History of colonialism

2138: 656: 2456: 2046: 1938: 36: 1586: 934: 1734: 2585: 2126: 1249: 2801: 2544: 2005: 1405: 1204: 591: 538: 2846: 640: 1317:. These writers, who generally supported the Caucasian fight for liberation, went beyond the chauvinism of the colonial autocracy and rendered the Caucasian peoples' cultures accessible to the Russian intelligentsia. At the same time, Russian culture exerted an influence on Caucasian cultures, bolstering positive aspects while weakening the impact of the Caucasian peoples' reactionary feudalism and reducing the internecine fighting between tribes and clans. 2688: 365: 28: 2780:(Egypt) tried to create a block of nations powerful enough to be dependent on neither the United States nor the Soviet Union, but finally tilted towards the Soviet Union, while smaller independence movements, both by strategic necessity and ideological choice, were supported either by Moscow or by Beijing. Few independence movements were totally independent of foreign aid. In the 1960s and 1970s, 1608:

earlier, revolutionary leaders began bloody wars of independence against Spain, whose armies were ultimately unable to maintain control. By 1831, Spain had been ejected from the mainland of the Americas, leaving a collection of independent republics that stretched from Chile and Argentina in the south to Mexico in the north. Spain's colonial possessions were reduced to

1078: 2350:. However, it was soon brought within British India, of which it remained a part until 1937. Burma was governed as a province of India, not considered very important, and barely any accommodation was made to Burmese political culture or sensitivities. As reforms began to move India towards independence, Burma was simply dragged along. 2346:. Burma had been under British rule for nearly a hundred years, however, it was always considered an "imperial backwater". This accounts for the fact that Burma does not have an obvious colonial legacy and is not a part of the Commonwealth. In the beginning, in the mid-1820s, Burma was administered from Penang in Britain's 2069:." The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of what has been termed "empire for empire's sake," aggressive competition for overseas territorial acquisitions, and the emergence in colonizing countries of doctrines of racial superiority which denied the fitness of subjugated peoples for self-government. 2476:: this war marked the first victory of an Asian power against a European imperial power, and led to widespread fears among European populations. During the first part of the 20th century, while China was still subject to various European imperialisms, Japan became an imperialist power, conquering what it called a " 830:), so they had relatively little cultural impact on the societies they engaged. In the Western Hemisphere, the European colonization involved the emigration of large numbers of settlers, soldiers and administrators intent on owning land and exploiting the apparently primitive (as perceived by Old World standards) 982:) on Spanish treasure fleets or coastal settlements. Later the Northern European countries began establishing settlements of their own, primarily in areas that were outside of Spanish interests, such as what is now the eastern seaboard of the United States and Canada, or islands in the Caribbean, such as 2616:

declared that the signatories would "respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live". Though Churchill subsequently claimed this applied only to those countries under Nazi occupation, rather than the British Empire, the words were not so easily retracted:

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Like the other European colonists, the French began their colonization via commercial activities, starting with the establishment of a factory in Surat in 1668. The French started to settle down in India in 1673, beginning with the purchase of land at Chandernagore from the Mughal Governor of Bengal,

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in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian Kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers were to control various regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing

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the culture of Russia and that of the Caucasian peoples interacted in a reciprocally beneficial manner. The turbulent tenor of life in the Caucasus, the mountain peoples' love of freedom, and their willingness to die for independence were felt far beyond the local interaction of the Caucasian peoples

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However, the English, French and Dutch were no more averse to making a profit than the Spanish and Portuguese, and whilst their areas of settlement in the Americas proved to be devoid of the precious metals found by the Spanish, trade in other commodities and products that could be sold at a massive

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voyage). The motive for emigration was not to become an aristocrat or to spread one's faith but to start a new society afresh, structured according to the colonist's wishes. The most populous emigration of the 17th century was that of the English, who after a series of wars with the Dutch and French

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and the Philippines, parts of which the Portuguese had already explored, sailing from the Indian Ocean. The two by now global empires, which had set out from opposing directions, had finally met on the other side of the world. The conflicts that arose between both powers were finally solved with the

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is a term used to recognize the continued and troubling presence and influence of colonialism within the period designated as after-the-colonial. It refers to the ongoing effects that colonial encounters, dispossession and power have in shaping the familiar structures (social, political, spatial,

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From its very outset, Western colonialism was operated as a joint public-private venture. Columbus' voyages to the Americas were partially funded by Italian investors, but whereas the Spanish state maintained a tight rein on trade with its colonies (by law, the colonies could only trade with one

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Asking whether colonies paid, economic historian Grover Clark argues an emphatic "No!" He reports that in every case the support cost, especially the military system necessary to support and defend the colonies outran the total trade they produced. Apart from the British Empire, they have not

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By the early eighteenth century, the French had become the chief European rivals of the British. During the eighteenth century, it was highly possible for the Indian subcontinent to have succumbed to French control, but the defeat inflicted on them in the Seven Years War (1756–1763) permanently

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brought between 10 and 12 million black African slaves to the New World. The islands of the Caribbean soon came to be populated by slaves of African descent, ruled over by a white minority of plantation owners interested in making a fortune and then returning to their home country to spend it.

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on the Spanish throne, the main tie between the metropole and its colonies in the Americas, the Spanish monarchy, had been cut, leading the colonists to question their continued subordination to a declining and distant country. With an eye on the events of the American Revolution forty years

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and sugar in the islands of the Caribbean and Brazil. Due to the massive depletion of indigenous labor, plantation owners had to look elsewhere for manpower for these labour-intensive crops. They turned to the centuries-old slave trade of west Africa and began transporting Africans across the

387:. The Portuguese started the long age of European colonization with the conquest of Ceuta, Morocco in 1415, and the conquest and discovery of other African territories and islands, this would also start the movement known as the Age of Discoveries. The Spanish and Portuguese launched the 2072:

During this period, Europe's powers added nearly 8,880,000 square miles (23,000,000 km) to their overseas colonial possessions. As it was mostly unoccupied by the Western powers as late as the 1880s, Africa became the primary target of the "new" imperialist expansion (known as the

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Commentators have identified three broad waves of European colonial and imperial expansion, connected with specific territories. The first targeted the Americas, North and South, as well as the Caribbean. The second focused on Asia, while the third wave extended European control into

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The beginning of the Portuguese occupation of India can be traced back to the arrival of Vasco da Gama near Calicut on 20 May 1498. Soon after this, other explorers, traders and missionaries followed. By 1515, the Portuguese were the strongest naval power in the Indian Ocean and the

1802:, defeated the Nawab's forces. This was the first political foothold with territorial implications that the British had acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first Governor of Bengal in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at 2526:

followed in 1937, drawing Japan toward an overambitious bid for Asian hegemony (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere), which ultimately led to defeat and the loss of all its overseas territories after World War II (see Japanese expansionism and Japanese nationalism). The

1637:, was left in charge of Brazil and in 1822 he declared independence from Portugal and himself the Emperor of Brazil. Unlike Spain's former colonies which had abandoned the monarchy in favor of republicanism, Brazil, therefore, retained its links with its monarchy, the 973:

It was not long before the exclusivity of Iberian claims to the Americas was challenged by other up and coming European powers, primarily the Netherlands, France and England: the view taken by the rulers of these nations is epitomized by the quotation attributed to

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concerns, as well as the refusal of the U.S. to support decolonization movements against its NATO European allies, led the national liberation movements to look increasingly toward the East. However, China's appearance on the world scene, under the leadership of

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For Japan, the second half of the nineteenth century was a period of internal turmoil succeeded by a period of rapid development. After being closed for centuries to Western influence, Japan was forced by the United States to open itself to the West during the

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that dominated the region's economies until the 1970s, and making the emirs of the oil states immensely rich, enabling them to consolidate their hold on power and giving them a stake in preserving Western hegemony over the region. During the 1920 and 1930s

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Although the U.S. had first opposed itself to colonial empires, the Cold War concerns about Soviet influence in the Third World caused it to downplay its advocacy of popular sovereignty and decolonization. France thus received financial support in the

1520:, and all royal officials were expelled. On their own the Patriots captured a British Invasion army and France recognized the new nation, formed a military alliance, declared war on Britain, and left the superpower without any major ally. The 4015: 1632:

to escape to Brazil and establish his court in Rio de Janeiro. For thirteen years, Portugal was ruled from Brazil (the only instance of such a reversal of roles between colony and metropole) until his return to Portugal in 1821. His son,

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With the final revision of treaties in 1894, Japan may be considered to have joined the family of nations on a basis of equality with the western states. From this same time imperialism became a dominant motive in Japanese policy.

