History of liberalism

4188:; he summed up the Young Ottomans' political ideals as "the sovereignty of the nation, the separation of powers, the responsibility of officials, personal freedom, equality, freedom of thought, freedom of press, freedom of association, enjoyment of property, sanctity of the home". The Young Ottomans believed that one of the principal reasons for the decline of the empire was abandoning Islamic principles in favor of imitating European modernity with unadvised compromises to both, and they sought to unite the two in a way that they believed would best serve the interests of the state and its people. They sought to revitalize the empire by incorporating certain Europeans models of government, while still retaining the Islamic foundations the empire was founded on. Among the prominent members of this society were writers and publicists such as 2696:

to this point, the conviction had prevailed in Europe that monarchy best served the interests of the nation. Now the idea spread that the nation should govern itself. But only after a state had actually been formed on the basis of the theory of representation did the full significance of this idea become clear. All later revolutionary movements have this same goal.... This was the complete reversal of a principle. Until then, a king who ruled by the grace of God had been the center around which everything turned. Now the idea emerged that power should come from below.... These two principles are like two opposite poles, and it is the conflict between them that determines the course of the modern world. In Europe the conflict between them had not yet taken on concrete form; with the French Revolution it did.

2712: 2585: 4988: 5285: 3209: 4103:(reorganization). Although liberal ministers and intellectuals tried to influence the reforms, the motives for the implementation of Tanzimât were bureaucratic. These changes were made to improve civil liberties. However, the reformist ideas and trends of the Nahda and Tanzimat didn't reach the common population successfully, as the books, periodicals, and newspapers were accessible primarily to intellectuals and segments of an emerging middle class, while many Muslims saw them as foreign influences on the world of Islam. That perception complicated reformist efforts made by Middle Eastern states. A policy called 4129: 2528:, he advocated that the executive, legislative and judicial functions of government should be assigned to different bodies, so that attempts by one branch of government to infringe on political liberty might be restrained by the other branches. In a lengthy discussion of the English political system, which he greatly admired, he tried to show how this might be achieved and liberty secured, even in a monarchy. He also notes that liberty cannot be secure where there is no separation of powers, even in a republic. He also emphasized the importance of a robust due process in law, including the 3900:. The idea of exporting liberalism worldwide and constructing a harmonious and liberal internationalist order has dominated the thinking of liberals since the 18th century. "Wherever liberalism has flourished domestically, it has been accompanied by visions of liberal internationalism," one historian wrote. But resistance to liberal internationalism was deep and bitter, with critics arguing that growing global interdependency would result in the loss of national sovereignty and that democracies represented a corrupt order incapable of either domestic or global governance. 4014:, reaching practically every country in Europe, as well as the British and Spanish overseas colonies. It was especially attractive to royalty, powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists. Its great enemy was the Roman Catholic Church, so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Austria, Portugal, Spain, and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between the conservatives centered around the Church and liberals who were often Freemasons. 4837: 5441: 3784:, who had begun a theoretical work examining the relationship between unemployment, money and prices back in the 1920s. Keynes was deeply critical of the British government's austerity measures during the Great Depression. He believed that budget deficits were a good thing, a product of recessions. He wrote, "For Government borrowing of one kind or another is nature's remedy, so to speak, for preventing business losses from being, in so severe a slump as to present one, so great as to bring production altogether to a standstill." 4353:

national languages, and the separation of religion and politics, concepts of nationalism, and the principles of democratic institutions. It was a response to colonialism and interventionism and collided with Western interests in the region. In Egypt, Islamic modernism let liberal nationals reach a wider audience. This ended in the 1920s and 1930s when liberal nationalism took a strong secularist orientation, weakening Islamic modernism. All these changes in the Muslim world created a sense of crisis within Islam that favored

3397: 5596:, introduced unprecedented taxes on the wealthy in Britain and radical social welfare programmes to the country's policies. It was the first budget with the expressed intent of redistributing wealth among the public. It imposed increased taxes on luxuries, liquor, tobacco, incomes, and land—taxation that disproportionately affected the rich—so that money could be made available for new welfare programmes as well as new battleships. In 1911 Lloyd George succeeded in putting through Parliament his 5152: 3712: 2313: 2141: 1652: 1640: 39: 5562: 5265: 3032: 2829: 2547:. Initially believing in the constructive role an enlightened monarch could play in improving the welfare of the people, he eventually came to a new conclusion: "It is up to us to cultivate our garden". His most polemical and ferocious attacks on intolerance and religious persecutions indeed began to appear a few years later. Despite much persecution, Voltaire remained a courageous polemicist who indefatigably fought for 5930:

state, not just something that was drawn off of and violated in order to strengthen the state. In a Foucauldian sense, liberalism did not emerge as a doctrine of how to simply govern people, but rather as a technology of governing that arose from the timeless critique of excessive government—"a search for a technology of government that could address the recurrent complaint that authorities were governing too much".

2452: 4173:. They believed the reforms did not go far enough and wanted to end the autocracy in the empire. They sought to transform Ottoman society by preserving the empire and modernizing it along European lines, adopting a constitutional government. Though the Young Ottomans were frequently in disagreement ideologically, they all agreed that the new constitutional government should continue to be somewhat rooted in 4520: 4120: 5985:"Islamic modernism was the first Muslim ideological response to the Western cultural challenge. Started in India and Egypt in the second part of the 19th century ... reflected in the work of a group of like-minded Muslim scholars, featuring a critical reexamination of the classical conceptions and methods of jurisprudence and a formulation of a new approach to Islamic theology and Quranic exegesis." 4561:. The front was conceived to be a broad alliance of like-minded associations, included various, nationalist, liberal, and social democratic parties, with the aim of strengthening democracy, press freedom, and constitutional government. The most important groups in the Front were the Iran Party, the Toilers Party, the National Party, and the Tehran Association of Bazaar Trade and Craft Guilds. The 1907: 4420: 3279: 3704:. Militarism, as typified by Germany, was defeated and discredited. As Martin Blinkhorn argues, the liberal themes were ascendant in terms of "cultural pluralism, religious and ethnic toleration, national self-determination, free-market economics, representative and responsible government, free trade, unionism, and the peaceful settlement of international disputes through a new body, the 4212: 4516:, in which he served from 1925 to 1941. He was considered one of the first Egyptian officials to introduce Mill's works to the general Arab public, so they could educate themselves on concepts of liberalism. He believed that people should have a say in what goes on in their government and country, and that all people had certain civil rights that could not be taken away. 1925: 5010: 4018:

19th and early 20th century Mexico, practically all the important leaders of liberalism were active Freemasons; they used their lodges as devices for political organization. Twentieth century totalitarian movements, especially the Fascists and Communists when they came to power, set out to systematically crush the Freemason organizations in their countries.

4249:. Although this period was short lived, with Abdülhamid ultimately suspending the constitution and parliament in 1878 in favor of a return to absolute monarchy with himself in power, the legacy and influence of the Young Ottomans continued to endure until the collapse of the empire. Several decades later, another group of reform-minded Ottomans, the 2954:, served as "an object of emulation all over the globe," but it also perpetuated further discrimination against women under the banner of the "natural order". This unprecedented period of chaos and revolution had irreversibly introduced the world to a new movement and ideology that would soon criss-cross the globe. For France, however, the defeat of 4695:", and its public meetings were heavily attended by Blacks. The party had 7,000 members at its height, although its appeal to the White population as a whole was too small to make any meaningful political changes. The Liberals were disbanded in 1968 after the government passed a law that prohibited parties from having multiracial membership. 4429: 5743:. Before World War I, liberal parties dominated the European political scene, but they were gradually displaced by socialists and social democrats in the early 20th century. The fortunes of liberal parties since World War II have been mixed, with some gaining strength while others suffered from continuous declines. The 4096:. They introduced his Egyptian audience to the liberal ideas of the Enlightenment such as secular authority and political rights and liberty, his ideas regarding how a modern civilized society ought to be and what constituted by extension a civilized or "good Egyptian", and his ideas on public interest and public good. 3861:, Larry Diamond argues that by 1974, "dictatorship, not democracy, was the way of the world", and that "Barely a quarter of independent states chose their governments through competitive, free, and fair elections." Diamond goes on to say that democracy bounced back and by 1995 the world was "predominantly democratic". 5612:

grow into the welfare state after the Second World War. What was new in these reforms was the underlying assumption that the state could be a positive force, that the measure of individual freedom was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals.

