept of animal rights was strongly supported by the German philosopher

7987: 7945: 7765: 7159: 6090: 6035: 5819: 3751: 2588: 2161: 2136:– who became involved with the animal rights movement in the late 1960s – writes that the new chair of the 1523: 1072: 292: 233: 141: 5053: 4391: 2537:

the right not to be used in medical experiments or in circuses, and recommended making it illegal to kill

2072:, adopted some form of vegetarianism. By most accounts their vegetarianism was not as strict as Hitler's. 1337: 8443: 8232: 7860: 7810: 6494: 5969: 5914: 5535:

Monaghan, Rachael (2000). "Terrorism in the Name of Animal Rights," in Taylor, Maxwell and Horgan, John.

4336: 2137: 1929:, Bayliss sued and won, convincing a court that the animal had been anesthetized as required by the Act. 1926: 1386: 1382: 1378: 4900: 4899:

Welty, J.D., Jeffery, B. (2013, December 16). The Legal Status of Bestiality. UNC School of Government.

4441: 2548:

From 2009 onwards, several countries outlawed the use of some or all animals in circuses, starting with

608:

likely a Hindu or Jain work written between 450 and 500 CE, dedicates verses 251–260 and 321–330 of its

8685: 8557: 8352: 8288: 8224: 7875: 7835: 7805: 6933: 6928: 6330: 5630: 2333: 2100: 5807:

Anthropocentrism and its Discontents: The Moral Status of Animals in the History of Western Philosophy

8669: 8507: 8344: 7780: 7074: 6993: 6853: 6433: 4864: 4733:

Helton, Jesse J.; Staudenmeier, William J. (2002). "Re-imagining being 'straight' in straight edge".

4720: 1197: 199: 77: 3083: 2052:" ("In the new Reich, no more animal cruelty will be allowed.") It was followed in July 1934 by the 574:

in the 9th century BCE, which led to a radical animal-rights movement in South Asia. His successor,

8638: 8599: 8585: 8451: 8427: 8216: 7840: 7244: 7189: 6646: 6365: 6350: 6335: 6292: 6257: 5034: 4695:"Animal Rights Groups and Ecology Militants Make DHS Terrorist List, Right-Wing Vigilantes Omitted" 4538:

Godlovitch, Godlovitch, and Harris (1971); see the Introduction for the reference to the symposium.

4001: 2239: 2202: 1705: 1213: 979: 345: 8571: 5728: 4550: 3936: 3326: 1857:, who had set up the Humanitarian League to lobby for a ban on hunting the year before, published 1497:

They decided to form a "Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals"; the

8720: 8491: 8395: 8208: 8184: 8061: 7940: 7895: 7790: 7677: 7486: 6162: 6080: 3683: 3077:"Removal of the Ban on Meat: The Meat-Eating Culture of Japan at the Beginning of Westernization" 2603: 2371:

movement, calling it the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). ALF activists see themselves as a modern

2354: 1168: 5707: 5107: 5015: 3225: 3219: 1898: 8748: 8693: 8240: 7815: 7775: 7729: 7647: 7602: 7471: 7124: 7109: 6763: 6340: 5959: 5907: 4958: 2273:

took the unusual step of commissioning a book from Singer on the subject, published in 1975 as

2124:

In the early 1960s in England, support for animal rights began to coalesce around the issue of

1771: 1185: 948: 543:, the doctrine of non-violence. The earliest reference to the idea of non-violence to animals ( 117: 102: 29: 4822: 3594: 2166:

The same period saw writers and academics begin to speak out again in favor of animal rights.

2109: 8499: 8320: 8280: 8192: 8152: 8073: 8067: 7880: 7164: 7064: 7029: 6615: 6514: 6423: 6262: 6152: 6117: 5888: 5824:

A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

5647: 4405:. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals: 6–31. 3497: 3250: 2395: 2368: 1779: 1548: 1204:: "The time will come, when humanity will extend its mantle over every thing which breathes." 1163: 1147: 1064: 1060: 1038: 734: 216: 179: 174: 18:

This article is about the history of animal rights. For the philosophy of animal rights, see

7149: 2552:, and followed by several countries in Europe, Scandinavia, the Middle East, and Singapore. 1616:, and that fails to recognize the eternal essence that exists in every living thing ... 859:(c. 580–c. 500 BCE) urged respect for animals, believing that human and nonhuman souls were 8523: 8328: 8256: 8007: 7950: 7820: 7672: 7657: 7531: 7431: 7386: 7239: 6461: 6302: 6070: 6050: 5554: 4101: 3481:. Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. 2451: 2372: 1910: 1902: 1629:(1792–1822) wrote two essays advocating a vegetarian diet, for ethical and health reasons: 1626: 1143: 868: 297: 47: 7391: 5695: 4300: 2217:

experiments on animals; it was in one of these pamphlets in 1970 that he coined the term "

2174:(1964), an influential critique of factory farming, and on October 10, 1965, the novelist 897:(c. 371 – c. 287 BCE), one of Aristotle's pupils, argued that animals also had reasoning ( 8: 8617: 8564: 7981: 7592: 7204: 7199: 7079: 7054: 6773: 6630: 6519: 6413: 6408: 5703: 5691: 5679: 5387: 2815: 2643: 2498: 2305: 1850: 1838: 1798: 1748: 1710: 1584: 1576: 1535: 1487: 1475: 1420: 1399: 1034: 934: 803: 769: 750: 640: 617: 134: 1208:

Four years later, one of the founders of modern utilitarianism, the English philosopher

8578: 8515: 8336: 8168: 8160: 8037: 8013: 7925: 7551: 6958: 6451: 6403: 6393: 6204: 6112: 4926: 4758: 3456: 3191: 2927: 2709: 2288:

The book's publication triggered a groundswell of scholarly interest in animal rights.

2104: 1723: 1059:(1641) informed attitudes about animals well into the 20th century. Writing during the 727: 534: 240: 82: 8631: 5438:"The 'Smooth Cool Men of Science': The Feminist and Socialist Response to Vivisection" 5245:"Judge Recognizes Two Chimpanzees as Legal Persons, Grants them Writ of Habeas Corpus" 228: 8701: 8475: 8435: 8387: 8379: 8264: 8031: 7930: 7905: 7870: 7627: 7617: 7526: 7466: 7381: 6968: 6833: 6808: 6798: 6778: 6504: 6388: 6297: 6132: 5659: 5598: 5519: 5478: 5395: 5378: 5361: 5340: 5319: 4913: 4828: 4762: 4750: 4584: 4245: 4212: 4081: 3817: 3687: 3390: 3365: 3330: 3290: 3256: 3229: 3198: 3166: 3046: 3011: 2990: 2963: 2900: 2874: 2848: 2819: 2789: 2763: 2736: 2695: 2670: 2542: 1922: 1714: 1502: 1013: 784: 730:

promoted ahimsa and compassion, emphasizing on non-killing and meatless way of life.

668: 629: 609: 530: 97: 5487:

Leneman, Leah (1999). "No Animal Food: The Road to Veganism in Britain, 1909–1944,"

2012: 2007:, a German satirical magazine, on September 3, 1933, showing lab animals giving the 1865:

had been made grudgingly to date, he wrote, with an eye on the interests of animals

1516:(1783/4–1865), one of the men who attended the first meeting of the SPCA, published 1050: 8645: 8371: 7920: 7587: 7491: 7451: 7441: 7371: 7234: 7174: 7129: 7094: 6953: 6893: 6667: 6625: 6585: 6555: 6545: 6540: 6479: 6282: 6045: 6014: 5669: 5275:"That's One Small Step for a Judge, One Giant Leap for the Nonhuman Rights Project" 5159: 4824:

Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics

4789: 4785: 4742: 4406: 3322: 3317:

Paramtattvadas, Sadhu; Williams, Raymond Brady; Amrutvijaydas, Sadhu (April 2016).

2580: 2338: 2289: 2133: 2069: 2037: 1893: 1821: 1674: 1527: 1506: 1479: 1416: 1116: 1005: 975: 922: 742: 722:

rituals. Swaminarayan was successful in reinstating ahimsa, performing non-violent

691: 587: 340: 164: 6998: 6843: 4694: 2583:, arguing that the whales were being treated as slaves. It was the first time the 8459: 7567: 7521: 7516: 7366: 7331: 7316: 7254: 7144: 7089: 7069: 7008: 6918: 6828: 6768: 6743: 6398: 6272: 5792: 5102: 4473: 4454: 4369: 4343: 4108: 4073: 3603: 3284: 2957: 2894: 2868: 2842: 2809: 2783: 2757: 2424: 2420: 2387: 2065: 1918: 1647: 1543: 1432: 1369: 1302: 1009: 902: 843: 687: 245: 5775:(2004). "Ethics Beyond Species and Beyond Instincts," in Sunstein and Nussbaum, 1925:

of the National Anti-Vivisection Society accused Bayliss of having violated the

1770:

An early proposal for legal rights for animals came from a group of citizens in

8403: 8200: 7800: 7702: 7632: 7622: 7546: 7476: 7461: 7401: 7326: 7301: 7249: 7194: 7154: 7059: 7049: 7024: 6938: 6868: 6793: 6733: 6605: 6535: 6380: 6355: 6312: 6287: 6277: 6252: 6212: 6167: 6075: 5884: 5574: 5463: 5311: 4746: 4479:

Singer (1990), p. 37, citing the US Congress Office of Technology Assessment's

4410: 3565: 2380: 2016: 2003: 1966: 1959: 1936: 1806: 1759: 1700: 1689: 1554: 1513: 1428: 1278: 1261: 1209: 1201: 1104: 989: 647:(304–232 BCE) issued orders against hunting and animal slaughter, in line with 591: 382: 312: 272: 129: 62: 5652: 4776:

Wood, Robert T. (1999). "Nailed to the X: A Lyrical History of Straightedge".

2383:

puts it, "Thinkers may prepare revolutions, but bandits must carry them out."

