History of education in Wales

1823: 50: 1293: 1737: 1235: 1349: 1111: 1042: 1183: 1329:. Around the time of WWI the subjects listed on inspection reports as being taught at elementary schools included "English, Arithmetic, history and geography, music and drawing". Practical subjects might also be included, such as "needlework, laundry, handicraft, hygiene and school gardens". The curriculum became broader over time. By 1931 19% of elementary school pupils in Wales transitioned to secondary school at the age of about 11 years old while the rest remained at elementary school until the age of fourteen. However high rates of early dropout from secondary school were an ongoing issue. 1696: 44: 931: 977:. There were also a variety of other more informal ways that some children may have received some basic education. However, for the vast majority of the population in the 16th and much of the 17th century, formal education was unattainable. In the early 17th century around 20% of people in Wales were literate in Welsh or English. Historians Gareth Elwyn Jones and Gordon Wynne Roderick argue that the peasantry generally was not interested in literacy as it held little practical advantage for them. After the 1627:

where the language was declining. In the 1980s and 1970s a significant minority of primary schools did not teach any Welsh. A slight majority of secondary school students were not studying Welsh in the early 1980s. Welsh became compulsory for pupils up to the age of 14 in 1990 and 16 in 1999. In 1995 there were more than 50,000 pupils in Welsh-medium primary education. In 2016 16% of pupils attended Welsh-medium schools while 10% attended bilingual schools or those with different language departments.

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subject, and a significant minority of schools use Welsh as a language of instruction. The first university in Wales was founded in 1872, though Welsh students had previously received higher education elsewhere or in other kinds of institutions. In the late 20th century the numbers enrolling in university increased sharply. As of 2021 almost a third of people over 16 have a university-level education.

772: 1675:. In the 16th century there was an increased interest in attending university. Historian W. P. Griffith estimated that 200 Welsh students attended the University of Oxford in the first 40 years of the century. He also estimated that 3,000 attended the University of Oxford, University of Cambridge or Inns of Court in the hundred years after 1540. Poor men could gain admission by acting as servants in 1461:. By 1980, all local authorities in Wales had moved to that system. The new system was fairly consistent in being made up of large comprehensive schools for pupils aged 11 to 18 years old. In 1972 the school leaving age was increased to 16. Pupils' results at 16 and above were consistently poorer than in England. In 1980 about one in four young people in Wales left school without any qualifications. 1835:. Meanwhile the University of Wales also experienced the rapid increase in student numbers seen across British universities. The University of Wales saw less of an uptake in science than elsewhere. Access to university remained very limited with only 15% of the relevant age group across England and Wales reaching the necessary level of qualification for admission in 1962 and only 4% enrolling. 1223:

inactive. At the time of the 1870 Education Act, many school buildings were of poor quality, lacking proper facilities and healthy conditions. The Education department pushed for improvements. The elementary education system in Wales during this period closely resembled that of England. Both in what it taught and how it was administered. The payment-by-results scheme encouraged an emphasis on

1064:. Welsh Sunday Schools tended to focus on religion and reading, avoiding the wider secular education sometimes taught at Sunday Schools elsewhere. 79 endowments for elementary schools in Wales were made by individuals between 1700 and 1800. A number of commercially-run schools aimed at the working classes and organised by people of the same social background also existed. 1030:, but later foundings tended to be associated with the "circulating school movement" which originated in Wales. The second group catered for both children and adults. 96 SPCK schools were established by 1714. They emphasised practical training, moral and religious education as well as practical support for poorer pupils. The circulating schools were developed by 1784:

The colleges of the University of Wales physically expanded in the early 20th century. While two of the colleges developed courses in agriculture funded by the state, the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire had less success developing technical subjects. By 1908 there were more female

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and was often taught as a subject up to the age of 11. It was sometimes also taught as a second language in elementary schools in English-speaking areas. Meanwhile, the report also noted that a majority of intermediate schools were offering Welsh as a subject but it was not a language of instruction.

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The guidance given to elementary schools was changed in the 1880s to allow Welsh to be taught. In 1899 to 1900 only 0.8 percent of pupils were taught Welsh as a subject. From 1907 to 1920 educationalist Owen Edwards was in charge of the newly created Welsh Department of the Board of Education. He was

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had a fairly limited immediate impact on education in Wales. Some school buildings were requisitioned for military use and a shortage of male teachers had a particular effect on secondary schools. A suspension of new school buildings led to an increase in class sizes, especially in secondary schools.

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The Aberdare Committee of 1881 emphasised the need for improved secondary education, especially for girls. The committee recommended the creation of two types of state funded intermediate (secondary) school, one of which would cater to children from relatively modest backgrounds. The committee led to

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The Welsh university colleges experienced difficulties during World War II with staff shortages, neglected repairs, falling student numbers and shared accommodation with other institutions. The postwar period saw a rapid expansion of higher education establishments especially in the study of science

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The attitude that the Welsh language impeded education would continue through most of the remainder of the 19th century. The language of instruction at day schools was almost always English, which was seen as the language of secular knowledge. Welsh was a language associated with the working classes

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were introduced in the 1990s. By 1999 almost a quarter of young people aged 19 to 24 in Wales had received a university education, a figure which continued to rise in the early 2000s. There were 13 higher education institutions, eight of which were part of the University of Wales. More than half of

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and Welsh medium secondary schools were founded in 1956 and 1962 respectively. In the 1970s and 1980s, a growing number of Welsh medium and bilingual schools were opened in predominantly English-speaking urban areas. The inspectorate also encouraged their establishment in Welsh-speaking rural areas

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was a wooden plaque which some teachers tied around the neck of any child caught speaking Welsh on the school premises. If another child was caught it was moved onto them, and the child wearing the plaque at the end of the school day was punished. Much anecdotal evidence of this practice exists but

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because it restructured school financing in a way that meant ratepayers would be paying directly for the upkeep of Anglican and Roman Catholic schools. This led to a political crisis in Wales, with most local authorities refusing to apply the law. In 1907 the Welsh department was established within

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by thirteen years. By around 1900 there were 7,000 children in the intermediate schools including almost as many girls as boys. While the schools had been intended primarily for the middle classes in some areas as many as a third of pupils were of working-class backgrounds. The main curriculum of a

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was published into education in Wales which—though some modern historians have defended it's quality—was badly received in Wales at the time because of a derogatory tone. The report depicts the Welsh language as a negative influence limiting the potential of the Welsh population. The report argued

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established a national curriculum in England and Wales. Previously, schools, and to a large extent individual teachers, had a great deal of autonomy over what they taught, leading to inconsistent standards. The overall structure of the curriculum was the same in Wales as in England, but there were

