History of copyright

1080: 827:... transformed the stationers' copyright - which had been used as a device of monopoly and an instrument of censorship – into a trade-regulation concept to promote learning and to curtail the monopoly of publishers ... The features of the Statute of Anne that justify the epithet of trade regulation included the limited term of copyright, the availability of copyright to anyone, and the price-control provisions. Copyright, rather than being perpetual, was now limited to a term of fourteen years, with a like renewal term being available only to the author (and only if the author were living at the end of the first term). 448:

copy, and a sovereign's right to censor and to regulate the printing industry. The origins of some of these rights can be traced back to ancient Greek culture, ancient Jewish law, and ancient Roman law. In Greek society, during the sixth century B.C.E., there emerged the notion of the individual self, including personal ideals, ambition, and creativity. The individual self is important in copyright because it distinguishes the creativity produced by an individual from the rest of society. In ancient Jewish Talmudic law there can be found recognition of the moral rights of the author and the economic or property rights of an author.

1067: 401: 30: 1394: 997: 1211: 521: 668: 785:. In the 16th century, the Stationers' Company was given the power to require all lawfully printed books to be entered into its register. Only members of the Stationers' Company could enter books into the register. This meant that the Stationers' Company achieved a dominant position over publishing in 17th-century England (no equivalent arrangement formed in Scotland and Ireland). The monopoly came to an end in 1695, when the English Parliament did not renew the Stationers' Company's power. 1036:. In the same degree the National Assembly granted authors the exclusive right to authorise the public performance of their works during their lifetime, and extended that right to the authors' heirs and assignees for five years after the author's death. The National Assembly took the view that a published work was by its nature a public property, and that an author's rights are recognised as an exception to this principle, to compensate an author for his work. 1161:. It granted copyright for a term of 14 years "from the time of recording the title thereof" with a right of renewal for another 14 years if the author survived to the end of the first term. The act covered not only books, but also maps and charts. Only works both printed within the United States and created by citizens were eligible. With exception of the provision on maps and charts the Copyright Act of 1790 is copied almost verbatim from the 770: 1013:

himself, and pass the privilege on to his heirs, who enjoyed an exclusive right into perpetuity. If the privilege was sold to a publisher, the exclusive right would only last the specified duration. The royal decrees prohibited the renewal of privileges and once the privilege had expired anyone could obtain a "permission simple" to print or sell copies of the work. Hence the

1397: 1396: 1401: 1400: 1395: 463:, who were expensive to buy and maintain. Thus, any copier would have had to pay much the same expense as a professional publisher. Roman book sellers would sometimes pay a well-regarded author for first access to a text for copying, but they had no exclusive rights to a work and authors were not normally paid anything for their work. Martial, in his 1402: 1399: 1009:

royal privilege has the sole right to obtain a renewal indefinitely. In 1761 the Royal Council awarded a royal privilege to the heirs of an author rather than the author's publisher, sparking a national debate on the nature of literary property similar to that taking place in Britain during the battle of the booksellers.

1403: 571:

print particular works for a fixed period of years, and enabled the printer to prevent others from printing the same work during that period. The licenses could only grant rights to print in the territory of the state that had granted them, but they did usually prohibit the import of foreign printing.

1271:

holds that an exception is only permitted "in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author". Free use of copyrighted work is expressly permitted in the case of

1238:

was to be a minimum of the author's lifetime plus 50 years. Another important minimum rule established by the Berne Convention is that copyright arises with the creation of a work and does not depend upon any formality such as a system of public registration (Article 5(2)). At the time some countries

1039:

In 1793 a new law was passed giving authors, composers, and artists the exclusive right to sell and distribute their works, and the right was extended to their heirs and assigns for 10 years after the author's death. The National Assembly placed this law firmly on a natural right footing, calling the

1254:

The Berne Convention focuses on authors as the key figure in copyright law and the stated purpose of the convention is "the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works" (Article 1), rather than the protection of publishers and other actors in the process of disseminating

1112:

urging the States to "secure to the authors or publishers of any new book not hitherto printed ... the copy right of such books for a certain time not less than fourteen years from the first publication; and to secure to the said authors, if they shall survive the term first mentioned, ...

1012:

In 1777 a series of royal decrees reformed the royal privileges. The duration of privileges were set at a minimum duration of 10 years or the life of the author, which ever was longer. If the author obtained a privilege and did not transfer or sell it on, he could publish and sell copies of the book

1008:

France all books needed to be approved by official censors and authors and publishers had to obtain a royal privilege before a book could be published. Royal privileges were exclusive and usually granted for six years, with the possibility of renewal. Over time it was established that the owner of a

812:; to encourage "learned men to compose and write useful books" the statute guaranteed the finite right to print and reprint those works. It established a pragmatic bargain involving authors, the booksellers and the public. The Statute of Anne ended the old system whereby only literature that met the 803:

The enforcement of the Statute of Anne in April 1710 marked a historic moment in the development of copyright law. As the world's first copyright statute it granted publishers of a book legal protection of 14 years with the commencement of the statute. It also granted 21 years of protection for any

923:

In its ruling, the House of Lords established that the rights and responsibilities in copyright were determined by legislation. There is, however, still disagreement over whether the House of Lords affirmed the existence of common-law copyright before it was superseded by the Statute of Anne. The

570:

and government information, works of dissent and criticism could also circulate rapidly. As a consequence, governments established controls over printers across Europe, requiring them to have official licences to trade and produce books. The licenses typically gave printers the exclusive right to

379:

granted to the author or creator of an original work, including the right to copy, distribute and adapt the work. Copyright does not protect ideas, only their expression or fixation. In most jurisdictions copyright arises upon fixation and does not need to be registered. Copyright owners have the

1225:

was first established in 1886, and was subsequently re-negotiated in 1896 (Paris), 1908 (Berlin), 1928 (Rome), 1948 (Brussels), 1967 (Stockholm) and 1971 (Paris). The convention relates to literary and artistic works, which includes films, and the convention requires its member states to provide

982:, following many of the popular music writers at the time dying in poverty due to extensive piracy by gangs during the piracy crisis of sheet music in the early 20th century. The gangs would buy a copy of the music at full price, copy it, and resell it, often at half the price from the original. 447:

Modern copyright law has been influenced by an array of older legal rights that have been recognized throughout history, including the moral rights of the author who created a work, the economic rights of a benefactor who paid to have a copy made, the property rights of the individual owner of a

1233:

Another core feature is the establishment of minimum standards of national copyright legislation in that each member state agrees to certain basic rules which their national laws must contain. Though member states can if they wish increase the amount of protection given to copyright owners. One

966:

Eventually an understanding was established whereby authors had a pre-existing common-law copyright over their work, but that with the Statute of Anne parliament had limited these rights in order to strike a more appropriate balance between the interests of the author and the wider social good.