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By abandoning English constitutionalism and creating a new republic based on the rights of the individual, the North Americans introduced a new force in the world. Ideas spread most rapidly when they have found adequate concrete expression. Thus republicanism entered our Romanic/Germanic world.... Up

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The central question, or problem of government, in relation to the birth of liberalism, was how to apply the form of governance of the family, the ‘economy’, to the state as a whole. How to introduce the meticulous attention of the father within the family home and the family unit, to the management

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Mossadegh's liberal and independent way of governing gained him the popular support but also alienated various groups. It entered in direct conflict with the Western interests in the region, challenged the shah's authority and Mossadegh's tolerance with lefties groups offended the traditionalist and

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to emphasize "the continuing and essential validity of Islam as the basis of Ottoman political culture." However, they syncretize Islamic idealism with modern liberalism and parliamentary democracy; to them the European parliamentary liberalism was a model to follow, in accordance with the tenets of

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in the 1870s. Meanwhile, nationalism also spread rapidly after 1815. A mixture of liberal and nationalist sentiment in Italy and Germany brought about the unification of the two countries in the late 19th century. A liberal regime came to power in Italy, and ended the secular power of the popes. The

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followed the strategy of using cognitive science to challenge and shape public policy. Lubbock famously applied this approach to parliamentary debates relating to universal education, the preservation of monuments and the introduction of Bank Holidays. On the other hand, the Liberal Party also had a

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that "from this place and from this time forth commences a new era in world history, and you can all say that you were present at its birth". Describing the participatory politics of the French Revolution, one historian commented that "thousands of men and even many women gained firsthand experience

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of the era. This was a period of profound intellectual vitality that questioned old traditions and influenced several European monarchies throughout the 18th century. In contrast to England, the French experience in the 18th century was characterised by the perpetuation of feudal payments and rights

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Liberalism, as a ‘rationality’ of governing was, in Foucault's mind, unique from other previous technologies of governing, as it had as its foundation the assumption that human behaviour should be governed, in the pursuit of fostering the idea that society be understood as a realm separate from the

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Another regional example of liberal influence can be found in Ecuador. As with other nations throughout the region at the time, Ecuador was steeped in conflict and uncertainty after gaining independence from Spain. By the middle of the 19th century, the country had descended into chaos and madness,

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intellectuals. Hussein was opposed to Islamism and one of his major contributions to the liberal movement was an examination of how Egyptian liberalism and Islam could be reconciled. He believed in freedom and equality and that Egypt should be developed as a modern, enlightened society in line with

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was that public policy should seek to provide "the greatest happiness of the greatest number". While this could be interpreted as a justification for state action to reduce poverty, it was used by classical liberals to justify inaction with the argument that the net benefit to all individuals would

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For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law, a fair system of taxation, a better economic situation, and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries ... Everywhere old physical, economic, and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and

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for all men. Napoleon wrote that "the peoples of Germany, as of France, Italy and Spain, want equality and liberal ideas," with some historians suggesting that he may have been the first person ever to use the word "liberal" in a political sense. He also governed through a method that one historian

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Although still partially informed by older Liberal concerns for character, self-reliance, and the capitalist market, this legislation nevertheless, marked a significant shift in Liberal approaches to the state and social reform, approaches that later governments would slowly expand and that would

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precipitated a deluge of deficit spending and public works programs. In 1940, the level of unemployment had fallen by 10 points to around 15 percent. Additional state spending and the gigantic public works program sparked by the Second World War eventually pulled the United States out of the Great

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The North's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government. Confederate independence, on the other hand, would have established An American model for reactionary politics and race-based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and

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in 1848. Smith addressed the motivation for economic activity, the causes of prices and the distribution of wealth as well as the policies the state should follow in order to maximise wealth. Smith's economics was carried into practice in the 19th century with the lowering of tariffs in the 1820s,

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founded the nascent republic on liberal principles without the encumbrance of hereditary aristocracy—the declaration stated that "all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, among these life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". A few years later, the

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By the 1820s, every regiment of the British Army had at least one Masonic chapter, and they set about to form chapters among civilians everywhere they were stationed in the British Empire. In the French, Spanish, and Portuguese empires, Army chapters were also active in spreading Freemasonry. In

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that included home rule for Ireland, disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales and Scotland, tighter controls on the sale of liquor, major extension of factory regulation and various democratic political reforms. The Programme had a strong appeal to the nonconformist middle-class Liberal

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Liberals are committed to build and safeguard free, fair and open societies, in which they seek to balance the fundamental values of liberty, equality and community, and in which no one is enslaved by poverty, ignorance or conformity Liberalism aims to disperse power, to foster diversity and to

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were interconnected, both were factors in the retreat of Islamic orthodoxy and the decline of the absolutist state. Although Middle Eastern liberal nationalism took Western liberalism as inspiration, favoring national integration via cultural and educational reforms, the promotion of indigenous

4320:(d. 1935). The movement started with Rifa'a al-Tahtawi but gained popularity when al-Afghani organized a group of Muslim scholars to discuss the socio-political and theological challenges that Islam was facing. The movement attempted to reconcile Islamic faith with modern Western values such as 3597:

argued that the state should foster and protect the social, political and economic environments in which individuals will have the best chance of acting according to their consciences. The state should intervene only where there is a clear, proven and strong tendency of a liberty to enslave the

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It proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law, equality of languages, freedom of thought and faith; it created a Swiss citizenship, basis of our modern nationality, and the separation of powers, of which the old regime had no conception; it suppressed internal tariffs and other economic

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strongly believe in the sovereignty of the people rather than in the sovereignty of the King. As one historian writes: "The American adoption of a democratic theory that all governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, as it had been put as early as the Declaration of

5053:, a self-described liberal who defined a liberal as "someone who looks ahead and not behind, someone who welcomes new ideas without rigid reactions ... someone who cares about the welfare of the people". The social liberal program launched by President Roosevelt in the United States, the 4655:

The 1953 coup ended the dominance of liberalism in the country's government. Before 1953 and throughout the 1960s, the National Front was torn by strife between secular and religious elements and over the time has splintered into various squabbling factions, gradually emerging as the leading

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underdevelopment and concluded that they needed to promote constitutionalism, development, and liberal values to modernize their societies. At the same time, the increasing European presence in the Middle East and the stagnation of the region encouraged some Middle Eastern leaders, including

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In the Middle East and the Ottoman Empire the effect of liberalism was significant. During the 19th century, Arab, Ottoman, and Persian intellectuals visited Europe to study and learn about Western literature, science and liberal ideas. This led them to ask themselves about their countries'

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expressed doubt that the removal of grain tariffs would have any general benefits. Most classical liberals also supported legislation to regulate the number of hours that children were allowed to work and usually did not oppose factory reform legislation. Despite the pragmatism of classical

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in 1973. Upon his return, Al-Tahtawi became an advocate of parliamentarian, the rights of citizens to political participation, and the rights of women to education. The School of Languages graduated the earliest modern Egyptian intellectuals, who formed the basis of the emerging grassroots

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The CIA's history of the 1953 coup in Iran is made up of the following documents: a historian's note, a summary introduction, a lengthy narrative account written by Dr. Donald N. Wilber, and, as appendices, five planning documents he attached. Published 18 June 2000 by The New York Times.