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majority of intermediate schools was English, Latin, mathematics, history, geography and French. Most of the headmasters adopted an ethos for the schools resembling English public schools. In 1914, young people in Wales were more likely to enter secondary school or university than anywhere else in

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with older, more able pupils passing on information from their teacher to the other children. Another form of elementary education available in this period were works schools run by industrialists for the education of the children of their workers. While school participation rates in the early- to

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Education has been conducted in English, Welsh and historically Latin. In the 19th century Welsh was often repressed by schools. In the 20th century the language gradually gained a more prominent role in the education system. In the 21st century all pupils under the age of 16 are taught Welsh as a

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A new form of senior-level education was established in the 18th century. 23 dissenter academies were established across England and Wales, initially for men who had been stopped from going to university by religious repression. They taught a variety of subjects over four years of study including

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Some school boards were very active in expanding school provision. Many new schools were built by the boards over the thirty years after their introduction; the overall number of schools more than doubled. Although certain rural school boards were described as being of low standard, sectarian and

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With the new economic prosperity starting in the late 1950s, much more money began to be spent on education. There was a general sense of optimism about education and a feeling that it could induce progress. However, there continued to be shortages of teachers and the number of pupils staying at

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From 1833 the voluntary schools began to receive government funding. In 1839 the Committee of the Privy Council on Education (CCE) was formed which conducted state inspections of schools receiving grants in England and Wales for the first time. Early inspection reports give a mixed impression of

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There was a certain degree of decline in grammar schools during this period. Some of them disappeared or declined into elementary schools. There was an expansion in the teaching of non-classical subjects in grammar schools, which seems to have often particularly benefited the wealthiest pupils.

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A new curriculum which was designed to include more emphasis on skills, experiences and areas such as "digital skills, adaptability and creativity" as well as knowledge was introduced in 2022. It groups education into six "Areas of Learning and Experience", intended to help teachers draw links

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and attendance. In the 1860s there was growing political pressure in England and Wales for a significant intervention in the elementary education system. At the end of the 1860s, there were school places for 60% of school-aged children in Wales, but with significant geographical variations. In

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Secondary education provision during this period was very limited in Wales. The situation was much worse than in England, which was itself not particularly impressive by international standards. In the late 1860s, 28 boys' grammar schools with combined pupil numbers of 1,100 existed in Wales.

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to the present day. Early forms of formal education were church or privately run and available to only a small segment of the population. In the 17th and 18th centuries significant efforts were made, mainly by charitable causes, to expand access to basic education. In the 19th century a state

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run by locally elected officials to be established in areas where there were "insufficient places in efficient voluntary schools" to run additional schools. The boards were allowed but not required to make education compulsory. A power that was extended to other districts in 1876. Compulsory

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were founded in the 12th and 13th centuries respectively. During the period between 1200 and 1500 about 400 Welshmen were registered as attending the University of Oxford and 40 at the University of Cambridge but those figures are probably underestimates. A number also attended continental

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led to overcrowding in the education system. This was heightened by a suspension of new school building and a significant shortage of staff. Local authorities reached solutions such as using village halls as schools and rotating part-time classes. Some school buildings were lost due to

1038:. The schools only taught the ability to read and used temporary accommodation. Jones received donations from various patrons, many of whom were English as well as Welsh. Around half the Welsh population attended circulating schools during the middle decades of the 18th century 3447: 1720:. These colleges evolved into the theological colleges of the 19th century which were associated with Nonconformists. Witnesses to the Aberdare Committee in 1880 noted that many of the colleges' pupils were from the "common people" paying "little or nothing for their support". 1520:, the end of standardised testing for children in their middle years at school and an end to public comparisons between school's results. In the early 2010s, standardised testing was reintroduced in literacy and numeracy, schools were put into groups based on performance and 1421:. However very few of the technical schools were opened. Equal status between different school types was also not established. Bilateral schools which provided a segregated system within a single school were sometimes used in rural areas. Primary education was offered in 1168:

Meanwhile, girls were especially poorly catered for. Two endowed girls' schools had been established in 1860 and another was founded in 1878. There were several private secondary schools for girls and boys. Some provided good quality education, but most were mediocre.

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was opened. The students were often ill-prepared for university. Women were initially allowed to study music at the college. In 1880 the Aberdare Committee recommended the creation of two university colleges in North and South Wales funded by the government. The

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mid-19th century are somewhat hard to assess, a lower proportion of the population were enrolled in day schools in Wales than in England or Scotland. Sunday schools were often used as a substitute for full-time schooling. Literacy rates were also lower.

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In the 16th and 17th centuries, several new grammar schools were established to cater to growing demand for formal education among people in skilled occupations and commerce. Teaching was always conducted in a single room and the norm was only one

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between subjects and teach topics in a broad way, though traditional subjects are still taught. Within a basic framework of goals and learning areas, it gives schools the freedom to develop their own curriculum to suit the needs of their pupils.

1472:. The Plowden Report had similar ideas, and a new ethos developed in primary education. However, while some new methods were being experimented with, the method of teaching at primary schools in Wales did not change dramatically overall. The 1797:

was founded. The economic conditions of the time prevented many of even the most academic young people from attending university. There were also other means of gaining access to higher education in the early 20th century connected to

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to a wider curriculum and more varied teaching methods. However, elementary schools were still widely understood to be mainly institutions providing a fairly low level of education to those destined for lives of manual labour. The

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in exchange for the removal of fees and some financial support. Welshmen remained under-represented in higher education as a proportion of the English and Welsh population. In the medieval period the most common area of study was

1468:) into pre-secondary education was published. It recommended the use of a wider range of teaching methods in primary schools, with the focus of education being on the development of skills, understanding and the enhancement of 1416:

The Education Act 1944 largely put the 1943 proposal into law. The school leaving age was increased to 15 in 1947. The 1944 Act did not say what variety of school types should be created, but most local authorities chose the

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in 1947. The number of Welsh-medium primary schools in predominantly Welsh-speaking areas steadily expanded over the following years. By 1970 there were 41 Welsh medium primary schools with about 5,000 pupils. The first

1593:(Welsh League of Hope) was established in 1922 to develop an affection for the Welsh language and aspects of Welsh culture in young people. After five years the organisation had 5,000 members. The 1927 government report 1548:

Latin usually featured in the education of the social elite before the 19th century, English often also played a significant role in schooling. Welsh frequently featured prominently in 18th century philanthropic

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were established in 1965 as a form of higher education run by local authorities. More of a focus began to be placed on attracting older adults into higher education, for instance, with the creation of the

1231:, metalwork and woodwork. Topics such as needlework and cookery were added to the curriculum for girls. Schools experienced various difficulties, but offered a basic education for almost all children. 841:

and the development of a system of secondary schools led by the mid-20th century to universal secondary education—separate secondary schools for students of different academic abilities ended by 1980.