512:, in a 1854 letter to his publisher, complains: "Due to the tremendously high prices you have established, I will hardly see a second edition of the book anytime soon. But you must set lower prices, dear Campe, for otherwise I really don't see why I was so lenient with my material interests." 880:

A debate raged on whether printed ideas could be owned and London booksellers and other supporters of perpetual copyright argued that without it scholarship would cease to exist and that authors would have no incentive to continue creating works of enduring value if they could not

854:

and started a 30-year period known as the "battle of the booksellers", with London booksellers locking horns with the newly emerging Scottish book trade over the right to reprint works falling outside the protection of the Statute of Anne. The Scottish booksellers argued that no

919:

of the age". Moreover, he warned, booksellers would then set upon books whatever price they pleased "till the public became as much their slaves, as their own hackney compilers are". He declared that "Knowledge and science are not things to be bound in such cobweb chains."

963:, works now considered classics. The expansion of the public domain in books broke the dominance of the London booksellers and allowed for competition, with the number of London booksellers and publishers rising nearly threefold, from 111 to 308, between 1772 and 1802. 701:

was chartered to curtail the "greate enormities and abuses" of "dyvers contentyous and disorderlye persons professinge the arte or mystere of pryntinge or selling of books." The right to print was restricted to two universities and to the 21 existing printers in the

1267:, enabling the reproduction of literary and artistic works without the copyright owners prior permission. The detail of these exceptions was left to national copyright legislation, but the guiding principle is stated in Article 9 of the convention. The so-called 498:

for reading matter. Prices of reprints were low, so publications could be bought by poorer people, creating a mass-market readership. In German-speaking areas, most publications were academic papers, and most were scientific and technical publications, often

1113:

the copy right of such books for another term of time no less than fourteen years. Three states had already enacted copyright statutes in 1783 prior to the Continental Congress resolution, and in the subsequent three years all of the remaining states except

714:

was burned at the stake in 1546. As the English took control of type founding in 1637, printers fled to the Netherlands. Confrontation with authority made printers radical and rebellious, and 800 authors, printers and book dealers were incarcerated in the

800:. The act came into force in 1710 and was the first copyright statute. Its full title was "An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned". 1259:

was introduced (Article 6bis), giving authors the right to be identified as a such and to object to derogatory treatment of their works. These rights, unlike economic rights such as preventing reproduction, could not be transferred to others.

2723: 1398: 1099:

and only three private copyright acts had been passed in America prior to 1783. Two of the acts were limited to seven years, the other was limited to a term of five years. In 1783 several authors' petitions persuaded the

859:

existed in an author's work. The London booksellers argued that the Statute of Anne only supplemented and supported a pre-existing common law copyright. The dispute was argued out in a number of notable cases, including

474:

came into use in Europe in the 1400s and 1500s, and made it much cheaper to produce books. As there was initially no copyright law, anyone could buy or rent a press and print any text. Popular new works were immediately

1104:"that nothing is more properly a man's own than the fruit of his study, and that the protection and security of literary property would greatly tend to encourage genius and to promote useful discoveries." But under the 967:

According to Patterson and Livingston, confusion about the nature of copyright has remained ever since. Copyright has come to be viewed both as a natural-law right of the author and as the statutory grant of a limited

843:

for works by authors that fell outside the statute's protection. At the same time, the London booksellers lobbied parliament to extend the copyright term provided by the Statute of Anne. Eventually, in a case known as

946:

confirmed that a large number of works and books first published in Britain were in the public domain, either because the copyright term granted by statute had expired or because they were first published before the

1801: 546:

did not exist, as scribes were scattered and worked on single manuscripts. Printing allowed for multiple exact copies of a work, leading to a more rapid and widespread circulation of ideas and information (see

1121:

and the Continental Congress' resolution by providing two fourteen-year terms. The five remaining States granted copyright for single terms of fourteen, twenty and twenty one years, with no right of renewal.

507:

construction. After copyright law became established (in 1710 in England, and in the 1840s in German-speaking areas) the low-price mass market vanished, and fewer, more expensive editions were published.

479:

and re-published by competitors, so printers needed a constant stream of new material. Fees paid to authors for new works were high, and significantly supplemented the incomes of many academics.

318:

1710, full title "An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned", was the first

459:, a period of prosperous book trade, no copyright or similar regulations existed, copying by those other than professional booksellers was rare. This is because books were, typically, copied by 542:, a writing, once created, could only be physically multiplied by the highly laborious and error-prone process of manual copying by scribes. An elaborate system of censorship and control over 808:. The statute was concerned with the reading public, the continued production of useful literature, and the advancement and spread of education. The central plank of the statute is a social 392:, do not require permission from the copyright owner. All other uses require permission and copyright owners can license or permanently transfer or assign their exclusive rights to others. 1311: 1222: 365:. Although there are consistencies among nations' copyright laws, each jurisdiction has separate and distinct laws and regulations about copyright. Some jurisdictions also recognize 1032:

abolished the privilege. Anyone was allowed to establish a public theatre and the National Assembly declared that the works of any author who had died more than five years ago were

755:. By defining the scope of freedom of expression and of "harmful" speech Milton argued against the principle of pre-censorship and in favour of tolerance for a wide range of views. 436:

as the copy, made at night in haste by a miraculous light, of a Psalter lent to Columba by St. Finnian. In the 6th century, a dispute arose about the ownership of the copy and King

1304: 719:

before it was stormed in 1789. The notion that the expression of dissent or subversive views should be tolerated, not censured or punished by law, developed alongside the rise of

538:

The origin of copyright law in most European countries lies in efforts by the church and governments to regulate and control the output of printers. Before the invention of the

602:

and other Popes conceded at different times to certain printers the exclusive privilege of printing for specific terms (rarely exceeding 14 years) editions of classic authors.