1915:

The Shambles of Science: Extracts from the Diary of Two Students of Physiology

590:(which affects one's rebirth, future well-being, and suffering). According to 8767: 8677: 7795: 7662: 7637: 7572: 7541: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7481: 7361: 7336: 7306: 7209: 7179: 7034: 6988: 6983: 6948: 6943: 6898: 6883: 6863: 6838: 6803: 6783: 6748: 6651: 6484: 6227: 6187: 6085: 6055: 5930: 5822:(1792). "A Vindication of the Rights of Brutes," in Craciun, Adriana (2002). 5608: 5564: 5411: 5370: 5349: 5328: 4754: 4466: 4232: 3835:, see the Preamble pp 6-7, other theological allusions pp 3, 8-9, 25 & 26 3675: 2607: 2560: 2431: 2428: 2297: 2245: 2197: 2175: 2167: 2141: 2028: 1978: 1974: 1696: 1596: 1471: 1424: 1226: 1124: 1068: 1021: 998: 944: 860: 663: 490: 430: 422: 335: 92: 37: 19: 7446: 4442:"Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals, Great Britain, 2005" 1692:

wrote in 1837: "Do not slave holders wish to make the black man other kind?"

1501:, as it became known. It determined to send men to inspect slaughterhouses, 825: 7855: 7697: 7687: 7536: 7511: 7416: 7411: 7396: 7356: 7346: 7219: 7139: 7134: 7114: 7104: 7099: 7039: 6978: 6973: 6923: 6913: 6903: 6813: 6738: 6595: 6550: 6509: 6471: 6456: 6418: 6237: 6217: 6137: 5802: 5782: 5772: 5758: 5748: 5738: 5724: 5528:

Molland, Neil (2004). "Thirty Years of Direct Action" in Best and Nocella,

5511: 5353: 4818: 4805:""Nailing Descartes to the Wall": Animal Rights, Veganism and Punk Culture" 4144: 2507: 2435: 2313: 2249: 2188: 2117: 2045: 1854: 1361: 1347: 1290: 1269: 1265: 1029: 1025: 1017: 894: 848: 703: 559: 377: 352: 250: 221: 4939: 3427:

Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909. vol. 20 p. 291. Accessed 2 October 2014.

753:, all of these practices ran contrary to good sense and the wisdom of the 547:), apparently in a moral sense, is in the Kapisthala Katha Samhita of the 8419: 7865: 7692: 7682: 7667: 7607: 7436: 7341: 7311: 7286: 7224: 7214: 7003: 6888: 6873: 6858: 6823: 6818: 6788: 6758: 6753: 6565: 6499: 6370: 6345: 6242: 6147: 6142: 5859: 5847: 5836: 5588: 5578: 5332: 4476:, Public Monument and Sculpture Association's National Recording Project. 3793:

Speeches in Parliament, of the Right Honourable William Windham. Volume I

2838: 2649: 2475: 2456: 2324:(1979), which included the papers delivered to the Cambridge conference. 2125: 2061: 2008: 1825: 1790: 1732: 1427:

Esqr., Revd. A Broome, Revd. G Bonner, Revd G A Hatch, A E Kendal Esqr.,

1381:, outlawing cockfighting, baiting, and dog fighting, followed by another 1173: 1151: 1108: 773: 746: 715: 621: 586:

covers all living beings, and injuring any being in any form creates bad

563: 478: 267: 206: 5762: 5583:

Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals

3809: 1599:

idea that animal cruelty is wrong only insofar as it brutalizes humans:

787:

issued a ban on the use of live animals in education and much research.

8531: 8049: 7760: 7652: 7597: 7577: 7426: 7421: 7406: 7376: 7351: 7291: 7169: 7084: 7044: 6878: 6848: 6182: 6172: 6065: 5494: 5468:

The Old Brown Dog: Women, Workers, and Vivisection in Edwardian England

5437: 5433: 5423: 5406:

Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans

4560: 4266: 2526: 2503: 2439: 2360: 2224:

Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans

2218: 2129: 2113: 2024: 1940: 1093: 1071:. Mind, for Descartes, was a thing apart from the physical universe, a 856: 738: 603: 526: 521:

The belief in and promotion of animal rights has had a long history in

317: 211: 189: 1660:

About the necessity for free-range rather than caged hens, she wrote:

1328: 1281:, one of the rural sports campaigners sought to ban from 1800 onwards. 8624: 8483: 8079: 7850: 7456: 7321: 7296: 7184: 6963: 6908: 6560: 6360: 6267: 6247: 6222: 6157: 5714: 5637: 5625: 4901:

https://www.sog.unc.edu/blogs/nc-criminal-law/legal-status-bestiality

2576: 2556: 2534: 2417: 2328: 2206: 2032: 1744: 1739: 1539: 1177: 1082: 1076: 864: 829: 777: 683: 633: 548: 522: 362: 307: 3807:

Cruelty to Animals: The Speech of Lord Erskine in the House of Peers

2762:, vol. XII, The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2244:

In 1970, over lunch in Oxford with fellow student Richard Keshen, a

1997: 1762:, one of the first English women to graduate in medicine, published 578:, is best remembered in the Indian traditions for his teaching that 7259: 6177: 6127: 5373:(2011b). "Rights Theory and Animal Rights," in Beauchamp and Frey, 3917:

For the Love of Animals: The Rise of the Animal Protection Movement

3316: 2568: 2541:, except in self-defense, based upon the rights recommended by the 1952: 1755: 1609: 1494:(1792–1861), who had been an MP, and who became one again in 1826. 1392: 1049:

The great influence of the 17th century was the French philosopher

908: 795: 575: 510: 357: 194: 184: 87: 5852:

The Specter of Speciesism: Buddhist and Christian Views of Animals

5831:

The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany

3255:. Vol. Hinduism in Great Britain. Routledge. pp. 67–70. 1274: 726:(fire sacrifices) on a large scale. Through the mid-19th century, 505: 6489: 6443: 6102: 5404:

Godlovitch, Roslind; Godlovitch Stanley; and Harris John (1971).

3795:. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown (1812), pp. 303, 340–356. 3109:"'Prevent sacrificing thousands of animals at Kakkeri fair-seer'" 2549: 2530: 2522: 1613: 993: 917: 567: 302: 5899: 5428:

Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800

5128:(in Catalan). Congreso de los Diputados. 23 May 2008. p. 22 2256:. In the review, he used the term "animal liberation", writing: 2205:, now known as the Oxford Group. They decided to put together a 1342:

In 1821, the Treatment of Horses bill was introduced by Colonel

814: 486: 6040: 5942: 5719:

Animals in the Third Reich: Pets, Scapegoats, and the Holocaust

2639: 2471: 1231: 761: 719: 711: 707: 679: 675: 644: 571: 539: 470: 5753:

Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement

4481:

Alternatives to Animal Use in Research, Testing, and Education

2694:. London. pp. 2–3 (English translation: Schmidt p. 631). 2545:. The committee's proposal has not yet been enacted into law. 8118: 6704: 5593:

The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to PETA

4173:"The ASPCA–Pioneers in Animal Welfare - Advocacy for Animals" 2525:. The parliamentary Environment Committee recommended giving 2519: 2212:

Around the same time, Richard Ryder wrote several letters to

1958:

as evidence of the existence of a group that sought to avoid

1498: 921:, traditionally ascribed to Plutarch, advances arguments for 799: 765: 754: 723: 655: 514: 498: 4723:, EMBO Reports, Volume 15, Issue 6, pages 625–630, June 2014 3902:, 17 February 1821, p 3. Similarly see "Cruelty to Animals" 3898:

Vol. 51 April 1, 1821, p 3."The Brute Species". "Notice" in

2201:

Godlovitch (husband and wife from Canada), John Harris, and

1785:

The first animal protection group in the United States, the

1353:

An Act to prevent the cruel and improper Treatment of Cattle

7890: 5814:

Animals and Ethics: An Overview of the Philosophical Debate

4125:

Rachels (2009), pp. 124–126; Beauchamp (2009), pp. 248–249.

2572: 2564: 2399: 1252: 1012:(1599–1658), which lasted from 1653 to 1659, following the 791: 5697:

Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress

4563:, letter from David Rosinger and reply from Peter Singer, 2811:

Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence

2348: 1859:

Animals' Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress

5197:"California: Suit That Called Whales Slaves Is Dismissed" 3319:

Swaminarayan and British Contacts in Gujarat in the 1820s

3045:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 80–82. 2538: 2482:, and was followed by other leading cosmetics companies. 1887: 1787:

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

969: 659: 494: 6621:

University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid

5674:

Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism

5124:[IX Legislature: Series D: General 161/000099]. 4657:

Molland (2004), pp. 70–74; Monaghan (2000), pp. 160–161.

4392:"Understanding Nazi Animal Protection and the Holocaust" 4209:

Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism

2959:

The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India

1138: 5569:

The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics

4324:

Lansbury (1985), pp. 152–169; Kean (1998), pp. 142–143.

3452:"Govt bans use of live animals for education, research" 1882: 1650:(1836–1865) the English reporter, editor and author of 4068: 4066: 3812:

Italics in original speech. Also see John Hostettler,

3059: 2585:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

2178:

had an article, "The Rights of Animals", published in

2027:

passed a comprehensive set of animal protection laws.

1465:

Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

682:

or non-violence and vehemently condemned all forms of

8145:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

5620:

The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology

5054:"Spanish parliament approves 'human rights' for apes" 4432:

Proctor (1999), pp. 135–137; Sax (2000), pp. 35, 114.

3816:(Hook, Hampshire: Waterside Press, 2010) pp 197-199. 3785: 3783: 3606:, translated by Thomas Taylor, Animal Rights Library. 2782:

Jain, Hiralal; Jain, Dharmachandra (1 January 2002),

2050:

Im neuen Reich darf es keine Tierquälerei mehr geben.

1946: 1519:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

1377:

extended the reach of the 1822 Act, which became the

836:), and placed humans at the top of the natural world. 473:, Chinese pilgrim to India (4th/5th century CE), 5160:"Catalonia bans bullfighting in landmark Spain vote" 4959:"Activists pursue basic legal rights for great apes" 4940:"It's official: In Austria, a chimp is not a person" 4376:"History of Vegetarianism: The Origin of Some Words" 3906:, Vol. VIII New Series No. XLIII (April 1821), p 33. 3310: 3221:

Patrick Geddes: social evolutionist and city planner

2732:

You are, therefore I am: A declaration of dependence

964: 863:

from human to animal, and vice versa. Against this,

5179:"PETA's bid to free SeaWorld orcas may not get far" 4063: 3919:(New York: Henry Holt, 2008), 268; Arthur W. Moss, 3763:

Bentham (1789), quoted in Garner (2005), pp. 12—13.