4454:("Delegation Party") was a nationalist liberal political party in Egypt. It was said to be Egypt's most popular and influential political party for a period in the 1920s and 30s. Although the efforts of liberal nationalists culminated in the formation of a constitutional monarchy with the 3123:

and all forms of privilege. Different strands of the movement developed, with middle-class reformers aiming to widen the franchise to represent commercial and industrial interests and towns without parliamentary representation while Popular Radicals drawn from the middle class and from

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from roughly 25 percent to about 15 percent by 1940. Additional state spending and the very large public works programme sparked by the Second World War eventually pulled the United States out of the Great Depression. From 1940 to 1941, government spending increased by 59 percent, the

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By the end of the 19th century, the principles of classical liberalism were being increasingly challenged by downturns in economic growth, a growing perception of the evils of poverty, unemployment and relative deprivation present within modern industrial cities and the agitation of

3762: 2439:, founded the Society for the Defence of the Bill of Rights and developed the belief that every man had the right to vote and "natural reason" enabled him to properly judge political issues. Liberty consisted in frequent elections. This was to begin a long tradition of British 3143:

Improved economic conditions after 1821, improvements in economic and criminal law and the abandoning of policies of repression led to decreasing polarisation and a more consensual form of reform politics that was to dominate in Britain for the next two centuries. In 1823,

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of the state? The birth of liberalism can be located in the response to this question or problem of government. The response witnessed the shift from the dominance of sovereign power to the apparatus of the state, and can be characterised in three important developments:

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in 1917, but liberalism lasted only a matter of months before Bolshevism triumphed. The Allied victory in World War I and the collapse of four empires seemed to mark the triumph of liberalism across the European continent, including Germany and the newly created states of

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aristocracy. In order to secure the loyalty of the working classes to the ruling aristocracy, Bismarck introduced both universal male suffrage and the first welfare state. Bismarck first formed a coalition with the liberals, with a focus on ending trade restrictions and

3621:(1767-1835) made a major contribution to the development of liberalism by envisioning education as a means of realizing individual possibility rather than a way of drilling traditional ideas into youth to suit them for an already established occupation or social role. 4939:(1861–65) gave a major boost to the course of liberalism. The Union victory energized popular democratic forces. A Confederate victory, on the other hand, would have meant a new birth of slavery, not freedom. Historian Fergus Bordewich, following Doyle, argues that: 4725:. In general, the major theme of Asian liberalism in the past few decades has been the rise of democratization as a method facilitate the rapid economic modernization of the continent. In nations such as Myanmar, however, liberal democracy has been replaced by 4087:) that flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, later moving to Ottoman-ruled Arabic-speaking regions including Lebanon, Syria and others. He founded the School of Languages (also known as School of Translators) in 1835, which become part of 4512:, and liberalism. Fondly known as the "Professor of the Generation", he was an influential person in the Egyptian nationalist movement and an anti-colonial activist. el-Sayed believed in equality and rights for all people. He was the first director of 2640:

pro-independence pamphlet was anonymously published on January 10, 1776 and became an immediate success. It was read aloud everywhere, including the Army. He pioneered a style of political writing that rendered complex ideas easily intelligible.

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was put through with the support of public outcry, mass meetings of political unions and riots in some cities. This now enfranchised the middle classes, but it failed to meet radical demands. Following the Reform Act, the mainly aristocratic

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Historians widely regard the French Revolution as one of the most important events in history. The Revolution is often seen as marking the "dawn of the modern era", and its convulsions are widely associated with "the triumph of liberalism".

4408:(parliament) and the senate. However, due internal and external factors, the party couldn't grow significantly and was suppressed and when the Pahlavi Dynasty was established in 1925, fragmenting itself into different smaller associations. 3746:, which included most of the important liberal nations as well as communist Russia, won World War II, defeating Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and militarist Japan. After the war, there was a falling out between Russia and the West, and the 2309:, the American Enlightenment applied scientific reasoning to politics, science and religion, promoted religious tolerance, and restored literature, the arts, and music as important disciplines and professions worthy of study in colleges. 3734:, starting in 1929, hastened the discrediting of liberal economics and strengthened calls for state control over economic affairs. Economic woes prompted widespread unrest in the European political world, leading to the strengthening of 1995:

wrote: "To every Individuall in nature, is given an individual property by nature, not to be invaded or usurped by any...; no man hath power over my rights and liberties, and I over no mans". These ideas were first unified as a distinct

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came to power in 1799, ended any form of democracy with his dictatorship, ended internal civil wars, made peace with the Catholic Church, and conquered much of Europe until he went too far and was finally defeated in 1815. The rise of

5922:. According to Foucault, it was through a double movement, of state centralisation on the one hand and of dispersion and religious dissidence on the other, that this problem of government presented itself clearly for the first time. 10450: 3598:

individual. Green regarded the national state as legitimate only to the extent that it upholds a system of rights and obligations that is most likely to foster individual self-realisation. The Gladstonian liberals in 1891 adopted "

6528: 5692:, starting in 1929, hastened the discrediting of liberal economics and strengthened calls for state control over economic affairs. Economic woes prompted widespread unrest in the European political world, leading to the rise of 2820:

as dictator in 1799, heralded a reverse of many of the republican and democratic gains. However Napoleon did not restore the Ancien Régime, rather, he maintained much of the liberal reforms and imposed a liberal legal code, the

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were confident that their early victories would lead to a period of expanding economic and personal liberty and world peace but would face reversals as government intervention and activity continued to expand from the 1850s.

9030: 4596:, his administration introduced a range of progressive social and political reforms such as social security and land reforms, including taxation of the rent on land. His government's most notable policy, however, was the 2946:

restraints; it unified weights and measures, reformed civil and penal law, authorised mixed marriages (between Catholics and Protestants), suppressed torture and improved justice; it developed education and public works.

2514:, the preservation of civil liberties and the law and the idea that political institutions ought to reflect the social and geographical aspects of each community. In particular, he argued that political liberty required 3339:, believing that prices were determined by utility and also emphasised the critical role of the entrepreneur in the economy. However, neither of those observations became accepted by British economists at the time. 2892:

Outside France the Revolution had a major impact and its ideas became widespread. Furthermore, the French armies in the 1790s and 1800s directly overthrew feudal remains in much of western Europe. They liberalised

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described as "civilian dictatorship", which "drew its legitimacy from direct consultation with the people, in the form of a plebiscite". Napoleon, however, did not always live up to the liberal ideals he espoused.

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an enduring option". For liberals, the Revolution was their defining moment, and later liberals approved of the French Revolution almost entirely—"not only its results but the act itself," as two historians noted.

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However even they were unable to reverse the liberalization of the French Revolution and they were overthrown in 1830. Likewise, the fall of Napoleon had brought conservatives to power across much of Europe. The

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drew from across the intellectual and social spectrum. On one hand, there were progressive elites who sought to fuse the methods of science with liberal political economy. For example, the anthropologist and MP

3418:. The ideal of the self-made individual, who through hard work and talent could make his or her place in the world, seemed increasingly implausible. A major political reaction against the changes introduced by 3864:

The gains of liberalism have been significant. In 1975, roughly 40 countries around the world were characterised as liberal democracies, but that number had increased to more than 80 as of 2008. Most of the

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At the beginning of World War II, the number of democracies around the world was about the same as it had been forty years before. After 1945, liberal democracies spread very quickly, but then retreated. In

2226:. The bill made royal interference with the law and with elections to parliament illegal, made the agreement of parliament necessary for the implementation of any new taxes and outlawed the maintenance of a 3359:

by British governments which was to dominate economic policy from the 1830s. Although utilitarianism prompted legislative and administrative reform and Mill's later writings on the subject foreshadowed the

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principle, Locke argued that there was a natural right to the liberty of conscience, which he argued must therefore remain protected from any government authority. He also formulated a general defence for

6198:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, p. 29. "It took John Locke to translate the demand for liberty of conscience into a systematic argument for distinguishing the realm of government from the realm of religion". 5484:. Although classical liberals aspired to a minimum of state activity, they eventually accepted the principle of government intervention in the economy from the early 19th century with the passage of the 2723:

in October 1789, one of the most famous examples of popular political participation during the French Revolution, forced the royal court back to Paris—it would remain there until the proclamation of the

1759:, first codified in 1789 in France, is a foundational document of both liberalism and human rights, itself based on the U.S. Declaration of Independence written in 1776. The intellectual progress of the 6436:

The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmission, Development, and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies

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took the position that regulation of factory hours was harmful to workers and also strongly opposed state support for education, health, the provision of water and granting of patents and copyrights.