444:

was said to be fought over this issue. However, the account of the dispute over the Cathach copy comes from a significantly later source and its validity has been questioned.

1230:, which holds that each member state to the convention would give citizens of other member states the same rights of copyright that it gave to its own citizens (Article 3-5). 380:

exclusive statutory right to exercise control over copying and other exploitation of the works for a specific period of time, after which the work is said to enter the

566:

was invented and widely established in the 15th and 16th centuries. While governments and church encouraged printing in many ways, which allowed the dissemination of

1342:(1996) have argued that the Internet deeply undermines the economic rationale for copyright in the first place. These perspectives may lead to the consideration of 1331: 629:, who frequently gave grants of monopolies in articles of common use, such as salt, leather, coal, soap, cards, beer, and wine. The practice was continued until the 1654: 1338:

Commentators such as Barlow (1994) have argued that digital copyright is fundamentally different and will remain persistently difficult to enforce; others such as

1226:

protection for every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain. The Berne Convention has a number of core features, including the principle of

792:. The new parliament was able to change the laws in both countries and an important early piece of legislation was the Copyright Act of 1710, also known as the 1196:

to control the first publication of that work, the author did not have a common law right to control reproduction following the first publication of the work.

846: 455:

in the West in the mid-15th century, texts were copied by hand and the small number of texts generated few occasions for these rights to be tested. During the

94: 657: 1819: 1041: 1785: 868: 862: 907:

was most strident in his rejection of common law copyright, warning the Lords that, should they vote in favour of common law copyright, effectively a

2281: 1452: 1614: 1569: 2321: 1214: 289: 1319: 2755:, in: Mathias Albert ... (eds.), Transnational political spaces. agents - structures - encounters, Frankfurt/Main 2009, p. 58–88. 2268: 1092: 1745: 664:

introduced a copyright law in 1837, but even then authors and publishers just had to go to another German state to circumvent its ruling.

2734:, in: Axel Zerdick ... (eds.), E-merging Media. Communication and the Media Economy of the Future, Heidelberg 2004, p. 311–329. 2713: 893:. London booksellers were attacked for using rights of authors to mask their greed and self-interest in controlling the book trade. When 79: 2654: 1141:

submitted proposals that would allow Congress the power to grant copyright for a limited time. These proposals are the origin of the

1126: 835:

provided for by the Statute of Anne began to expire in 1731, London booksellers thought to defend their dominant position by seeking

617:. The privilege gives a monopoly for the term of two years. The date is 15 years later than that of the first privilege issued in 2607:

Christopher May, "The Venetian Moment: New Technologies, Legal Innovation and the Institutional Origins of Intellectual Property",

2341: 2301: 1264: 971:. One theory holds that copyright is created simply by the creation of a work, the other that it is owed to a copyright statute. 385: 197: 594:(Salamanca, 1492). From 1492 onwards Venice began regularly granting privileges for books. The Republic of Venice, the dukes of 2753:

Intellectual cooperation in transnational networks: the league of nations and the globalization of intellectual property rights

979: 2664: 1907: 357:

Today national copyright laws have been standardised to some extent through international and regional agreements such as the

2770: 2472: 2438: 2406: 2379: 2252: 2221: 2194: 2167: 2140: 2113: 2086: 2059: 2032: 2005: 1971: 1944: 1917: 1890: 1755: 1725: 1029: 155: 578:

granted its first privilege for a particular book in 1486. It was a special case, being the history of the city itself, the

2639: 212: 114: 2462: 2157: 2130: 1715: 2627: 362: 282: 1079: 1205: 1177: 1061: 583: 804:

book already in print. The Statute of Anne had a much broader social focus and remit than the monopoly granted to the

2815: 2746: 2693: 2349: 2329: 2309: 2289: 1598: 1553: 1522: 1285: 322:

statute. Initially copyright law only applied to the copying of books. Over time other uses such as translations and

1172:, such as a proper copyright notice, were satisfied. If this was not the case the work immediately entered into the 2568: 244: 69: 586:. The second author in the world to achieve copyright, Royal printing privileges, was the humanist and grammarian 2820: 2428: 2396: 2369: 2211: 2184: 2103: 2076: 2049: 2022: 1961: 1934: 1343: 432:

XXX (30) to CV (105) with an interpretative rubric or heading before each psalm. It is traditionally ascribed to

192: 2707: 1272:

quotations from lawfully published works, illustration for teaching purposes, and news reporting (Article 10).

1157:

function, namely "to promote the progress of science and useful arts". The first federal copyright act was the

275: 1816: 936:(the length of time that a work is in copyright) did expire according to statute, the Lords also affirmed the 733:

Areopagitica: A speech of Mr. John Milton for the liberty of unlicensed printing to the Parliament of England

633:

was enacted in 1623, ending most monopolies, with certain exceptions, such as patents; after 1623, grants of

689:

As the "menace" of printing spread, governments established centralized control mechanisms, and in 1557 the

1256: 889:, which inflated the price of books, making them less affordable and therefore prevented the spread of the 797: 366: 1083:

Expansion of U.S. copyright law (Assuming authors create their works at age 35 and live for seventy years)

1044:. However, author's rights were subject to the condition of making depositing copies of the work with the 1028:

being granted the exclusive right to the public performance of all dramatic works erupted and in 1791 the

1826:

in: Primary Sources on Copyright (1450–1900), eds L. Bently & M. Kretschmer, www.copyrighthistory.org

1460: 1346:

in place of exclusive rights for all types of information, including software, books, movies, and music.

1134: 622: 526: 924:

Lords had traditionally been hostile to the booksellers' monopoly and were aware of how the doctrine of

885:

the property rights to their descendants. Opponents of perpetual copyright argued that it amounted to a

467:, complains about receiving no profit despite the popularity of his poetry throughout the Roman Empire. 1146: 630: 1108:, the Continental Congress had no authority to enact copyright law. The Continental Congress passed a 1105: 99: 1045: 441: 816:

standards administered by the booksellers could appear in print. The statute furthermore created a

2534: 660:

indicated that there was no effective copyright legislation in Germany in the early 19th century.

440:

gave the judgement "To every cow belongs her calf, therefore to every book belongs its copy." The

404:

European output of books before the advent of copyright, 500s to 1700s. Blue shows printed books.

