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owned by large railroads, and managed by bureaucrats. Scranton was at the center. Bituminous mines were locally owned. The social system revolved not so much on occupation (nearly all inhabitants were blue collar workers with similar incomes) but on ethnicity. Welsh and
English miners had the highest prestige and the best jobs, followed by the Irish. At a lower status stood recent immigrants from Italy and Eastern Europe; recent arrivals from the Appalachian hills were lower status. The ethnic groups would stick together, seldom mingling. Blacks were sometimes brought in as strike breakers. There was little machinery apart from the railroad. Before mechanization began about 1910 the miners relied on brute force, pick-axe, hand drills and dynamite to smash lumps of coal out of the wall, and shovel them into mule-drawn carts that hauled it to the weighing station, and the railroad cars. The culture held physical courage in high regard. Boxing was the favored sport. Opportunities for women were limited, until textile companies after 1900 started opening small factories in the larger coal towns to employ women. Religion was in high regard, as each group was fiercely loyal to its denomination. Schooling was limited. The aspiration of the boys was to get a job helping around the mines until they were old enough to work underground as "real" miners.
19:
499:
they were all hostile to using strikes. The 1830s saw strikes, but they were not sponsored by the labor unions; rather they were spontaneous complaints against the unity of the owners. Zeldin says, "The miners were clearly backward looking, yearning nostalgically for the days of the small un-mechanized mines, run not by distant engineers but by gang leaders chosen of the men themselves." It was a failed strike in 1869 that undermined one new union. Union leadership insisted the best policy was to seek gradual improvements through lobbying for national legislation. By 1897 there were numerous very small independent mining unions, that together comprised only a small fraction of the miners. When new mines opened up in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais, leadership passed to their unions, which also pursued a moderate policy.
466:, using local coal. The average output of a mine in 1850 was about 8,500 short tons; its employment about 64. By 1900, the average mine's output had risen to 280,000 and the employment to about 1,400. The miners in the German areas were divided by ethnicity (with Germans and Poles), by religion (Protestants and Catholics) and by politics (Socialist, liberal and Communist). Mobility in and out of the mining camps to nearby industrial areas was high. The miners split into several unions, with an affiliation to a political party. As a result, the socialist union (affiliated with the Social Democratic Party) competed with Catholic and Communist unions until 1933, when the Nazis took over all of them. After 1945 the socialists came to the fore.
545:
106:
298:(TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the British government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for 800,000 locked-out coal miners. Some 1.7 million workers went out, especially in transport and heavy industry. The government was prepared and enlisted middle-class volunteers to maintain essential services. There was little violence and the TUC gave up in defeat. The miners gained nothing. In the long run, there was little impact on trade-union activity or industrial relations.
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war effort, and maximum output of coal. The rank and file miners, however, were primarily interested in regaining lost income, and began slow-downs to force the company to pay higher wages. When wages did go up, output fell as absenteeism increased and the younger men left for better-paying factory jobs, and the remaining men resisted any speedup. The union leaders were unable to control a dissatisfied and militant work force, as the miners fought both the company and their own union leaders.
792:
752:. The union mobilized its voters and took control of town councils. They challenged coal companies on the use of company police and assessment of taxes. The most dramatic change was the town council's success in restricting the authority of the company police, who had often served as special, unpaid town police officers. The town councils also intervened in the strife of the 1920s, assisting the miners against the British Empire Steel Corporation's wage-cutting.
533:
670:) miners in the Midwest, winning significant wage increases and growing from 10,000 to 115,000 members. The UAW faced much stiffer opposition in the concentration of ownership in the small anthracite region. The owners, controlled by large railroads, refused to meet or to arbitrate with the union; the union struck in September 1900, with results that surprised even the union, as miners of all different nationalities walked out in support of the union.
703:
302:
and district wage agreements. The strikers felt as though they had achieved nothing. The effect on the
British coal-mining industry was profound. By the late 1930s, employment in mining had fallen by more than one-third from its pre-strike peak of 1.2 million miners, but productivity had rebounded from under 200 tons produced per miner to over 300 tons by the outbreak in 1939 of the Second World War.
167:
royalty-lessees. In South Wales, the miners showed a high degree of solidarity. They lived in isolated villages where the miners comprised the great majority of workers. There was a high degree of equality in lifestyle; combined with an evangelical religious style based on
Methodism this led to an ideology of equalitarianism. They forged a "community of solidarity" - under the leadership of the
397:
524:, redeemable at the store, which often charged higher prices than other stores. Many miners' homes were also owned by the mines. Although there were company towns that raised the prices of all goods and made eviction a constant threat, these conditions were not the norm for all coal towns—some owners were paternalistic and others were exploitative.
631:
428:(French speaking southern Belgium), starting in the middle of the 1820s, and especially after 1830. The availability of cheap coal was a main factor that attracted entrepreneurs. Numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around
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in all soft (bituminous) coal fields. They had agreed to a wage agreement to run until the end of World War I and now sought to capture some of their industry's wartime gains. The
Federal government invoked the wartime measure that made it a crime to interfere with the production or transportation of
686:
became involved and set up a fact-finding commission that suspended the strike. The strike never resumed, as the miners received more pay for fewer hours; the owners got a higher price for coal, and did not recognize the union as a bargaining agent. It was the first labor episode in which the federal
681:
fields of eastern
Pennsylvania. Miners were on strike asking for higher wages, shorter workdays and the recognition of their union. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to all major cities (homes and apartments were heated with anthracite or "hard" coal because it had higher heat
731:
The UMW was weakened by internal factionalism in the 1920s and lost members. Oil was replacing coal as the nation's main energy source and the industry was threatened. The number of coal miners nationwide fell from a peak of 694,000 in 1919 to 602,000 in 1929, and fell sharply to 454,000 in 1939 and
270:
published a report on 10 March 1926 recommending that in the future, national agreements, the nationalization of royalties, and sweeping reorganization and improvement should be considered for the mining industry. It also recommended a reduction of 13.5% of miners' wages along with the withdrawal of
755:
The
Amalgamated became Communist-led in the 1930s and promoted militancy, extreme rank-and-file democracy and radical resistance to company demands for wage cuts. During the Second World War, after the Soviet Union was invaded by Germany in 1941 the union overnight became intense supporters of the
556:
Coal was typically mined in remote areas, often mountainous. The miners lived in crude housing provided at low cost by the companies, and shopped in company stores. There were few amenities, and few alternative industries besides the railroads and saloons. The anthracite mines of
Pennsylvania were
498:
French miners were slow to organize themselves. When they did organize, they avoided strikes if possible. They placed their faith in the national government to improve their lot through special legislation, and were careful to be moderate. Miner organizations were torn by internal difficulties, but
301:
The miners maintained resistance for a few months before being forced by their own economic needs to return to the mines. By the end of
November most miners were back at work. However, many remained unemployed for many years. Those that were employed were forced to accept longer hours, lower wages,
199:
was the first national strike by coal miners in
Britain. Its main goal of securing a minimum wage. After a million men had walked out for 37 days, the UK Government intervened and ended the strike by passing a minimum wage law. This caused many problems with ships due to the shortage of fuel. As a
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during the troubled 1920s and 1930s. They never worked for the mines but provided psychological support especially during strikes when the pay packets did not arrive. They were the family financiers and encouraged other wives who otherwise might have coaxed their menfolk to accept company terms.