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at the end of the 20th century, however, allowed the formation of many liberal parties throughout Eastern Europe. These parties developed varying ideological characters. Some, such as the Slovenian

5669:, however, the Provisional Government mismanaged Russia's continuing involvement in the war, prompting angry reactions from the Petrograd workers, who drifted further and further to the left. The 4877:, a dedicated liberal and now a Mexican national hero, became the president of the republic. After Juárez, Mexico suffered from prolonged periods of dictatorial repression, which lasted until the 5437:

By the late 1870s he then reversed positions, and began collaborating with Catholics. He's best known for a foreign-policy that balanced multiple competing interests to produce a peaceful era.

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was meant to unite all the different peoples living in Ottoman territories, "Muslim and non-Muslim, Turkish and Greek, Armenian and Jewish, Kurd and Arab". The policy officially began with the

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In the Ottoman Empire, to secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers, the Empire launched a series of reforms. This period is called

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and the rise of secularism, constitutionalism and nationalism. These changes, along with other factors, helped to create a sense of crisis within Islam which continues to this day—this led to

9516: 5511:, although advocates of laissez-faire, non-intervention in foreign affairs, and individual liberty, believed that social institutions could be rationally redesigned through the principles of 2745:

in the political arena: they talked, read, and listened in new ways; they voted; they joined new organizations; and they marched for their political goals. Revolution became a tradition, and

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monarchy. Sidney firmly rejected the Filmer's reactionary principles and argued that the subjects of the monarch were entitled by right to share in the government through advice and counsel.

1218: 4901:, a firebrand who implemented a variety of sociopolitical reforms, including the separation of church and state, the legalization of divorce, and the establishment of public schools. 5238:, which aims to secure power in Cuba. Some major liberal parties in the region continue, however, to align themselves with social liberal ideas and policies—a notable case being the 3625:(1767-1830), in Switzerland, refined the concept of liberty, defining it as a condition of existence that allowed the individual to turn away interference from the state or society. 7908:

The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908, Selim Deringil, Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Jan. 1993), pp. 3–29

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demanding the creation of a more liberal and autonomous India. Liberalism continued to be the main ideological current of the group through the early years of the 20th century, but

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established a conservative government that ruled the country for several years. The liberals, however, were incensed at the conservative regime and overthrew it completely in the

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criticised Ricardo for his lack of support for free trade and expressed hostility to welfare, believing that the lower orders were responsible for their economic circumstances.

5382:, and Hungary. The indomitable Metternich, the Austrian builder of the reigning conservative order, shocked Europe when he resigned and fled to Britain in panic and disguise. 4010:

has argued that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism in Europe and its colonies, from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the

1882:, but it still has challenges to overcome in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Later waves of modern liberal thought and struggle were strongly influenced by the need to expand 4027: 3877:. However, liberalism still faces challenges, especially with the phenomenal growth of China as a model combination of authoritarian government and economic liberalism. The 5389:

by the Austrians. With some luck and skill, Austria also managed to contain the bubbling nationalist sentiments in Germany and Hungary, helped along by the failure of the

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The Nahda period sought to modernize Islam and society. Thinkers and religious reformers rejected traditional views and encourage modernization through the abandonment of

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rule. The 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, South America and North America. In this period, the dominant ideological opponent of

9593: 6406: 3496:, respectively. Social liberty meant limits on the ruler's power through obtaining recognition of political liberties or rights and by the establishment of a system of 6060:(Boston: Riverside Press, 1962). "Liberalism in the U.S. usage has little in common with the word as used in the politics of any other country, save possibly Britain". 4178:

Islam. They "attempted to reconcile Islamic concepts of government with the ideas of Montesquieu, Danton, Rousseau, and contemporary European Scholars and statesmen."

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government. In the context of the times, the Constitution was a republican and liberal document. It remains the oldest liberal governing document in effect worldwide.

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to unify the German states into a single nation. Two decades later, however, the Italians and the Germans realised their dreams for unification and independence. The

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ideas influenced liberalism beginning in the second half of the 19th century. This new form of liberalism was known by a variety of names across the world, including

2066:

was second only to John Locke in his influence on liberal political thought in eighteenth-century Britain and Colonial America, and was widely read and quoted by the

1763:, which questioned old traditions about societies and governments, eventually coalesced into powerful revolutionary movements that toppled what the French called the 5654:

over major public spaces—to establish an emotional attachment to the past, an attachment that liberals hoped would galvanize the public to fight for modern values.

5230:(RELIAL), a centre-right network that brings together dozens of liberal parties and organisations. RELIAL features parties as geographically diverse as the Mexican 3492:

as protection from "the tyranny of political rulers". He introduced a number of different concepts of the form tyranny can take, referred to as social tyranny and

3373:

be higher. His philosophy proved to be extremely influential on government policy and led to increased Benthamite attempts at government social control, including

5366:. Governments fell rapidly. Liberal nationalists demanded written constitutions, representative assemblies, greater suffrage rights, and freedom of the press. A 4284:, has been described as "the first Muslim ideological response to the Western cultural challenge" Islamic modernism was the first of several movements—including 4081:

In 1831, Tahtawi returned home to be part of the statewide effort to modernize the Egyptian infrastructure and education in what became an Egyptian renaissance (

9929: 4344:. It featured a "critical reexamination of the classical conceptions and methods of jurisprudence" and a new approach to Islamic theology and Quranic exegesis ( 3915:, and other institutions are common in many nations, although they advocate for different causes based on their ideological orientation. Liberal parties can be 7804: 5417:

in 1871 and proclaiming the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, ending another saga in the drive for nationalisation. The French proclaimed a

3190:, also known as the Grand Old Man, who was the towering political figure of liberalism in the 19th century. Under Gladstone, the Liberals reformed education, 3656: 3568:

outlook and defending some socialist causes, including the radical proposal that the whole wage system be abolished in favour of a co-operative wage system.

3466:

contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the New Liberalism. Mill's 1859

4058:

was sent to Paris in one of the Muhammad Ali's scholar missions. Tahtawi studied ethics, social and political philosophy, and mathematics. He read works by

10914: 3811: 5616:

At the turn of the 20th century, the incompetence of the ruling class in Russia discredited the monarchy and aristocracy. Russia was already reeling from

4771:

in Côte d'Ivoire. In Asia, several Asian nations have explicitly rejected important liberal principles. Continentally, liberals are organized through the

9871: 7286:

War or Peace for Finland? Neoclassical Realist Case Study of Finnish Foreign Policy in the Context of the Anti-Bolshevik Intervention in Russia 1918–1920

5350:

and inspired similar uprisings elsewhere in Europe. Frustration with the pace of political progress in the early 19th century sparked even more gigantic

2774: 1756: 982: 4241:

and ending the Tanzimat. Thanks to liberal intellectuals who tried to modernize their society by promoting development, progress, and liberal values,

2773:

on the night of 4 August 1789, which marked the collapse of feudal and old traditional rights and privileges and restrictions, and the passage of the

9586:

Fergus M. Bordewich, "The World Was Watching: America’s Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege,"

2214:, and led to the establishment of what many consider the first modern, liberal state. Significant legislative milestones in this period included the 9512: 9352: 10121: 3677: 2293:

were progressive in the liberal sense and advocated the reform of the French system of government along more constitutional and liberal lines. The

6448: 5910:

locates the emergence of liberalism, both as a political philosophy and a mode of governance, in the sixteenth century. He especially focuses on

4829:

from the imperial power of Spain and Portugal. The new regimes were generally liberal in their political outlook, and employed the philosophy of

2363:

in Western Europe during the 18th century also contributed to the growth of liberal society by spurring commercial and entrepreneurial activity.