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was established as an overarching university for the colleges with the power to issue degrees. By 1900 the colleges were teaching a wide range of subjects relating to the arts and sciences.

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were created with government funding in 1883. The original university college gained its own grant in 1886. Initially the colleges were affiliated with the University of London. In 1893 the

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In Wales a new curriculum is being introduced that aims to "prepare young people to thrive in a future where digital skills, adaptability and creativity, alongside knowledge, are crucial".

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was used to punish both bad behaviour and poor academic progress. Fees were usually expected; some boys could receive scholarships that covered the cost of fees but not materials.

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schools in Wales. In 1847 the curriculum at day schools was often limited to reading, writing, arithmetic and religion. Some schools taught a wider range of subjects such as

4838: 1325:. c. 39) increased the minimum school leaving age to fourteen. Other provisions included some financial changes which benefited the education system, and the creation of 700: 5100: 1442:

school after the minimum leaving age increased but remained relatively low. By 1965 there were 102,000 students in adult education in Wales and 65,946 in vocational

6075: 4939: 4054: 1832: 1516:'s control in 1999. Policies introduced during the first decade after devolution included the foundation phase (a play-based curriculum for young children), the 3054: 3762: 5972: 1476:

destroyed a village junior school in 1966, killing many children. In 1970 responsibility for primary and secondary education in Wales was transferred to the

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Primary schools in the 1960s were influenced by the trend away from the 11-plus examination. In 1968 the Gittins Report (essentially a Welsh version of the

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c. 23). 10- to 13-year-olds could leave school once they had reached a certain level of academic performance. Attendance was made free in 1891, the minimum

49: 1762: 1381:. At schools free milk was provided and at a time of food shortages the number of children using free school meals increased significantly. In July 1943 997:

began to preach in Wales; by 1675 he had established 87 schools which were attended by a total of 2225 children. They closed after he died in 1681. The

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and teaching to the test. Although the curriculum steadily expanded with payments available to schools for results in history, geography, science,

998: 719: 1338: 734: 2913: 1852: 1537: 1102:) were founded. These organisations began to establish "voluntary schools". The schools attempted to maximise the children taught by using the 400: 250: 246: 1500:" (Welsh curriculum) was introduced in the 1990s to add an emphasis on Wales-related topics into the curriculum. However a report produced by 5093: 4913: 4881: 4876: 1831:

and technology. In Wales the City of Cardiff Technical College became the Welsh College of Advanced Technology which itself evolved into the

1177: 1010: 5529: 5215: 4342: 745: 730: 5955: 5283: 4558: 3803: 1716:, modern languages and medicine". The most well-known example in Wales was the Presbyterian Academy in Brynllywarch which later moved to 879:. For most people the wide range of skills and knowledge needed for the work they did was passed orally from one generation to the next. 837:

education system developed. By the end of the century, education had become free and compulsory for children aged 5 to 12 years. Further

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Welsh students studied in other parts of the UK and more than half of students in Welsh universities were from outside of Wales. In the

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even the highest-ranking members of the lay population could often go without formal education, though this steadily changed. The

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developed from the 1780s onwards. Early Sunday schools tended to admit adults as well as children. In Wales, they were generally

867:(which included modern-day Wales) is generally considered to have had relatively low levels of literacy, by the standards of the 1558:

that much of the Welsh-speaking public was keen to learn English and that bilingualism in schools was the best way to teach it.

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In the medieval period, a small number of Welshmen began to attend universities outside of Wales. The earliest option was the

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harmed the Welsh elite's prospects for education, but there was a steady expansion throughout the rest of the 15th century.

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pupils. The grammar schools were all boys' schools. They catered to a varied age range. The emphasis of instruction was on

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The day schools created by the voluntary societies in the early 19th century were usually conducted in English. In 1847,

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31.5% of permanent residents of Wales over the age of sixteen were recorded as having university-level qualifications.

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in junior schools. Primary school inspection reports often criticised insufficient focus on Welsh topics in lessons.

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Language Obsolescence and Revitalization: Linguistic Change in Two Sociolinguistically Contrasting Welsh Communities

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Keane, Ann; Egen, David; Grigg, Russell; Roy, James; Morgen, Alun; Norris, Barry; Williams, Sian Rhiannon (2022).

3033: 989:'s government—appointed a commission that established sixty schools in Wales. These schools disappeared after the 5761: 5190: 5154: 5109: 5067: 4310: 1721: 710: 5977: 3824: 899:. Aristocratic children could receive their education through private tuition, but those aiming for a career in 5997: 5400: 1429:

schools, separate departments or a combined primary school. There was often an emphasis on preparation for the

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was founded in 1827 to educate future Anglican clergy. It was the first degree-issuing institution in Wales.

1636: 1281: 1208: 1195: 1057: 578: 142: 126: 122: 74: 6090: 3055:"Four nations, four sets of problems: How England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland differ on education" 6110: 6080: 5736: 5648: 5303: 4833: 4693: 3993: 1836: 1521: 872: 725: 632: 626: 535: 390: 157: 43: 6140: 6002: 5840: 5686: 5546: 4893: 4638: 4328: 1753: 1741: 1644: 1554: 1513: 1219:

to 11 in 1893 and 12 in 1899. Compulsory education was also extended to deaf and blind children in 1893.

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In 1939 the first Welsh-medium primary school was established independently of the state by the Urdd in

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other than Scotland. Meanwhile the period saw a growth in evening classes teaching vocational subjects.

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Students starting at the University College of North Wales, Bangor photographed by Geoff Charles (1958)

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Wales' scores fell more sharply than the average across participating countries in reading and science

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were given more power to push improvement. The mid-2010s saw a gradual move away from this approach.

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The payment-by-results system ended in the middle of the 1890s. This led to a gradual move away from

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This document proposed a universal split between primary and secondary school at age 11. Meanwhile,

950:. Schools frequently included accommodation for the master, usher (assistant teacher) and sometimes 5982: 5945: 5855: 5816: 5541: 5519: 5504: 5425: 5395: 5261: 5233: 4769: 3989: 1803: 1685: 935: 691: 540: 473: 395: 352: 346: 337: 132: 114: 104: 5935: 1692:. About 50% of students graduated. The curriculum was similar to that of medieval grammar schools. 1110: 6135: 5967: 5962: 5940: 5766: 5628: 5616: 5596: 5536: 5524: 5062: 4969: 4180: 1667: 1398: 1182: 1077: 1061: 1031: 651: 328: 313: 195: 177: 172: 1617:

to be funded by the state for the first time. The first state school of this type was opened in

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wrote a report arguing that every child was naturally suited to one of three types of schools:

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Watchdogs or Visionaries? Perspectives on the history of the education inspectorate in Wales

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Jones, Gareth Elwyn. "Education and nationhood in Wales: An historiographical analysis."