727:
Lewis, facing criminal charges and sensitive to the propaganda campaign, withdrew his strike call. Lewis did not fully control the faction-ridden UAW and many locals ignored his call. As the strike dragged on into its third week, supplies of the nation's main fuel were running low and the public
282:
After the Samuel
Commission's report, the mine owners declared that, on penalty of a lockout from 1 May, miners would have to accept new terms of employment that included lengthening the work day and reducing wages between 10% and 25%, depending on various factors. The Miners' Federation of Great
56:
From the mid-19th century onward, coal miners have often built strong connections with the organized labor movement, and sometimes as well with radical political movements. Coal miners were among the first groups of industrial workers to collectively organize to the protection of both working and
603:
The company store is one of the most reviled and misunderstood of economic institutions. In song, folktale, and union rhetoric the company store was often cast as a villain, a collector of souls through perpetual debt peonage. Nicknames, like the "pluck me" and more obscene versions that cannot
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in a remote area where virtually everyone is employed by one firm, such as the coal mine. In a company town, the housing is owned by the company but there may be independent stores there or nearby. Company stores face little or no competition and prices are therefore not competitive. The store
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show that mechanizing the mines gave miners significant control over underground operations. In addition, the cooperative nature of the work enabled the miners to forge close friendships. By contrast in another coalfield, where miners were largely unskilled, owners could replace men easily and
444:
integrated all stages of production, from engineering to the supply of raw materials, as early as 1825. By 1830 when iron became important the Belgium coal industry had long been established, and used steam-engines for pumping. Coal was sold to local mills and railways as well as to France and
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worked with the miners union on favorable terms. Nash notes that the coal operators saw that it was to the advantage to support the union policy of uniform wage rates, for it prevented cutthroat competition and falling prices. The UMW limited the propensity of miners to go on wildcat strikes.
166:
After 1790 output soared, reaching 16 million long tons by 1815. By 1830 this had risen to over 30 million tons The miners, less menaced by imported labor or machines than were the textile workers, had begun to form trade unions and fight their battle for control against the coal owners and
77:
In Germany, the coal miners demonstrated their militancy through large-scale strikes in 1889, 1905, and 1912. However, in political terms, the German miners were middle-of-the-road and not especially radical. One reason was the formation of different unions—Socialist, liberal, radical, and
69:
The statistics show that from 1889 to 1921 British miners struck between 2 and 3 times more frequently than any other group of workers. Some isolated coal fields had long traditions of militancy and violence; those in Scotland were especially strike-prone. Coal miners formed the core of the
65:
movements (as in Britain, Poland, Japan, Canada, Chile and (in the 1930s) in the U.S.) Historians report that, "From the 1880s through the end of the twentieth century, coal miners across the world became one of the most militant segments of the working class in the industrialized world."
571:. However air pollution was a constant health threat; the houses lacked indoor plumbing. As demand for metallurgical coke declined, the mine laid off workers and Segundo's population declined. After a major fire in 1929, CF&I left town and Segundo became practically a ghost town.
47:
views. A number of far-left political movements have had the support of both coal miners themselves and their trade unions, particularly in Great Britain. In France, on the other hand, coal miners have been much more conservative. In India, Coal Miners Day is celebrated on May 4.
381:(the new name for the national Coal Board), was privatised by selling off a large number of pits to private concerns through the mid-1990s. Because of exhausted seams and high prices the mining industry disappeared almost completely, despite the militant protests of some miners.
478:. The use of steam engines enabled exploitation of deeper lying coal seams to the west. Until 1800 mineworkers were organised in small companies who exploited a seam. In the twentieth century the mining companies grew big. The Roman Catholic church actively engaged through
96:
the coal miners were the most politicized element in society after 1945. They were the primary support group for the Communist governments and were heavily subsidized. Poland's miners were also critical supporters of the anti-Communist Solidarity movement of the 1980s.
81:
In British Columbia, Canada, the coal miners were "independent, tough, and proud" and became "among the most radical and militant laborers in an extremely polarized province." They were the core of the socialist movement; their strikes were frequent, long, and bitter.
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The stores served numerous functions, such as a locus for the government post office, and as the cultural, and community center where people could freely gather. Company stores became scarce after the miners bought automobiles and could travel to a range of stores.
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Being a miner in the 19th century meant long hours of continuous hard labor in the dark mines with low ceilings. Accidents were frequent. Young boys were used outside the mine to sort coal from rocks; they were not allowed underground until age 18.
42:
After the late 19th-century coal miners in many countries were a frequent presence in industrial disputes with both the management and government. Coal miners' politics, while complex, has occasionally been radical, with a frequent leaning towards
184:' of British politics can trace its origins to coal-mining areas, with the main trade union being the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, founded in 1888. The MFGB claimed 600,000 members in 1908. (The MFGB later became the more centralised
227:
Mine owners wanted to normalize profits even during times of economic instability, which often took the form of wage reductions for miners in their employ. Coupled with the prospect of longer working hours, the industry was thrown into
38:
when coal was burnt on a large scale to fuel stationary and locomotive engines and heat buildings. Owing to coal's strategic role as a primary fuel, coal miners have figured strongly in labor and political movements since that time.