5681:

in Russia during the same year. The communists violently overthrew the fragile liberal-socialist order in October, after which Russia witnessed

4713:. In recent times, the party has adopted more of a liberal streak, championing open markets while simultaneously seeking social justice. In its 3846:" by its supporters and detractors, lasted through the 1980s and the 1990s. Meanwhile, nearing the end of the 20th century, communist states in 3539:" (1861, published 1869), Mill attempted to prove that the legal subjugation of women is wrong and that it should give way to perfect equality. 4001: 3826:

between the Soviet Union and the United States never occurred. While communist states and liberal democracies competed against one another, an

2492:

were progressive in the liberal sense and advocated the reform of the French system of government along more constitutional and liberal lines.

5401:, was a shrewd liberal who understood that the only effective way for the Italians to gain independence was if the French were on their side. 5476:, who opposed militarism and public expenditure. Their policies of low public expenditure and low taxation were later adopted by the liberal 4857:. Like its former master, the region was a hotbed of wars, conflicts, and revolutionary activity throughout the 19th century. In Mexico, the 4755:

Recently, liberal parties and institutions have made a major push for political power. On a continental level, liberals are organised in the

3985: 3866: 3795:, which contained specific policy recommendations for tackling unemployment in a global recession, chiefly counter cyclical public spending. 3666: 1007: 977: 3815:

was published in 1936, and served as a theoretical justification for the interventionist policies Keynes favoured for tackling a recession.

10325: 5744: 4822: 4816: 2777:

in August. Jefferson, the American minister to France, was consulted in its drafting and there are striking similarities with the American

1772: 1682: 1059: 4469:. However, there were various examples of intellectuals who advocated liberal values and ideas. Prominent liberals during the period were 2691:, a leading German historian, in 1848 argued that American republicanism played a crucial role in the development of European liberalism: 6002: 5837: 4869:

were outraged at these steps and launched a revolt, which sparked a deadly conflict. From 1857 to 1861, Mexico was gripped in the bloody

10139: 3017:

Around 1800, classical liberals supported "the doctrines of the free market and reducing the role of the state in the economic sphere."

1913:

was the first to develop a liberal philosophy as he coherently described the elementary principles of the liberal movement, such as the

11556: 11030:

The dividing line between success and failure: a comparison of Liberalism in the Netherlands and Germany in the 19th and 20th Centuries

6049: 4258: 3981: 7503: 5817:, with their review of the result concluding that a number of policy reversals were responsible for their poor electoral performance. 2811:, that was marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution", with the death toll reaching into the tens of thousands. Finally 4873:, a massive internal and ideological confrontation between the liberals and the conservatives. The liberals eventually triumphed and 4238: 4071: 2645: 2620: 2172:

over political supremacy sparked a massive civil war in the 1640s, which culminated in Charles' execution and the establishment of a

1739: 1012: 132: 7414: 4296:—that emerged in the middle of the 19th century in reaction to the rapid changes of the time, especially the perceived onslaught of 11501: 5216: 5200: 5156: 4584:

In April 1951, The National Front became the governing coalition when democratically elected Mohammad Mosaddegh took office as the

1402: 7522:

Freemasonry on both sides of the Atlantic: essays concerning the craft in the British Isles, Europe, the United States, and Mexico

2014:(1690), the foundational text of liberal ideology, outlined his major ideas. His insistence that lawful government did not have a 1751:

overthrew the hereditary aristocracy, with the slogan "liberty, equality, fraternity" and was the first state in history to grant

10208: 8905: 5042: 4772: 4221:

The emerging internal financial and diplomatic crises of 1875–1876 allowed the Young Ottomans their defining moment, when Sultan

3912: 3345: 3093: 1798: 992: 5644:

and paving the way for liberals to declare a republic. Russia's liberals, repeatedly used the slogans, symbols and ideas of the

3225:

was not uniform. Some economists advocated state support of public works and education. Classical liberals were also divided on

6237:

Bornkamm, Heinrich (1962). "Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums" [Tolerance. In the history of Christianity].

5650: 5080: 5062: 5026: 4953: 4246: 4148:, both of whom published and printed reformist newspapers and other works in support of constitutionality and democracy in the 3191: 1867: 1481: 9587: 7113: 4411:

In Japan, which was generally liberal in the 1920s, saw liberalism wither away in the 1930s under pressure from the military.

3140:

and strongly supported parliamentary reform, but were generally hostile to the arguments and tactics of the Popular Radicals.

1846:

During 19th and early 20th century in the Ottoman Empire and Middle East, liberalism influenced periods of reform such as the

11536: 11394: 11233: 9704: 9429: 9000: 8632: 8334: 8300: 8190: 7398: 7309: 7144: 7044: 7027: 6900: 6600: 6510: 6403: 6324: 6028: 5538:, aided by working class voters worried about food prices. After that historic victory, the Liberal Party introduced various 4826: 2680: 2135: 2091: 1526: 1320: 1099: 3648:

in 1864, condemning liberalism in all its forms. In many countries, liberal forces responded by expelling the Jesuit order.

11541: 7349: 5845: 5824:

in the Netherlands during the late 1990s and into the 21st century. The Purple Coalition, one of the most consequential in

5820:

In Western Europe, liberal parties have often cooperated with socialist and social democratic parties, as evidenced by the

5814: 5806: 5535: 3719: 3111: 1352: 1213: 1161: 1156: 11491: 11476: 5519:

and other classical liberals concluded that historical development was turning against them. By the First World War, the

3390: 3128:

agitated to assert wider rights including relieving distress. The theoretical basis for electoral reform was provided by

2661: 2524: 1469: 1181: 1032: 634: 9473: 6673:

The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era

3980:. Regionally, liberals are organised through various institutions depending on the prevailing geopolitical context. The 11471: 10016: 9405: 9380: 9226: 9199: 9165: 9131: 9097: 8975: 8944: 8829: 8730: 8699: 8662: 8551: 8510: 8425: 8395: 8266: 8228: 8156: 8078: 8041: 7990: 7956: 7929: 7877: 7843: 7781: 7745: 7720: 7688: 7639: 7612: 7585: 7558: 7228: 7093: 6762: 6681: 6654: 6627: 5406: 5308: 5269: 4737: 3882: 2716: 2706: 2616: 2421: 1988:. Many of the liberal concepts of Locke were foreshadowed in the radical ideas that were freely aired at the time. The 1392: 1290: 1238: 1176: 1171: 1109: 5665:, an organization that united leftist industrial laborers, to function and survive. Under the uncertain leadership of 11531: 11526: 11516: 11456: 11365: 11350: 11321: 11306: 11284: 11251: 11218: 11203: 11188: 11173: 11158: 11136: 11121: 11106: 11091: 11052: 11037: 11022: 11007: 10992: 10977: 10962: 10947: 10898: 10883: 10866: 10851: 10836: 10821: 10806: 10791: 10776: 10761: 10746: 10731: 10716: 10691: 10676: 10661: 10646: 10631: 10616: 10601: 10583: 10565: 10550: 10535: 10520: 10505: 10490: 10468: 10439: 10424: 10409: 10394: 10379: 10361: 10343: 10311: 10296: 10281: 10266: 9926: 9313: 8466: 8365: 8112: 8014: 6973: 6963: 6264: 6084:

Rothbard, Murray (2005). Excerpt from "Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire",

5386: 5227: 5192: 5164: 4745: 4377: 2669: 2004:, generally regarded as the father of modern liberalism. Locke developed the radical notion that government acquires 1397: 1022: 777: 7899:

Roderic. H. Davison, Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774–1923 – The Impact of West, Texas 1990, pp. 115–116.