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The expansion achieved by Spain and Portugal caught the attention of Britain, France, and the Netherlands. The entrance of these three powers into the Caribbean and North America perpetuated European colonialism in these regions.

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disliked colonies and thought they were a waste of time, but his hand was forced by pressure from both the elites and the general population which considered the colonization a necessity for German prestige. German colonies in

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During the 16th century the Portuguese continued to press both eastwards and westwards into the Oceans. Towards Asia they made the first direct contact between Europeans and the peoples inhabiting present day countries such as

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followed by the acquisition of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur the next year. Both became the centers of the maritime commercial activities that the French conducted in India. The French also had trading posts in Mahe,

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As characteristically happens in any colonialism, European or not, previous or subsequent, both Spain and Portugal profited handsomely from their newfound overseas colonies: the Spanish from gold and silver from mines such as

1603:(1701–14), as a result of which it lost its European imperial possessions. The death knell for the Spanish Empire in the Americas was Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808. With the installation of his brother 343:

There were deadly battles between colonizing states and revolutions from colonized areas shaping areas of control and establishing independent nations. During the 20th century, the colonies of the defeated central powers in

2472:(1868–1912), characterized by swift modernization and borrowings from European culture (in law, science, etc.) This, in turn, helped make Japan the modern power that it is now, which was symbolized as soon as the 1904–1905 1001:(many Spaniards emigrated to the Americas to elevate their social status, and were not interested in manual labor), Northern European colonialism was bolstered by those emigrating for religious reasons (for example, the 1910:

started in China in the middle of the 19th century, spreading plague to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone. Despite persistent diseases and famines, however, the population of the

2084:(1884–1885) mediated the imperial competition among Britain, France, and Germany, defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of colonial claims and codifying the imposition of 2101:("Pangermanic League"), which argued that Britain's world power position gave the British unfair advantages on international markets, thus limiting Germany's economic growth and threatening its security. 1568:

after the United States. Africans and people of African ancestry freed themselves from slavery and colonization by taking advantage of the conflict among whites over how to implement the reforms of the

3999: 2850: 818:(Colombia). In Asia, the Portuguese encountered ancient and well populated societies, and established a seaborne empire consisting of armed coastal trading posts along their trade routes (such as 1297:

and coresident Russians: they injected a potent new spirit into the thinking and creative work of Russia's progressives, strengthened the liberationist aspirations of Russian writers and exiled

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in 1494, which divided the world outside of Europe in two areas of trade and exploration, between the Iberian kingdoms of Castile and Portugal along a north-south meridian, 370 leagues west of

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of 1884–1885. The conference effectively divided Africa among the European powers. Vast regions of Africa came under the sway of Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Italy and Spain.

1485:'s attempt to raise taxes from North American colonists raised fears among the Americans that their rights as "Englishmen", and particularly their rights of self-government, were in danger. 2174:

had corporate commercial roots, while the equivalent German-dominated areas in East Africa and China owed more to political motives. The British also took an interest in Africa, using the

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in Europe which ultimately proved its economic undoing: the supply of metals was not infinite and the large inflow caused inflation and debt, and subsequently affected the rest of Europe.

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were committed. Round after round of international scandal regarding the brutal treatment of native workers forced the Belgium government to take full ownership and responsibility.

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capitalism system and the manufacturing industry in Europe. The last wave of European colonialism solidified all capitalistic endeavours by providing new markets and raw materials.

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and those with land in Africa along the Mediterranean), covering vast territories around the globe. Between 1580 and 1640, the Portuguese and Spanish empires were both ruled by the

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continued. While western Europe colonized the New World, Russia expanded overland – to the east, north and south. This continued for centuries; by the end of the 19th century, the

834:. The result was that the colonization of the New World was catastrophic: native peoples were no match for European technology, ruthlessness, or their diseases which decimated the 2854: 4183: 1481:

in 1763, Britain had emerged as the world's dominant power but found itself mired in debt and struggling to finance the Navy and Army necessary to maintain a global empire. The

2652:. In the following decades, decolonization would strengthen this group which began to be represented at the United Nations. The Third World's first international move was the 2596:

Anticolonialist movements had begun to gain momentum after the close of World War I, which had seen colonial troops fight alongside those of the metropole, and U.S. President

1867:, also known as the "Indian Mutiny" or "Sepoy Mutiny" or the "First War of Independence". After a year of turmoil, and reinforcement of the East India Company's troops with 1662:'s maritime success to discover for Europeans a new sea route to India in 1498 paved the way for direct Indo-European commerce. The Portuguese soon set up trading-posts in 3828: 3789: 2077:), although conquest took place also in other areas – notably south-east Asia and the East Asian seaboard, where Japan joined the European powers' scramble for territory. 2145:

Africa was the target of the third wave of European colonialism, after that of the Americas and Asia. Many European statesmen and industrialists wanted to accelerate the

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demanding to be shown the clause in Adam's will excluding his authority from the New World. This challenge initially took the form of piratical attacks (such as those by

3750: 2704:(1954–62). Decolonization itself was a seemingly unstoppable process. In 1960, after a number countries gained independence, the UN had reached 99 members states: the 6587: 4056: 2879: 770:

in 1529, which defined the areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia, establishing the anti-meridian, or line of demarcation on the other side of the world.

19: 3634: 3570:, ed., Readings in European History, 2 Vols. (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1904–1906), Vol. II: From the opening of the Protestant Revolt to the Present Day, pp. 333–335. 1875:, was exiled to Burma, his children were beheaded and the Moghul line was abolished. In the aftermath all power was transferred from the East India Company to the 835: 3277:

Levack, Muir, Veldman, Maas, Brian (2007). The West: Encounters and Transformations, Atlas Edition, Volume 2 (since 1550) (2nd Edition). England: Longman. p. 96.

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From: Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1907), Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries, pp. 26–40.

6418: 1962:, the French colonial administrative area was insular, but, in India, the French authority was isolated on the peripheries of a British-dominated territory. 3713: 439:

As a result of these waves of European colonial expansion, only thirteen present-day independent countries escaped formal colonization by European powers:

1879:, which began to administer most of India as a colony; the company's lands were controlled directly and the rest through the rulers of what it called the 1292:. The acquisition of new territories, especially in the Caucasus, had an invigorating effect on the rest of Russia. According to two Russian historians: 798:(1512), China, and finally Japan. In the opposite direction, the Portuguese colonized the huge territory that eventually became Brasil, and the Spanish 6582: 2617:

for example, the legislative assembly of Britain's most important colony, India, passed a resolution stating that the Charter should apply to it too.

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Brazil was the only country in Latin America to gain its independence without bloodshed. The invasion of Portugal by Napoleon in 1808 had forced King

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Martina Winkler, "From ruling people to owning land: Russian concepts of imperial possession in the North Pacific, 18th and early 19th centuries."

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has its roots in Portuguese exploration. There were financial and religious motives behind this exploration. By finding the source of the lucrative

2628:, which included a statement of its basis in the respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples. In 1952, demographer 2437:

moved towards independence, although the British and French did not formally depart the region until they were forced to do so after World War II.

851: 3698: 664: 1366:. The fourth era, 1865 to 1885 incorporated Turkestan, and the northern approaches to India, sparking British fears of a threat to India in the 1330:

to the Pacific Ocean. Geographical expeditions mapped much of Siberia. The second stage from 1785 to 1830 looked south to the areas between the

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was a main supporter of decolonization movements and communist parties across the world that denounced imperialism and colonization. While the

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and his Spanish sailors (among other Europeans), sailing for the Spanish Crown became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean, reaching

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and England), France, Portugal, and the Dutch turned their attention to the Old World, particularly South Africa and South Asia, particularly

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had no state-sponsored expeditions or colonization in the Americas, but did charter the first Russian joint-stock commercial enterprise, the

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Daniel R. Brunstetter, and Dana Partner. "Just war against barbarians: revisiting the Valladolid debates between Sepúlveda and Las Casas."

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to take over what is now Kenya and Uganda. The British crown formally took over in 1895 and renamed the area the East Africa Protectorate.

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Map indicating the territories colonized by the European powers over the Americas in 1750 (mainly Spain, Portugal, and France at the time).