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In the early 18th century, many charity schools were established with the support of the

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Let's Do Our Best for the Ancient Tongue: The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century

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led to the introduction of the Revised Code of 1862. The code introduced a system of

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was founded in 1920 and gained a reputation for science and technology. In 1922 the

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found that Welsh was, in Welsh-speaking areas, the main language of instruction in

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made various changes to the administration of and requirements placed on schools.

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students than male in Aberystwyth. The women were kept separate from the men and

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played a significant role in maintaining cultural memory. Throughout much of the

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made the polytechnics into universities. Means-tested grants were replaced with

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education was introduced for 5- to 10-year-olds across England and Wales by the

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in 2001 suggested that the success of this endeavour had been quite limited.

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movement became concerned about poor levels of literacy. A 1650 Act—passed by

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Alongside the grammar schools, there were a small number of schools providing

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some different instructions about certain subjects in Wales. The "Curriculum

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its extent is largely unknown. There is no evidence of it taking place in

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in favour of increased use of Welsh in schools. The youth organisation

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Evans, W. Gareth. "The Aberdare Report and Education in Wales, 1881."

871:, and there is little record of formal education. In the period after 6027: 5811: 5691: 5673: 4898: 4598: 4478: 4439: 4434: 4320: 3416: 3059: 2107: 1623: 1577: 1565: 1239: 1140: 908: 417: 275: 227: 3003: 2991: 4502: 4444: 4411: 3881: 3829: 3787: 3288: 3264: 3252: 3216: 3204: 3180: 2979: 2884: 2882: 2689: 2687: 1725: 1618: 1357: 1277: 982: 967: 237: 3509: 3507: 3276: 3168: 3156: 3120: 2894: 2564: 2528: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2390: 2388: 2271: 2249: 2247: 2245: 5314: 3651: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3404: 3356: 2417: 2415: 2073: 2071: 1766: 1700: 1187: 1136: 1132: 1119: 912: 4200:

Schools in Wales 1500 - 1900: a social and architectural history

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Controls and Conflicts in Welsh Secondary Education, 1889-1944

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literacy in what is today Wales was largely restricted to the

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Qualifications, Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales

4802: 3687: 3675: 3639: 3368: 2119: 1957: 1933: 1501: 955: 896: 3928:"Archaeology, writing tablets and literacy in Roman Britain" 3579: 3567: 3555: 3531: 3492: 3228: 3192: 2855: 2771: 2735: 2612: 2600: 2576: 2540: 3480: 2516: 2504: 2480: 2468: 2427: 2373: 2295: 2143: 1981: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1512:

Education was one of the policy areas placed under the new

1027: 880: 4055:"The British State and Welsh-Language Education 1914-1991" 2331: 1921: 3380: 2191: 2167: 1969: 2058: 2056: 1945: 1732:

Early university colleges and political higher education

1688:

Law but this gradually changed in the 16th century to a

1658:

in modern Italy and some are known to have attended the

911:. These schools gave a classical education based on the 3877:"Wales schools: New lessons 'exciting but a challenge'" 3825:"Aberfan: The mistake that cost a village its children" 3732: 2131: 2095: 2083: 1833:

University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology

1446:

in 50 colleges; the expansion continued in the 1970s.

3663: 3312: 3144: 2179: 1817: 1457:

policy to push local authorities towards switching to

3468: 3428: 2053: 4245: 4093:

Jones, Gareth Elwyn; Roderick, Gordon Wynne (2003).

3392: 2259: 2208: 2206: 5108: 3108: 2843: 2155: 2041: 2017: 1763:

University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire

1576:which had no official recognition or prestige. The 3783:"Covid inquiry: Timeline of the pandemic in Wales" 3763:"Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)" 1356:receive their school lessons in a village hall in 1155:, with grants given based on pupils' knowledge of 1096:National Society for Promoting Religious Education 4286:Journal of educational administration and history 4138: 3422: 3410: 3362: 3306: 3294: 3270: 3258: 3096: 3084: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2948: 2900: 2837: 2801: 2729: 2630: 2570: 2534: 2462: 2394: 2343: 2277: 2253: 2236: 2224: 2203: 1873: 1436: 1343: 6227: 3335:"BBC NEWS | UK | UK Education | Primary schools" 999:Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge 962:. Teaching was conducted through recitation and 3846:"Welsh-medium education and Welsh as a subject" 2029: 1649: 1339:History of education in Wales (1939 to present) 3853:National Assembly for Wales (research service) 3707:"Education in Wales (Census 2021) | GOV.WALES" 1001:(SPCK) was founded in 1699 with similar aims. 5330: 5094: 4336: 4092: 3693: 3681: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3498: 3486: 3374: 3282: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3138: 3126: 2888: 2873: 2861: 2825: 2813: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2678: 2666: 2654: 2642: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2558: 2546: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2406: 2379: 2325: 2313: 2301: 2289: 2149: 2113: 2077: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1963: 1939: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 809: 4279:Welsh History Review= Cylchgrawn Hanes Cymru 3903:"Education, Literacy and the Reading Public" 1699:Engraving of a Calvinist methodist college, 1071: 4559:List of further education colleges in Wales 4295:(Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1982). 3448:"Welsh in education: Action Plan 2017–2021" 1802:. These included programmes offered by the 1186:School opened as Albany Road Board School, 5337: 5323: 5101: 5087: 5026:Curriculum and Assessment (Wales) Act 2021 4343: 4329: 4027: 4020: 3386: 816: 802: 4914:National Curriculum for Wales (2008–2026) 4009: 3968: 3669: 1238:Class photo at an intermediate school in 1178:History of education in Wales (1870–1939) 1011:History of education in Wales (1701–1870) 855:History of education in Wales before 1701 4216: 4197: 3329: 3327: 3150: 2337: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2137: 2125: 2101: 2089: 2062: 1975: 1951: 1821: 1735: 1694: 1560: 1347: 1291: 1249:Welsh Intermediate Education Act of 1889 1233: 1181: 1109: 1045:Old school building dating from 1765 in 1040: 929: 4826: 4072:Education in Industrial Wales 1700—1900 3990:Major challenges for education in Wales 3987: 3822: 3809:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3801: 3760: 3114: 3020: 3018: 2849: 2047: 2023: 6228: 5021:Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998 4350: 4174: 4031:European Models of Bilingual Education 3925: 3802:Greaves, Richard L. (3 January 2008). 3318: 2968:from the original on 19 September 2008 1879: 1641:Higher education in the United Kingdom 1405:. The government proposals led to the 1122:photographed by Augustus Lennox (1854) 5318: 5082: 4996:Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 4324: 4177:Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880—1980 4115: 4069: 4052: 3921:from the original on 5 November 2020. 3900: 3874: 3843: 3780: 3474: 3440: 3434: 3398: 3324: 3102: 3090: 2265: 2212: 2161: 1849:1992 Further and Higher Education Act 3733:Websites, journals and news articles 3464:from the original on 22 August 2020. 3015: 2906: 1532:for periods of 2020 and 2021 due to 1164:places were available for only 22%. 4762:Curriculum for Wales (2022–present) 4622:Funding and Governance arrangements 4161: 3739: 2914:"Developing the Curriculum Cymreig" 2349: 2035: 1818:Higher education since World War II 1630: 1385:published a reform proposal called 873:Roman withdrawal from Great Britain 839:increases in the school leaving age 491:Council for Wales and Monmouthshire 13: 5344: 4241: 3345:from the original on 6 August 2022 2962:"Outdoor classes start in schools" 1332: 1094:(which was Nonconformist) and the 1092:British and Foreign School Society 14: 6247: 4028:Beardsmore, Hugo Baetens (1993). 3969:Ratcliffe, Mike (12 April 2017). 3823:Jackson, Ceri (21 October 2016). 2930:from the original on 2 March 2022 1795:Welsh National School of Medicine 1771:University College in North Wales 1543: 1507: 1364:The evacuation scheme during the 6209: 5451:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 4316:History of education in Scotland 4262: 4248: 3862:from the original on 1 June 2022 3699: 1804:Workers' Educational Association 1217:school leaving age was increased 993:. In the early 1670s, clergyman 782: 770: 467:Council of Wales and the Marches 48: 42: 5175:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic 5110:Education in the United Kingdom 5068:History of education in England 4798:Cabinet Secretary for Education 4311:History of education in England 4219:Education in Britain, 1750—1914 3988:Sibieta, Luke (21 March 2024). 3889:from the original on 2022-06-13 3761:Collins, Sian (16 March 2017). 3727: 3047: 3036:from the original on 2022-05-03 2954: 2355: 1671:universities or trained in the 1015: 4057:. In Evans, Geriant H. (ed.). 3875:Lewis, Bethan (14 June 2022). 1437:Later 20th-century development 1344:Second World War and aftermath 1257:similar legislation in England 1090:In the early 19th century the 1082:Industrial Revolution in Wales 1060:and often associated with the 848: 1: 6236:History of education in Wales 6087:Non-Christian belief systems 4991:Elementary Education Act 1880 4986:Elementary Education Act 1870 4909:Raising of school leaving age 4606:List of universities in Wales 4095:History of Education in Wales 3747:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 1867: 1791:University College of Swansea 1637:List of universities in Wales 1280:c. 42) was deeply opposed by 1209:Elementary Education Act 1880 1196:Elementary Education Act 1870 830:history of education in Wales 4834:Curriculum Council for Wales 4070:Evans, Leslie Wynne (1971). 3994:Institute for Fiscal Studies 3844:Jones, Megan (August 2016). 3767:Cambridge University Library 3141:, p. 14, 19, 34, 36–37. 1650:Before universities in Wales 1451:change in government in 1964 1419:types recommended by Norwood 1171: 1004: 726:History of Cardiff City F.C. 7: 4894:Treachery of the Blue Books 4639:Voluntary controlled school 4299: 4175:Morgan, Kenneth O. (1981). 3804:"Gouge, Thomas (1605–1681)" 3781:Duffy, Steve (2024-02-26). 1754:University College of Wales 1742:University College of Wales 1645:History of higher education 1595:Welsh in Education and Life 1514:National Assembly for Wales 10: 6252: 6183:Prince of Wales's feathers 4965:Secondary technical school 4945:British and Foreign school 4198:Seaborne, Malcolm (1992). 2923:. 5 June 2003. p. 4. 