2896:

Contemporary Approaches to Value Education in India

2416:In the 1980s, animal rights became associated with 2230: 5555:"Beastly Agendas: An Interview with Kathleen Kete" 4732: 4467:"Monument to the Little Brown Dog, Battersea Park" 3780: 3282: 3190: 3009: 2294:Victims of Science: The Use of Animals in Research 1740:American SPCA, Frances Power Cobbe, Anna Kingsford 1083:Treatment of animals as man's duty towards himself 776:wrote that other courts in India and one court in 702:Between late 18th century and early 19th century, 4372:, International Vegetarian Union, March 16, 2011. 4134:Darwin (1837), quoted in Redclift (2010), p. 199. 3995: 3993: 3733:Rousseau (1754), quoted in Midgley (1984), p. 62. 3437: 3435: 3433: 2265:is a manifesto for an Animal Liberation movement. 2044:, or animal protection law, was introduced, with 1751:founded two of the first anti-vivisection groups. 1546:(1862–1916), an American zoologist and author of 1293:, introduced in April 1800 by a Scottish MP, Sir 1016:. Cromwell disliked blood sports, which included 802:became the first city in the world to be legally 551:(KapS 31.11), written about the 8th century BCE. 8765: 6000:List of international animal welfare conventions 5337:Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare 4589:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4378:, International Vegetarian Union, April 6, 2010. 4059:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144, 338. 3867:Bullfighting: Art, Technique and Spanish Society 3165:. Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale. p. 8889. 3043:The Naladiyar or Four Hundred Quatrains in Tamil 2989:. New Delhi: Penguin Random House. p. 264. 2466:Spira's first campaign was in opposition to the 2405: 2343:Keyguide to Information Sources in Animal Rights 2155: 1499:Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 1393:Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 1212:(1748–1832), although opposed to the concept of 706:brought a revival of central Hindu practices of 8297:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory 5215:"Press Release re. NhRP Lawsuit, Dec. 2nd 2013" 4704: 4546: 4544: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4005:. This edition Hackett Publishing, 1998, p. 96. 3931: 3929: 3249:Barrot, Rohit (1987). Burghart, Richard (ed.). 3184: 3182: 3154: 2094: 7728: 5548:Encyclopædia Britannica's Advocacy for Animals 5352:(2011a). "Introduction," in Tom Beauchamp and 4244:The Selected Writings of Friedrich Nietzsche. 4121: 4119: 4117: 3990: 3833:Cruelty to Animals: The Speech of Lord Erskine 3661: 3659: 3430: 3276: 3242: 2594: 2445: 1815:British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection 5915: 5877:Williams, Erin E. and DeMello, Margo (2007). 5122:"IX Legislatura: Serie D: General 161/000099" 5035:"Spanish parliament to extend rights to apes" 4997: 4995: 4975: 4802: 4653: 4651: 4457:, Nuffield Council on Bioethics, section 1.6. 4072: 4013: 4011: 3631: 3629: 3623:. Dublin, 1786, cited in Ryder (2000), p. 49. 2485: 1314:The animals themselves are without protection 815:Moral status and animals in the ancient world 643:built hospitals for animals, and the emperor 402: 6005:Moral status of animals in the ancient world 5331:(2009). "The Moral Standing of Animals", in 4541: 4509: 4332: 4330: 4311: 4309: 3926: 3852: 3850: 3518:Steiner (2005), p. 47; Taylor (2009), p. 37. 3474: 3409: 3384: 3179: 1087: 821:Moral status of animals in the ancient world 582:is the supreme moral virtue. He taught that 429:(or more broadly, animal protection) in the 7972:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society 7916:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 5943:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases) 5872:The Earliest New England Code of Laws, 1641 5721:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 5577:(2004). "The ALF: Who, Why, and What?", in 5051: 4502: 4500: 4114: 4044:. The Project Gutenberg, 2011. p. 477. 3656: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3321:. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–93. 2618:order denying Hercules and Leo's petition. 2461:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 2327:From 1982 onwards, a series of articles by 2056:, prohibiting hunting; in July 1935 by the 1568:Arthur Schopenhauer's view on animal rights 1092:Against Descartes, the British philosopher 5922: 5908: 5864:Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know 4992: 4874:Also see Singer (1998), and Singer (2003). 4648: 4572:. Archived from the original on 2010-02-24 4448:"The Ethics of research involving animals" 4383: 4231:Animal Rights: A Historical Anthology. By 4008: 3877: 3875: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3668: 3626: 3353:. Archived from the original on 2011-01-07 2714:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2662: 517:is the world's first vegetarian-only city. 409: 395: 8119:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums) 8056:Human Environment Animal Protection Party 5755:. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 5685:A Plea for Vegetarianism and other essays 4976:Albertsdottir, Ellen (February 5, 2010). 4389: 4327: 4306: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 3921:Valiant Crusade: The History of the RSPCA 3847: 3674: 3327:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199463749.003.0005 3289:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 269. 2656: 2480:Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing 2075: 1869:property, rather than as rights bearers: 1653:Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management 1111:writes that the argument can be found at 982:. The colony's constitution was based on 594:, Mahavira was the greatest authority on 493:began bans on killing and eating meat in 8177:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology 6429:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals 5553:Najafi, Sina and Kete, Kathleen (2001). 5473:Legge, Debbi and Brooman, Simon (1997). 4497: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4054: 4039: 3963: 3745: 3718: 3521: 3485: 3188: 2955: 2781: 2692:Ahimsa. Non-Violence in Indian Tradition 2689: 2563:, the first such ban in Spain. In 2011, 2390:. Activist groups involved included the 2318:Beast And Man: The Roots of Human Nature 2209:to discuss the theory of animal rights. 2108: 2023:On coming to power in January 1933, the 1996: 1897: 1754: 1743: 1684: 1571: 1327: 1273: 1196: 1158: 1142: 824: 674:The 12th-century Indian social reformer 504: 485: 6020:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare 5126:Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Generales 5032: 5016:"When Human Rights Extend to Nonhumans" 4956: 4863:Feder, Barnaby J. (November 26, 1889). 4599: 4349: 3981: 3942: 3872: 3869:. Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 211. 3838: 3766: 3757: 3563: 3136:"Basavanna: India's first free thinker" 3133: 2982: 2759:Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian 2349:Founding of the Animal Liberation Front 1620: 1530:at the University of Oxford, argued in 1229:of the skin, or the termination of the 1172:(1754) for the inclusion of animals in 1150:argued for the inclusion of animals in 8766: 6097:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness 5858: 5846: 5611:(2009). "Darwin, Charles," in Bekoff, 5544:"The ASPCA–Pioneers in Animal Welfare" 5417:Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals 5225:from the original on December 22, 2015 5077: 5013: 5001: 4857: 4811: 4803:Tilbürger, Len; Kale, Chris P (2014). 4567:, Volume 20, Number 10, June 14, 1973. 4363:"Gandhi—and the launching of veganism" 4193: 3724:Kant (1785), part II, paras 16 and 17. 3638: 3248: 3217: 3018:. International Vegetarian Union (IVU) 2866: 2837: 2755: 2638: 2302:Animal Rights: A Christian Perspective 2048:announcing an end to animal cruelty: " 1888:Brown Dog Affair, Lizzy Lind af Hageby 1832: 1561: 970:Early animal protection laws in Europe 8313:Political Animals and Animal Politics 8117: 7901:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition 7826:Centre for Animals and Social Justice 7727: 6703: 6233:Concentrated animal feeding operation 6010:Timeline of animal welfare and rights 5965:Animal rights by country or territory 5941: 5903: 5447: 5203:. Associated Press. February 8, 2012. 5176: 5146: 4946:. Associated Press. January 15, 2008. 4289: 4206: 3647: 3389:. Chennai: Unique Media Integrators. 3252:Caste and sect in Swaminaran Movement 3211: 3193:Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism 3160: 3106: 2892: 2807: 2728: 1774:. Around 1844, the group proposed an 1139:18th century: Centrality of sentience 8044:Animalist Party with the Environment 6326:Animal testing on non-human primates 5358:The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics 4854:Francione and Garner (2010), p. 1ff. 4817: 4775: 4463:, National Anti-Vivisection Society. 3810:(London: Richard Phillips, 1809) p 2 3412:திருக்குறளிலே கலைபற்றிக் கூறாததேன்? 3074: 3040: 2962:. BRILL Academic. pp. 156–157. 2924:Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences 2555:In 2010, the regional government in 1883:20th century: Animal rights movement 1041:was returned to the throne in 1660. 628:) as personal virtues. According to 8468:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home 6673:World Day for the End of Speciesism 5267: 5237: 5207: 5014:McNeil, Donald G. (July 13, 2008). 4444:, Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 4390:Arluke, Arnold; Sax, Boria (1992). 4252:Wilder Publications April 21, 2008. 3570:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3547:"Plutarch • Life of Cato the Elder" 3016:15th World Vegetarian Congress 1957 3012:"Vegetarianism in Tamil Literature" 2912: 2844:Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature 1984: 1797:In 1875, the Irish social reformer 1669: 1370:Jacques Philippe Delmas de Grammont 1079:, with no souls, minds, or reason. 832:argued that animals lacked reason ( 13: 8593:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 7936:United Activists for Animal Rights 7846:Doctors Against Animal Experiments 5980:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies 5499:Some Thoughts Concerning Education 5444:, No. 40 (Autumn), pp. 16–38. 5052:Glendinning, Lee (July 18, 2008). 4957:Stinson, Jeffrey (July 15, 2008). 4637:"A little respect for our friends" 4614:Singer (1990), p. 269, footnote 4. 