683:, the Portuguese could reap its profits for themselves. They would also be able to probe the existence of the fabled Christian kingdom of 4277: 3553: 1830:

itself in less than a century. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the

6548: 6533: 6205: 1387: 4167: 2753:, created a rupture between the Soviet and Chinese factions in Communist parties around the world, all of which opposed imperialism. 1509: 1472: 4546: 1970:

of 1763 restored the original five to the French while making it clear that France could not expand its control beyond these areas.

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profit in Europe provided another reason for crossing the Atlantic, in particular, furs from Canada, tobacco, and cotton grown in

691:, itself gaining territories and colonies in Eastern Europe. The first foothold outside of Europe was gained with the conquest of 6259: 1379: 115: 4209: 3812: 3773: 3523: 1691:

century, they would eventually lose all their territories in India to the British, with the exception of the French outposts of

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he believed he had reached the coast of India, and that the people he encountered there were Indians with red skin. This is why

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Peter J. Cain, and Anthony G. Hopkins, "Gentlemanly capitalism and British expansion overseas II: New imperialism, 1850‐1945."

2477: 1616:, the Philippines, and a number of small islands in the Pacific, all of which she was to lose to the United States in the 1898 738:. After Columbus' first trips, competing Spanish and Portuguese claims to new territories and sea routes were solved with the 6237: 5967: 5349: 3649: 2946: 2270: 1594: 1451:

During the five decades following 1770, Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal lost many of their possessions in the Americas.

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in North America, were particularly active in this endeavour. Many buildings erected by the Jesuits still stand, such as the

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in this slave society. Although independence was declared in 1804, it was not until 1825 that it was formally recognized by

811: 6637: 4039: 3734: 2889: 1815: 1277: 923: 634: 5873: 734:

have been called Indians or red-Indians. In truth, Columbus had arrived on a continent that was new to the Europeans, the

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in 1492 to explore an alternative route to Asia, by sailing west. When Columbus eventually made landfall in the Caribbean

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Gerard McCann, "From diaspora to the third world and the United Nations: India and the politics of decolonizing Africa."

655: 376: 2680:. The Conference, which gathered 29 countries representing over half the world's population, led to the creation of the 6019: 5019: 2831:

According to Dietmar Rothermund, there is a lack of public awareness about the colonial history in Britain and France.

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Satirical drawing: "The modern civilization of Europeː France in Morocco & England in Egypt", A.H. Zaki, 1908-1914

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uneven global interdependencies) of the present world. Postcolonialism, in itself, questions the end of colonialism.

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Chen Jian, "Bridging Revolution and Decolonization: The 'Bandung Discourse' in China's Early Cold War Experience."

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of 1829. The third era, 1850 to 1860, was a brief interlude jumping to the East Coast, annexing the region from the

6485: 4299: 3446: 891: 630: 406:; other countries such as France, Portugal and the Netherlands also had involvement in European expansion in Asia. 3114: 428:. The first wave of European expansion involved exploring the world to find new revenue and perpetuating European 6715: 5645: 3931: 3710: 3410: 1239: 4807: 2269:

were smaller, mostly legacies of past colonization. Most of their colonies had acquired independence during the

1117:, making them the first Europeans to sail to India. Rivalry among reigning European powers saw the entry of the 6690: 6287: 6200: 2965: 2909: 2508: 2420:

in 1922. The discovery of the world's largest easily accessible crude oil deposits led to an influx of Western

1995: 1903: 1883:. There were 565 princely states when the Indian subcontinent gained independence from Britain in August 1947. 1440: 911: 907: 173: 142: 51:

is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the

1826:; it marked the beginning of its formal rule, which was to engulf eventually most of India and extinguish the 6520: 6083: 2812: 2625: 2554: 2015: 1600: 1564:, the first of its kind. Haiti became the second independent nation that was a former European colony in the 1415: 1214: 845:, over whether Indians possessed souls and if so, whether they were entitled to the basic rights of mankind. 601: 548: 528: 1860:, taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups. 997:

Whereas Spanish colonialism was based on the religious conversion and exploitation of local populations via

6685: 6078: 5962: 2701: 2604:. However, it was not until the end of World War II that they were fully mobilised. British Prime Minister 2058: 1683: 1521: 1493: 1122: 961:

trade period. The influx of precious metals to the Spanish monarchy's coffers allowed it to finance costly

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gave influential support to those newly African governments which many became one-party socialist states.

1871:

soldiers, the Company overcame the rebellion. The nominal leader of the uprising, the last Mughal emperor

1178: 6653: 6576: 6254: 6195: 6088: 5125: 3139: 2884: 2282: 2251: 1991: 1899: 1811: 1654: 1482: 1355: 927: 1395: 6375: 6337: 6271: 6150: 3645: 2744:, was supposedly neutral, the "Third World" being opposed to both the "First" and the "Second" Worlds, 2262: 1468: 815: 402:

The second wave of European colonialism commenced with Britain's involvement in Asia in support of the

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was signed. Britain recognized the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded by the

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were gradually taken over by the Europeans and indirectly controlled by puppet rulers. In 1600, Queen

6525: 6302: 6215: 6046: 5194: 4758: 2500: 2401: 2389: 2367: 2255: 2120: 1987: 1496:

among the colonies, then to coordinated protest and resistance, with an important event in 1770, the

954:, the Portuguese from the huge markups they enjoyed as trade intermediaries, particularly during the 919: 349: 2503:

saw rapid modernization of the peninsula and there was brutal treatment of civilians such as Korean

846: 6720: 6510: 6495: 6292: 6135: 6004: 5979: 5829: 5488: 5483: 4324:

Yahia H. Zoubir, "The United States, the Soviet Union and Decolonization of the Maghreb, 1945–62."

2705: 2637: 2589: 2523: 2359: 1864: 1822:

in 1764, the company acquired the civil rights of administration in Bengal from the Mughal Emperor

1617: 1549: 524: 310: 236: 4509:

The New Map of Africa (1900–1916): A History of European Colonial Expansion and Colonial Diplomacy

1599:

The gradual decline of Spain as an imperial power throughout the 17th century was hastened by the

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on the eastern coast of the present-day United States and other colonies such as Newfoundland and

707:, which were duly populated, and pressed progressively further along the west African coast until 6594: 6500: 6266: 6071: 5952: 5493: 5446: 5389: 5088: 5032: 4780: 4538: 4512: 2397: 2266: 1066: 1056: 516: 260: 3814:

Narratives of the French Empire: Fiction, Nostalgia, and Imperial Rivalries, 1784 to the Present

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Narratives of the French Empire: Fiction, Nostalgia, and Imperial Rivalries, 1784 to the Present

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Ki-Jung, Kim (1 January 1998). "The Road to Colonization: Korea Under Imperialism, 1897–1910".

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droughts and failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the

1765: 1738: 1724: 1667: 1182: 915: 739: 620: 512: 392: 189: 123: 5912: 6622: 6538: 6515: 6210: 6117: 5947: 5917: 5792: 5723: 5694: 5613: 4947: 4785: 4775: 3266:

The history of the Catholic Church in Latin America: From conquest to revolution and beyond

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The policy and ideology of European colonial expansion between the 1870s (circa opening of

1831: 1513: 1302: 1186: 1026: 947: 723: 660: 395:

of 1494. This treaty demarcated the respective spheres of influence of Spain and Portugal.

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George Shepperson, "The Centennial of the West African Conference of Berlin, 1884–1885."

1937: 8: 6680: 6423: 6405: 5809: 5689: 5655: 5557: 5377: 5372: 5184: 4903: 4839: 4714: 4699: 3961:

The scramble for Africa: The White Man's conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912

2874: 2697: 2409: 2347: 2343: 2175: 2146: 2130: 2114: 2097: 2074: 1912: 1849: 1807: 1574: 1529: 1489: 1478: 1464: 1243: 1048: 975: 807: 492: 414: 337: 322: 314: 197: 181: 111: 95: 83: 5525: 5515: 2757:, with Soviet financing, send combat troops to help left-wing independence movements in 1863:

The first major movement against the British Company's high-handed rule resulted in the

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The boundaries specified by the Treaty of Tordesillas were put to the test in 1521 when

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in 1415. During the 15th century, Portuguese sailors discovered the Atlantic islands of

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Jazeel, Tariq (2012). "Postcolonialism: Orientalism and the geographical imagination".