1634: 1336: 1175: 1075: 1019: 1008: 891:of the period, seven-year 852: 480:United Kingdom (1801–1922) 153:Settlement in the Americas 6205: 6156: 6051: 6013: 5921: 5888: 5879: 5802: 5798: 5789: 5727: 5718: 5672: 5577: 5568: 5559: 5473: 5464: 5366: 5353: 5258:Languages of instruction 5226: 5183: 5147: 5116: 5038: 5016:Education Reform Act 1988 4978: 4922: 4862: 4851: 4790: 4782:Teaching of Welsh history 4754: 4723: 4664: 4621: 4614: 4569: 4549:Further Education college 4520: 4487: 4453: 4425: 4397: 4369: 4360: 4145:University of Wales Press 4099:University of Wales Press 4063:University of Wales Press 3694:Jones & Roderick 2003 3682:Jones & Roderick 2003 3658:Jones & Roderick 2003 3646:Jones & Roderick 2003 3634:Jones & Roderick 2003 3622:Jones & Roderick 2003 3610:Jones & Roderick 2003 3598:Jones & Roderick 2003 3586:Jones & Roderick 2003 3574:Jones & Roderick 2003 3562:Jones & Roderick 2003 3550:Jones & Roderick 2003 3538:Jones & Roderick 2003 3526:Jones & Roderick 2003 3514:Jones & Roderick 2003 3499:Jones & Roderick 2003 3487:Jones & Roderick 2003 3375:Jones & Roderick 2003 3283:Jones & Roderick 2003 3247:Jones & Roderick 2003 3235:Jones & Roderick 2003 3223:Jones & Roderick 2003 3211:Jones & Roderick 2003 3199:Jones & Roderick 2003 3187:Jones & Roderick 2003 3175:Jones & Roderick 2003 3163:Jones & Roderick 2003 3139:Jones & Roderick 2003 3127:Jones & Roderick 2003 2889:Jones & Roderick 2003 2874:Jones & Roderick 2003 2862:Jones & Roderick 2003 2826:Jones & Roderick 2003 2814:Jones & Roderick 2003 2790:Jones & Roderick 2003 2778:Jones & Roderick 2003 2766:Jones & Roderick 2003 2754:Jones & Roderick 2003 2742:Jones & Roderick 2003 2718:Jones & Roderick 2003 2706:Jones & Roderick 2003 2694:Jones & Roderick 2003 2679:Jones & Roderick 2003 2667:Jones & Roderick 2003 2655:Jones & Roderick 2003 2643:Jones & Roderick 2003 2619:Jones & Roderick 2003 2607:Jones & Roderick 2003 2595:Jones & Roderick 2003 2583:Jones & Roderick 2003 2559:Jones & Roderick 2003 2547:Jones & Roderick 2003 2523:Jones & Roderick 2003 2511:Jones & Roderick 2003 2499:Jones & Roderick 2003 2487:Jones & Roderick 2003 2475:Jones & Roderick 2003 2446:Jones & Roderick 2003 2434:Jones & Roderick 2003 2422:Jones & Roderick 2003 2407:Jones & Roderick 2003 2380:Jones & Roderick 2003 2326:Jones & Roderick 2003 2314:Jones & Roderick 2003 2302:Jones & Roderick 2003 2290:Jones & Roderick 2003 2150:Jones & Roderick 2003 2114:Jones & Roderick 2003 2078:Jones & Roderick 2003 2012:Jones & Roderick 2003 2000:Jones & Roderick 2003 1988:Jones & Roderick 2003 1964:Jones & Roderick 2003 1940:Jones & Roderick 2003 1928:Jones & Roderick 2003 1916:Jones & Roderick 2003 1904:Jones & Roderick 2003 1892:Jones & Roderick 2003 1493:Education Reform Act 1988 1387:Education Reconstruction. 1072:Early to mid-19th century 832:spans from the period of 334:Titles of the Welsh Court 5757:Housing and construction 4766:Language of instruction 4724:Exams and qualifications 4217:Stephens, W. B. (1998). 4164:The Victorian Schoolroom 4002:10.1920/re.ifs.2024.0303 2363:"The 1870 Education Act" 2116:, pp. 25–26, 28–29. 1455:the central government's 1360:, Carmarthenshire (1940) 936:Beaumaris Grammar School 895:, was controlled by the 474:Kingdom of Great Britain 6141:1904–1905 Welsh revival 6136:Welsh Methodist revival 5063:Welsh Language Act 1993 4970:Secondary modern school 4181:Oxford University Press 4021:Books and book chapters 3946:10.3406/galia.2004.3186 3026:"Education is changing" 1668:University of Cambridge 1486:government of the 1980s 1078:Modern history of Wales 756:Early modern Witchcraft 642:1904–1905 Welsh revival 314:List of rulers in Wales 5216:International students 4644:Voluntary aided school 4116:Jones, Mari C (1998). 4053:Evans, Gareth (2003). 1827: 1812:Central Labour College 1749: 1704: 1572: 1480:, a department of the 1361: 1309: 1300:Church School after a 1243: 1191: 1123: 1050: 942: 418:contemporary Welsh law 6146:Welsh Church Act 1914 5913:British Sign Language 5284:Mathematics education 5244:Free school (England) 4580:Undergraduate Degree 4291:Jones, Gareth Elwyn. 4288:38.3 (2006): 263–277. 3926:Pearce, John (2004). 3225:, pp. 64–65, 84. 3213:, pp. 59–60, 63. 3189:, pp. 58, 60–62. 3177:, pp. 43, 51–52. 3165:, pp. 36–39, 43. 2128:, pp. 71–73, 75. 1825: 1739: 1698: 1656:University of Bologna 1613:made it possible for 1564: 1534:the Covid-19 pandemic 1459:comprehensive schools 1351: 1295: 1242:by John Thomas (1899) 1237: 1185: 1113: 1044: 934:Original building of 933: 903:would usually attend 450:Principality of Wales 432:History of the courts 168:Industrial revolution 5702:British Armed Forces 5542:Wales–England border 4923:Defunct school types 4818:Qualifications Wales 4704:Comprehensive school 4629:State-funded schools 4590:Postgraduate Degree 4162:May, Trevor (1994). 4036:Multilingual Matters 3457:. 2017. p. 16. 3285:, pp. 117, 122. 3129:, p. 4, 14, 19. 1740:Illustration of the 1664:University of Oxford 1615:Welsh-medium schools 1352:Child evacuees from 1149:Newcastle Commission 975:elementary education 919:. The impact of the 907:generally linked to 889:vocational education 603:Historical documents 5861:Scheduled monuments 5837:Literature in Welsh 5737:Banking and finance 5515:Mountains and hills 5441:Statute of Rhuddlan 4741:Welsh Baccalaureate 4694:Secondary Education 4065:. pp. 343–369. 3901:Lloyd, Amy (2007). 3660:, pp. 188–196. 3636:, pp. 161–166. 3624:, pp. 139–140. 3612:, pp. 135–139. 3425:, pp. 151–152. 3063:. 27 January 2022. 3012:, pp. 234–235. 3000:, pp. 229–230. 2891:, pp. 208–212. 2876:, pp. 206–207. 2828:, pp. 176–181. 2816:, pp. 175–176. 2792:, pp. 181–185. 2768:, pp. 192–193. 2756:, pp. 167–170. 2720:, pp. 155–156. 2708:, pp. 144–154. 2696:, pp. 145–151. 2681:, pp. 142–143. 2669:, pp. 141–142. 2657:, pp. 128–129. 2645:, pp. 116–117. 2597:, pp. 123–124. 2561:, pp. 109–111. 1779:University of Wales 1677:university colleges 1660:University of Paris 1530:Schools were closed 1518:Welsh Baccalaureate 386:Constitutional laws 294:King of the Britons 158:Early modern period 6028:Healthcare service 5649:Secretary of State 5431:Edwardian conquest 5421:Medieval Welsh law 5406:Kingdom of Gwynedd 5294:Specialist schools 5011:Education Act 1944 5006:Education Act 1918 5001:Education Act 1902 4711:All-through school 4554:Sixth form college 4495:Progression step 5 4461:Progression step 4 4427:Progression step 3 4399:Progression step 2 4371:Progression step 1 4353:Education in Wales 4306:Education in Wales 4223:Palgrave Macmillan 4168:Shire Publications 3933:Gallia Préhistoire 2988:, pp. 21, 27. 2340:, pp. 77, 79. 2002:, pp. 11, 17. 1978:, pp. 24, 28. 1828: 1800:left-wing politics 1750: 1722:St David's College 1708:"classics, logic, 1705: 1611:Education Act 1944 1591:Urdd Gobaith Cymru 1573: 1522:regional consortia 1407:Education Act 1944 1362: 1319:Education Act 1918 1310: 1287:Board of Education 1274:Education Act 1902 1244: 1192: 1153:payment by results 1145:history of England 1124: 1051: 1049:now a village hall 1034:, a priest in the 943: 733: • 718: • 703: • 687:Geological history 654: • 595: • 591: • 528: • 501: • 497: • 493: • 461:Kingdom of England 424: • 420: • 416: • 412: • 371:Medieval Welsh law 268: • 249: • 143:Edwardian conquest 125: • 121: • 115:In the Middle Ages 6223: 6222: 6201: 6200: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6042: 5785: 5784: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5639:Political parties 5555: 5554: 5446:Glyndŵr rebellion 5401:Early Middle Ages 5312: 5311: 5076: 5075: 5034: 5033: 4979:Major legislation 4955:Elementary school 4847: 4846: 4719: 4718: 4672:Primary Education 4649:Foundation school 4584:Bachelor's Degree 4523:Further Education 4516: 4515: 4362:Progression steps 4232:978-0-333-60512-7 4209:978-0-7074-0222-2 4190:978-0-19-821736-7 4045:978-1-85359-182-2 3600:, pp. 95–97. 