4057:Parerga & Paralipomena Vol. II 3680:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy 3665:Midgley, Mary (May 24, 1999-2000). 3107:Uppar, Ravindra (8 October 2016). 3010:Meenakshi Sundaram, T. P. (1957). 2468:American Museum of Natural History 1947:Development of mainstream veganism 1776:amendment to the U.S. Constitution 1642: 1098:Some Thoughts Concerning Education 959:On Abstinence from Killing Animals 855:The philosopher and mathematician 529:. It has its roots in traditional 14: 8785: 8137:On Abstinence from Eating Animals 8097:Animal Rights National Conference 8020:Animal Protection Party of Canada 7977:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society 7831:Chinese Animal Protection Network 7756:American Anti-Vivisection Society 7230:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann 5985:Animal rights in Indian religions 5975:Animal rights and punk subculture 5929: 5809:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 5666:. University of California Press. 5634:. University of California Press. 5098:"In Spain, Human rights for Apes" 5033:Roberts, Martin (June 25, 2008). 4980:[Today's Animal Rights]. 3609:Also see Clark (2011), pp. 37–38. 3351:""The Hindu" article on Vallalār" 2785:Jaina Tradition in Indian Thought 2412:Animal rights and punk subculture 2120:protesting for animal liberation. 1803:National Anti-Vivisection Society 1766:(1881), advocating vegetarianism. 1680: 1192: 1044: 965:17th century: Animals as automata 8744: 8743: 8305:Animal Rights Without Liberation 7956:Voice for Animals Humane Society 6683:World Day for the End of Fishing 6678:World Day for Laboratory Animals 6108:Equal consideration of interests 5571:. University of Wisconsin Press. 5470:. University of Wisconsin Press. 5189: 5177:Perry, Tony (February 7, 2011). 5170: 5152: 5140: 5114: 5090: 5071: 5045: 5026: 5007: 4969: 4950: 4932: 4919: 4906: 4893: 4879: 4848: 4796: 4769: 4726: 4713: 4687: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4042:The World as Will and Idea Vol.I 3881:Legge and Brooman (1997), p. 50. 3844:Legge and Brooman (1997), p. 41. 3814:Thomas Erskine and Trial By Jury 3777:Legge and Brooman (1997), p. 40. 3414:. Chennai: Poonkodi Padhippagam. 3218:Meller, Helen Elizabeth (1994). 2934:from the original on 16 May 2018 2729:Kumar, Satish (September 2002). 2279:equal consideration of interests 1853:(1851–1939), a former master at 1805:. In 1880, the English feminist 1103:Locke's position echoed that of 992:(1578–1652), an English lawyer, 651:, the doctrine of non-violence. 376: 46: 8026:Animal Justice Party of Finland 7911:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics 7120:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause 6708:(academics, writers, activists) 6601:Monkey selfie copyright dispute 5644:. University of Illinois Press. 5518:. University of Georgia Press. 5301: 5106:. July 18, 2008. Archived from 5078:Singer, Peter (July 18, 2008). 4532: 4523: 4488: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4318: 4280: 4255: 4238: 4225: 4179: 4165: 4137: 4128: 4094: 4048: 4033: 3948:Legge and Brooman 1997, p. 47. 3909: 3894:, 6 March 1821 p 288. Also see 3884: 3859: 3826: 3800: 3736: 3727: 3709: 3700: 3614: 3584: 3557: 3539: 3530: 3512: 3503: 3468: 3444: 3418: 3403: 3378: 3343: 3127: 3100: 3068: 3034: 3003: 2976: 2949: 2886: 2645:A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms 2269:On the strength of his review, 1637:On the Vegetable System of Diet 1625:The English poet and dramatist 1323: 847:1:26 (5th or 6th century BCE), 475:A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms 8249:Animals, Property, and the Law 6321:Alternatives to animal testing 5990:Christianity and animal rights 5799:. University of Cornell Press. 4790:10.1080/13676261.1999.10593032 4185:Rudacille (2000), pp. 31, 46. 3596:On Abstinence from Animal Food 3197:. Cambridge University Press. 2873:, Concept Publishing Company, 2860: 2831: 2801: 2775: 2749: 2722: 2683: 2632: 2513:European Court of Human Rights 1993:Animal welfare in Nazi Germany 1183:In his treatise on education, 954:On Abstinence from Animal Food 809: 554: 460:Vegetarianism in ancient India 452: 1: 7886:Korea Animal Rights Advocates 6591:Cambridge University primates 6123:Ethics of uncertain sentience 5833:. Cambridge University Press. 5797:Animal Minds and Human Morals 5789:. Cambridge University Press. 5664:The Scalpel and the Butterfly 5618:Redclift, Michael R. (2010). 5605:. Princeton University Press. 4211:. New York: Berg Publishers. 3952:"The Legacy of Humanity Dick" 3134:Lankesh, Gauri (9 May 2016). 2920:"Great Men's view on Jainism" 2625: 2406:Subcultures and animal rights 2296:(1975) appeared, followed by 2156:Formation of the Oxford group 2146:Devon and Somerset Staghounds 2128:, particularly hunting deer, 1844: 1632:A Vindication of Natural Diet 728:'Vallalar' Ramalinga Swamigal 697: 537:beliefs and concepts such as 7946:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics 6091:Argument from marginal cases 5767:The New York Review of Books 5733:The New York Review of Books 5450:Globalization and Animal Law 5281:. 2015-08-04. Archived from 5251:. 2015-04-20. Archived from 4984:(in Swedish). Archived from 4565:The New York Review of Books 4529:Waldau (2001), pp. 5, 23–29. 3923:(London: Cassell, 1961), 22. 3590:Beauchamp (2011a), pp. 4–5. 3475:van Popering, Ruben (2015). 2788:, Sharada Publishing House, 2271:The New York Review of Books 2254:The New York Review of Books 2162:Oxford Group (animal rights) 2095:Development of direct action 1921:, and his colleagues. After 1778:stating that if slaves from 1338:wikisource:Martin's Act 1822 1297:(1729–1805). It was opposed 927:On the Cleverness of Animals 780:have used similar language. 7: 8233:Morals, Reason, and Animals 7861:Farm Animal Rights Movement 7811:Anonymous for the Voiceless 6495:International primate trade 5970:Anarchism and animal rights 5581:and Anthony Nocella. (eds). 5516:Animals and Why They Matter 5460:. Indiana University Press. 5452:. Kluwer Law International. 5394:. Oxford University Press. 5392:The Moral Status of Animals 5360:. Oxford University Press. 5279:The Nonhuman Rights Project 5249:The Nonhuman Rights Project 5219:The Nonhuman Rights Project 4675:Singer (1998), pp. 151–152. 4358:Phelps (2007), pp. 163–165. 4080:. Independently Published. 3958:magazine, January 26, 1970. 3283:David Gordon White (2001). 3142:. Bangalore: IndiaTimes.com 3115:. Belagavi: The Times Group 3041:Pope, George Uglow (1997). 2571:over the captivity of five 2446:Animal Rights International 2310:The Moral Status of Animals 2138:League Against Cruel Sports 1927:Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 1709:(1859)—which presented the 1379:Cruelty to Animals Act 1835 1316:--the law regards them not 1253:19th century: Emergence of 760:In 2000, the High Court in 749:. According to its founder 632:, verses 121 to 123 of the 10: 8790: 8353:Making a Stand for Animals 8225:The Case for Animal Rights 7876:Hunt Saboteurs Association 7836:Cruelty Free International 7806:Anti-Vivisection Coalition 6331:Animal testing regulations 5874:. A. Lovell & Company. 5866:. Oxford University Press. 5854:. Oxford University Press. 5709:The logic of vegetarianism 5631:The Case for Animal Rights 5622:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 4747:10.1177/009145090202900209 4735:Contemporary Drug Problems 4556:Singer (1990), pp. xiv–xv. 4411:10.2752/089279392787011638 4265:. sciy.org. Archived from 4207:Ryder, Richard D. (2000). 4076:; Andrews, Teresa (2019). 3937:"The History of the RSPCA" 3789:Phelps (2007), pp. 96–98. 3496:Sorabji (1993), p. 12ff.; 3387:வள்ளுவம் வாழ்ந்த வள்ளலார் 3189:Williams, Raymond (2001). 2983:Krishna, Nanditha (2017). 2756:George, Vensus A. (2008), 2559:passed a motion to outlaw 2486:21st century: developments 2449: 2409: 2352: 2334:The Case for Animal Rights 2237: 2159: 2101:Hunt Saboteurs Association 2098: 2079: 1990: 1950: 1891: 1565: 1462: 1360:when he had Bill Burns, a 1335: 1259: 1096:(1632–1704) commented, in 818: 794:pilgrimage destination of 17: 8739: 8712: 8659: 8609: 8549: 8542: 8508:The Ghosts in Our Machine 8363: 8345:Animal Ethics in the Wild 8128: 8124: 8113: 8089: 8000: 7964: 7781:Animal Legal Defense Fund 7748: 7741: 7737: 7723: 7560: 7279: 7272: 7075:William Hamilton Drummond 7017: 6726: 6717: 6713: 6699: 6660: 6639: 6578: 6528: 6470: 6442: 6434:Welfare of farmed insects 6379: 6311: 6203: 6196: 6061:Animal–industrial complex 6028: 5952: 5948: 5937: 5829:Uekoetter, Frank (2006). 5763:"Animal liberation at 30" 5448:Kelch, Thomas G. (2011). 4827:. PM Press. p. 137. 4721:"Standing Up for Science" 4472:December 6, 2008, at the 4461:"The history of the NAVS" 4150:National Archives Catalog 4017:Phelps 2007, p. 153–154. 3742:Bentham (1781), Part III. 3410:M. P. Sivagnanam (1974). 3385:N. V. Subbaraman (2015). 3370:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3065:Garner (2005), pp. 21–22. 2944:Jainism Literature Center 2867:Pandey, Janardan (1998), 2434:in the United States and 2322:Animal Rights–A Symposium 2283:Oxford English Dictionary 2248:, Australian philosopher 2082:Animal–industrial complex 2001:This cartoon appeared in 1981:on November 1 that year. 1905:(centre, seated) in 1913. 1837:Avoiding utilitarianism, 1526:(1849–1912), head of the 1088:John Locke, Immanuel Kant 911:(1st century CE), in his 160:Animal–industrial complex 8774:History of animal rights 8586:Journal of Animal Ethics 8452:Your Mommy Kills Animals 7841:Direct Action Everywhere 7245:Johann Heinrich Winckler 7190:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers 6647:Direct Action Everywhere 6351:Huntingdon Life Sciences 6336:Labcorp Drug Development 6293:Feedback (pork industry) 6258:Intensive animal farming 5995:History of animal rights 5870:Ward, Nathaniel (1896). 5769:, vol 50, no. 8, May 15. 5745:. New York Review Books. 5508:. Two Sevens Publishing. 5477:. Cavendish Publishing. 5442:History Workshop Journal 4778:Journal of Youth Studies 4710:Newkirk (2004), p. 341./ 4002:On the Basis of Morality 3856:Phelps 2007, pp. 98–100. 3536:Sorabji (1993) p. 45 ff. 3509:Francione (1995), p. 36. 3163:Encyclopedia of Religion 2956:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). 2899:, Regency Publications, 2359:In 1971, a law student, 2240:Animal Liberation (book) 2015:, after restrictions on 1971:A Plea for Vegetarianism 1789:(ASPCA), was founded by 1706:On the Origin of Species 1406:Esqr, MP, in the Chair, 1372:succeeded in having the 1350:on June 22 that year as 980:Massachusetts Bay Colony 951:(234–c. 305 CE), in his 427:history of animal rights 423:moral rights for animals 8721:Holocaust on your Plate 8492:An Apology to Elephants 8273:Do Animals Have Rights? 