1840: 1427: 1412: 682: 104: 74: 64: 1239:

did require registration of copyright, and when Britain implemented the Berne Convention in the

2646: 2244: 2238: 1997: 1991: 1432: 1025: 916: 805: 782: 694: 626: 417: 175: 1590: 1584: 1545: 1539: 1514: 1066: 2492: 1882: 1875: 1417: 1268: 1169: 1158: 781:

In England the printers, known as stationers, formed a collective organisation, known as the

752: 640:

The earliest German privilege of which there is trustworthy record was issued in 1501 by the

437: 21: 1506: 400: 1685: 1193: 1101: 991: 925: 890: 856: 789: 744: 2651: 697:. The right to print was limited to the members of that guild, and thirty years later the 8: 2797: 2622: 2564: 1381: 1281: 1248: 1188: 942: 929: 908: 895: 552: 326:

were made subject to copyright and copyright now covers a wide range of works, including

165: 2640:

https://archive.org/details/PimpsAndFerretsCopyrightAndCultureInTheUnitedStates1831-1891

2590: 1608: 1563: 1374: 1240: 1072: 740: 587: 575: 249: 59: 39: 2766: 2742: 2689: 2674: 2559: 2468: 2434: 2402: 2375: 2345: 2325: 2305: 2285: 2248: 2217: 2190: 2163: 2136: 2109: 2082: 2055: 2028: 2001: 1967: 1940: 1913: 1886: 1751: 1721: 1594: 1549: 1518: 1507: 1487: 1364:

Creation of new exclusive rights (such as performers' and other neighbouring rights).

1182: 1021: 1005: 975: 840: 29: 1168:

At the time works only received protection under federal statutory copyright if the

932:. The Lords clearly decided against perpetual copyright and, by confirming that the 2615: 2510: 2488: 1339: 1142: 1109: 1096: 960: 707: 376: 358: 351: 160: 820:

for literature, as previously all literature belonged to the booksellers forever.

2658: 1823: 1324: 1244: 1162: 1118: 1088: 1033: 996: 948: 793: 774: 764: 500: 343: 323: 315: 170: 2799:

International Copyright and Neighbouring Rights: The Berne Convention and Beyond

2269:

788:

In 1707, the parliaments of England and Scotland were united as a result of the

520: 2554: 1296:

Digital technology introduces a new level of controversy into copyright policy.

1235: 1210: 1138: 933: 900: 832: 703: 667: 634: 614: 610: 539: 509: 471: 460: 217: 180: 109: 54: 2801:

Companion website with historical documents related to international copyright

2760: 751:. In doing so Milton articulated the main strands of future discussions about 2809: 2530: 2506: 1491: 1173: 1130: 1014: 937: 817: 711: 690: 653: 641: 548: 483: 381: 239: 134: 693:

thought to stem the flow of seditious and heretical books by chartering the

2078:

Revolutions in Romantic literature: an anthology of print culture 1780–1832

1299:

Inclusion of software as copyright subject matter on the recommendation of

951:

was enacted in 1710. This opened the market for cheap reprints of works by

912: 809: 728: 698: 677: 456: 452: 405: 265: 234: 229: 202: 124: 84: 2430:

Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Copyright and related rights

2398:

Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Copyright and related rights

2371:

Intellectual Property and Information Wealth: Copyright and related rights

1355:

Move from common law and ad hoc grants of monopoly to copyright statutes.

1154: 1049: 956: 952: 904: 736: 672: 476: 331: 224: 150: 119: 2636:

Pimps and Ferrets: Copyright and Culture in the United States, 1831–1891

1475: 1040:

law the "Declaration of the Rights of Genius" and so evoking the famous

974:

In August 1906, The Copyright Law for Music Act 1906, known also as the

2460: 1713: 1655:"No Copyright Law: The Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion?" 851: 836: 813: 748: 724: 599: 412:

A possible historical case-law on the right to copy comes from ancient

339: 2302:

American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years.

2732:

The History and Current Problems of Intellectual Property (1600–2000)

372: 319: 185: 129: 49: 1509:

Copyrighting Culture: The Political Economy of Intellectual Property

928:, promoted by the booksellers, was used to support their case for a 2789: 1422: 1114: 968: 886: 882: 720: 716: 595: 563: 487: 389: 335: 307: 261: 207: 44: 1686:"Did Weak Copyright Laws Help Germany Outpace The British Empire?" 1312:

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

1192:

in Britain) that although the author of an unpublished work had a

769: 661: 649: 606: 543: 433: 425: 421: 413: 2602:

The Author's Due : Printing and the Prehistory of Copyright

2132:

Digital copyright and the consumer revolution: hands off my iPod

2775:

Selle, Hendrik; "Open Content? Ancient Thinking on Copyright",

1806:(Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2006), p. 24. 1323:

and contradictory cases); links to the debate over sui generis

1150: 1017:

in books whose privilege had expired was expressly recognised.

618: 495: 491: 429: 89: 2461:

MacQueen, Hector L; Charlotte Waelde; Graeme T Laurie (2007).

2342:

Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates

2322:

Piracy: The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates

1714:

MacQueen, Hector L; Charlotte Waelde; Graeme T Laurie (2007).

592:

Lexicon hoc est Dictionarium ex sermone latino in hispaniensem

2585:

A Treatise on the Law of Property in Intellectual Productions

1841:"Copyright and Structure of Author's Earnings, from his book: 1817:

Commentary on Imperial privileges for Conrad Celtis (1501/02)

1358:

Expansions in subject matter (largely related to technology).

1300: 1117:

passed a copyright statute. Seven of the States followed the

567: 504: 311: 2724:

Before Copyright: the French book-privilege system 1498-1526

2267:

Atkinson, Benedict. & Fitzgerald, Brian. (eds.) (2017).

2159:

Bootlegging: romanticism and copyright in the music industry

1772:

Before Copyright: the French book-privilege system 1498–1526

1048:

and 19th-century commentators characterised the 1793 law as

369:

of creators, such as the right to be credited for the work.