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necessities. Ignoring the court order 400,000 coal workers walked out. The coal operators played the radical card, saying Lenin and Trotsky had ordered the strike and were financing it, and some of the press echoed that language.
179:
As well as energy supply, coal became a very political issue, due to the conditions under which colliers worked. Their dominance in remote villages heightened political and industrial solidarily, colliery owners. Much of the 'old
324:. The 1980s and 1990s saw much change in the coal industry, with privatisation, the industry contracting, in some areas quite drastically. Many pits were considered uneconomic to work at then current wage rates compared to cheap
331:
The NCB employed over 700,000 people in 1950 and 634,000 in 1960, but successive governments reduced the size of the industry by closing geographically impaired or low productivity pits. Closures were originally concentrated in
258:
This decision became known as "Red Friday" because it was seen as a victory for working-class solidarity and Socialism. In practice, the subsidy gave the mine owners and the government time to prepare for a major labor dispute.
453:
The first important German mines appeared in the 1750s, in the valleys of the rivers Ruhr, Inde and Wurm where coal seams outcropped and horizontal adit mining was possible. After 1815 entrepreneurs in Belgium launched the
130:
coast of Scotland, deep shaft mining in Britain began to develop extensively in the late 18th century, with rapid expansion throughout the 19th century and early 20th century when the industry peaked. The location of the
759:
The political unity and radicalism of coal miners has traditionally been explained in terms of the isolation of a homogeneous mass of workers in conditions of economic and cultural deprivation. However local studies in
223:
in 1925 made the British pound too strong for effective exporting to take place from Britain, and also (because of the economic processes involved in maintaining a strong currency) raised interest rates, hurting all
18:
216:
The fall in coal prices resulted from the re-entry in 1925 of Germany to the international coal market by exporting "free coal" to France and Italy as part of their reparations for the First World War.
89:
that won the presidency in 1938, 1942, and 1946. The long-run political gains were illusory, as a major strike in 1947 was repressed by the military on orders of the president the miners had elected.
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subsidised coal by four times as much and France by three times as much in 1984) and the availability of lower cost, often open-cast, coal mined in Australia, Colombia, Poland and the United States.
567:
coal company housed its workers. It offered adequate housing and promoted upward mobility through its sponsorship of a YMCA Center, elementary school, and some small businesses, as well as a
57:
social conditions in their communities. Beginning in the 19th century, and continuing through the 20th, coal miners unions became powerful in many countries, the miners becoming leaders of
424:
Belgium took the lead in the industrial revolution on the continent, and began large scale coal mining operations by the 1820s using British made methods. Industrialisation took place in
388:
last deep pit mine closed with the loss of 120 jobs. The coal was exhausted. British coal mines employed only 4,000 workers at 30 locations in 2013, extracting 13 million tonnes of coal.
275:
in 1919, had failed to reach an agreement, producing four different reports with proposals ranging from complete restoration of private ownership and control, to complete nationalization.
482:
in the creation of a Roman Catholic miners trade union, to prevent the growing influence of socialism. Starting in 1965 coal mines were dismantled, initiated by social democrat minister
802:
Mining has always been dangerous, because of methane gas explosions, roof cave-ins, and the difficulty of mines rescue. The worst single disaster in British coal mining history was at
942:
855:, that involved 301 miners (113 died and 188 were rescued). Also, the songs "Trip to Hyden", "The Hyden Miners' Tragedy", and "The Caves of Jericho" were written to memorialize the
271:
the government subsidy. Two weeks later, the prime minister announced that the government would accept the report provided other parties also did. A previous royal commission, the
604:
appear in a family newspaper, seem to point to exploitation. The attitudes carry over into the scholarly literature, which emphasizes that the company store was a monopoly."
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was typical in more isolated areas. It was company owned and sold a limited range of food, clothing and daily necessities to employees of a company. It is typical of a
2369:
2030:
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As well as disasters directly affecting mines, there have been disasters attributable to the impact of mining on the surrounding landscapes and communities. The
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decided to intervene, declaring that they would provide a nine-month subsidy to maintain the miners' wages and that a royal commission under the chairmanship of
1591:
Carol Conell, and Samuel Cohn. "Learning from other people's actions: Environmental variation and diffusion in French coal mining strikes, 1890-1935."
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typically accepts "scrip" or non-cash vouchers issued by the company in advance of weekly cash paychecks, and gives credit to employees before payday.
954:
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called for ever stronger government action. Final agreement came after five weeks with the miners getting a 14% raise, far less than they wanted.
371:
and is still bitterly resented in some parts of Britain that suffered from the aftermath of pit closures. In popular culture this is reflected in
833:, Europe's worst mining accident, caused the death of 1,099 miners in Northern France on 10 March 1906. This disaster was surpassed only by the
487:
910:
360:
185:
168:
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Berger, "Working-Class Culture and the Labour Movement in the South Wales and the Ruhr Coalfields, 1850–2000: A Comparison," (2001) pp 5–40.
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Between 1898 and 1908 the wages of coal miners, both in the bituminous and anthracite districts had doubled. Business leaders, led by the
1326:
1286:
Stefan Llafur Berger, "Working-Class Culture and the Labour Movement in South Wales and the Ruhr Coalfields, 1850–2000: A Comparison,"
810:. On the morning of 14 October 1913 an explosion and subsequent fire killed 436 men and boys. It followed a series of many extensive
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Often the victims were memorialized by songs. For example, at least 11 folk songs were composed about the 1956 and 1958 disasters at
2305:
1997:
Gildart, Keith. "The Women and Men of 1926: A Gender and Social History of the General Strike and Miners' Lockout in South Wales",
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which destroyed a school in South Wales can be directly attributed to the collapse of spoil heaps from the town's colliery past.
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Women's labor leagues organized a variety of social, educational, and fund-raising functions. Women also violently confronted "
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263:(a leader of the Miners' Federation) said of this event: "We have no need to glorify about victory. It is only an armistice."