7812: 2305:

and the creation of the American Republic. Influenced by the 18th-century European Enlightenment and its own native

11551: 11496: 11486: 11446: 11436: 11431: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11265: 5764: 5363: 5168: 5066: 5049:

established by Franklin Roosevelt left a decisive legacy and influenced many future American presidents, including

4894: 4844: 4676: 4592:. Mosaddegh was liberal nationalist and prominent parliamentarian who advocated for the rule of law and freedom of 4389: 3769: 2770: 2100: 1898:

and a global social movement for civil rights in the 20th century achieved several objectives towards those goals.

1675: 1432: 9803: 8148:

The Syrian Land: Processes of Integration and Fragmentation : Bilād Al-Shām from the 18th to the 20th Century

7256:

Eric Storm, "A New Dawn in Nationalism Studies? Some Fresh Incentives to Overcome Historiographical Nationalism",

6484: 11546: 11521: 11511: 11506: 11481: 11466: 11451: 9527: 5853: 5625: 5601: 5247: 5145: 4804: 3581: 3560: 3171: 2510:(1748). The latter exerted tremendous influence, both inside and outside France. Montesquieu pleaded in favor of 2331:, who ruled from 1780 to 1790 and implemented a wide array of radical reforms, such as the complete abolition of 2255: 1776: 1459: 364: 4956:

for nearly 70 years during the 20th century. The party produced some of the most influential prime ministers in

3010:

opposed both aristocratic privilege and property, seeing them as an impediment to the development of a class of

2584: 11586: 11581: 11461: 11441: 11426: 11070: 8963:

The Iron Cage of Liberalism: International Politics and Unarmed Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa

5857: 5813:

with the Conservatives, giving them ministers. However, the Liberal Democrats lost 49 of their 56 seats in the

5727:

In the United Kingdom, the Liberal Party lost its influence in the early 20th century due to the growth of the

5658: 5099: 4749: 4397: 3067:

saw parliamentary reform as a first step toward dealing with their many grievances, including the treatment of

2711: 2067: 2019: 827: 396: 9868: 4987: 4637: 4092:

mobilization against British colonialism in Egypt. Three of his published volumes were works of political and

4059: 2230:

during peacetime without parliament's consent. The right to petition the monarch was granted to everyone and "

5849: 5752: 5338: 5014: 4455: 3590: 3307:, published in 1776, was to provide most of the ideas of economics, at least until the publication of Mill's 2959: 2328: 2316: 2243: 2079: 1305: 1285: 11060: 10092: 9330: 5468:

brought together a coalition of liberal and radical groups in support of free trade under the leadership of

5385:

Eventually, however, the success of the revolutionaries petered out. Without French help, the Italians were

5284: 1340: 10167:

The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality: With two lectures by and an interview with Michel Foucault

5890: 5798: 5409:

of 1859, setting the stage for Italian independence. German unification transpired under the leadership of

5317: 4780: 4710: 4680: 4401: 4234: 4215: 3253: 3215:'s philosophy counseled government to adopt policies that could bestow the greatest possible social benefit 2476:

In contrast to England, the French experience in the 18th century was characterized by the perpetuation of

2231: 2033: 1862:

found themselves on the winning side in both world wars. In Europe and North America, the establishment of

9349: 9266: 10008: 8456: 5756: 5477: 5231: 5172: 4776: 4764: 4672: 4641: 4459: 2010: 1668: 1330: 907: 374: 268: 8754: 4458:, liberal nationalism declined in the late 1930s due to the growth and opposition of two movements, the 4245:

was introduced in the Ottoman Empire, Midhat Pasha is often considered to be one of the founders of the

2202:. The impact of liberal ideas steadily increased during the 17th century in England, culminating in the 797: 10446: 8722: 8620: 7257: 6456: 5875: 5825: 5290: 4909: 4890: 4760: 4733: 4593: 4054:, to make socio-political changes and start modernization projects. In 1826, intellectual and academic 3977: 2737: 2624: 2593: 2083: 1992: 1382: 1047: 832: 514: 359: 9744:

Re-writing the French revolutionary tradition: Liberal opposition and the fall of the Bourbon monarchy

4721:

against the nativist, communal, and conservative ideological tendencies it claims are espoused by the

4276:(intellectual effort, reasoning and hermeneutics), which they saw as a return to Islamic origins. The 3780:

Meanwhile, the definitive liberal response to the Great Depression was given by the British economist

11387: 9398:

Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini

6043: 5030: 4784: 4741: 4629: 4601: 4381: 3208: 3182:

as well as an increased number of middle-class Whigs. By 1839, they were informally being called the

2660:, written in 1776, now appeared inadequate to provide security, or even a functional government. The 2657: 2222:

formally established the supremacy of the law and of parliament over the monarch and laid down basic

2218:, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. The 2207: 1493: 1387: 997: 787: 467: 453: 8578: 7631:

State Governors in the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1952: Portraits in Conflict, Courage, and Corruption

7065:. Vol. 24, no. 143. New York: Harper & Bros. pp. 683–684 – via Cornell.edu. 6120: 4912:

ushered in the modern world for much of Latin America. Latin American liberals generally emphasised

4736:

that other countries on the continent lack. Today, liberalism in South Africa is represented by the

2351:

for Jews and the suppression of Catholic religious authority throughout his empire, creating a more

2062:—"the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties". 2018:

basis was a sharp break from previous theories of governance. Locke also defined the concept of the

10872: 6959: 5960: 5944: 5578: 5527: 5375: 5126: 5106: 4792: 4768: 4691:

Blacks and college-educated Whites. It also gained supporters from the "westernised sectors of the

4486: 4482: 3953:, although all liberal parties and individuals share basic similarities, including the support for 3889: 3543: 2766: 2758: 2533: 2251: 1957: 1280: 1265: 1131: 1027: 278: 85: 6619:

Liberal Modernity and Its Adversaries: Freedom, Liberalism and Anti-Liberalism in the 21st Century

6592:

Liberal Modernity and Its Adversaries: Freedom, Liberalism and Anti-Liberalism in the 21st Century

5735:

in October 1917, in Italy when Mussolini set up his dictatorship in 1922, in Poland in 1926 under

5277: 5250:, one of the most powerful parties in the country, which has also been classified as centre-left. 4886: 3715: 3055:

began in the 1790s in England and concentrated on parliamentary and electoral reform, emphasizing

882: 767: 8967: 8543: 8258: 6892: 5939: 5868: 5481: 5243: 5239: 4996: 4373: 4313: 3973: 3599: 3576: 3536: 3493: 3187: 3052: 3026: 2922: 2885: 2754: 2665: 2636: 2589: 2440: 2401: 2371: 2199: 2182: 2005: 1929: 1918: 1752: 1735: 1723: 1585: 1464: 1407: 1295: 1260: 1119: 1074: 987: 822: 212: 177: 58: 10322: 9795:

Robert M. Berdahl, "Conservative Politics and aristocratic landholders in Bismarckian Germany."

8624: 8614: 8587: 4825:, liberal unrest dates back to the 18th century, when liberal agitation in Latin America led to 3603:

element which felt liberated by the departure of the aristocratic leaders of the Liberal Party.