2679:

Seven Lectures on the Law and History of Copyright in Books

978:

Bill, was added to copyright law when it was passed by the

347: 2761:

Privilege and Property: Essays on the History of Copyright

1480:

The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland

911:, "all our learning will be locked up in the hands of the 823:

According to Patterson and Lindberg, the Statute of Anne:

408:; a straight line therefore shows an exponential increase. 2758:

Ronan Deazley, Martin Kretschmer and Lionel Bently (eds)

1332:

World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty

1255:

works to the public. In the 1928 revision the concept of

1247:. c. 46) it had to abolish its system of registration at 424:

and the earliest example of Irish writing. It contains a

327: 710:. The French crown also repressed printing, and printer 2652:

http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_9/scott/index.html

2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 1868: 1866: 1739: 1737: 1586:

1541:

1091:

did not apply to the American colonies. The economy of

306:

starts with early privileges and monopolies granted to

2715:

Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.

2571:, one of the first statutes prohibiting circumvention. 2741:, Upper Saddle River: Financial Times Prentice Hall; 1674:, p. 136-137, Patterson, 1968, Vanderbilt Univ. Press 648:, for the publication of an edition of the dramas of 2671:, William Blackwood and Sons, London, 1867, Vol III. 2669:

The Monks of the West from St Benedict to St Bernard

2644:

Brendan Scott, "Copyright in a Frictionless World",

2354: 1863: 1734: 1349: 1317:

Controversy over the copyrightability of databases (

1055: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2422: 2420: 2418: 1985: 1983: 1790:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1990, p. 6 1774:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 1990, p. 3 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1275: 1042:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