3552:, pp. 69–70. 3528:, pp. 29–31. 3516:, pp. 21–23. 3423:Keane et al. 2022 3411:Keane et al. 2022 3363:Keane et al. 2022 3307:Keane et al. 2022 3297:, pp. 88–89. 3295:Keane et al. 2022 3273:, pp. 63–64. 3271:Keane et al. 2022 3261:, pp. 84–85. 3259:Keane et al. 2022 3249:, pp. 84–85. 3010:Keane et al. 2022 2998:Keane et al. 2022 2986:Keane et al. 2022 2949:Keane et al. 2022 2903:, pp. 45–46. 2901:Keane et al. 2022 2838:Keane et al. 2022 2802:Keane et al. 2022 2730:Keane et al. 2022 2631:Keane et al. 2022 2573:, pp. 84–93. 2571:Keane et al. 2022 2537:, pp. 52–53. 2535:Keane et al. 2022 2501:, pp. 93–95. 2463:Keane et al. 2022 2448:, p. 81, 83. 2424:, pp. 83–85. 2409:, pp. 81–82. 2395:Keane et al. 2022 2328:, pp. 67–68. 2316:, pp. 66–67. 2292:, pp. 78–79. 2280:, pp. 44–45. 2278:Keane et al. 2022 2254:Keane et al. 2022 2237:Keane et al. 2022 2225:Keane et al. 2022 2200:, pp. 29–30. 2176:, pp. 21–25. 2080:, pp. 31–45. 2014:, pp. 17–20. 1966:, pp. 13–17. 1954:, pp. 31–32. 1942:, pp. 12–13. 1470:child development 1444:further education 1255:c. 40) predating 1253:52 & 53 Vict. 1213:43 & 44 Vict. 1200:33 & 34 Vict. 1104:monitorial system 1062:Methodist revival 1036:Church of England 925:Glyndŵr rebellion 826: 825: 638:Christian history 617:historic counties 406:England and Wales 319:Rulers of Gwynedd 196:Medieval kingdoms 148:Glyndŵr rebellion 6243: 6216:Wales portal 6214: 6213: 6212: 5886: 5885: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5725: 5724: 5692:Modern Welsh law 5607:Local government 5575: 5574: 5566: 5565: 5471: 5470: 5436:Late Middle Ages 5411:Kingdom of Powys 5396:Anglo-Welsh Wars 5339: 5332: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5196:Northern Ireland 5184:Higher education 5160:Northern Ireland 5129:Northern Ireland 5103: 5096: 5089: 5080: 5079: 5051:Welsh Government 5046:Welsh devolution 4860: 4859: 4855: 4824: 4823: 4699:Secondary school 4634:Community school 4619: 4618: 4573: 4524: 4496: 4491: 4462: 4457: 4428: 4400: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4281:11 (1982): 150+. 4272: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4258: 4256:Education portal 4253: 4252: 4236: 4213: 4194: 4171: 4158: 4135: 4112: 4089: 4066: 4049: 4015: 4013: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3965: 3922: 3920: 3911:Gale (publisher) 3907: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3861: 3850: 3840: 3838: 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1631:Higher education 1570:St Fagans Museum 1474:Aberfan disaster 1411:7 & 8 Geo. 6 1366:Second World War 1323:8 & 9 Geo. 5 1304:photographed by 1229:domestic science 1202:c. 75) required 940:Isle of Anglesey 818: 811: 804: 787: 786: 785: 775: 774: 773: 741:British military 720:with other teams 666:history-specific 656:woollen industry 648:Economic history 613:Local government 584:Welsh literature 414:former march law 343:British monarchs 338:English monarchs 105:Anglo-Welsh wars 100:In the Roman era 52: 46: 36: 18: 17: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6210: 6208: 6197: 6152: 6081:Presbyterianism 6039: 6009: 5941:Welsh Americans 5917: 5875: 5781: 5767:Slate quarrying 5706: 5682:Counsel General 5668: 5551: 5520:Protected areas 5460: 5426:Norman invasion 5362: 5349: 5343: 5313: 5308: 5254:Grammar schools 5249:Grade inflation 5222: 5179: 5143: 5112: 5107: 5077: 5072: 5030: 4974: 4950:National school 4940:Endowed schools 4918: 4853: 4843: 4822: 4786: 4750: 4715: 4660: 4656:Private schools 4610: 4594:Master's Degree 4571: 4565: 4522: 4512: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4426: 4421: 4398: 4393: 4370: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4302: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4254: 4247: 4244: 4242:Further reading 4239: 4233: 4210: 4202:. Gee and Son. 4191: 4155: 4132: 4122:Clarendon Press 4109: 4086: 4046: 4023: 4018: 3979: 3977: 3918: 3905: 3892: 3890: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3848: 3835: 3833: 3814: 3812: 3793: 3791: 3771: 3769: 3752: 3750: 3740:Clement, Mary. 3735: 3730: 3725: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3477:, pp. 5–7. 3473: 3469: 3461: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3387:Beardsmore 1993 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3341:. 2 July 1999. 3333: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3073: 3071: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2971: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2140:, pp. 5–6. 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2104:, pp. 1–2. 2100: 2096: 2092:, pp. 3–4. 2088: 2084: 2076: 2069: 2061: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1918:, pp. 6–7. 1914: 1910: 1906:, pp. 3–4. 1902: 1898: 1894:, pp. 1–2. 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1842:Open University 1820: 1734: 1712:, mathematics, 1652: 1647: 1633: 1546: 1510: 1439: 1346: 1341: 1335: 1333:1939 to present 1327:central schools 1314:First World War 1180: 1174: 1088: 1074: 1024: 1018: 1013: 1007: 987:Oliver Cromwell 958:and less often 905:grammar schools 893:apprenticeships 857: 851: 822: 793: 783: 781: 771: 769: 761: 760: 728: 716:team since 2004 713: 692:Genetic history 586: 574: 566: 565: 517: 509: 508: 488: 482: 476: 470: 457: 445: 437: 436: 426:Wales-only acts 422:Wales-only laws 366: 358: 357: 336: 324:Rulers of Powys 309:Prince of Wales 289: 281: 280: 198: 188: 187: 133:Norman invasion 60: 47: 34: 27: 12: 11: 5: 6249: 6239: 6238: 6221: 6220: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5762:Power stations 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5604: 5599: 5597:First Minister 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5572: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5525:National parks 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5358:List of topics 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: articles 5342: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5299:Studio schools 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5239:Comprehensives 5236: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5117:Modern systems 5114: 5113: 5106: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4960:Central school 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4935:Charity school 4932: 4930:Grammar school 4926: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4863: 4857: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4770:English-medium 4764: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4677:Primary school 4668: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4625: 4623: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4273: 4259: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4231: 4214: 4208: 4195: 4189: 4172: 4159: 4154:978-1786839404 4153: 4136: 4130: 4124:. p. 22. 