8209:Animals, Men and Morals 8185:Better-World Philosophy 8062:Italian Animalist Party 7941:United Poultry Concerns 7896:Last Chance for Animals 7791:Animal Liberation Front 7678:Maud Ingersoll Probasco 6163:Replaceability argument 6081:Animal-free agriculture 5893:Encyclopædia Britannica 5653:Discourse on Inequality 5642:Defending Animal Rights 5537:The Future of Terrorism 5475:Law Relating to Animals 5316:Principles of Penal Law 5080:"Of great apes and men" 4912:Scalia, J. Dissenting, 4887:"Stopping Crush Videos" 4699:Congressional Quarterly 4666:Best (2004), pp. 23–24. 4506:Ryder (2000), p. 167ff. 4188:Also see Vyvyan (1969). 3684:Oxford University Press 3161:Jones, Lindsay (2005). 2870:Gandhi and 21st Century 2847:, Bloomsbury Academic, 2690:Tähtinen, Unto (1976). 2604:Nonhuman Rights Project 2355:Animal Liberation Front 2263:Animals, Men and Morals 1811:The Perfect Way in Diet 1764:The Perfect Way in Diet 1332:The Trial of Bill Burns 1169:Discourse on Inequality 1123:The German philosopher 1063:, Descartes proposed a 8694:Salvation of Innocents 8241:Zoos and Animal Rights 7816:Beauty Without Cruelty 7776:Animal Justice Project 7110:John Zephaniah Holwell 6764:Stephen St. C. Bostock 6341:Great ape research ban 5960:Animal rights movement 5812:Taylor, Angus (2009). 5735:, Volume 20, Number 5. 5648:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 5603:The Nazi War on Cancer 4807:. Active Distribution. 4551:Singer (April 5, 1973) 4520:Garner (2004), p. 3ff. 4453:June 25, 2008, at the 4100:Garner (2005), p. 12; 4055:Schopenhauer, Arthur. 4040:Schopenhauer, Arthur. 4020:Schopenhauer wrote in 3999:Schopenhauer, Arthur. 3969:Taylor (2009), p. 62. 3915:See Kathryn Shevelow, 3653:Kete (2002), p. 19 ff. 3441:Waldau (2011), p. 108. 2267: 2195: 2121: 2076:Increase in animal use 2020: 1906: 1876: 1772:Ashtabula County, Ohio 1767: 1752: 1693: 1667: 1618: 1580: 1507:opposed to vivisection 1461: 1435:Esqr., Dr. Henderson. 1419:MP, A Warre Esqr. MP, 1333: 1282: 1250: 1205: 1186:Emile, or On Education 1166:(1712–1778) argued in 1155: 1008:—the government under 939:On the Eating of Flesh 913:Life of Cato the Elder 837: 518: 502: 466: 8713:Fairs and exhibitions 8600:The Animals' Defender 8572:Cahiers antispécistes 8500:Speciesism: The Movie 8321:Animal (De)liberation 8281:Striking at the Roots 8193:The Universal Kinship 8153:The Rights of Animals 8074:People Animals Nature 8068:Party for the Animals 7881:In Defense of Animals 7643:Nina Douglas-Hamilton 7030:David Renaud Boullier 6616:Silver Spring monkeys 6515:Wild animal suffering 6424:Pain in invertebrates 6263:Intensive pig farming 6153:Opposition to hunting 6118:Ethics of eating meat 5700:, Macmillan & Co. 5504:Mason, Peter (1997). 4916:, 539 U.S. 558 (2003) 4632:Garner (2004), p. 2. 4286:Taylor (2009), p. 62. 4263:"Posthuman Destinies" 4022:The Basis of Morality 3904:The Sporting Magazine 3635:Francione 1996, p. 7. 3621:The Statutes at Large 3572:. Stanford University 3564:Karamanolis, George. 3551:penelope.uchicago.edu 3527:Taylor (2009), p. 37. 3224:. Routledge. p. 2893:Nanda, R. T. (1997), 2450:Further information: 2396:Animal Rights Militia 2369:leaderless resistance 2258: 2184: 2112: 2099:Further information: 2000: 1991:Further information: 1901: 1871: 1758: 1747: 1688: 1662: 1601: 1575: 1549:The Universal Kinship 1490:(1759–1833), and Sir 1463:Further information: 1445:T F Buxton Esqr. MP, 1396: 1336:Further information: 1331: 1277: 1260:Further information: 1222: 1200: 1164:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1159:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1148:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1146: 1061:scientific revolution 985:The Body of Liberties 828: 735:Hindu reform movement 508: 489: 457: 8329:Sentientist Politics 8257:The Lives of Animals 8008:Animal Justice Party 7821:Born Free Foundation 7658:Lizzy Lind af Hageby 7532:Wendy Turner-Webster 7240:Adam Gottlieb Weigen 6462:Recreational fishing 6303:Ventilation shutdown 6071:Animal protectionism 6051:Animal consciousness 5841:In Pity and in Anger 5704:Salt, Henry Stephens 5692:Salt, Henry Stephens 5680:Salt, Henry Stephens 5506:The Brown Dog Affair 5458:Representing Animals 5388:Clark, Stephen R. L. 5255:on September 9, 2016 4988:on February 7, 2010. 4929:394 U.S. 557 (1969). 4719:Holder, T. (2014) - 4623:Regan (2001), p. 67. 4301:Salt 1894, chapter 1 4078:Considering Chickens 3896:The Monthly Magazine 3890:"To Correspondents" 3715:Waldau (2001), p. 9. 3686:. pp. 188–192. 2808:Titze, Kurt (1998), 2452:Animal protectionism 2373:Underground Railroad 2186:The relationship of 1911:Lizzy Lind af Hageby 1903:Lizzy Lind af Hageby 1627:Percy Bysshe Shelley 1621:Percy Bysshe Shelley 923:cognition in animals 869:Great Chain of Being 298:Animal protectionism 8753:( 139 ) 8579:Etica & Animali 8565:Between the Species 8289:An American Trilogy 7982:Humanitarian League 7593:Frances Power Cobbe 7205:Arthur Schopenhauer 7200:Henry Stephens Salt 7080:Edward Payson Evans 6774:Stephen R. L. Clark 6631:War of the currents 6520:Wildlife management 6414:Pain in crustaceans 6409:Pain in cephalopods 5881:. Prometheus Books. 5729:"Animal liberation" 5542:Murray, L. (2006). 5489:Society and Animals 4865:"Pressuring Perdue" 4643:, January 20, 1990. 4235:, Paul A. B. Clarke 4175:. 20 November 2006. 3974:Rights of an Animal 3644:Nash (1989), p. 19. 3075:Watanabe, Zenjiro. 2986:Hinduism and Nature 2816:Motilal Banarsidass 2663:Bodhipaksa (2016). 2499:Austrian Parliament 2306:Stephen R. L. Clark 2214:The Daily Telegraph 1839:Friedrich Nietzsche 1833:Friedrich Nietzsche 1799:Frances Power Cobbe 1749:Frances Power Cobbe 1711:theory of evolution 1585:Arthur Schopenhauer 1562:Arthur Schopenhauer 1536:Edward Payson Evans 1532:Rights of an Animal 1488:William Wilberforce 1218:freed by the French 1053:(1596–1650), whose 935:moral vegetarianism 931:Beasts are Rational 770:Indian Constitution 751:Dayananda Saraswati 618:moral vegetarianism 509:The temple town of 8516:Unlocking the Cage 8337:Wild Animal Ethics 8161:The Ethics of Diet 8038:Animalist Movement 8014:Animal Politics EU 7926:Sentience Politics 7552:That Vegan Teacher 7165:Siobhan O'Sullivan 7150:José Ferrater Mora 6959:Steve F. Sapontzis 6452:Commercial fishing 6404:Pain in amphibians 6394:Cruelty to animals 6366:Operation Backfire 6205:Animal agriculture 6113:Emotion in animals 5879:Why Animals Matter 5816:. Broadview Press. 5660:Rudacille, Deborah 5599:Proctor, Robert N. 5408:. Victor Gollancz. 5020:The New York Times 4927:Stanley v. Georgia 4869:The New York Times 4605:Singer 1990, p. 5. 4561:"Food for Thought" 4423:Sax (2000) p. 114. 4368:2012-11-30 at the 4342:2012-06-16 at the 4107:2012-08-05 at the 3987:Nash 1989, p. 137. 3976:(1879), chapter 6. 3972:Nicholson, Edward. 3935:Anonymous (1972). 3602:2017-04-10 at the 3457:The Times of India 3286:Tantra in practice 3113:The Times of India 2928:Harvard University 2818:Publishing House, 2735:. Bloomsbury USA. 2474:to stop using the 2392:Justice Department 2122: 2105:RSPCA Reform Group 2040:. In November the 2021: 1907: 1768: 1753: 1724:The Descent of Man 1694: 1581: 1459:Honorary Secretary 1334: 1283: 1206: 1176:on the grounds of 1156: 1073:separate substance 1065:mechanistic theory 838: 519: 503: 383:Animals portal 8761: 8760: 8754: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8702:Onward to Freedom 8670:Animal Liberation 8655: 8654: 8476:Forks Over Knives 8428:Peaceable Kingdom 8388:Shores of Silence 8380:A Cow at My Table 8265:Eternal Treblinka 8217:Animal Liberation 8109: 8108: 8105: 8104: 7996: 7995: 7931:Uncaged Campaigns 7906:Mercy for Animals 7871:Great Ape Project 7786:Animal Liberation 7732:(groups, parties) 7719: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7618:Elizabeth Farians 7527:Christine Townend 7467:Heather Nicholson 7392:Brigitte Gothière 7382:Antoine Goetschel 7268: 7267: 6929:Charles Patterson 6834:Gary L. Francione 6809:Josephine Donovan 6799:Daniel Dombrowski 6779:Alasdair Cochrane 6695: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6574: 6573: 6505:Predation problem 6389:Animal euthanasia 6298:Foam depopulation 6133:Insects in ethics 5743:Animal Liberation 5727:(April 5, 1973). 5430:. Reaktion Books. 5183:Los Angeles Times 5110:on July 19, 2008. 4978:"Dagens djurrätt" 4914:Lawrence v. Texas 4701:, March 25, 2005. 4250:978-1-60459-332-7 3865:McCormick, John. 3822:978-1-904380-59-7 3396:978-93-83051-95-3 3296:978-81-208-1778-4 3262:978-0-422-60910-4 3235:978-0-415-10393-0 3204:978-0-521-65422-7 3172:978-0-02-865984-8 2996:978-93-8732-654-5 2906:978-81-86030-46-2 2854:978-1-4411-2278-0 2825:978-81-208-1534-6 2769:978-1-56518-248-6 2543:Great Ape Project 2275:Animal Liberation 2233:Animal Liberation 2058:Naturschutzgesetz 1923:Stephen Coleridge 1715:natural selection 1542:(1838–1914), and 1503:Smithfield Market 1482:(1765–1832), Sir 1409:It was resolved: 1383:amendment in 1849 1014:English Civil War 785:Indian government 669:Meiji restoration 639:Several kings in 630:George Uglow Pope 616:, emphasizing on 612:to the virtue of 531:Eastern religious 419: 418: 263:Companion animals 8781: 8752: 8747: 8746: 8558:Animal Sentience 8547: 8546: 8412:Legally Blonde 2 8372:The Animals Film 8126: 8125: 8115: 8114: 7921:Rise for Animals 7746: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7725: 7724: 7588:Edith Carrington 7492:Craig Rosebraugh 7452:Virginia McKenna 7442:Jo-Anne McArthur 7372:Juliet Gellatley 7277: 7276: 7235:Mary Anne Warren 7175:Humphrey Primatt 7160:Edward Nicholson 7130:Charles R. Magel 7095:Thomas G. Gentry 6954:Richard D. Ryder 6894:Thomas Lepeltier 6724: 6723: 6715: 6714: 6701: 6700: 6668:World Animal Day 6626:Unnecessary Fuss 6586:Brown Dog affair 6556:Animals in sport 6546:Animal slaughter 6541:Animal sacrifice 6480:Culling wildlife 6283:Wildlife farming 6201: 6200: 6046:Animal cognition 6015:Total liberation 5950: 5949: 5939: 5938: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5867: 5855: 5793:Sorabji, Richard 5787:Practical Ethics 5595:. Lantern Books. 5561:, issue 4, Fall. 5453: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5166:. July 28, 2010. 