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1949:
Ashworth, William, and Mark Pegg. History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 5: 1946–1982: The Nationalized Industry (1986)
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coal towns changed from company towns to labor towns, reflecting a change in the local balance of power. The main union, the
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coalfields opened in the 1830s. Railroads were built around 1850 and numerous small industrial centres sprang up, focused on
1800:
364:
321:
163:, or scraped off when it outcropped on the surface. Small groups of part-time miners used shovels and primitive equipment.
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171:. The union supported first the Liberal Party, then after 1918 Labour, with some Communist Party activism at the fringes.
252:
2600:
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were the leading coal producers and they were the sites of the first deep pits. In much of Britain coal was worked from
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Fishback, Price V. "Did Coal Miners 'Owe Their Souls to the Company Store'? Theory and Evidence from the Early 1900s,"
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236:
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1339:"Forgotten (or conveniently forgotten) reason for 1926 miners strike recalled - Dr Fred Starr | Claverton Group"
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ignitions followed by coal dust explosions. Deaths were mainly caused by carbon monoxide poisoning or asphyxiation.
359:
The NCB saw three major national strikes. The 1972 and 1974 strikes were both over pay and both saw success for the
1482:"Historical coal data: coal production, availability and consumption 1853 to 2013 - Statistical data sets - GOV.UK"
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The Polish Coal Miners' Union and the German Labor Movement in the Ruhr, 1902–1934: National and Social Solidarity
777:, policemen, and soldiers. They had to stretch the food dollar and show inventiveness in clothing their families.
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437:
260:
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Neil V. Rosenberg, "The Springhill Mine Disaster Songs: Class, Memory, and Persistence in Canadian Folksong,"
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Until the middle of the 19th century coal mining in the Netherlands was limited to the direct surroundings of
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in the 1970s. Closures in all coalfields began in the 1980s as demand for British coal was weakened by large
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Penfold Steven, "'Have You No Manhood in You?' Gender and Class in the Cape Breton Coal Towns, 1920-1926."
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result, many transatlantic crossings were cancelled and in some cases, passengers were transferred to the
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The coal question: political economy and industrial change from the nineteenth century to the present day
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Michael Earle, "'Down with Hitler and Silby Barrett': The Cape Breton Miners' Slowdown Strike of 1941,"
830:
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All the coal mines in Britain were purchased by the government in 1947 and put under the control of the
1851:
Ian McKay, "The Realm of Uncertainty: The Experience of Work in the Cumberland Coal Mines, 1873–1927,"
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1930:
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1923:
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819:
720:
691:
1825:
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1878:
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1937:
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Women played an important, though quiet, role in support of the union movement in coal towns in
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The History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 4: 1913–1946: The Political Economy of Decline
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2555:
2102:
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Irwin Marcus, Eileen Cooper and Beth O'Leary, "The Coal Strike of 1919 in Indiana County,"
86:
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on the Continent by opening mines and associated iron smelters. In Germany (Prussia), the
8:
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2511:(1997); the socially conservative Catholic Polish miners had a high strike activity level
2117:
2027:
The miners of Northumberland and Durham: a history of their social and political progress
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Victor R. Greene, "A Study in Slavs, Strikes and Unions: The Anthracite Strike of 1897."
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490:. In 1974 the last coal mine was closed, which led to large unemployment in the region.
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337:
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In Chile in the 1930s and 1940s, the miners supported the Communist Party as part of a
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Democratic Miners: Work and Labor Relations in the Anthracite Coal Industry, 1875-1925
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St. Clair. A Nineteenth-Century Coal Town's Experience with a Disaster-Prone Industry
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279:, the then prime minister, offered reorganization, which was rejected by the miners.
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44:
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History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 5: 1946–1982: The Nationalized Industry
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History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 2. 1700–1830: The Industrial Revolution
1971:
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Soft Coal, Hard Choices: The Economic Welfare of Bituminous Coal Miners, 1890-1930
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The Face of Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region in the Twentieth Century
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Conflict and Accommodation: Coal Miners, Steel Workers, and Socialism, 1890-1920
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responded to this news by promising to support the miners in their dispute. The
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University Press of Kentucky, 1985, conflict in the coal industry to the 1980s.
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127:
93:
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The Best Dressed Miners: Life and Labor in the Maryland Coal Region, 1835-1910
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Robert H. Wiebe, "The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902: A Record of Confusion."
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When Coal Was King: Ladysmith and the Coal-Mining Industry on Vancouver Island
516:, a store that miners had to use because they were often paid only in company
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The miners' pay had gone down from £6.00 to £3.90 in the space of seven years.
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rejected the terms: "Not a penny off the pay, not a minute on the day." The
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Divided Loyalties: The Public and Private Life of Labor Leader John Mitchell
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Catching Up?: Organizational and Management Change in the Ex-Socialist Block
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that lasted nine days, from 4 May 1926 to 13 May 1926. It was called by the
2004:
Gildart, Keith. "The Miners' Lockout in 1926 in the Cumberland Coalfield",
1916:
The Miners: a History of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, 1889-1910
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Rowland. Berthoff, "The Social Order of the Anthracite Region, 1825–1902,"
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119:
2180:
Coalcracker Culture: Work and Values in Pennsylvania Anthracite, 1835-1935
1985:
The pitmen of the northern coalfield: work, culture and protest, 1790-1850
878:
774:
761:
409:
345:
144:
1786:. Indiana County is a coal mining district in the state of Pennsylvania.
1783:
1612:
532:
2275:
2258:
2248:
1954:
The 1926 Miners' Lockout: Meanings of Community in the Durham Coalfield
1596:
1429:
The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain, 1700-1914.
1412:
695:
635:
521:
341:
160:
136:
2070:
History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 3: Victorian Pre-Eminence
1611:(1963; 2nd ed. 2001), pp 4-8; written by a paternalistic mine owner.
666:(UMWA) had won a sweeping victory in an 1897 strike by the soft-coal (
1140:
Blood, Sweat, and Toil: Remaking the British Working Class, 1939-1945
748:, started in 1917 and won union recognition, wage increases, and the
463:
459:
433:
148:
140:
132:
62:
1741:
1521:"Why was Britain first? The industrial revolution in global context"
320:(NCB). The industry declined steadily despite protests such as the
283:
Britain (MFGB) refused the wage reduction and regional negotiation.