4406: 4116: 4108: 3863: 2959: 2931: 2777: 2741: 2665: 2653: 2473: 2223: 1872: 1746: 1692: 1565: 1545: 1170: 1146: 1052: 767: 758: 676: 672: 508: 403: 279: 248: 205: 3363:

Anatole G. Mazour, "The Russian-American Company: Private or Government Enterprise?."

1981: 1585: 1301:, and influenced distinguished Russian democrats, poets, and prose writers, including 994:, that had been abandoned by the Spanish in favor of the mainland and larger islands. 6558: 6472: 6370: 6219: 6031: 5927: 5863: 5858: 5787: 5684: 5399: 5327: 5322: 5164: 5093: 5076: 5071: 5066: 4866: 4817: 4398: 4239: 4173: 4120: 4048: 4005: 3978: 3867: 3818: 3779: 3742: 3515: 3278: 3080:, "Beyond Guns, Germs, and Steel: European Expansion and Maritime Asia, 1400–1750." 2990: 2942: 2605: 2413: 2385: 2335: 2243: 2200: 2167: 2154: 2081: 1947: 1845: 1795: 1791: 1638: 1634: 1570: 1517: 1505: 1460: 1383: 1343: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1265: 1106: 1089: 1009: 903: 746:. According to this international agreement, the larger part of the Americas and the 712: 626: 418: 380: 302: 290:

also established their own overseas empires, in direct competition with one another.

283: 271: 252: 129:

Enabled by new nautical technology, with the added incentive to find an alternative "

107: 31:

Extent of colonization by European, American, Ottoman, and Japanese powers, 1492-1991

4205: 3923:

Volker Rolf Berghahn, "German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler"

3670: 2384:(1914–18). Colonies from the defeated empires were transferred to the newly founded 933: 887: 6343: 6333: 5880: 5667: 5662: 5618: 5605: 5535: 5503: 5498: 5362: 5357: 5339: 5300: 5233: 5216: 5157: 5147: 5142: 5083: 5039: 5009: 4969: 4952: 4935: 4898: 4649: 4437: 4433: 4390: 4100: 3859: 2980: 2769: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2613: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2250:, which had remained the last African independent territory, had to wait until the 2211: 2185: 1932: 1604: 1257: 1194: 1134: 1013: 958: 577: 232: 209: 177: 79: 18:"European colonialism" redirects here. For evaluation of European colonialism, see 3850:

Parker, R. H. (1 October 1955). "The French and Portuguese Settlements in India".

2085: 1733: 6627: 6609: 6543: 6433: 6400: 6395: 6098: 6066: 5939: 5907: 5890: 5846: 5841: 5819: 5814: 5772: 5765: 5740: 5600: 5595: 5436: 5317: 5211: 5206: 5174: 4999: 4989: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4856: 4812: 4694: 4680: 3935: 3717: 3677: 3450: 3414: 3347: 3118: 2984: 2861: 2840: 2781: 2773: 2673: 2601: 2496: 2460: 2450: 2396:

partitioned the Middle East between Britain and France. French mandates included

2363: 2308: 2296: 2066: 2040: 1891: 1880: 1857: 1819: 1803: 1777: 1774: 1497: 1434: 1281: 1158: 871: 867: 708: 410: 336:, when the pace of colonization rapidly accelerated, the height of which was the 333: 263:

because they were the first to stretch across different continents (discounting

103: 5520: 2640:. The expression distinguished nations that aligned themselves with neither the 1753:

in 1617 to trade in India. Gradually the company's increasing influence led the

1233: 1174: 122:, which could sail further and faster, was highly maneuverable, and could sail " 102:, amass wealth and plunder, and suppress predation on Portuguese populations by 6632: 6568: 6553: 6477: 6467: 6447: 6174: 6170: 6041: 6036: 5999: 5974: 5957: 5868: 5853: 5824: 5782: 5630: 5590: 5585: 5540: 5466: 5426: 5416: 5406: 5221: 5100: 4994: 4861: 4743: 4572: 4394: 3635:"The Transformation from a Pre-Colonial to a Colonial Order: The Case of India" 3044:

Representing the New World: the English and French uses of the Example of Spain

2894: 2708:

was almost complete. In 1980, the UN had 154 member states, and in 1990, after

2621: 2597: 2579: 2405: 2377: 2339: 2292: 2227: 2207: 1924: 1827: 1650: 1553: 1327: 1269: 1190: 1100: 1093: 1062: 1039:

designated port in the mother country and treasure was brought back in special

883: 688: 384: 318: 294: 287: 256: 138: 64: 4379:"The Self-consciousness of Post-imperial Nations: A cross-national Comparison" 1644: 297:, when most of the European colonies in the Americas, notably those of Spain, 6709: 6659: 6122: 6009: 5804: 5777: 5750: 5728: 5706: 5473: 5456: 5441: 5285: 5238: 5226: 5152: 5044: 4918: 4913: 4888: 4770: 4402: 4243: 4052: 3975:

King Leopold's Ghost A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa

3871: 3746: 3077: 2904: 2641: 2504: 2421: 2373: 2092: 1975: 1915:, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941. 1876: 1760: 1659: 1501: 1374:

Maritime South–East Asia and the Dutch East India Company (16th–20th century)

1248: 1154: 979: 962: 747: 716: 644: 568:

Arab colonization: North Africa and the Middle East (7th century–8th century)

275: 267: 5550: 5530: 2983:; Dahlman, Carl T.; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (eds.). 2584: 841:

Spanish treatment of the indigenous populations caused a fierce debate, the

6617: 6452: 6410: 6353: 6229: 6166: 6014: 5755: 5745: 5711: 5640: 5635: 5562: 5352: 5334: 5295: 5290: 5270: 5265: 5137: 5130: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5004: 4942: 4923: 4908: 4844: 3584: 3464:

Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise And Fall of the First British Empire

3389:

G. L. Bondarevskii, and G. N. Kolbaia, "The Caucasus and Russian Culture."

3227:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

2733: 2629: 2488: 2417: 2320: 2300: 2231: 2196: 2125: 1928: 1868: 1823: 1799: 1787: 1708: 1696: 1130: 1126: 1118: 955: 799: 751: 684: 476: 433: 353: 221: 99: 87: 60: 48: 4629:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

4567:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

3547:"The Great Moghul Jahangir: Letter to James I, King of England, 1617 A.D." 2933:

The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World

621:

Portuguese and Spanish colonial hegemony: the Americas (15th century–1770)

502: 180:, from 1402 to 1496, has been described as the first instance of European 6380: 6365: 6325: 5733: 5718: 5567: 5280: 5189: 5179: 5105: 4753: 4748: 4303: 4231: 4001:

Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar

2745: 2645: 2633: 2381: 2150: 2062: 1887: 1728: 1679: 1613: 1488:

From 1765, a series of disputes with Parliament over taxation led to the

1335: 1314: 1138: 879: 860: 680: 581: 480: 472: 440: 345: 201: 158: 68: 4445: 4410: 4378: 3928: 3443: 2845: 2800: 2543: 2004: 1404: 1203: 639: 590: 537: 114:. Around 1450, based on North African fishing boats, a lighter ship was 6438: 5760: 5577: 5451: 5411: 5344: 4152:

Sandra Wilson, "Rethinking the 1930s and the '15-Year War' in Japan."

4112: 3550:

Indian History Sourcebook: England, India, and The East Indies, 1617 CE

3111: 2785: 2762: 2750: 2288: 2215: 2171: 2149:, securing colonies before they strictly needed them. As a champion of 2054: 1959: 1853: 1712: 1700: 1671: 1367: 1347: 1081: 1044: 998: 987: 968: 870:

played a large role in Spanish and Portuguese overseas activities. The

795: 779: 775: 743: 704: 425: 298: 240: 185: 162: 3407: 1895: 1629: 1580: 424:

Gilmartin argues that these three waves of colonialism were linked to

5650: 5421: 5305: 5275: 5056: 4930: 4721: 3309:

Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830

2713: 2519: 2515: 2469: 2331: 2235: 1835: 1363: 1331: 1273: 1149:

to trade with India and eastern Asia. The English landed in India in

1110: 1085: 1043:), the English, French and Dutch granted what were effectively trade 1003: 951: 803: 791: 783: 750:

were open to Spanish exploration and colonization, while Africa, the

429: 306: 228: 166: 154: 130: 52: 6165: 3886:

The "New Imperialism": Analysis of Late Nineteenth Century Expansion

2691:

World map of colonization at the end of the Second World War in 1945

2687: 2034: 943: 5051: 4834: 4792: 4731: 4104: 2649: 2247: 1982:

Colonization of Oceania and the Pacific Islands (18th–20th century)

1840: 1782: 1750: 1561: 1351: 1289: 1261: 1021: 991: 899: 787: 735: 727: 711:

demonstrated it was possible to sail around Africa by rounding the

484: 460: 146: 3429:(1964) is a short history that uses excerpts from primary sources. 2724:

in 1997 and 1999 finally marked the end of European colonial era.