2593:, '"Socialist" Features of Soviet Copyright Law', 2464:Contemporary Intellectual Property: Law and Policy 1874: 1717:Contemporary Intellectual Property: Law and Policy 515: 2535:"A Primer on the Ethics of Intellectual Property" 2493:"Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail" 1583:Ploman, Edward W., and L. Clark Hamilton (1980). 1538:Ploman, Edward W., and L. Clark Hamilton (1980). 2807: 2793:(British, French, German, Italian, US documents) 2447: 2415: 2374:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 141–142. 2189:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–141. 1980: 1696: 1334:; nations begin passing anti-circumvention laws. 503:practical instruction manuals on topics such as 2213:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 2182: 2105:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 2047: 2024:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 1963:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 1936:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 1838: 1802:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language 1626: 1624: 1450: 2727:. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge: 1990) 2186:The rise of the public in Enlightenment Europe 2051:The rise of the public in Enlightenment Europe 1589:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 1544:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 850:(1743–1748), the London booksellers turned to 758: 2681:, Rothman Reprints Inc., 1899 (1971 reprint). 2619:, 4 Burr. 2303, 98 Eng. Rep. 201 (K.B. 1769). 1513:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 1320:Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service 1199: 1149:, which allows the granting of copyright and 985: 420:is the oldest extant Irish manuscript of the 283: 2777:Revue internationale de droit de l’Antiquité 2487: 1872: 1788:: the French book-privilege system 1498–1526 1743: 1621: 1613:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1568:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2737:Gantz, John and Rochester, Jack B. (2005), 2433:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 143. 2401:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 142. 2282:Charles Villiers Stanford: Man and Musician 2054:. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. 1966:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 13–14. 1476:"The Battle of Cúl Dreimne: A Reassessment" 1290: 652:, which had been prepared for the press by 80:Integrated circuit layout design protection 2344:. University of Chicago Press. pp349-352. 1370:Criminalisation of copyright infringement. 290: 276: 2563:(2000), for a detailed discussion of the 2529: 2505: 731:, published in 1644 under the full title 681:, in it he argued forcefully against the 621:. Early copyright privileges were called 2790:Primary Sources on Copyright (1450–1900) 2765:Open Book Publishers (Cambridge: 2010). 2701:International Copyright Law and Practice 2236: 2155: 1989: 1750:. Harvard University Press. p. 14. 1665: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1453:"The Cathach/The Psalter of St. Columba" 1392: 1384:doctrines to cover file sharing networks 1209: 1078: 1065: 995: 768: 666: 519: 399: 2650:, volume 6, number 9 (September 2001), 2467:. Oxford University Press. p. 37. 2426: 2394: 2216:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 24. 2108:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 19. 2027:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 14. 1939:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 13. 1905: 1720:. Oxford University Press. p. 34. 1265:limitations and exceptions to copyright 1052:and "a charitable grant from society". 875: 743:re-introducing government licensing of 386:limitations and exceptions to copyright 198:Limitations and exceptions to copyright 2808: 2523: 2135:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 4. 2128: 1843:Geschichte und Wesen des Urheberrechts 1582: 1537: 1504: 2595:Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 2324:. University of Chicago Press. p354. 2209: 2101: 2020: 1959: 1932: 1834: 1832: 1683: 1637: 1473: 395: 156:Artificial intelligence and copyright 2631:, Vanderbilt University Press, 1968. 2284:Oxford University press. pp340-341. 2074: 1881:. Harvard University Press. p. 1677: 1407:Video about the history of copyright 1263:The Berne Convention also enshrined 1234:important minimum rule was that the 1215:Berne Convention signatory countries 1186:(a case similar to the 1774 case of 625:," particularly during the reign of 580:Rerum venetarum ab urbe condita opus 115:Supplementary protection certificate 2665:Charles Forbes René de Montalembert 2628:Copyright in Historical Perspective 2604:, University of Chicago Press, 2002 2499: 1839:Eckhard Höffner (8 December 2010). 1672:Copyright in Historical Perspective 613:, King's Printer, the successor to 13: 2587:, Little, Brown, & Co. (1879). 2577: 2367: 1829: 1653:Thadeusz, Frank (18 August 2010). 1206:International copyright agreements 1062:Copyright law of the United States 609:bears date 1518 and was issued to 584:Marcus Antonius Coccius Sabellicus 494:led to a dramatic increase in the 14: 2832: 2783: 2739:Pirates of the Digital Millennium 2688:, The New Press, New York, 2003. 2684:Drahos, P. with Braithwaite, J., 2240:Cyberlaw: the law of the internet 1993:Cyberlaw: the law of the internet 1684:Lasar, Matthew (23 August 2010). 1367:Creation of collecting societies. 1350:Expansions in scope and operation 1286:Copyright law of the Soviet Union 1070:The Copyright Act of 1790 in the 1056:Early United States copyright law 605:The first copyright privilege in 559:, was issued for the first time. 2569:Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1344:alternative compensation systems 1276:Copyright in communist countries 245:Outline of intellectual property 70:Indigenous intellectual property 28: 2567:behind the passage of the 1998 2547: 2481: 2388: 2334: 2314: 2294: 2274: 2261: 2230: 2203: 2183:Van Horn Melton, James (2001). 2176: 2149: 2122: 2095: 2081:. Broadview Press. p. 80. 2068: 2048:Van Horn Melton, James (2001). 2041: 2014: 1953: 1926: 1899: 1847:History and Nature of Copyright 1809: 1793: 1777: 1764: 644:to an association entitled the 516:Early privileges and monopolies 384:. Uses which are covered under 2708:New International Encyclopedia 1634:, Penguin, 1978, James Mitchie 1576: 1531: 1498: 1467: 1444: 1305:EU Computer Programs Directive 1153:for a limited time to serve a 1: 2717:, 982 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992) 1873:de Sola Pool, Ithiel (1983). 1744:de Sola Pool, Ithiel (1983). 1438: 637:to publishers became common. 363:European copyright directives 2597:, vol. 23, pp 297–313, 1984. 7: 2511:"The Free Music Philosophy" 2237:Jonathan, Rosenoer (1997). 1990:Jonathan, Rosenoer (1997). 1388: 1135:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 759:Early British copyright law 527:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 193:Idea–expression distinction 10: 2837: 1505:Bettig, Ronald V. (1996). 1279: 1203: 1200:Early internationalisation 1147:United States Constitution 1059: 989: 986:Early French copyright law 762: 451:Prior to the invention of 2703:, Matthew Bender. (2000). 2304:Oxford University Press. 2300:Sanjek, Russell. (1988). 1106:Articles of Confederation 656:. According to historian 646:Sodalitas Rhenana Celtica 2816:History of copyright law 2280:Dibble, Jeremy. (2002). 2129:Rimmer, Matthew (2007). 1303:and then later with the 1291:Copyright and technology 650:Hroswitha of Gandersheim 557:List of Prohibited Books 532:List of Prohibited Books 2340:Johns, Adrian. (2009). 2320:Johns, Adrian. (2009). 2210:Ronan, Deazley (2006). 2102:Ronan, Deazley (2006). 2021:Ronan, Deazley (2006). 1960:Ronan, Deazley (2006). 1933:Ronan, Deazley (2006). 1909:Ethics & Journalism 1906:Sanders, Karen (2003). 1877:Technologies of freedom 1747:Technologies of freedom 1428:International copyright 1413:History of music piracy 1380:Courts' application of 1361:Expansions on duration. 