235:
Mine owners announced their intention to reduce miners' wages. The
2429:
Fire in the Hole: Miners and Managers in the American Coal Industry
2157:
2127:
1520:
823:
475:
425:
333:
2443:
Report on Immigrants in Industries, Part I: Bituminous Coal Mining
1814:
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970
429:
2436:
Coal, Class, and Color: Blacks in Southern West Virginia, 1915-32
2389:
Archon Books, 1979, On labor conflicts of the early 20th century.
2380:
Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict
2323:
The United Mine Workers of America, and the Non-Union Coal Fields
1407:
Alastair Reid, and Steven Tolliday, "The General Strike, 1926",
1100:
Global Energy Shifts: Fostering Sustainability in a Turbulent Age
943:
Mine workers council elections in the First Czechoslovak Republic
711:
demands federal action to stop the coal strike, November 22, 1919
441:
405:
401:
349:
201:
34:
for centuries, but they became increasingly important during the
2394:
Coal and Unionism: A History of the American Coal Miners' Unions
1664:
Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896
682:
value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal). President
2550:
2445:, 2 vols. Senate Document no. 633, 61st Cong., 2nd sess. (1911)
2051:(5 vol, Oxford U.P., 1984–87); 3000 pages of scholarly history
1968:
British Coal-Miners in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History
1167:
Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850-2000
1020:
Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850-2000
796:
702:
413:
352:
that other European governments gave to their coal industries (
2299:
United We Stand: The United Mine Workers of America 1890-1990.
2343:
Columbia University Press, 1958; on southern Illinois; online
2213:
Coal Mines Administration, U.S., Department Of The Interior.
1992:
Coal is our life: an analysis of a Yorkshire mining community
1358:
Robertson, D. H. 'A Narrative of the General Strike of 1926'
1288:
Journal of Welsh Labour History/Cylchgrawn Hanes Llafur Cymru
838:
517:
2495:
Mexican Coal Mining Labor in Texas & Coahuila, 1880-1930
2363:
Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields
2201:
Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941
1638:
Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields
1488:. Department of Energy & Climate Change. 22 January 2013
1303:
Economic Development of the British Coal Industry, 1800-1914
627:, whose effects few miners knew would have on their bodies.
396:
2538:
The Ashio Riot of 1907: A Social History of Mining in Japan
2238:
What's a Coal Miner to Do? The Mechanization of Coal Mining
1675:
Glen D. Weaver, and Ryan C. Graham, "Segundo, Colorado,"
1046:
The Ashio Riot of 1907: A Social History of Mining in Japan
873:
486:
and with active support of the catholic trade union leader
126:, and roughly the same time in the Stuart period along the
2556:
Newsreel May 29, 1946: End of coal strike in United States
2356:
The United Mine Workers: A Model of Industrial Solidarity?
2301:
International Union, United Mine Workers of America, 1990.
2194:
The Lean Years: a History of the American Worker 1920-1933
512:
Miners in remote coal camps were often dependent upon the
212:
Total coal output in Britain had been falling since 1914.
118:
Although some deep mining took place as early as the late
2306:"The Coal Strike of 1902 – Turning Point in U.S. Policy"
436:. The leading entrepreneur was a transplanted Englishman
328:
and gas, and in comparison to subsidy levels in Europe.
1609:
Smokeless Coal Fields of West Virginia: A Brief History
2387:
Law and Order vs. the Miners: West Virginia, 1907-1933
1701:
Lou Athey, "The Company Store in Coal Town Culture,"
255:
would look into the problems of the mining industry.
1274:
A Short History of the British Industrial Revolution
1244:
367:
ended in victory for the Conservative government of
1033:
European Coal Mining Unions: structure and function
2240:(1988), changes in the coal industry prior to 1940
1767:Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920
1525:Short History of the British Industrial Revolution
507:
375:, a hit play based on the 2000 film Billy Elliot.
2536:Nimura Kazuo, Andrew Gordon, and Terry Boardman;
2457:Labor Revolt in Alabama: The Great Strike of 1894
2215:A Medical Survey of the Bituminous-Coal Industry.
1299:
1136:
955:List of trade unions in the Singareni coal fields
614:
2562:
1651:Pennsylvania Magazine of History & Biography
822:of 1862. Most of the explosions were caused by
70:political left wing of the Labour Party and the
1939:. Cardiff : Cymric Federation Press, 1975.
687:government intervened as a neutral arbitrator.
2158:Azzarelli, Margo L.; Marnie Azzarelli (2016).
2134:The Miners' Union of Northumberland and Durham
1961:The History of the Yorkshire Miners, 1881-1918
1096:
841:on April 26, 1942, which killed 1,549 miners.
2218:U.S. Government Printing Office. 1947. online
1217:
911:National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)
2095:Britain's coal: A study of the mining crisis
109:British coalfields in the nineteenth century
960:
2392:Lynch, Edward A., and David J. McDonald.
1190:
1163:
2257:(1977), the standard scholarly biography
2068:Roy Church, Alan Hall and John Kanefsky.
2038:A History Of Coal Mining In Great Britain
1801:"Miners Finally Agree", December 11, 1919
1623:Margo L. Azzarelli and Marnie Azzarelli,
1397:. London: The Folio Society. p. 122.
2483:(1988), 220pp short biography by scholar
2460:University of Alabama Press, 1965 online
2049:The History of the British Coal Industry
790:
701:
629:
543:
531:
395:
104:
17:
2455:Ward, Robert D. and William W. Rogers,
2253:Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine.
1362:Vol. 36, no. 143 (September 1926) p.376
1271:
746:Amalgamated Mine Workers of Nova Scotia
651:
2563:
1881:(in French). Le Monde. March 10, 2006.
1440:Margaret Thatcher, quoted in B. Fine,
1389:
1327:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
2382:. University Press of Kentucky, 1987.
1224:. Penn State U. Press. pp. 1–4.
996:Coal mining in Plymouth, Pennsylvania
795:The 1906 Courrières mine disaster in
2472:Zieger, Robert H. "Lewis, John L."
2061:Michael W. Flinn, and David Stoker.