2495:

was concluded in 1895. In 1910, Korea was formally annexed by the

2319:

in 1852–1854, Japan opened itself to the Western world during the

1557: 6670: 4964: 4893: 4849: 4704: 3352:

Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750–1850

2709: 2219: 2105:

favored destinations for the immigration of surplus populations.

1790:, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the 1755: 1533: 1339: 1285: 1142: 875: 855:, championed the cause of the native peoples, and was opposed by 823: 696: 456: 264: 213: 119: 4765: 1539: 1264:

came to power in 1613 and the expansion-colonization process of

1164: 372:

Some commentators identify three waves of European colonialism.

364: 27: 4797: 4672: 3689:

Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts. 1. Verso, 2000. p. 173

3552:. Internet Indian History Sourcebook, Paul Halsall. June 1998. 2758: 2573: 1955: 1951: 1770: 1675: 1114: 700: 488: 444: 340:, in which Belgium, Germany, and Italy were also participants. 200:

in the 1490s; the Portuguese soon also brought slaves from the

150: 56: 4543:

The rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New

2989:. Key Concepts in Human Geography. London: SAGE. p. 115. 1848:. By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled most of the 1435:

First decolonization: Independence in the Americas (1770–1820)

722:

Portuguese successes led to Spanish financing of a mission by

293:

The end of the 18th and mid 19th century saw the first era of

5431: 4553:

The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism

4488: 4487:(October 2007), Vol. 57, Issue 10, pp. 44–47, online at 3402:

James R. Gibson, "Russian expansion in Siberia and America."

3294:

Violet Barbour, "Privateers and pirates of the West Indies."

2721: 2717: 2518:

seized control of the region and created the puppet state of

2434: 2430: 2239: 2163: 1687: 1234:

Imperial Russia: Central Asia and Siberia (16th–20th century)

1150: 983: 827: 692: 496: 468: 464: 452: 244: 235:

in 1503, opened another colonial chapter, beginning with the

217: 110:; at that point a minor trade, one the Portuguese would soon 72: 2388:, which itself redistributed it to the victorious powers as 141:

effectively closed profitable trade routes with Asia, early

3335:

Colonial Triangular Trade: An Economy Based on Human Misery

3140:"Which Asian Nations Were Never Colonized by Europe ?" 2754: 2426: 2159: 1902:, in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the 1645:

Indian subcontinent and the British Raj (18th century–1947)

1609: 1359: 1326:

The first stage to 1650 was an expansion eastward from the

1025:

Atlantic on a massive scale – historians estimate that the

762: 448: 4641: 2531:

committed atrocities exemplified by the Nanjing Massacre.

1346:, with some better penetration of the Ottoman Empire, and 356:

that the second phase of decolonization began in earnest.

2979:

Gilmartin, Mary (2009). "9: Colonialism/imperialism". In

2880:

Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization

2372:

The colonial map was redrawn following the defeat of the

2203:, which was one of the few profitable overseas colonies. 1704: 1663: 1069:, which did sponsor those activities in its territories. 1033: 819: 647:("Mina"), Ghana, one in a chain of about fifty fortified 20:

Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization

3608:"Robert Clive, Baron Clive, 'Clive of India', 1725–1774" 1077: 4483:

Brendon, Piers. "A Moral Audit of the British Empire",

4169:

India's War: The Making of Modern South Asia, 1939–1945

651:

to enforce Portuguese trade rule along the coast, 1563.

503:

Colonialism in ancient times (3200 BC – 7th century AD)

2315:(1839–1842; 1856–1860). After the visits of Commodore 495:, the former independent country which is now part of 4495:

The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997

2727: 1686:—who set up a trading post in the west-coast port of 1536:

to the South, and the Mississippi River to the west.

3516:"Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497–1498 CE" 2937:. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. pp. 2129:

European territories in Africa, 1914, following the

1454: 969:

Northern European challenges to the Iberian hegemony

4091:Vinacke, Harold M. (1933). "Japanese Imperialism". 1581:

Spain and the Wars of Independence in Latin America

4631:(2003) vol 3 pp 833–1209 contains major documents. 4038: 3055:Gilmartin, M. (2009). Colonialism/Imperialism. In 2930: 2307:was opened to Western influence starting with the 1918: 94:in 1415, aiming to control navigation through the 4585:(Macmillan International Higher Education, 2016). 4270:"Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian" 2035:New Imperialism: Africa and East Asia (1870–1914) 1252:Territorial evolution of Russia from 1547 to 1725 6707: 4300:"Growth in United Nations Membership, 1945–2005" 2700:(1946–54) and the U.S. did not interfere in the 2491:and gained control of Korea and Taiwan when the 1749:had been given permission by the Mughal emperor 852:A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies 78:Colonialism in the modern sense began with the " 3722:Peterson Institute for International Economics. 3488:Franklin W. Knight, "The Haitian Revolution." 1906:, in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The 1818:, reduced French influence in India. After the 1153:in 1612. By the 19th century, they had assumed 368:Colonial powers and their expansion since 1492. 216:would remain linked into the 1800s. The use of 184:in Africa. In 1462, the previously uninhabited 145:was followed by the Spanish exploration of the 4608:Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire 4590:France overseas: a study of modern imperialism 4464:Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450 3183:Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700 3022:Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450 2353: 2291:, which lasted from 1813 to 1907, opposed the 754:, and most of Asia were assigned to Portugal. 6151: 4657: 2849:Map of the European Union in the world, with 2507:who were forced to serve in brothels for the 1816:British successes during the Seven Years' War 1540:France and the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 1165:Colonialism within Europe (16th–20th century) 1072: 6114:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 3683: 2624:(UN) was founded when 50 nations signed the 2574:Second decolonization: Worldwide (1945–1999) 2088:, accomplished usually through armed force. 1589:Independent states in the Americas, c. 1830. 906:. The Dominican and Franciscan buildings of 432:. The second wave focused on developing the 2768:Globally, the non-aligned movement, led by 2258:in 1895–96 had ended in defeat for Italy). 1516:on 4 July 1776. A new nation was born, the 278:. During the late 16th and 17th centuries, 6158: 6144: 4664: 4650: 4376: 3972: 3946:Raymond Leslie Buell, "Do Colonies Pay?" 3711:Reintegrating India with the World Economy 3477:The War of American Independence 1775–1783 2108: 1856:. Their policy was sometimes summed up as 1852:, which included present-day Pakistan and 149:, further exploration along the coasts of 4478:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825 4040:"The shared history of Britain and Burma" 3735:"A French colony that fought the British" 2978: 2487:Imperial Japan won conflicts against the 1941:European settlements in India (1501–1739) 1473:United States Declaration of Independence 391:, basing their territorial claims on the 4517:Hopkins, Anthony G., and Peter J. Cain. 4165: 4077:William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton, 3997: 3612:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web 3170:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825 3049: 2844: 2686: 2583: 2454: 2222:and 1899, and, taking advantage of the " 2136: 2124: 2121:History of Africa § Colonial period 2065:in 1914 are often characterized as the " 2044: 1936: 1732: 1584: 1396:History of Indonesia § Colonial era 1350:. By 1829, Russia controlled all of the 1276:to the Pacific Ocean, and for some time 1247: 1076: 932: 687:, with an eye to encircling the Islamic 654: 638: 363: 348:were distributed amongst the victors as 190:first European settlement in the tropics 34: 26: 5938: 4533:The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire 4206:"The United Nations and Decolonization" 4133: 4090: 4036: 3732: 3605: 3322:American settler colonialism: A history 2440: 1718: 1620:or sell to Germany shortly thereafter. 1392:History of Malaysia § Colonial era 1380:European colonisation of Southeast Asia 332:led to what has been termed the era of 305:, gained their independence from their 6708: 4615:European colonial expansion since 1871 4423: 4302:. United Nations. 2000. Archived from 3849: 3378:The Penguin historical atlas of Russia 2928: 2534: 2478:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 2276: 2273:at the beginning of the 19th century. 1623: 1388:History of the Philippines (1565–1898) 1321: 1179:Danish overseas colonies § Europe 1034:Role of companies in early colonialism 802:established the vast Viceroyalties of 39:Map of the year each country achieved 6139: 4645: 4576:Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945 3810: 3771: 3753:from the original on 28 February 2021 3194: 2514:In 1931 Japanese army units based in 1595:Spanish American wars of independence 521:Phoenician settlement of North Africa 413:("New Imperialism") consisted of the 6638:Postcolonial international relations 4471:The Dutch Seaborne Empire: 1600–1800 4250:from the original on 4 February 2018 4059:from the original on 12 January 2022 3440:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 2890:Historiography of the British Empire 2795: 2538: 1999: 1399: 1198: 924:San Francisco de Asis Mission Church 635:Spanish colonization of the Americas 585: 532: 6579:— Predecessors of sovereign states 4636:Imperialism: A History in Documents 4560:Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview 4166:Raghavan, Srinath (31 March 2016). 4079:A History of the Modern Middle East 3671:Kashmir: The origins of the dispute 3652:from the original on 26 August 2011 3632: 3581:"KOLKATA (CALCUTTA) : HISTORY" 3556:from the original on 18 August 2014 3526:from the original on 28 August 2011 3057:Key concepts in political geography 2986:Key Concepts in Political Geography 2791: 13: 4638:(2000) for middle and high schools 4621: 4551:Ness, Immanuel and Zak Cope, eds. 4350:Pamela S. Falk, "Cuba in Africa." 4280:from the original on 25 March 2021 4212:from the original on 27 March 2019 4018:from the original on 30 March 2021 3864:10.1111/j.1467-923X.1955.tb02588.x 3520:Internet Modern History Sourcebook 2851:Overseas Countries and Territories 2834: 2728:Role of the Soviet Union and China 2416:became the independent Kingdom of 2404:, whilst the British were granted 2188:from 1885 to 1908, under his rule 2095:was coupled to imperialism in the 1798:of the East India Company, led by 1769:or permits for duty-free trade in 832:indigenous peoples of the Americas 377:first wave of European colonialism 352:, but it was not until the end of 212:, European colonial expansion and 14: 6732: 4186:from the original on 28 June 2023 3831:from the original on 28 June 2023 3792:from the original on 28 June 2023 3583:. Calcuttaweb.com. Archived from 3207:from the original on 4 March 2021 2590:independence of African countries 1741:and surrounding countries in 1909 1703:, and the Portuguese colonies of 1455:Britain and the Thirteen Colonies 1258:a period of political instability 6600:Sovereign states formation dates 3150:from the original on 7 June 2021 2799: 2740:, created in 1961 following the 2542: 2003: 1966:curtailed French ambitions. The 1403: 1202: 892:Cathedral of Saint Paul in Macau 631:Portugal in the Age of Discovery 589: 536: 359: 227:The European "discovery" of the 4583:European Imperialism, 1860–1914 4456: 4417: 4370: 4357: 4344: 4331: 4318: 4292: 4262: 4224: 4198: 4159: 4146: 4127: 4084: 4071: 4030: 3991: 3966: 3953: 3940: 3917: 3904: 3891: 3878: 3843: 3804: 3765: 3726: 3704: 3692: 3664: 3644:. Economic History Department, 3642:Global Economic History Network 3626: 3606:Rickard, J. (1 November 2000). 3599: 3573: 3539: 3508: 3495: 3482: 3469: 3456: 3432: 3419: 3396: 3383: 3370: 3357: 3340: 3327: 3314: 3301: 3288: 3271: 3258: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3188: 3175: 3162: 3132: 3123: 3100: 3082:Journal of Early Modern History 2326:Imperialism also took place in 1919:Other European empires in India 1240:Territorial evolution of Russia 902:, the latter an example of the 6691:Decolonization of public space 4519:British Imperialism: 1688–2015 4502:Colonization: A Global History 4438:10.1080/00167487.2012.12094331 4232:"Seeing the world differently" 4037:Myint-U, Thant (10 May 2008). 3998:Holliday, Ian (6 March 2012). 3912:Imperialism and world politics 3811:Marsh, Kate (28 August 2013). 3772:Marsh, Kate (28 August 2013). 3733:Ganesan, V. B. (2 July 2012). 3503:Spain & the Loss of Empire 3087: 3071: 3062: 3036: 3027: 3014: 2972: 2951:A companion to the PBS Series 2922: 2910:Zionism as settler colonialism 2509:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 2501:Japanese colonization of Korea 1996:History of the Pacific Islands 1954:. Similar to the situation in 1678:. The next to arrive were the 1524:continued until 1783 when the 1441:Decolonization of the Americas 1284:(1732–1867) and a short-lived 671:European colonization of both 417:regulated by the terms of the 375:The two main countries in the 325:had already been established. 174:conquest of the Canary Islands 143:European exploration of Africa 1: 6506:Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian) 4093:The Journal of Modern History 4004:. Columbia University Press. 2915: 2712:'s independence, 159 states. 2636:" in reference to the French 1601:War of the Spanish Succession 529:Sabean colonization of Africa 237:colonization of the Caribbean 47:The historical phenomenon of 6686:Christianity and colonialism 4565:Page, Melvin E. et al. eds. 4377:Rothermund, Dietmar (2011). 4367:218.suppl_8 (2013): 258–280. 3701:. World Health Organization. 3129:Gilmartin, et al. pp. 115–16 2702:Algerian War of Independence 2059:Second Industrial Revolution 2049:Empires of the world in 1910 1522:American War of Independence 1494:committees of correspondence 1477:After the conclusion of the 1161:control over most of India. 