3531:

ought to be free to do as he wishes unless he harms others. Mill was also an early proponent of

3002:. Classical liberals were committed to individualism, liberty and equal rights. Writers such as 664: 9087: 7507: 5802: 5709: 5597: 5547: 5402: 5367: 4756: 4585: 4570: 4530: 3743: 3687:

Liberalism gained momentum in the beginning of the 20th century. The bastion of autocracy, the

3336: 3129: 3098: 2938: 2687:

The American Revolution had its impact on the French Revolution and later movements in Europe.

2506: 2468: 2405: 2294: 2235: 2215: 1782: 1498: 1474: 1442: 1412: 1377: 1372: 1347: 1208: 1126: 1002: 972: 197: 10221: 9303: 9121: 8716: 8652: 8214: 8180: 8146: 8068: 8031: 7980: 7919: 7863: 7674: 6752: 6671: 6644: 6617: 5999: 4184:, who was influential in the formation of the Young Ottomans, admired the constitution of the 4128: 10368: 9216: 9155: 8961: 8899: 8821: 8815: 8753:

Wendell, C; P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (2011).

8537: 8415: 8290: 8252: 7946: 7767: 7629: 7602: 7575: 7548: 7218: 7136: 7130: 6452: 5748: 5637: 5531: 5493: 5424:

In Germany, unification brought to power the leading conservative of the nineteenth century,

5418: 5087: 4992: 4726: 4633: 4621: 4254: 4185: 4067: 4047: 3962: 3938: 3636: 3612: 3303: 2792: 2725: 2552: 2537: 2529: 2413: 2165: 2117: 1879: 1619: 1541: 1516: 1488: 1447: 1427: 1417: 1362: 1300: 1275: 1191: 1186: 1151: 1136: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1064: 1017: 912: 887: 877: 782: 614: 599: 499: 8689: 8500: 8324: 7388: 6046: 5083:

increased 17 percent, and unemployment fell below 10 percent for the first time since 1929.

5065:, had fallen to half the value it had in early 1929. The electoral victories of FDR and the 4885:

with the people divided between rival liberal and conservative camps. From these conflicts,

3439:

later became a more important force for change and reform. Some Victorian writers—including

2008:, which has to be constantly present for a government to remain legitimate. His influential 757: 11380: 10452:

Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement

10349: 8574: 8387: 7162:"The Politics of Cognition: Liberalism and the Evolutionary Origins of Victorian Education" 7076: 5954: 5949: 5810: 5736: 5696:

as an ideology and a movement arrayed against both liberalism and communism, especially in

5465: 5445: 5259: 5223: 5137: 4812: 4808: 4505: 4474: 4441: 4317: 4297: 4088: 4055: 4030: 4011: 3950: 3681: 3618: 3313: 3045: 2977: 2971: 2720: 2515: 2489: 2463: 2459: 2379: 2344: 2290: 2277: 2271: 2259: 2223: 2169: 2049: 2028: 1810: 1768: 1760: 1607: 1422: 1367: 1357: 1335: 1315: 1310: 1270: 1255: 1233: 1196: 1146: 1104: 1094: 1054: 574: 539: 448: 401: 246: 120: 115: 110: 53: 7577:

An Empire Divided:Religion, Republicanism, and the Making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914

564: 38: 8: 11576: 5821: 5787: 5786:, it was also significantly designed by intellectuals from the Liberal Party, especially 5633: 5414: 5351: 5235: 5208: 4847: 4788: 4722: 4699: 4600:

of the Iranian oil industry, which had been under British control since 1913 through the

4565:, which was founded in 1946 as a platform for Iranian liberals, included figures such as 4509: 4349: 4309: 4189: 4141: 4075: 3989: 3850: 3831: 3781: 3765: 3692: 3635:

movements spread, along with representative and democratic ideals. France established an

3485: 3378: 3356: 3273: 3102: 2985: 2914: 2873: 2799:

was executed the following year. However, conflict between rival political factions, the

2796: 2612: 2579: 2556: 2320: 2306: 2302: 2219: 2211: 2203: 2195: 2187: 2173: 2145: 2129: 2071: 1941: 1817:, but liberalism later survived major ideological challenges from new opponents, such as 1794: 1786: 1731: 1602: 1250: 1223: 1166: 1114: 897: 669: 609: 559: 332: 251: 192: 125: 95: 90: 63: 22: 5295: 5195:

in the early 21st century led to a resurgence of social liberalism with the election of

5057:, proved very popular with the American public. In 1933, when FDR came into office, the 4108: 3965:, which contains over 100 influential liberal parties and organisations from across the 3907:

of modern times. Politically, liberals have organised extensively throughout the world.

3768:

was one of the most influential economists of modern times whose ideas, which are still

2276:

The development of liberalism continued throughout the 18th century with the burgeoning

10587: 10001: 9053: 8796: 5841: 5678: 5666: 5617: 5589: 5585: 5574: 5566: 5520: 5390: 5212: 5114: 5046: 4936: 4928: 4905: 4878: 4836: 4718: 4657: 4534: 4523: 4354: 4281: 3966: 3726:'s anchoring as a country defending liberal democracy. Ståhlberg at his office in 1919. 3696: 3645: 3572: 3473: 3317: 3183: 3150: 3068: 2242:'s four letters advocating religious toleration. The Act allowed freedom of worship to 2153: 1968:, but the first major signs of liberal politics emerged in modern times. The economist 1961: 1953: 1855: 1703: 1325: 1228: 1141: 937: 872: 772: 327: 307: 144: 5440: 4948:

In Canada, the long-dominant Liberal Party, founded in 1867 and occasionally known as

1924: 589: 11361: 11346: 11317: 11302: 11280: 11247: 11229: 11214: 11199: 11184: 11169: 11154: 11132: 11117: 11102: 11087: 11066: 11048: 11033: 11018: 11003: 10988: 10973: 10958: 10943: 10894: 10879: 10862: 10847: 10832: 10817: 10802: 10787: 10772: 10757: 10742: 10727: 10712: 10687: 10672: 10657: 10642: 10627: 10612: 10597: 10579: 10561: 10546: 10531: 10516: 10501: 10486: 10464: 10435: 10420: 10405: 10390: 10375: 10357: 10339: 10307: 10292: 10277: 10262: 10012: 9700: 9425: 9401: 9376: 9309: 9222: 9212: 9195: 9161: 9127: 9093: 9057: 8996: 8971: 8940: 8825: 8779:

Ghanayim, M. (1994). "Mahmud Amin al-Alim: Between Politics and Literary Criticism".

8726: 8695: 8658: 8628: 8610: 8547: 8506: 8462: 8421: 8391: 8361: 8330: 8296: 8262: 8224: 8186: 8152: 8108: 8074: 8037: 8010: 7986: 7952: 7925: 7873: 7839: 7777: 7741: 7716: 7684: 7635: 7608: 7581: 7554: 7394: 7345: 7305: 7224: 7186: 7140: 7040: 7023: 6969: 6896: 6758: 6677: 6650: 6623: 6596: 6506: 6320: 6260: 6024: 5879: 5791: 5783: 5740: 5728: 5682: 5645: 5593: 5570: 5425: 5410: 5398: 5327: 5180: 5102: 4980:—has prompted many political commentators over time to identify them as the nation's 4977: 4965: 4957: 4661: 4625: 4277: 4242: 3946: 3893: 3892:, which has been credited with the establishment of global organisations such as the 3835: 3800: 3705: 3661: 3651: 3622: 3594: 3555: 3508: 3452: 3419: 3332: 3328: 3239: 3195: 3115:. Radicals encouraged mass support for democratic reform along with rejection of the 2981: 2918: 2880:, the elimination of church courts and religious authority, the establishment of the 2877: 2762: 2688: 2608: 2481: 2417: 2391: 2356: 2298: 2282: 2234:" were made illegal under all circumstances. This was followed a year later with the 2161: 2095: 2059: 1985: 1937: 1914: 1891: 1863: 1859: 1802: 1748: 1644: 917: 674: 604: 579: 569: 549: 369: 256: 187: 149: 9218:

Islamic Fundamentalism: An Introduction, 3rd Edition: An Introduction, Third Edition

6449:"Letter on the subject of Candide, to the Journal encyclopédique July 15, 1759" 5167:

against the kind of liberalism championed by Roosevelt and Kennedy developed in the

4111:

of 1839, declaring equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans.