1738:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
147:; the Yorkshire pits which supplied
2616:Energy history of the United States
1518:
916:Midland Counties Miners' Federation
715:The UMW under its new young leader
527:
13:
2474:American National Biography Online
2151:
1901:
1474:
926:Leicestershire Miners' Association
921:Northumberland Miners' Association
901:1926 United Kingdom general strike
623:The breathing of coal dust caused
288:1926 United Kingdom general strike
14:
2627:
2544:
2318:. Cornell University Press, 1993.
2243:Dublin, Thomas and Walter Licht.
1468:Coal mine closes with celebration
936:
896:Coal mining in the United Kingdom
646:
400:Historical coalfields of Western
312:Coal mining in the United Kingdom
135:helped to make the prosperity of
2591:Coal mining in the United States
2203:(1970), best coverage of the era
2196:(1966), best coverage of the era
2084:William Ashworth and Mark Pegg.
2008:(September 2007) 44#2 pp 169–192
1946:. London: Allen and Unwin, 1979.
1918:. London: Allen and Unwin, 1949.
1393:(2000). "IV Post War, 1918-22".
1170:. Oxford U.P. pp. 76, 495.
1143:. Oxford U.P. pp. 11, 113.
694:, and political leaders such as
574:
502:
100:
2187:The Union and the Coal Industry
1885:
1871:
1858:
1845:
1832:
1827:Social History/Histoire Sociale
1819:
1806:
1789:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1730:
1717:
1708:
1695:
1682:
1669:
1656:
1643:
1630:
1617:
1601:
1585:
1572:
1559:
1547:
1538:
1512:
1499:
1459:
1446:
1434:
1418:
1401:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1352:
1331:
1320:
1306:. CUP Archive. pp. 190–1.
1293:
1280:
1265:
1238:
1211:
1184:
1157:
972:Cape Breton coal strike of 1981
508:Coal mining in the 19th century
174:
151:were only about 300 feet deep.
78:Polish—that seldom cooperated.
2611:United Mine Workers of America
1251:. SUNY Press. pp. 12–14.
1130:
1117:
1103:. Temple U.P. pp. 40–41.
1090:
1077:
1064:
1051:
1038:
1025:
1012:
992:, (Mother Jones), Labor leader
931:Thomas Ashton (trade unionist)
906:South Wales Miners' Federation
615:Safety and health in the mines
469:
391:
1:
2441:U.S. Immigration Commission,
2189:(Yale University Press, 1955)
1803:. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
1593:American Journal of Sociology
1245:Andrzej K. Koźmiński (1993).
1001:Hurricane Creek mine disaster
857:Hurricane Creek mine disaster
563:was a company town where the
361:National Union of Mineworkers
322:UK miners' strike (1984–1985)
305:
186:National Union of Mineworkers
51:
2210:. (Albany: SUNY Press, 1994)
2013:The economics of coal mining
1906:
1895:(2001), Vol. 35, pp 153-187.
1677:New Mexico Historical Review
1276:. Palgrave. pp. 109–10.
780:
7:
2540:Duke University Press, 1997
2481:John L. Lewis: Labor Leader
2272:Journal of Economic History
2126:(Oxford U.P., 1983) on the
2001:(July 2011) 50#3 pp 758–759
1999:Journal of British Studies,
1812:U.S. Bureau of the Census,
1627:(Arcadia Publishing, 2016).
1509:(Ashgate, 2005, pp. 37-38).
862:
721:strike for November 1, 1919
365:miners' strike of 1984–1985
113:
10:
2632:
2551:Cape Breton Miners' Museum
2434:Trotter Jr., Joe William.
2255:John L. Lewis: A Biography
1505:Chris Evans, Göran Rydén,
1411:(1977) 20#4 pp. 1001–1012
1300:Brian R. Mitchell (1984).
1137:Geoffrey G. Field (2011).
967:Canadian Mineworkers Union
889:
784:
655:
578:
548:Tribute to coal miners in
448:
419:
309:
219:The reintroduction of the
207:
2586:Coal in the United States
1740:(1961) 48#2, pp. 229–51.
1059:History of Modern Germany
980:, American leader 1920–60
820:Hartley Colliery Disaster
735:
692:National Civic Federation
493:
2487:
2161:Labor Unrest in Scranton
2029:. 1873, reprinted 1985.
1829:(1981) 14#27 pp 177-196.
1782:(1989) 56#3 pp. 177-195
1625:Labor Unrest in Scranton
1197:. UBC Press. p. 4.
1006:
961:United States and Canada
948:
831:Courrières mine disaster
373:Billy Elliot the Musical
2358:(Penn State U.P., 1996)
2354:Laslett, John H.M. ed.
2274:(1986) 46#4 pp 1011–29
2259:excerpt and text search
2249:excerpt and text search
2080:excerpt and text search
1613:excerpt and text search
1431:London: Routledge, 2001
1097:Bruce Podobnik (2008).
853:Springhill, Nova Scotia
245:Conservative government
72:British Communist party
2601:Miners' labor disputes
2581:History of coal mining
2448:Wallace, Anthony F.C.
2422:Social Science History
2164:. Arcadia Publishing.
2113:The Road to Wigan Pier
2047:Hatcher, John, et al.
1679:(2008) 83#3 pp 323-351
1653:(1965) 89#3 pp 261-291
1380:Robertson, D. H. p.377
1341:. Claverton-energy.com
1272:Griffin, Emma (2010).
1218:Jody Pavilack (2011).
869:History of coal mining
799:
765:undermine the unions.
740:Between 1917 and 1926
712:
643:
640:Hazleton, Pennsylvania
634:Coal miners at a deep
606:
553:
541:
536:A small local mine in
480:Henricus Andreas Poels
416:
336:, but then moved into
110:
30:People have worked as
27:
2493:Calderón, Roberto R.
1942:Arnot, Robert Page.
1868:(1994) 23#2 pp 21-44.
1842:(1988) 18#1 pp 56-90.
1725:Pennsylvania History.
1555:Het geluk van Limburg
1553:Marcia Luyten, 2015,
1454:Labour History Review
1360:The Economic Journal
1123:K. G. J. C. Knowles,
808:South Wales coalfield
794:
708:The Los Angeles Times
705:
677:the UMW targeted the
633:
601:
597:Fishback finds that:
547:
535:
456:Industrial Revolution
399:
296:Trades Union Congress
108:
36:Industrial Revolution
24:Wheelwright, Kentucky
21:
2576:American coal miners
2310:October 1975. online
2308:Monthly Labor Review
2304:Grossman, Jonathan.