1133:and others. The kingdoms of 896:Santisima Trinidad de Paraná 715:in 1488, paving the way for 389:colonization of the Americas 330:Second Industrial Revolution 7: 6654:Decolonization of knowledge 6577:Wars of national liberation 4671: 4588:Priestley, Herbert Ingram. 4497:(2008), wide-ranging survey 3680:, BBC News, 16 January 2002 3522:. Paul Halsall. June 1998. 3427:Russia's Eastward Expansion 3333:Phyllis Raybin Emert, ed., 3195:Staff, history.com (2009). 2885:Western imperialism in Asia 2868: 2720:transferred sovereignty to 2354:Interwar period (1918–1939) 2283:Western imperialism in Asia 2252:Second Italo-Abyssinian War 1992:Colonisation of New Zealand 1655:Western imperialism in Asia 1286:unofficial colony in Africa 928:Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico 192:, and thereafter a site of 10: 6737: 4526:The Encyclopedia of Empire 4395:10.1177/097492841006700101 3646:London School of Economics 3490:American Historical Review 3391:Russian Studies in History 3296:American Historical Review 3264:John Frederick Schwaller, 2964:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2838: 2577: 2444: 2357: 2280: 2271:Latin American revolutions 2118: 2112: 2038: 1985: 1922: 1904:Indian famine of 1899–1900 1747:English East India Company 1722: 1648: 1592: 1469:American Revolutionary War 1458: 1444: 1438: 1377: 1237: 1168: 1098: 1073:European colonies in India 624: 571: 506: 404:British East India Company 106:as part of a longstanding 86:, who became increasingly 17: 6646: 6608: 6567: 6432: 6352: 6324: 6315: 6280: 6228: 6188: 6181: 6107: 6059: 5576: 4980: 4679: 4339:Chinese Historical Review 4172:. Penguin Books Limited. 3973:Hochschild, Adam (1998). 3676:11 September 2010 at the 3365:Pacific Historical Review 3059:London: SAGE pp. 115–123. 2953:The Genius That Was China 2524:Full-scale war with China 2368:League of Nations mandate 2256:First Italo-Ethiopian War 1988:Colonisation of Australia 1510:independence was declared 920:Santa Barbara, California 328:In the 19th century, the 196:during the height of the 3927:40#1 (2017) pp. 147–162 3884:Harrison M. Wright, ed. 3413:15 February 2017 at the 3068:Gilmartin, et al. p. 115 3033:Gilmartin, et al. p. 115 2706:decolonization of Africa 2360:Aftermath of World War I 1865:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1575:King Charles X of France 1552:in the French colony of 1548:, a slave revolt led by 1518:United States of America 914:stand restored, such as 719:to reach India in 1498. 659:Preperations before the 525:Four Commanderies of Han 311:Kingdom of Great Britain 206:economics of plantations 6595:Independence referendum 4613:Townsend, Mary Evelyn. 4603:, comprehensive history 4539:Merriman, Roger Bigelow 4354:65.5 (1987): 1077–1096. 3852:The Political Quarterly 3108:Economic History Review 3084:14.1–2 (2010): 165–186. 2742:Bandung 1955 Conference 2654:1955 Bandung Conference 2336:Netherlands East Indies 2267:Spanish colonial empire 2109:The Scramble for Africa 1978:was dominated by them. 1900:Great Famine of 1876–78 1828:Moghul rule and dynasty 1814:that, along with wider 1067:Russian America Company 1016:in what is now Canada. 863:were "natural slaves". 517:Africa (Roman province) 6716:History of colonialism 4462:Benjamin, Thomas, ed. 4326:Middle Eastern Studies 3492:105.1 (2000): 103–115. 3442:(2011) 59#3: 321–353, 3406:(1980) 70#2: 127–136. 3380:(1995) pp 8–12, 44–75. 3020:Thomas Benjamin, ed., 2858: 2692: 2593: 2551:This section is empty. 2529:Imperial Japanese Army 2464: 2210:tried to conquer its " 2199:continued to hold the 2142: 2134: 2061:) and the outbreak of 2050: 2012:This section is empty. 1942: 1894:, often attributed to 1794:in 1757, in which the 1742: 1590: 1447:Colonization of Canada 1412:This section is empty. 1288:(1889) in present-day 1253: 1211:This section is empty. 1096: 938: 847:Bartolomé de Las Casas 843:Valladolid Controversy 668: 652: 598:This section is empty. 574:Early Muslim conquests 545:This section is empty. 369: 204:coast. Because of the 186:Cape Verde archipelago 153:, and explorations of 135:fall of Constantinople 44: 32: 6084:Medieval great powers 4634:Bonnie G. Smith, ed. 4558:Osterhammel, Jürgen: 4555:(2 vol, 2015), 1456pp 4524:Mackenzie, John, ed. 4341:15.2 (2008): 207–241. 4156:21.2 (2001): 155–164. 3934:7 August 2020 at the 3925:German Studies Review 3568:James Harvey Robinson 3449:28 March 2021 at the 3367:13.2 (1944): 168–173. 3298:16.3 (1911): 529–566. 3255:59.3 (2011): 733–752. 2929:Merson, John (1990). 2848: 2690: 2610:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2587: 2493:Treaty of Shimonoseki 2458: 2394:Sykes-Picot Agreement 2358:Further information: 2184:personally owned the 2182:Leopold II of Belgium 2140: 2128: 2048: 1940: 1908:Third Plague Pandemic 1886:During period of the 1739:British Indian Empire 1736: 1725:Company rule in India 1649:Further information: 1588: 1550:Toussaint L'Ouverture 1338:. The key areas were 1251: 1238:Further information: 1183:Crown Colony of Malta 1080: 1049:joint-stock companies 1008:came to dominate the 936: 916:Mission Santa Barbara 912:New Mexico's missions 908:California's missions 868:Roman Catholic Church 836:indigenous population 740:Treaty of Tordesillas 658: 642: 513:Colonies in antiquity 393:Treaty of Tordesillas 367: 224:would also continue. 38: 30: 6623:Internal colonialism 6094:European colonialism 6079:Ancient great powers 4627:Melvin E. Page, ed. 4562:, (M. Wiener, 1997). 3948:The Saturday Review, 3910:Parker Thomas Moon, 3716:4 March 2012 at the 3197:"Ferdinand Magellan" 3117:8 March 2021 at the 2900:American imperialism 2738:Non-Aligned Movement 2682:Non-Aligned Movement 2447:Japanese imperialism 2441:Japanese imperialism 2206:In the same manner, 1832:Permanent Settlement 1719:The British in India 1699:, the Dutch port in 1618:Spanish–American War 1514:Continental Congress 1492:, first to informal 1356:Treaty of Adrianople 1303:Alexander Griboyedov 1187:History of Gibraltar 1092:in 1757, painted by 1057:Hudson's Bay Company 1053:East India Companies 1027:Atlantic slave trade 724:Christopher Columbus 661:Fall of Tenochtitlan 6681:Uncontacted peoples 6532:Mostly contiguous: 6406:settler colonialism 6371:Chartered companies 6089:Modern great powers 4597:The French Colonies 4328:31.1 (1995): 58–84. 4045:The Daily Telegraph 3899:The new imperialism 3897:Hugh Seton-Watson, 3817:. Lexington Books. 3778:. Lexington Books. 3425:George Lensen, ed. 3404:Geographical Review 3393:41.2 (2002): 10–15. 3181:Lyle N. McAlister, 3110:40.1 (1987): 1–26. 3097:46.1 (1985): 37–48. 2875:Settler colonialism 2698:First Indochina War 2608:and U.S. President 2535:Ottoman colonialism 2392:. The secret 1916 2348:Straits Settlements 2277:Imperialism in Asia 2176:East Africa Company 2147:Scramble for Africa 2131:Scramble for Africa 2115:Scramble for Africa 2098:Alldeutsche Verband 2091:In Germany, rising 2075:Scramble for Africa 1913:Indian subcontinent 1850:Indian subcontinent 1834:which introduced a 1624:Portugal and Brazil 1530:British possessions 1490:American Revolution 1465:American Revolution 1322:Expansion into Asia 1244:Russian imperialism 976:Francis I of France 677:Western Hemispheres 415:Scramble for Africa 338:Scramble for Africa 198:Spanish Inquisition 182:settler colonialism 157:(also known as the 112:reverse and surpass 108:African slave trade 96:Strait of Gibraltar 6676:Indigenous peoples 6419:Non-self-governing 4592:(Routledge, 2018). 4581:Porter, Andrew N. 4521:(Routledge, 2016). 4476:Boxer, Charles R. 4365:Past & Present 4306:on 17 January 2016 4208:. United Nations. 4081:(2016) pp 161–224. 3614:. historyofwar.org 3168:Charles R. Boxer, 3024:(2006) 1: xiv–xvi. 2859: 2811:. You can help by 2778:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2693: 2666:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2594: 2474:Russo-Japanese War 2465: 2412:. The bulk of the 2246:. The conquest of 2224:Sick man of Europe 2143: 2135: 2051: 1943: 1873:Bahadur Shah Zafar 1743: 1591: 1566:Western Hemisphere 1546:Haitian Revolution 1504:was formed by the 1483:British Parliament 1254: 1171:History of Ireland 1147:East India Company 1097: 939: 768:Treaty of Zaragoza 759:Ferdinand Magellan 669: 653: 509:Greek colonisation 370: 249:Dominican Republic 45: 33: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6484:Overseas, minor: 6446:Overseas, major: 6311: 6310: 6248:European colonies 6133: 6132: 6055: 6054: 6020:Polish–Lithuanian 5195:Gurjara-Pratihara 4531:Maltby, William. 4274:history.state.gov 3977:. Mariner Books. 3959:Thomas Pakenham, 3950:1 August 1936 p 6 3648:. pp. 3–40. 3444:online in English 3307:John H. Elliott, 3253:Political Studies 3046:(2001). pp 85–86. 2981:Gallaher, Carolyn 2948:978-0-87951-397-9 2855:Outermost Regions 2829: 2828: 2776:(Yugoslavia) and 2632:coined the term " 2606:Winston Churchill 2600:'s speech on the 2571: 2570: 2414:Arabian Peninsula 2386:League of Nations 2313:Second Opium Wars 2299:for supremacy in 2244:Italo-Turkish War 2230:, also conquered 2201:Dutch East Indies 2168:South-West Africa 2082:Berlin Conference 2032: 2031: 1846:Bengal Presidency 1792:Battle of Plassey 1639:House of Braganza 1571:French Revolution 1560:as a free, black 1461:Thirteen Colonies 1432: 1431: 1384:Dutch East Indies 1311:Mikhail Lermontov 1307:Alexander Pushkin 1272:reached from the 1231: 1230: 1105:In May 1498, the 1090:Battle of Plassey 1010:Thirteen Colonies 904:Jesuit Reductions 713:Cape of Good Hope 627:Portuguese Empire 618: 617: 565: 564: 419:Berlin Conference 303:Thirteen Colonies 243:(later to become 92:conquest of Ceuta 6728: 6647:Related concepts 6588:in South America 6496:Austro-Hungarian 6434:Colonial empires 6344:Age of Discovery 6334:Maritime history 6322: 6321: 6186: 6185: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6137: 6136: 5936: 5935: 5601:Austro-Hungarian 5301:Chagatai Khanate 4666: 4659: 4652: 4643: 4642: 4595:Stern, Jacques. 4493:Brendon, Piers. 4450: 4449: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4374: 4368: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4335: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4238:. 10 June 2010. 