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4990: 4989: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4936: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4889:. pet-abuse.com. 4883: 4877: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4730: 4724: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4646: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4548: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4507: 4504: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4396: 4387: 4381: 4353: 4347: 4334: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4304: 4298: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4259: 4253: 4242: 4236: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4204: 4191: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4123: 4112: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4074:Beeton, Isabella 4070: 4061: 4060: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4037: 4031: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3967: 3961: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3924: 3913: 3907: 3892:The Kaleidoscope 3888: 3882: 3879: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3845: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3804: 3798: 3787: 3778: 3775: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3483: 3482: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3460:. Archived from 3448: 3442: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3196: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3140:Bangalore Mirror 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3082:. Archived from 3081: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2713: 2705: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2676:978-19093-14-740 2660: 2654: 2653: 2648:. Translated by 2636: 2587:, which outlaws 2180:The Sunday Times 2134:Richard D. Ryder 2070:Heinrich Himmler 2054:Reichsjagdgesetz 2042:Tierschutzgesetz 2038:kosher slaughter 1986:Tierschutzgesetz 1894:Brown Dog affair 1822:anthropomorphism 1675:John Stuart Mill 1670:John Stuart Mill 1639:(1829, posth.). 1528:Bodleian Library 1524:Edward Nicholson 1480:James Mackintosh 1476:St Martin's Lane 1451:Sir James Graham 1400:St Martin's Lane 1295:William Pulteney 1244:? but, Can they 1240:?, nor Can they 988:by the Reverend 976:Richard D. Ryder 933:, and advocates 804:lacto-vegetarian 743:animal sacrifice 482: 411: 404: 397: 381: 380: 341:Environmentalism 68:Around the world 50: 40: 25: 24: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8757: 8727: 8708: 8651: 8632:Muutoksen kevät 8605: 8538: 8444:Behind the Mask 8359: 8169:Animals' Rights 8120: 8101: 8085: 7992: 7960: 7733: 7707: 7568:Cleveland Amory 7556: 7522:Darren Thurston 7517:Marianne Thieme 7367:Bruce Friedrich 7332:Joey Carbstrong 7317:Brigitte Bardot 7264: 7255:Jon Wynne-Tyson 7145:J. Howard Moore 7090:John Galsworthy 7070:Wilhelm Dietler 7013: 7009:Corey Lee Wrenn 6919:Martha Nussbaum 6829:Lawrence Finsen 6769:Paola Cavalieri 6744:Kristin Andrews 6719: 6709: 6687: 6656: 6635: 6570: 6524: 6466: 6438: 6399:Pain in animals 6375: 6307: 6273:Poultry farming 6192: 6024: 5944: 5933: 5928: 5898: 5889:"Animal Rights" 5885:Wise, Steven M. 5585:. Lantern 2004. 5575:Newkirk, Ingrid 5464:Lansbury, Coral 5312:Bentham, Jeremy 5304: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5285:on May 12, 2016 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5175: 5171: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5050: 5046: 5031: 5027: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4993: 4974: 4970: 4955: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4924: 4920: 4911: 4907: 4898: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4816: 4812: 4801: 4797: 4774: 4770: 4731: 4727: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4649: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4582: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4568: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4474:Wayback Machine 4455:Wayback Machine 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4370:Wayback Machine 4355:Leneman (1999) 4354: 4350: 4344:Wayback Machine 4335: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4272: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4243: 4239: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4205: 4194: 4184: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4115: 4109:Wayback Machine 4099: 4095: 4088: 4071: 4064: 4053: 4049: 4038: 4034: 4016: 4009: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3968: 3964: 3947: 3943: 3934: 3927: 3914: 3910: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3805: 3801: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3752:Benthall (2007) 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3604:Wayback Machine 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3562: 3558: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3383: 3379: 3363: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3039: 3035: 3021: 3019: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2954: 2950: 2937: 2935: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2727: 2723: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2661: 2657: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2600: 2488: 2454: 2448: 2427:, particularly 2414: 2408: 2388:animal research 2357: 2351: 2339:Charles Magel's 2242: 2236: 2231:Publication of 2172:Animal Machines 2164: 2158: 2107: 2097: 2084: 2078: 2066:Joseph Goebbels 2019:were announced. 1995: 1989: 1960:animal products 1955: 1949: 1919:William Bayliss 1896: 1890: 1885: 1847: 1835: 1742: 1703:'s (1809–1882) 1683: 1672: 1648:Isabella Beeton 1645: 1643:Isabella Beeton 1623: 1570: 1564: 1544:J. Howard Moore 1467: 1438:Resolved also: 1421:Wm. Wilberforce 1417:Jas. Mackintosh 1395: 1340: 1326: 1303:William Windham 1272: 1258: 1195: 1161: 1141: 1115:(9:9–10), when 1090: 1085: 1047: 1010:Oliver Cromwell 972: 967: 903:Richard Sorabji 887:), and belief ( 844:Book of Genesis 823: 817: 812: 700: 557: 484: 477:(translated by 468: 462: 455: 421:The concept of 415: 375: 368: 367: 331: 323: 322: 288: 280: 279: 155: 147: 146: 120: 110: 109: 58: 38: 23: 12: 11: 5: 8787: 8777: 8776: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8725: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8698: 8690: 8682: 8674: 8665: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8553: 8551: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8528: 8520: 8512: 8504: 8496: 8488: 8480: 8472: 8464: 8456: 8448: 8440: 8432: 8424: 8416: 8408: 8404:Meet Your Meat 8400: 8392: 8384: 8376: 8367: 8365: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8357: 8349: 8341: 8333: 8325: 8317: 8309: 8301: 8293: 8285: 8277: 8269: 8261: 8253: 8245: 8237: 8229: 8221: 8213: 8205: 8201:The New Ethics 8197: 8189: 8181: 8173: 8165: 8157: 8149: 8141: 8132: 8130: 8122: 8121: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8032:Animals' Party 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7979: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7801:AnimaNaturalis 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7771:Animal Justice 7768: 7763: 7758: 7752: 7750: 7743: 7735: 7734: 7721: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7705: 7703:Gretchen Wyler 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7633:Lewis Gompertz 7630: 7625: 7623:Emarel Freshel 7620: 7615: 7613:Muriel Dowding 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7547:Gary Yourofsky 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7462:Ingrid Newkirk 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7402:Charlotte Laws 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7327:Yves Bonnardel 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7302:Martin Balluch 7299: 7294: 7289: 7283: 7281: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7250:Steven M. Wise 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7195:Bernard Rollin 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7155:Leonard Nelson 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7060:Herman Daggett 7057: 7052: 7050:Priscilla Cohn 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7025:Jeremy Bentham 7021: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6939:Jessica Pierce 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6869:Kyle Johannsen 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6794:David DeGrazia 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6734:Carol J. Adams 6730: 6728: 6721: 6711: 6710: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6606:Pit of despair 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6536:Abandoned pets 6532: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6476: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6448: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6381:Animal welfare 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6356:Model organism 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6313:Animal testing 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6288:Working animal 6285: 6280: 6278:Slaughterhouse 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6253:Insect farming 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6213:Animal product 6209: 6207: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6168:Sentiocentrism 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6076:Animal welfare 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5946: 5945: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5897: 5896: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5856: 5844: 5834: 5827: 5820:Taylor, Thomas 5817: 5810: 5800: 5790: 5780: 5770: 5756: 5746: 5736: 5722: 5712: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5670:Ryder, Richard 5667: 5657: 5645: 5635: 5623: 5616: 5609:Rachels, James 5606: 5596: 5586: 5572: 5565:Nash, Roderick 5562: 5551: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5509: 5502: 5492: 5485: 5471: 5461: 5454: 5445: 5431: 5421: 5412:Kant, Immanuel 5409: 5402: 5385: 5371:Beauchamp, Tom 5368: 5350:Beauchamp, Tom 5347: 5329:Beauchamp, Tom 5326: 5308: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5266: 5236: 5221:. 2013-12-02. 5206: 5201:New York Times 5188: 5169: 5151: 5139: 5113: 5089: 5070: 5044: 5025: 5006: 4991: 4968: 4949: 4931: 4918: 4905: 4892: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4856: 4847: 4834:978-1604860511 4833: 4810: 4795: 4784:(2): 133–151. 4768: 4725: 4712: 4703: 4693:Rood, Justin. 4686: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4557: 4540: 4531: 4522: 4508: 4496: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4483:, 1986, p. 64. 