1127:Philadelphia Convention 777:came into force in 1710 683:Licensing Order of 1643 484:profound social changes 105:Plant genetic resources 75:Industrial design right 65:Geographical indication 2821:Legal history by issue 2721:Armstrong, Elizabeth. 2156:Marshall, Lee (2006). 1783:Armstrong, Elizabeth. 1770:Armstrong, Elizabeth. 1433:Copyright infringement 1408: 1218: 1084: 1076: 1046:Bibliothèque Nationale 1001: 829: 778: 686: 535: 442:Battle of Cúl Dreimhne 438:Diarmait Mac Cerbhaill 409: 176:Criticism of copyright 100:Plant breeders' rights 2686:Information Feudalism 2243:. Springer. pp. 1996:. Springer. pp. 1474:Lacey, Brian (2003). 1451:Royal Irish Academy. 1418:History of patent law 1406: 1280:Further information: 1213: 1170:statutory formalities 1159:Copyright Act of 1790 1082: 1069: 999: 825: 772: 753:freedom of expression 670: 631:Statute of Monopolies 523: 403: 22:Intellectual property 2699:Paul Edward Geller, 2427:Peter K, Yu (2007). 2395:Peter K, Yu (2007). 2368:Yu, Peter K (2007). 2162:. Sage. p. 15. 1912:. Sage. p. 66. 1102:Continental Congress 992:French copyright law 926:common law copyright 876:Common law copyright 857:common law copyright 847:Midwinter v Hamilton 790:Anglo-Scottish Union 304:history of copyright 2623:Lyman Ray Patterson 2600:Joseph Lowenstein, 2565:legislative history 2075:Keen, Paul (2004). 1815:Kawohl, F. (2008) " 1382:secondary liability 1282:Copyright in Russia 1189:Donaldson v Beckett 943:Donaldson v Beckett 930:perpetual copyright 909:perpetual copyright 896:Donaldson v Beckett 831:When the statutory 806:Stationers' Company 783:Stationers' Company 739:'s response to the 695:Stationers' Company 675:'s 1644 edition of 553:Index Expurgatorius 166:Copyright abolition 2730:Siegrist, Hannes, 2657:2012-02-07 at the 2591:Dietrich A. Loeber 2271:. Routledge. p181. 1822:2013-03-19 at the 1409: 1375:anti-circumvention 1241:Copyright Act 1911 1228:national treatment 1219: 1085: 1077: 1073:Columbian Centinel 1002: 980:British Parliament 779: 741:English parliament 687: 588:Antonio de Nebrija 576:republic of Venice 536: 410: 396:Early developments 258:Higher categories: 250:Outline of patents 2794: 2779:55 (2008) 469–84. 2771:978-1-906924-18-8 2675:Augustine Birrell 2560:Digital Copyright 2474:978-0-19-926339-4 2440:978-0-275-98883-8 2408:978-0-275-98883-8 2381:978-0-275-98883-8 2254:978-0-387-94832-4 2223:978-1-84542-282-0 2196:978-0-521-46969-2 2169:978-0-7619-4490-4 2142:978-1-84542-948-5 2115:978-1-84542-282-0 2088:978-1-55111-352-4 2061:978-0-521-46969-2 2034:978-1-84542-282-0 2007:978-0-387-94832-4 1973:978-1-84542-282-0 1946:978-1-84542-282-0 1919:978-0-7619-6967-9 1892:978-0-674-87233-2 1757:978-0-674-87233-2 1727:978-0-19-926339-4 1404: 1330:Enactment of the 1236:term of copyright 1183:Wheaton v. Peters 1030:National Assembly 1026:Comédie-Française 1022:French Revolution 841:Court of Chancery 482:Printing brought 352:computer programs 300: 299: 2828: 2792: 2751:Löhr, Isabella, 2616:Millar v. Taylor 2583:Eaton S. Drone, 2572: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2489:Richard Stallman 2485: 2479: 2478: 2458: 2445: 2444: 2424: 2413: 2412: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2365: 2352: 2338: 2332: 2318: 2312: 2298: 2292: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1987: 1978: 1977: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1880: 1870: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1836: 1827: 1813: 1807: 1799:Deazley, Ronan. 1797: 1791: 1786:Before Copyright 1781: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1711: 1694: 1693: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1650: 1635: 1628: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1604: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1567: 1559: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1512: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1459:. Archived from 1448: 1405: 1340:Richard Stallman 1249:Stationers' Hall 1245:1 & 2 Geo. 5 1223:Berne Convention 1194:common law right 1143:Copyright Clause 1133:of Virginia and 940:. The ruling in 869:Tonson v Collins 866:(1749–1751) and 863:Millar v Kincaid 708:printing presses 534:, (Venice 1564). 377:exclusive rights 359:Berne Convention 344:sound recordings 324:derivative works 292: 285: 278: 161:Brand protection 95:Peasants' rights 32: 18: 17: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2806: 2805: 2786: 2659:Wayback Machine 2634:Eric Anderson, 2580: 2578:Further reading 2575: 2552: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2528: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2504: 2500: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2459: 2448: 2441: 2425: 2416: 2409: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2366: 2355: 2339: 2335: 2319: 2315: 2299: 2295: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2208: 2204: 2197: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2019: 2015: 2008: 1988: 1981: 1974: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1871: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1837: 1830: 1824:Wayback Machine 1814: 1810: 1798: 1794: 1782: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1712: 1697: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1651: 1638: 1629: 1622: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1581: 1577: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1503: 1499: 1472: 1468: 1457:Library Cathach 1449: 1445: 1441: 1393: 1391: 1352: 1325:database rights 1293: 1288: 1278: 1269:three-step test 1208: 1202: 1163:Statute of Anne 1119:Statute of Anne 1089:Statute of Anne 1064: 1058: 1034:public property 1024:a dispute over 994: 988: 949:Statute of Anne 878: 794:Statute of Anne 775:Statute of Anne 767: 765:Statute of Anne 761: 706:, which had 53 658:Eckhard Höffner 627:Queen Elizabeth 551:). In 1559 the 518: 461:literate slaves 398: 348:motion pictures 316:Statute of Anne 296: 260: 256: 171:Copyright troll 60:Farmers' rights 40:Authors' rights 12: 11: 5: 2834: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2804: 2803: 2795: 2785: 2784:External links 2782: 2781: 2780: 2773: 2756: 2749: 2735: 2728: 2719: 2711: 2704: 2697: 2682: 2672: 2662: 2642: 2632: 2620: 2612: 2611:, 20(2), 2002. 2605: 2598: 2588: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2555:Jessica Litman 2546: 2531:Samudrala, Ram 2522: 2507:Samudrala, Ram 2498: 2480: 2473: 2446: 2439: 2414: 2407: 2387: 2380: 2353: 2333: 2313: 2293: 2273: 2260: 2253: 2229: 2222: 2202: 2195: 2175: 2168: 2148: 2141: 2121: 2114: 2094: 2087: 2067: 2060: 2040: 2033: 2013: 2006: 1979: 1972: 1952: 1945: 1925: 1918: 1898: 1891: 1862: 1828: 1808: 1792: 1776: 1763: 1756: 1733: 1726: 1695: 1676: 1664: 1659:Spiegel Online 1636: 1620: 1599: 1575: 1554: 1530: 1523: 1497: 1466: 1463:on 2014-07-02. 