4228: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4163: 4157: 4154:Japanese Studies 4150: 4144: 4143: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3970: 3964: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3938: 3921: 3915: 3908: 3902: 3895: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3730: 3724: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3512: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3475:Stephen Conway, 3473: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3436: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3344: 3338: 3331: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3230: 3225:Melvin E. Page, 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3203:. A+E Networks. 3192: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3104: 3098: 3091: 3085: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2963: 2955: 2936: 2926: 2824: 2821: 2803: 2796: 2792:Public awareness 2770:Jawaharlal Nehru 2658:Jawaharlal Nehru 2614:Atlantic Charter 2566: 2563: 2553:You can help by 2546: 2539: 2254:in 1935–36 (the 2242:) with the 1911 2212:place in the sun 2186:Congo Free State 2027: 2024: 2014:You can help by 2007: 2000: 1933:Portuguese India 1892:famines in India 1479:Seven Years' War 1427: 1424: 1414:You can help by 1407: 1400: 1354:as shown in the 1280:colonies in the 1226: 1223: 1213:You can help by 1206: 1199: 1195:Genoese colonies 814:(Argentina) and 732:Native Americans 613: 610: 600:You can help by 593: 586: 578:History of Islam 560: 557: 547:You can help by 540: 533: 321:, where coastal 272:Spanish monarchs 233:Amerigo Vespucci 178:Crown of Castile 80:Age of Discovery 6736: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6721:Western culture 6706: 6705: 6704: 6695: 6642: 6628:Nation-building 6610:Postcolonialism 6604: 6563: 6436: 6428: 6401:detribalization 6376:Interventionism 6348: 6317: 6307: 6276: 6224: 6177: 6164: 6134: 6129: 6118:American Empire 6103: 6099:African empires 6051: 5934: 5626:Central African 5572: 5390:Romano-Germanic 4976: 4710:Middle Assyrian 4683: 4675: 4670: 4624: 4622:Primary sources 4573:Panikkar, K. M. 4459: 4454: 4453: 4422: 4418: 4383:India Quarterly 4375: 4371: 4362: 4358: 4352:Foreign Affairs 4349: 4345: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4180: 4164: 4160: 4151: 4147: 4132: 4128: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4060: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4012: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3971: 3967: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3941: 3936:Wayback Machine 3922: 3918: 3914:(1926), online. 3909: 3905: 3896: 3892: 3883: 3879: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3825: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3731: 3727: 3718:Wayback Machine 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3678:Wayback Machine 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3559: 3557: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3529: 3527: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3470: 3462:Brendan Simms, 3461: 3457: 3451:Wayback Machine 3437: 3433: 3424: 3420: 3415:Wayback Machine 3401: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3348:Henk van Nierop 3346:Bob Moore, and 3345: 3341: 3332: 3328: 3320:Walter Hixson, 3319: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3233: 3229:(2003) 1:361-2. 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3119:Wayback Machine 3105: 3101: 3092: 3088: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3050: 3042:Jonathan Hart, 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3019: 3015: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2977: 2973: 2957: 2956: 2949: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2871: 2862:Postcolonialism 2843: 2841:Postcolonialism 2837: 2835:Postcolonialism 2825: 2819: 2816: 2809:needs expansion 2794: 2782:Leonid Brezhnev 2774:Josip Broz Tito 2730: 2674:Josip Broz Tito 2602:Fourteen Points 2582: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2537: 2497:Japanese Empire 2461:Japanese Empire 2453: 2451:Empire of Japan 2445:Main articles: 2443: 2370: 2364:Interwar period 2356: 2297:Imperial Russia 2285: 2279: 2190:many atrocities 2123: 2117: 2111: 2067:New Imperialism 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615: 596: 594: 569: 566: 563: 562: 543: 541: 504: 501: 361: 358: 319:Southeast Asia 295:decolonization 288:Dutch Republic 276:personal union 261:global empires 231:, as named by 222:penal colonies 139:Ottoman Empire 90:following the 82:", led by the 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6733: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6660:Terra nullius 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6559:South African 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 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4013: 4011:9780231504249 4007: 4003: 4002: 3994: 3986: 3984:9780547525730 3980: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3900: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3830: 3826: 3824:9780739176573 3820: 3816: 3815: 3807: 3791: 3787: 3785:9780739176573 3781: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3686: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3633:Prakash, Om. 3629: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3569: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3504: 3498: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3283:9780205556984 3280: 3274: 3267: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3096: 3090: 3083: 3079: 3078:Tonio Andrade 3074: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3045: 3039: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3010: 2998: 2996:9781446243541 2992: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2905:Soviet empire 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2807:This section 2805: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620:In 1945, the 2618: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2565: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2505:comfort women 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2422:oil companies 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374:German Empire 2369: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2323:(1868–1912). 2322: 2318: 2317:Matthew Perry 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287:In Asia, the 2284: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214:," acquiring 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2116: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2093:pan-Germanism 2089: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2042: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1976:Malabar Coast 1971: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1877:British Crown 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1788:Mughal Bengal 1785: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1773:in 1717. The 1772: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1761:Farrukh Siyar 1758: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697:Chandernagore 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Vasco da Gama 1656: 1652: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:standing army 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084:meeting with 1083: 1079: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1015: 1014:Rupert's Land 1011: 1006: 1005: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 980:Francis Drake 977: 966: 964: 960: 957: 953: 949: 945: 935: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 862: 858: 854: 853: 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:conquistadors 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 771: 769: 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 748:Pacific Ocean 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 720: 718: 717:Vasco da Gama 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 666: 662: 657: 650: 646: 645:Elmina Castle 641: 636: 632: 628: 612: 603: 599: 595: 592: 588: 587: 583: 579: 575: 559: 550: 546: 542: 539: 535: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 407: 405: 400: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 366: 360:Periodisation 357: 355: 351: 347: 341: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 239:in 1493 with 238: 234: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 208:, especially 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 125: 124:into the wind 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 76: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 42: 37: 29: 25: 21: 16: 6658: 6618:Independence 6390: 6354:Colonization 6230:Colonization 6220:World oceans 6167:Colonization 6093: 5874:Contemporary 5724:Indo-Persian 5712:Nazi Germany 5656:Contemporary 5558:Vijayanagara 5457:Great Seljuk 5368:Thessalonica 5296:Golden Horde 4936:Carthaginian 4715:Neo-Assyrian 4700:Neo-Sumerian 4635: 4628: 4614: 4607: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4569:(3 vol 2003) 4566: 4559: 4552: 4542: 4532: 4528:(4 vol 2016) 4525: 4518: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4469:Boxer, C.R. 4466:(3 vol 2006) 4463: 4457:Bibliography 4429: 4425: 4419: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4364: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4338: 4333: 4325: 4320: 4308:. Retrieved 4304:the original 4294: 4282:. Retrieved 4273: 4264: 4252:. Retrieved 4235: 4226: 4214:. Retrieved 4200: 4188:. Retrieved 4168: 4161: 4153: 4148: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4061:. Retrieved 4044: 4032: 4020:. Retrieved 4000: 3993: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3955: 3947: 3942: 3924: 3919: 3911: 3906: 3898: 3893: 3885: 3880: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3833:. Retrieved 3813: 3806: 3794:. Retrieved 3774: 3767: 3755:. Retrieved 3738: 3728: 3721: 3706: 3694: 3685: 3666: 3654:. Retrieved 3641: 3628: 3616:. Retrieved 3611: 3601: 3589:. Retrieved 3585:the original 3575: 3558:. Retrieved 3549: 3541: 3528:. Retrieved 3519: 3510: 3502: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3476: 3471: 3463: 3458: 3439: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3403: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3377: 3372: 3364: 3359: 3351: 3342: 3334: 3329: 3321: 3316: 3308: 3303: 3295: 3290: 3273: 3265: 3260: 3252: 3247: 3239: 3234: 3226: 3221: 3209:. Retrieved 3200: 3190: 3182: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3152:. 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