4113: 4108:978-0708318089 4107: 4090: 4084: 4067: 4050: 4044: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4016: 3985: 3966: 3923: 3898: 3872: 3841: 3820: 3799: 3778: 3758: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3698: 3696:, p. 215. 3686: 3684:, p. 230. 3674: 3670:Ratcliffe 2017 3662: 3650: 3648:, p. 166. 3638: 3626: 3614: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3530: 3518: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3439: 3437:, p. 367. 3427: 3415: 3413:, p. 151. 3403: 3391: 3379: 3377:, p. 187. 3367: 3365:, p. 123. 3355: 3323: 3321:, p. 252. 3311: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3046: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2964:. 2008-09-02. 2953: 2951:, p. 220. 2941: 2905: 2893: 2878: 2866: 2864:, p. 181. 2854: 2842: 2840:, p. 143. 2830: 2818: 2806: 2804:, p. 147. 2794: 2782: 2780:, p. 151. 2770: 2758: 2746: 2744:, p. 156. 2734: 2732:, p. 120. 2722: 2710: 2698: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2621:, p. 126. 2611: 2609:, p. 114. 2599: 2587: 2585:, p. 124. 2575: 2563: 2551: 2549:, p. 115. 2539: 2527: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2467: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2411: 2399: 2384: 2372: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2318: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2268:, p. 288. 2258: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2202: 2190: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2106: 2094: 2082: 2067: 2052: 2040: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1944: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1819: 1816: 1733: 1730: 1651: 1648: 1632: 1629: 1599:infant schools 1545: 1544:Language usage 1542: 1536:. In the 2022 1509: 1508:Devolution era 1506: 1466:Plowden Report 1438: 1435: 1383:the government 1345: 1342: 1337:Main article: 1334: 1331: 1282:nonconformists 1262:Western Europe 1176:Main article: 1173: 1170: 1162:Merthyr Tydfil 1073: 1070: 1054:Sunday schools 1032:Griffith Jones 1017: 1014: 1009:Main article: 1006: 1003: 981:, the growing 861:Roman province 853:Main article: 850: 847: 824: 823: 821: 820: 813: 806: 798: 795: 794: 792: 791: 779: 766: 763: 762: 759: 758: 753: 743: 738: 723: 708: 694: 689: 684: 679: 672:Health service 669: 659: 645: 635: 633:Jewish history 630: 620: 610: 605: 600: 581: 579:Welsh language 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 486:United Kingdom 483: 477: 471: 463: 458: 452: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 434: 429: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 350: 340: 331: 329:Fifteen Tribes 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 273: 259: 254: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 199: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 180: 175: 173:Modern history 170: 165: 155: 150: 145: 140: 130: 112: 102: 97: 90:Roman conquest 87: 77: 72: 61: 58: 57: 54: 53: 39: 38: 29: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6248: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6218: 6217: 6204: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6176:national flag 6174: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:Welsh English 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5832:Gorsedd Cymru 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Police forces 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Republicanism 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5328: 5326: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289:Maths schools 5287: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4904:School boards 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4850: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810:(among other 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4687:Junior school 4685: 4683: 4682:Infant school 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4568: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4542:Year Thirteen 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4519: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4355: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4246: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4131:0-19-961466-0 4127: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4085:9780902294028 4081: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3904: 3899: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3712: 3711:www.gov.wales 3708: 3702: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3588:, p. 87. 3587: 3582: 3576:, p. 86. 3575: 3570: 3564:, p. 30. 3563: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3540:, p. 31. 3539: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3501:, p. 21. 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3401:, p. 22. 3400: 3395: 3389:, p. 11. 3388: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3320: 3315: 3309:, p. 90. 3308: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3237:, p. 84. 3236: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3201:, p. 58. 3200: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3153:, p. 28. 3152: 3151:Seaborne 1992 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2675: 2668: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2633:, p. 66. 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2525:, p. 90. 2524: 2519: 2513:, p. 92. 2512: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2489:, p. 88. 2488: 2483: 2477:, p. 89. 2476: 2471: 2465:, p. 54. 2464: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2447: 2442: 2436:, p. 99. 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2408: 2403: 2397:, p. 51. 2396: 2391: 2389: 2382:, p. 80. 2381: 2376: 2368: 2367:UK Parliament 2364: 2358: 2352:, p. 29. 2351: 2346: 2339: 2338:Stephens 1998 2334: 2327: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2304:, p. 67. 2303: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2279: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2256:, p. 42. 2255: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2239:, p. 37. 2238: 2233: 2227:, p. 36. 2226: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2199: 2198:Stephens 1998 2194: 2188:, p. 25. 2187: 2186:Stephens 1998 2182: 2175: 2174:Stephens 1998 2170: 2164:, p. 16. 2163: 2158: 2152:, p. 51. 2151: 2146: 2139: 2138:Stephens 1998 2134: 2127: 2126:Seaborne 1992 2122: 2115: 2110: 2103: 2102:Stephens 1998 2098: 2091: 2090:Stephens 1998 2086: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2064: 2063:Stephens 1998 2059: 2057: 2049: 2044: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2013: 2008: 2001: 1996: 1990:, p. 11. 1989: 1984: 1977: 1976:Seaborne 1992 1972: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1952:Seaborne 1992 1948: 1941: 1936: 1930:, p. 13. 1929: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1853:student loans 1850: 1845: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1808:Coleg Harlech 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1746:parish church 1743: 1738: 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