4477: 4464: 4458: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4359: 4348: 4326: 4317: 4305: 4288: 4279: 4254: 4237: 4224: 4217: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4178: 4164: 4136: 4127: 4113: 4093: 4087:978-1089880066 4086: 4062: 4047: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4007: 3989: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3941: 3925: 3908: 3883: 3871: 3858: 3846: 3837: 3825: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3779: 3765: 3756: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3692: 3676:Honderich, Ted 3667: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3583: 3556: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3484: 3467: 3464:on 2012-05-12. 3443: 3429: 3417: 3402: 3395: 3377: 3342: 3335: 3309: 3295: 3275: 3261: 3241: 3234: 3210: 3203: 3178: 3171: 3153: 3126: 3099: 3067: 3058: 3051: 3033: 3029:"non-killing." 3002: 2995: 2975: 2968: 2948: 2911: 2905: 2885: 2879: 2859: 2853: 2830: 2824: 2814:(2 ed.), 2800: 2794: 2774: 2768: 2748: 2741: 2721: 2700: 2682: 2675: 2655: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2599: 2595:Petitions for 2593: 2487: 2484: 2447: 2444: 2407: 2404: 2381:Ingrid Newkirk 2353:Main article: 2350: 2347: 2341:bibliography, 2238:Main article: 2235: 2229: 2160:Main article: 2157: 2154: 2096: 2093: 2080:Main article: 2077: 2074: 2017:animal testing 2013:Hermann Göring 2004:Kladderadatsch 1988: 1983: 1967:Mahatma Gandhi 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1937:Coral Lansbury 1892:Main article: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1846: 1843: 1834: 1831: 1807:Anna Kingsford 1760:Anna Kingsford 1741: 1738: 1701:Charles Darwin 1690:Charles Darwin 1682: 1681:Charles Darwin 1679: 1671: 1668: 1644: 1641: 1622: 1619: 1593:unnatural diet 1563: 1560: 1555:The New Ethics 1514:Lewis Gompertz 1447:Richard Martin 1429:Lewis Gompertz 1394: 1391: 1344:Richard Martin 1325: 1322: 1279:Badger baiting 1262:Badger baiting 1257: 1251: 1214:natural rights 1210:Jeremy Bentham 1202:Jeremy Bentham 1194: 1193:Jeremy Bentham 1191: 1160: 1157: 1140: 1137: 1135:is weakened." 1105:Thomas Aquinas 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1051:René Descartes 1046: 1045:René Descartes 1043: 990:Nathaniel Ward 971: 968: 966: 963: 925:in the essays 875:), reasoning ( 819:Main article: 816: 813: 811: 808: 699: 696: 592:Mahatma Gandhi 556: 553: 456: 454: 451: 417: 416: 414: 413: 406: 399: 391: 388: 387: 386: 385: 370: 369: 366: 365: 360: 355: 350: 349: 348: 338: 332: 330:Related topics 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 313:Sentiocentrism 310: 305: 300: 295: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 276: 275: 270: 260: 259: 258: 253: 248: 238: 237: 236: 229:Animal testing 226: 225: 224: 219: 214: 204: 203: 202: 197: 192: 187: 177: 172: 167: 162: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 139: 138: 137: 132: 121: 116: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 98:Primate rights 95: 90: 85: 83:Animal cruelty 80: 75: 70: 65: 63:Animal welfare 59: 56: 55: 52: 51: 43: 42: 34: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8786: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8750: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8711: 8704: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8678:Tame Yourself 8675: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8639:No Compromise 8636: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8620: 8619: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8140:(3rd century) 8139: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8116: 8112: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8070:(Netherlands) 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7989: 7986: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7796:Animal Rising 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7766:Animal Ethics 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7722: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7663:Jessie Mackay 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7638:James Granger 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573:Henry B. Amos 7571: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7542:Louise Wallis 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7507:Kim Stallwood 7505: 7503: 7502:Jasmin Singer 7500: 7498: 7497:Nathan Runkle 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7482:David Olivier 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7362:John Feldmann 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7337:Aymeric Caron 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7307:Carole Baskin 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:Laurids Smith 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7180:James Rachels 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7125:John Lawrence 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7035:Brigid Brophy 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6999:Tatjana Višak 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6989:David Sztybel 6987: 6985: 6984:Cass Sunstein 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949:Mark Rowlands 6947: 6945: 6944:Evelyn Pluhar 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6899:Andrew Linzey 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6884:Will Kymlicka 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864:Dale Jamieson 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6844:Valéry Giroux 6842: 6840: 6839:Robert Garner 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6804:Sue Donaldson 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6784:J. M. Coetzee 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6749:Tom Beauchamp 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6652:Hunt sabotage 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640:Methodologies 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6485:Hare coursing 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6228:Chick culling 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6188:Vegetarianism 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086:Anthrozoology 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056:Animal ethics 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5931:Animal rights 5925: 5920: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5803:Steiner, Gary 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5783:Singer, Peter 5781: 5778: 5774: 5773:Singer, Peter 5771: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5759:Singer, Peter 5757: 5754: 5750: 5749:Singer, Peter 5747: 5744: 5740: 5739:Singer, Peter 5737: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5725:Singer, Peter 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5512:Midgley, Mary 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5339:. Greenwood. 5338: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5229:September 10, 5224: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5149:, p. 216 5148: 5143: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5103:Time magazine 5099: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5004:, p. 108 5003: 5002:Waldau (2011) 4998: 4996: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4928: 4925:Marshall, J. 4922: 4915: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4888: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4851: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4819:Kuhn, Gabriel 4814: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4716: 4707: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4652: 4642: 4641:New Scientist 4638: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4592: 4586: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4491: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4386: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4361:Davis, John. 4360: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4331: 4321: 4315:Mason (1997). 4312: 4310: 4302: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4283: 4269:on 2017-06-20 4268: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4234: 4233:Andrew Linzey 4228: 4220: 4218:9781859733301 4214: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4168: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4051: 4043: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4012: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3994: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3706:Locke (1693). 3703: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3630: 3622: 3617: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3373: 3367: 3352: 3346: 3338: 3336:9780199086573 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3313: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3214: 3206: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3089:on 2019-04-29 3085: 3078: 3071: 3062: 3054: 3052:81-206-0023-1 3048: 3044: 3037: 3030: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2979: 2971: 2969:90-04-03591-5 2965: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2945: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2889: 2882: 2880:9788170226727 2876: 2872: 2871: 2863: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2797: 2795:9788185616841 2791: 2787: 2786: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2742:9781903998182 2738: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2717: 2711: 2703: 2701:0-09-123340-2 2697: 2693: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2669:. Windhorse. 2668: 2667: 2666:Vegetarianism 2659: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2610:habeas corpus 2605: 2602:In 2015, the 2598: 2597:habeas corpus 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561:bull fighting 2558: 2553: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2497:In 2005, the 2495: 2491: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432:hardcore punk 2430: 2429:straight edge 2426: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2320:(1978), then 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298:Andrew Linzey 2295: 2291: 2290:Richard Ryder 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2198:Robert Garner 2194: 2191: 2190: 2183: 2182:. She wrote: 2181: 2177: 2176:Brigid Brophy 2173: 2169: 2168:Ruth Harrison 2163: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2142:direct action 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2118:anti fascists 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2029:Arnold Arluke 2026: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1979:Vegan Society 1976: 1975:Donald Watson 1972: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1863:jus animalium 1860: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1734: 1731:he supported 1728: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1697:James Rachels 1691: 1687: 1678: 1676: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1538:(1831–1917), 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1486:(1786–1845), 1485: 1484:Thomas Buxton 1481: 1477: 1473: 1472:Arthur Broome 1466: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425:Basil Montagu 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1390: 1388: 1387:again in 1876 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1330: 1321: 1319: 1318:substantively 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1255:jus animalium 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1203: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:Immanuel Kant 1121: 1118: 1114: 1113:1 Corinthians 1110: 1107:(1225–1274). 