2280:Fishback, Price V.
2036:Galloway, Robert L.
1935:Arnot, Robert Page.
1855:(1986) 16#1 pp 3-57.
1780:Pennsylvania History
1727:(1964) 31#2 199-215.
1456:(2011) 76#1 pp 34-50
652:Prosperity 1897–1919
193:national coal strike
87:cross-class alliance
2606:Mining trade unions
2514:Kulczycki, John J.
2507:Kulczycki, John J.
2424:(2002) 26#1 1 - 32.
2340:People of Coal Town
2314:Harvey, Katherine.
2229:Corbin, David Alan
2199:Bernstein, Irving.
2192:Bernstein, Irving.
2185:Baratz, Morton S.
2178:Aurand, Harold W.
2110:. "Down the Mine" (
2100:Jaffe, James Alan.
2093:Heinemann, Margot.
1705:(1990) 2#1 pp 6-23.
1688:Price V. Fishback,
1415:, on historiography
1395:England 1914 - 1945
1290:(2001) 8#2 pp 5-40.
1191:John Hinde (2011).
1164:Geoff Eley (2002).
984:United Mine Workers
770:Nova Scotia, Canada
675:Coal Strike of 1902
664:United Mine Workers
658:Coal Strike of 1902
440:. His factories at
386:South Wales Valleys
318:National Coal Board
2479:Zieger, Robert H.
2465:2011-01-13 at the
2403:2011-11-03 at the
2378:Lewis, Ronald L.
2372:2020-01-02 at the
2348:2011-01-03 at the
2332:2011-01-15 at the
2291:2011-11-03 at the
2223:2011-01-13 at the
1977:2011-01-15 at the
1959:Baylies, Carolyn.
1913:Arnot, Robert Page
1893:Northeast Folklore
1765:Robert K. Murray,
1409:Historical Journal
1083:David Montgomery,
884:Coal-mining region
816:The Oaks explosion
800:
713:
684:Theodore Roosevelt
644:
554:
542:
417:
338:North East England
277:David Lloyd George
253:Sir Herbert Samuel
124:North East England
111:
45:far-left political
28:
2504:(1999), in Canada
2427:Seltzer, Curtis.
2385:Lunt, Richard D.
2361:Lewis, Ronald L.
2338:Lantz; Herman R.
2263:Eller, Ronald D.
2116:chapter 2, 1937)
2011:Dron, Robert W.
2006:Northern History,
1963:Routledge (1993).
1952:Barron, Hester.
1666:(1971) chapter 8.
1636:Ronald L. Lewis,
1595:(1995): 366–403.
1580:France: 1848-1945
1567:France: 1848-1945
1565:Theodore Zeldin,
1127:(Oxford UP, 1952)
1031:Frederic Meyers,
990:Mary Harris Jones
732:170,000 in 1959.
561:Segundo, Colorado
369:Margaret Thatcher
273:Sankey Commission
268:Samuel Commission
169:Miners Federation
2623:
2521:Marsden, Susan,
2321:Hinrichs, A. F.
2175:
2140:at Open Library.
2122:Waller, Robert.
2044:at Open Library.
2033:at Open Library.
1896:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:"Marcel Barrois"
1875:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1836:
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1810:
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1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:Labor's Heritage
1699:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1662:Richard Jensen,
1660:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1583:
1582:(1973) pp 220–26
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1391:Taylor, A. J. P.
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1055:
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1036:
1029:
1023:
1016:
846:Aberfan disaster
835:Benxihu Colliery
818:of 1866 and the
812:Mining accidents
528:Social structure
2631:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2561:
2560:
2547:
2490:
2467:Wayback Machine
2409:Phelan, Craig.
2405:Wayback Machine
2374:Wayback Machine
2350:Wayback Machine
2334:Wayback Machine
2293:Wayback Machine
2225:Wayback Machine
2172:
2154:
2145:Men in the pits
1979:Wayback Machine
1909:
1904:
1902:Further reading
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1607:W.P. Tams Jr.,
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1519:Griffin, Emma.
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787:Mining accident
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679:anthracite coal
668:bituminous coal
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2545:External links
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2500:Frank, David.
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2486:
2485:
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2452:. Knopf, 1981.
2446:
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2416:Rössel, Jörg.
2414:
2407:
2398:online edition
2390:
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2327:online edition
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2297:Fox, Maier B.
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2206:Blatz, Perry.
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2074:Barry Supple.
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2054:John Hatcher:
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1983:Colls, Robert
1981:
1966:Benson, John.
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1752:Michael Nash,
1745:
1729:
1716:
1707:
1694:
1681:
1668:
1655:
1642:
1629:
1616:
1600:
1584:
1571:
1558:
1546:
1537:
1511:
1498:
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1445:
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1417:
1400:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1351:
1330:
1319:
1312:
1292:
1279:
1264:
1257:
1237:
1231:978-0271037691
1230:
1210:
1203:
1183:
1176:
1156:
1149:
1129:
1116:
1109:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1057:Hajo Holborn,
1050:
1044:Kazuo Nimura,
1037:
1024:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
962:
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957:
950:
947:
946:
945:
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937:Czechoslovakia
935:
934:
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928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
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891:
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886:
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871:
864:
861:
782:
779:
750:eight-hour day
737:
734:
656:Main article:
653:
650:
648:
645:
616:
613:
608:
607:
579:Main article:
576:
573:
529:
526:
509:
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504:
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495:
492:
471:
468:
450:
447:
438:John Cockerill
421:
418:
393:
390:
310:Main article:
307:
304:
292:general strike
233:
232:
229:
225:
217:
209:
206:
176:
173:
153:Northumberland
128:Firth of Forth
115:
112:
102:
99:
94:Eastern Europe
53:
50:
22:Coal miner in
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2628:
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2531:0-9578961-9-0
2528:
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2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2497:(2000) 294pp.
2496:
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2184:
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2173:
2171:9781625856814
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2152:United States
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2043:
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2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:Arnot, R. P.
1927:
1924:
1921:Arnot, R. P.