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1315: 1308: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1277: 1274: 1204:Main article: 1201: 1198: 1176:. In 1834 the 1139:South Carolina 1129:in 1787, both 1060:Main article: 1057: 1054: 990:Main article: 987: 984: 976:T. P. O'Connor 934:copyright term 901:House of Lords 877: 874: 833:copyright term 763:Main article: 760: 757: 704:city of London 671:First page of 635:letters patent 615:William Caxton 611:Richard Pynson 540:printing press 524:Title page of 517: 514: 510:Heinrich Heine 486:. The rise in 472:printing press 397: 394: 314:. The British 298: 297: 295: 294: 287: 280: 272: 269: 268: 255: 254: 253: 252: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 221: 220: 218:Right to quote 215: 210: 205: 195: 190: 189: 188: 181:Bioprospecting 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 145: 144: 143:Related topics 140: 139: 138: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 110:Related rights 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 55:Database right 52: 47: 42: 34: 33: 25: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2833: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2747:0-13-146315-2 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2694:1-56584-804-7 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2550: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2476: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2442: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2351: 2350:9780226401195 2347: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2330:9780226401195 2327: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2310:9780195043105 2307: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2290:9780198163831 2287: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2233: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2198: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2171: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2152: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2125: 2117: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2071: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2044: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2017: 2009: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1986: 1984: 1975: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1956: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1929: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1902: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1796: 1789: 1787: 1780: 1773: 1767: 1759: 1753: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1738: 1729: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1673: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1616: 1610: 1602: 1600:0-7100-0539-3 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1571: 1565: 1557: 1555:0-7100-0539-3 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1534: 1526: 1524:0-8133-1385-6 1520: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1310:Enactment of 1309: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1283: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178:Supreme Court 1175: 1174:public domain 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131:James Madison 1128: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1093:early America 1090: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1015:public domain 1010: 1007: 1006:revolutionary 998: 993: 983: 981: 977: 972: 970: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 944: 939: 938:public domain 935: 931: 927: 921: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897: 892: 891:Enlightenment 888: 884: 873: 872:(1761–1762). 871: 870: 865: 864: 858: 853: 849: 848: 842: 838: 834: 828: 824: 821: 819: 818:public domain 815: 811: 807: 801: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 776: 771: 766: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 712:Etienne Dolet 709: 705: 700: 696: 692: 691:English Crown 684: 680: 679: 674: 669: 665: 663: 659: 655: 654:Conrad Celtes 651: 647: 643: 642:Aulic Council 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 549:print culture 545: 541: 533: 529: 528: 522: 513: 511: 506: 502: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 445: 443: 439: 435: 434:Saint Columba 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 407: 402: 393: 391: 387: 383: 382:public domain 378: 374: 370: 368: 364: 360: 355: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 293: 288: 286: 281: 279: 274: 273: 271: 270: 267: 263: 259: 251: 248: 247: 246: 243: 241: 240:Public domain 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 199: 196: 194: 191: 187: 184: 183: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 147: 146: 142: 141: 136: 135:Utility model 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 51: 48: 46: 43: 41: 38: 37: 36: 35: 31: 27: 26: 23: 20: 19: 16: 2798: 2776: 2759: 2752: 2738: 2731: 2722: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2685: 2678: 2668: 2647:First Monday 2645: 2635: 2626: 2614: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2584: 2558: 2549: 2538:. Retrieved 2525: 2514:. Retrieved 2501: 2483: 2463: 2429: 2397: 2390: 2370: 2336: 2316: 2296: 2276: 2263: 2239: 2232: 2212: 2205: 2185: 2178: 2158: 2151: 2131: 2124: 2104: 2097: 2077: 2070: 2050: 2043: 2023: 2016: 1992: 1962: 1955: 1935: 1928: 1908: 1901: 1876: 1853:. Retrieved 1851:. Slideshare 1846: 1842: 1811: 1800: 1795: 1784: 1779: 1771: 1766: 1746: 1716: 1689: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1658: 1632:The Epigrams 1631: 1585: 1578: 1540: 1533: 1508: 1500: 1483: 1479: 1469: 1461:the original 1456: 1446: 1373:Creation of 1337: 1318: 1262: 1257:moral rights 1253: 1232: 1227: 1220: 1187: 1181: 1167: 1124: 1095:was largely 1086: 1071: 1038: 1019: 1011: 1003: 1000:1652 example 973: 965: 941: 922: 899:reached the 894: 879: 867: 861: 845: 830: 826: 822: 810:quid pro quo 802: 787: 780: 732: 729:Areopagitica 699:Star Chamber 688: 678:Areopagitica 676: 645: 639: 604: 591: 579: 573: 561: 556: 537: 531: 525: 501:autodidactic 481: 469: 464: 457:Roman Empire 453:movable type 450: 446: 411: 406:Log-lin plot 371: 367:moral rights 356: 332:performances 303: 301: 266:Property law 257: 235:Pirate Party 230:Patent troll 213:Paraphrasing 203:Fair dealing 125:Trade secret 85:Moral rights 15: 1155:utilitarian 1050:utilitarian 953:Shakespeare 905:Lord Camden 837:injunctions 737:John Milton 673:John Milton 623:"monopolies 428:version of 340:photographs 225:Orphan work 151:Abandonware 120:Trade dress 2810:Categories 2609:Prometheus 2540:2011-09-13 2516:2011-09-13 1439:References 1217:(in blue). 1110:resolution 1020:After the 852:common law 814:censorship 798:Queen Anne 749:publishers 562:In Europe 388:, such as 373:Copyrights 1855:April 11, 1630:Martial, 1609:cite book 1564:cite book 1492:0035-9106 1486:: 78–85. 1180:ruled in 903:in 1774, 839:from the 336:paintings 320:copyright 186:Biopiracy 130:Trademark 50:Copyright 2655:Archived 2638:, 2010. 2533:(1994). 2509:(1994). 1820:Archived 1423:Copyleft 1389:See also 1314:(TRIPS). 1115:Delaware 1097:agrarian 969:monopoly 915:and the 887:monopoly 883:bequeath 796:, after 747:, hence 745:printers 723:and the 721:printing 717:Bastille 596:Florence 564:printing 488:literacy 465:Epigrams 390:fair use 361:and the 308:printers 262:Property 208:Fair use 45:Copyleft 1151:patents 1145:in the 1125:At the 1004:In pre- 961:Chaucer 917:Lintots 913:Tonsons 662:Prussia 607:England 544:scribes 490:across 426:Vulgate 422:Psalter 418:Cathach 414:Ireland 2769: 2745: 2692: 2471: 2437: 2405: 2378: 2348: 2328: 2308: 2288: 2251: 2220: 2193: 2166: 2139: 2112: 2085: 2058: 2031: 2004: 1970: 1943: 1916: 1889: 1754: 1724: 1597: 1552: 1521: 1490: 957:Milton 735:, was 727:. The 619:France 598:, and 568:Bibles 555:, or 496:demand 492:Europe 430:Psalms 416:. The 90:Patent 2696:(hc.) 2245:34–35 1690:Wired 1377:laws. 1301:CONTU 725:press 600:Leo X 590:, in 530:, or 312:books 2767:ISBN 2743:ISBN 2690:ISBN 2553:See 2469:ISBN 2435:ISBN 2403:ISBN 2376:ISBN 2346:ISBN 2326:ISBN 2306:ISBN 2286:ISBN 2249:ISBN 2218:ISBN 2191:ISBN 2164:ISBN 2137:ISBN 2110:ISBN 2083:ISBN 2056:ISBN 2029:ISBN 2002:ISBN 1968:ISBN 1941:ISBN 1914:ISBN 1887:ISBN 1857:2015 1752:ISBN 1722:ISBN 1615:link 1595:ISBN 1570:link 1550:ISBN 1519:ISBN 1488:ISSN 1284:and 1221:The 1087:The 959:and 773:The 574:The 505:dike 470:The 375:are 350:and 328:maps 302:The 264:and 1484:133 1137:of 582:of 477:set 475:re- 310:of 2812:: 2677:, 2667:, 2625:, 2557:, 2491:. 2449:^ 2417:^ 2356:^ 2247:. 2000:. 1998:34 1982:^ 1885:. 1883:15 1865:^ 1849:)" 1831:^ 1736:^ 1698:^ 1688:. 1657:. 1639:^ 1623:^ 1611:}} 1607:{{ 1593:. 1566:}} 1562:{{ 1548:. 1517:. 1515:11 1482:. 1478:. 1455:. 1251:. 1165:. 955:, 354:. 346:, 342:, 338:, 334:, 330:, 2763:. 2661:. 2543:. 2519:. 2495:. 2477:. 2443:. 2411:. 2384:. 2257:. 2226:. 2199:. 2172:. 2145:. 2118:. 2091:. 2064:. 2037:. 2010:. 1976:. 1949:. 1922:. 1895:. 1859:. 1845:( 1804:. 1760:. 1730:. 1692:. 1661:. 1617:) 1603:. 1591:7 1572:) 1558:. 1546:5 1527:. 1494:. 1327:. 1307:. 1243:( 685:. 291:e 284:t 277:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.