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069:consciousness 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:cock throwing 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 999:Roderick Nash 995: 991: 987: 986: 981: 977: 974:According to 962: 960: 956: 955: 950: 946: 945:Tom Beauchamp 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919: 914: 910: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 850: 846: 845: 835: 831: 827: 822: 807: 805: 801: 797: 796:Palitana City 793: 790:In 2014, the 788: 786: 783:In 2012, the 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 665: 664:Emperor Tenmu 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 552: 550: 546: 542: 541: 536: 535:philosophical 532: 528: 524: 516: 512: 507: 500: 496: 492: 491:Emperor Tenmu 488: 483: 480: 476: 472: 465: 461: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 432: 431:Western world 428: 424: 412: 407: 405: 400: 398: 393: 392: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 373: 372: 371: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 347: 344: 343: 342: 339: 337: 336:Cultured meat 334: 333: 327: 326: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 284: 283: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 264: 261: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 242: 239: 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 208: 205: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 151: 150: 143: 140: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 126: 123: 122: 119: 114: 113: 104: 101: 100: 99: 96: 94: 93:Vegetarianism 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 60: 54: 53: 49: 45: 44: 41: 39:Animal rights 36: 35: 31: 27: 26: 21: 20:Animal rights 16: 8719: 8700: 8692: 8684: 8676: 8668: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8556: 8530: 8522: 8514: 8506: 8498: 8490: 8482: 8474: 8466: 8458: 8450: 8442: 8434: 8426: 8418: 8410: 8402: 8394: 8386: 8378: 8370: 8351: 8343: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8311: 8303: 8295: 8287: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8223: 8215: 8207: 8199: 8191: 8183: 8175: 8167: 8159: 8151: 8143: 8135: 7988:Oxford Group 7856:Every Animal 7749:Contemporary 7698:Andrew Tyler 7688:Nell Shipman 7628:André Géraud 7537:Jerry Vlasak 7512:Lynda Stoner 7487:Alex Pacheco 7417:Evanna Lynch 7412:Howard Lyman 7397:Wayne Hsiung 7357:Chris DeRose 7347:Rod Coronado 7280:Contemporary 7220:Thomas Tryon 7140:Mary Midgley 7135:Jean Meslier 7115:Soame Jenyns 7105:John Hildrop 7100:Arthur Helps 7065:Richard Dean 7040:Peter Buchan 6979:Gary Steiner 6974:Peter Singer 6969:Jérôme Segal 6934:David Pearce 6924:Clare Palmer 6914:David Nibert 6904:Clair Linzey 6814:Joan Dunayer 6739:Aysha Akhtar 6727:Contemporary 6596:McLibel case 6551:Animal trial 6510:Seal hunting 6472:Wild animals 6457:Fishing bait 6419:Pain in fish 6238:Fish farming 6218:Battery cage 6138:Meat paradox 6095: 6036:Abolitionism 5994: 5892: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5860:Waldau, Paul 5851: 5848:Waldau, Paul 5843:. M. Joseph. 5840: 5837:Vyvyan, John 5830: 5826:. Routledge. 5823: 5813: 5806: 5796: 5786: 5776: 5766: 5752: 5742: 5732: 5718: 5708: 5696: 5684: 5673: 5663: 5651: 5641: 5629: 5619: 5612: 5602: 5592: 5589:Phelps, Norm 5582: 5568: 5558: 5547: 5539:. Routledge. 5536: 5529: 5515: 5505: 5498: 5488: 5474: 5467: 5457: 5449: 5441: 5427: 5415: 5405: 5391: 5374: 5357: 5336: 5315: 5305: 5302:Bibliography 5289:December 11, 5287:. Retrieved 5283:the original 5278: 5269: 5259:December 10, 5257:. Retrieved 5253:the original 5248: 5239: 5227:. Retrieved 5218: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5147:Kelch (2011) 5142: 5130:. Retrieved 5125: 5116: 5108:the original 5101: 5092: 5084:The Guardian 5083: 5073: 5061:. Retrieved 5058:The Guardian 5057: 5047: 5038: 5028: 5019: 5009: 4986:the original 4981: 4971: 4962: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4921: 4908: 4895: 4881: 4868: 4859: 4850: 4838:. 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(1969). 5715:Sax, Boria 5638:Regan, Tom 5626:Regan, Tom 5524:0820320412 5483:1859412386 5400:0192830406 5383:019935197X 5366:019935197X 5345:0313352593 5324:1379912326 4741:(2): 465. 4576:2008-03-26 4399:Anthrozoös 4273:2012-09-15 3693:0198661320 3593:Porphyry. 3576:28 January 3566:"Plutarch" 3357:2008-06-14 3093:2020-04-26 2626:References 2535:orangutans 2504:personhood 2440:Fluff Fest 2425:ideologies 2421:subculture 2410:See also: 2361:Ronnie Lee 2246:vegetarian 2219:speciesism 2203:David Wood 2170:published 2114:Anarchists 2025:Nazi Party 1941:Hilda Kean 1851:Henry Salt 1845:Henry Salt 1614:mlechchhas 1566:See also: 1423:Esqr. MP, 1404:T F Buxton 1299:inter alia 1094:John Locke 1039:Charles II 857:Pythagoras 739:Arya Samaj 698:Modern era 684:sacrifices 604:Tirukkural 566:, revived 527:South Asia 318:Speciesism 170:Mutilation 8686:Manifesto 8625:Bite Back 8610:Magazines 8484:Vegucated 8082:(Germany) 8080:V-Partei³ 8058:(Germany) 8052:(Belgium) 8028:(Finland) 7851:Equanimal 7457:Morrissey 7432:Jim Mason 7387:Mark Gold 7322:Gene Baur 7297:Matt Ball 7273:Activists 7185:Tom Regan 6964:Jeff Sebo 6909:Dan Lyons 6718:Academics 6706:Advocates 6561:Live food 6361:Nafovanny 6268:Livestock 6248:Fur trade 6223:Bile bear 6158:Personism 5953:Overviews 5785:(2011) . 5751:(2000) . 5741:(1990) . 5672:(2000) . 5491:, 7, 1–5. 5354:R.G. 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Berg. 5559:Cabinet 5039:Reuters 4346:, p. 7. 3754:, p. 1. 2589:slavery 2581:Orlando 2550:Bolivia 1597:Kantian 1431:Esqr., 1129:himself 1037:, when 994:Puritan 918:Moralia 881:dianoia 737:of the 720:tantric 568:Jainism 346:Radical 303:Carnism 222:Fishing 217:Hunting 165:Killing 73:History 8751: 8724:(2003) 8705:(2014) 8697:(2014) 8689:(2008) 8681:(1991) 8673:(1987) 8661:Albums 8535:(2021) 8527:(2018) 8519:(2016) 8511:(2013) 8503:(2013) 8495:(2013) 8487:(2011) 8479:(2011) 8471:(2009) 8463:(2009) 8455:(2007) 8447:(2006) 8439:(2005) 8431:(2004) 8423:(2003) 8415:(2003) 8407:(2002) 8399:(2000) 8391:(2000) 8383:(1998) 8375:(1981) 8356:(2022) 8348:(2022) 8340:(2020) 8332:(2018) 8324:(2016) 8316:(2014) 8308:(2012) 8300:(2010) 8292:(2009) 8284:(2008) 8276:(2005) 8268:(2001) 8260:(1999) 8252:(1995) 8244:(1993) 8236:(1987) 8228:(1983) 8220:(1975) 8212:(1971) 8204:(1907) 8196:(1906) 8188:(1899) 8180:(1897) 8172:(1892) 8164:(1883) 8156:(1838) 8148:(1824) 7742:Groups 6197:Issues 6041:Ahimsa 5777:op cit 5613:op cit 5530:op cit 5522: 5481: 5398: 5381: 5375:op cit 5364: 5343: 5322: 4831: 4761: 4753: 4570:"Home" 4248: 4215: 4153:. 1844 4084: 4026:op cit 3820: 3690: 3393: 3333: 3293: 3259: 3232: 3201: 3169: 3049: 2993: 2966: 2938:16 May 2903: 2877: 2851: 2822: 2792: 2766: 2739: 2698: 2673: 2640:Faxian 2472:Revlon 2394:, the 2068:, and 1612:, and 1385:, and 1268:, and 1246:suffer 1238:reason 957:, and 774:Waldau 762:Kerala 724:yajñas 712:ahimsa 708:dharma 692:animal 680:ahimsa 676:Basava 662:, the 649:ahimsa 645:Ashoka 614:ahimsa 596:ahimsa 584:ahimsa 580:ahimsa 572:ahimsa 540:ahimsa 471:Faxian 200:Cattle 190:Horses 142:Groups 130:Vegans 8646:Satya 8364:Films 8129:Books 7951:Viva! 6579:Cases 6529:Other 4759:S2CID 4395:(PDF) 3268:8 May 3146:4 May 3119:4 May 3087:(PDF) 3080:(PDF) 2573:orcas 2567:sued 2520:human 2130:foxes 1605:means 873:logos 834:logos 800:India 766:India 755:Vedas 688:human 656:Japan 641:India 588:karma 515:India 499:Japan 287:Ideas 7891:L214 6611:SHAC 5520:ISBN 5479:ISBN 5396:ISBN 5379:ISBN 5362:ISBN 5341:ISBN 5320:ISBN 5291:2015 5261:2015 5231:2016 5134:2010 5065:2008 4842:2017 4829:ISBN 4751:ISSN 4591:link 4246:ISBN 4213:ISBN 4159:2016 4082:ISBN 3956:Time 3818:ISBN 3688:ISBN 3578:2021 3391:ISBN 3372:link 3331:ISBN 3304:2009 3291:ISBN 3270:2009 3257:ISBN 3230:ISBN 3199:ISBN 3167:ISBN 3148:2022 3121:2022 3047:ISBN 3024:2022 2991:ISBN 2964:ISBN 2940:2018 2901:ISBN 2875:ISBN 2849:ISBN 2820:ISBN 2790:ISBN 2764:ISBN 2737:ISBN 2716:link 2696:ISBN 2671:ISBN 2615:case 2579:and 2565:PETA 2539:apes 2533:and 2423:and 2418:punk 2400:SHAC 2398:and 2116:and 2103:and 2031:and 1855:Eton 1415:Sir 1242:talk 1117:Paul 929:and 889:doxa 885:nous 849:Adam 792:Jain 745:and 733:The 714:and 620:and 570:and 533:and 525:and 523:East 246:Zoos 195:Cats 185:Dogs 4786:doi 4743:doi 4407:doi 3323:doi 3226:159 2575:in 2316:'s 2308:'s 2300:'s 2292:'s 2011:to 1867:qua 1713:by 937:in 891:). 798:in 690:or 660:675 658:in 654:In 497:in 495:675 8770:: 5891:, 5765:, 5731:, 5557:, 5546:, 5440:, 5377:. 5335:. 5318:. 5277:. 5247:. 5217:. 5199:. 5181:. 5162:. 5100:. 5082:. 5056:. 5037:. 5018:. 4994:^ 4961:. 4942:. 4871:. 4867:, 4780:. 4757:. 4749:. 4739:29 4737:. 4697:, 4650:^ 4639:, 4587:}} 4583:{{ 4553:. 4543:^ 4511:^ 4499:^ 4401:. 4397:. 4329:^ 4308:^ 4291:^ 4195:^ 4147:. 4116:^ 4065:^ 4010:^ 3992:^ 3954:, 3928:^ 3874:^ 3849:^ 3782:^ 3768:^ 3682:. 3658:^ 3628:^ 3568:. 3549:. 3487:^ 3454:. 3432:^ 3368:}} 3364:{{ 3329:. 3228:. 3181:^ 3138:. 3111:. 3026:. 3014:. 2942:. 2930:. 2926:, 2922:. 2712:}} 2708:{{ 2529:, 2463:. 2402:. 2227:. 2064:, 1509:. 1402:: 1389:. 1264:, 1220:: 1028:, 1024:, 1020:, 961:. 941:. 883:, 764:, 757:. 710:, 694:. 686:, 671:. 598:. 513:, 469:— 32:on 5923:e 5916:t 5909:v 5895:. 5779:. 5688:. 5656:. 5615:. 5550:. 5532:. 5501:. 5420:. 5293:. 5263:. 5233:. 5185:. 5136:. 5086:. 5067:. 5041:. 5022:. 4965:. 4903:. 4844:. 4792:. 4788:: 4782:2 4765:. 4745:: 4593:) 4579:. 4413:. 4409:: 4403:5 4276:. 4221:. 4161:. 4111:. 4090:. 4028:. 3696:. 3580:. 3553:. 3500:. 3399:. 3374:) 3360:. 3339:. 3325:: 3306:. 3272:. 3238:. 3207:. 3175:. 3150:. 3123:. 3096:. 3055:. 2999:. 2972:. 2745:. 2718:) 2704:. 2679:. 2652:. 1591:" 1248:? 1154:. 624:( 606:, 501:. 481:) 410:e 403:t 396:v 22:.

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