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1874:
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1487:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1425:Peter Mathias
1421:
1414:
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1392:
1386:
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1313:9780521265010
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1258:9780791415986
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1204:9780774840149
1200:
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1177:9780198021407
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1152:
1150:9780199604111
1146:
1142:
1141:
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1120:
1112:
1110:9781592138043
1106:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1087:(1991) p 343.
1086:
1080:
1073:
1070:David Frank,
1067:
1061:(1959) p. 521
1060:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1015:
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997:
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988:
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978:John L. Lewis
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766:
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747:
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729:
725:
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718:
717:John L. Lewis
710:
709:
704:
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587:company store
582:
581:Company store
575:Company store
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569:company store
566:
562:
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551:
546:
539:
538:West Virginia
534:
525:
523:
519:
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514:company store
503:United States
500:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
415:
412:and Northern
411:
407:
403:
398:
389:
387:
384:In 2008, the
382:
380:
376:
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370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
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347:
343:
339:
335:
329:
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323:
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303:
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293:
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284:
280:
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274:
269:
264:
262:
261:Herbert Smith
256:
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230:
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222:
221:gold standard
218:
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172:
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129:
125:
121:
107:
101:Great Britain
98:
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83:
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73:
67:
64:
60:
49:
46:
40:
37:
33:
25:
20:
16:
2537:
2522:
2515:
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2501:
2494:
2480:
2473:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2362:
2355:
2339:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2298:
2281:
2271:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2237:
2236:Dix, Keith.
2230:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2160:
2144:
2133:
2123:
2111:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2037:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1892:
1887:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1826:
1821:
1816:(1976) p 580
1813:
1808:
1796:
1791:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1737:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1710:
1702:
1697:
1692:(1992) p 131
1689:
1684:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1608:
1603:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1569:(1973) p 221
1566:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1490:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1408:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1359:
1354:
1343:. Retrieved
1333:
1322:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1247:
1240:
1220:
1213:
1193:
1186:
1166:
1159:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1074:(1999) p, 69
1071:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1035:(1961) p. 86
1032:
1027:
1019:
1018:Geoff Eley,
1014:
986:, U.S. union
850:
843:
837:accident in
828:
801:
767:
758:
754:
739:
730:
726:
714:
706:
689:
672:
661:
647:20th century
622:
618:
609:
602:
596:
591:company town
584:
559:
555:
550:Pennsylvania
511:
497:
488:Frans Dohmen
484:Joop den Uyl
473:
452:
423:
383:
379:British Coal
377:
358:
354:West Germany
330:
315:
300:
285:
281:
265:
257:
234:
211:
192:
190:
178:
175:20th century
165:
120:Tudor period
117:
91:
84:
80:
76:
68:
55:
41:
31:
29:
15:
2571:Coal miners
2533:; Australia
2469:coal strike
1990:Dennis, N.
1048:(1997) p 48
879:Coal mining
762:Nova Scotia
742:Cape Breton
470:Netherlands
410:Netherlands
392:West Europe
346:South Wales
224:businesses.
161:drift mines
145:South Wales
32:coal miners
2596:Coal towns
2565:Categories
2476:Feb. 2000.
2143:Zweig, F.
2025:Fynes, R.
1866:Acadiensis
1853:Acadiensis
1840:Acadiensis
1714:Fox (1990)
1530:6 February
1492:2015-07-07
1486:www.gov.uk
1345:2010-08-28
804:Senghenydd
785:See also:
696:Mark Hanna
636:anthracite
625:black lung
522:coal scrip
342:Lancashire
306:Since 1945
137:Lancashire
133:coalfields
52:Radicalism
2118:full text
2018:Fine, B.
781:Disasters
719:called a
464:ironworks
460:Ruhr Area
445:Prussia.
434:Charleroi
350:subsidies
228:disarray.
149:Sheffield
143:, and of
141:Yorkshire
63:socialist
2463:Archived
2401:Archived
2370:Archived
2346:Archived
2330:Archived
2289:Archived
2276:in JSTOR
2221:Archived
2136:. 1923.
2128:Dukeries
1975:Archived
1784:in JSTOR
1742:in JSTOR
1597:in JSTOR
1578:Zeldin,
1413:in JSTOR
974:, Canada
863:See also
824:firedamp
814:such as
638:mine in
565:CF&I
476:Kerkrade
426:Wallonia
334:Scotland
114:Pre 1900
2525:(2002)
2396:(1939)
2325:(1923)
2284:(1992)
2247:(2005)
2104:(2003).
2097:(1944).
2078:(1988)
2065:(1984).
2058:(1993).
2040:(1882)
2022:(1990).
2015:(1928).
1970:(1980)
1925:. 1953.
1907:Britain
1125:Strikes
890:Britain
806:in the
673:In the
449:Germany
442:Seraing
420:Belgium
406:Belgium
402:Germany
208:1920-45
202:Titanic
2529:
2518:(1994)
2438:(1990)
2413:(1994)
2367:online
2365:(2008)
2286:ONLINE
2233:(1981)
2168:
2147:. 1948
2138:Online
2088:(1986)
2042:Online
2031:Online
1994:. 1956
1987:. 1987
1972:online
1956:(2010)
1932:. 1961
1756:(1982)
1640:(2008)
1310:
1255:
1228:
1201:
1174:
1147:
1107:
1022:(2002)
797:France
736:Canada
642:, 1900
540:, 1908
494:France
414:France
408:, the
363:. The
344:, and
290:was a
247:under
188:). E.
157:Durham
26:, 1946
2488:Other
2267:1982.
1769:p 155
1007:Notes
949:India
839:China
775:scabs
518:scrip
430:Liège
139:, of
2527:ISBN
2182:2003
2166:ISBN
1532:2013
1466:BBC
1308:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1105:ISBN
874:Coal
829:The
662:The
432:and
286:The
266:The
237:MFGB
197:1912
191:The
182:Left
155:and
59:left
520:or
241:TUC
195:of
122:in
92:In
61:or
2567::
2420:,
1799::
1523:.
1484:.
1427:,
859:.
585:A
404:,
340:,
204:.
74:.
2174:.
1534:.
1495:.
1348:.
1316:.
1261:.
1234:.
1207:.
1180:.
1153:.
1113:.
552:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