3234:

economists, their views were expressed in dogmatic terms by such popular writers as

11372: 10919: 10217: 9045: 8788: 8718:

Arabic Thought beyond the Liberal Age: Towards an Intellectual History of the Nahda

8591:. Fasc. 2. Vol. VI. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 199–202 8383: 7176: 7109: 6259:, Volume 8 (East Brunswick, N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1980). pp. 71–72. 5833: 5779: 5705: 5701: 5689: 5662: 5641: 5543: 5347: 5141: 5090:

in the United States during the 1960s strongly highlighted the liberal efforts for

5038: 4921: 4917: 4665: 4649: 4574: 4542: 4513: 4496:

Taha Hussein and Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed were among the most influential 20th-century

4466: 4093: 3788: 3773: 3731: 3672: 3520: 3463: 3415: 3400: 3298: 3175: 3064: 2649: 2500: 2367: 2105: 2087: 2045: 1830: 1790: 1560: 1553: 892: 842: 807: 752: 659: 644: 619: 554: 524: 391: 342: 317: 300: 295: 229: 154: 80: 68: 11329:

Political Economy and Liberalism in France: The Contributions of Frédéric Bastiat

10931: 10085: 7390:

The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies Throughout the World

4969: 4874: 4840: 4612:), becoming the first country in the Middle East in nationalize its oil industry. 4380:, was one of two major parliamentary parties at the time, alongside its rival the 4222: 3316:

that had restricted the mobility of labour in 1834 and the end of the rule of the

2561: 2327:

A prominent example of a monarch who took the Enlightenment project seriously was

1764: 812: 11269: 10697: 10329: 9933: 9875: 9807: 9597: 9531: 9520: 9477: 9470: 9356: 8582: 8533: 7117: 7097: 7006: 6590: 6488: 6410: 6373:

Windeyer, W. J. Victor (1938). "Essays". In Windeyer, William John Victor (ed.).

6314: 6220: 6053: 6006: 5907: 5621: 5539: 5516: 5355: 5343: 5322: 5299: 5091: 5050: 5001: 4597: 4578: 4490: 4478: 4341: 3878: 3853:, leaving liberal democracies as the only major forms of government in the West. 3827: 3551: 3440: 3289:

The primary intellectual influences on 19th century liberal trends were those of

3166: 2999: 2951: 2845: 2837: 2808: 2741: 2630:

The intellectual underpinnings for independence were provided by the pamphleteer

2484:. Ideas that challenged the status quo were often harshly repressed. Most of the 2436: 2285:. Ideas that challenged the status quo were often harshly repressed. Most of the 2247: 2140: 2075: 2063: 2023: 1981: 1969: 1895: 1887: 1656: 952: 942: 927: 847: 837: 817: 709: 689: 649: 624: 534: 428: 416: 406: 347: 207: 202: 73: 9507:

Arturo Ardao, "Assimilation and transformation of positivism in Latin America."

4043: 3396: 2498:

wrote a series of highly influential works in the early 18th century, including

10923: 7535:

Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and politics in eighteenth-century Europe

5732: 5674: 5512: 5504: 5469: 5184: 5122: 4961: 4932: 4538: 4337: 4305: 4170: 4166: 4149: 4145: 3897: 3847: 3701: 3497: 3489: 3448: 3444: 3369: 3352: 3340: 3294: 3212: 3145: 3137: 3056: 3007: 2396: 2383: 2157: 1965: 1624: 1597: 1592: 1565: 1521: 867: 802: 654: 629: 594: 544: 484: 411: 312: 273: 263: 137: 105: 11277:

T. H. Green's theory of positive freedom: from metaphysics to political theory

9305:

Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization

9049: 8817:

Egypt on the Brink: From Nasser to the Muslim Brotherhood, Revised and Updated

7181: 4865:

in the 1850s, reducing the power of the military and the Catholic Church. The

4853:

The liberal and conservative struggles in Spain also replicated themselves in

4787:

in Thailand. A notable example of liberal influence can be found in India. In

4193: 4181: 4137: 2921:. The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced, and 2390:

could protect a country from despotism and ruin. A series of essays, known as

857: 679: 11570: 10739:

Europeanizing social democracy?: the rise of the Party of European Socialists

10594:

Democratic transition in Slovenia: value transformation, education, and media

10254: 9187: 8579:"Constitutional Revolution v. Political parties of the constitutional period" 5966: 5919: 5775: 5731:. In Russia, liberalism was defeated when the Communists came to power under 5600:, making provision for sickness and invalidism, and this was followed by his 5555: 5498: 5489: 5405:

agreed to Cavour's request for assistance and France defeated Austria in the

5359: 5176: 5095: 4973: 4854: 4833:, which emphasized the truth of modern science, to buttress their positions. 4566: 4550: 4385: 4361: 4237:, the first attempt at a constitution in the Ottoman Empire, ushering in the 4158: 4007: 3908: 3874: 3843: 3839: 3823: 3524: 3451:—became early influential critics of social injustice. The New Liberalism or 3432: 3424: 3382: 3361: 3248: 3230: 3221: 3179: 3079: 3060: 3040: 2994: 2928:

Artz emphasises the benefits the Italians gained from the French Revolution:

2881: 2822: 2746: 2375: 2227: 2109: 1875: 1871: 1839: 1743: 1580: 902: 862: 792: 762: 729: 724: 704: 584: 509: 421: 284: 100: 9575:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

7088: 3554:

penalised those who worked harder, he later altered his views toward a more

2319:

was an archetypal enlightened despot and although he maintained a belief in

10654:

Finding a new feminism: rethinking the woman question for liberal democracy

10206:

Rose, Nikolas; O'Malley, Pat; Valverde, Mariana (2006). "Governmentality".

8752: 7859: 7284: 7190: 5887: 5883: 5872: 5829: 5768: 5721: 5717: 5697: 5485: 5196: 5188: 5151: 5075: 5058: 4546: 4470: 4437: 4400:, to limit the authority of the monarchy and the clergy. It influenced the 4393: 4329: 4230: 4226: 3972:

Some parties in the LI are among the most famous in the world, such as the

3954: 3924: 3755: 3751: 3739: 3641: 3628: 3324: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3035: 2941:

the long-term impact of the French Revolution has been assessed by Martin:

2894: 2853: 2804: 2788: 2769:

in July. The two key events that marked the triumph of liberalism were the

2631: 2548: 2511: 2387: 2360: 2348: 2054: 2015: 1883: 1814: 1805:

used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as

1711: 1614: 947: 922: 852: 699: 529: 519: 322: 7161: 5661:

that took over the country's administration needed the cooperation of the

5554:

for elderly workers, thereby laying the groundwork for the future British

4706:

gradually overshadowed the thinking of the party in the next few decades.

3711: 1767:, the belief in absolute monarchy and established religion, especially in 10571: 9262: 8691:

Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse

8502:

Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse

8458:

Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse

8411: 8070:

The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present

6556:

The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776

6347: 5760: 5473: 5449: 5434: 4972:, and has been primarily responsible for the development of the Canadian 4898: 4684: 4463: 4333: 4321: 4301: 4250: 4205: 3916: 3870: 3805: 3688: 3586: 3547: 3374: 3235: 3159: 3133: 3120: 3003: 2898: 2857: 2495: 2485: 2455: 2432: 2336: 2312: 2286: 2038: 1834: 1719: 932: 734: 719: 694: 489: 474: 381: 234: 182: 8939:. The A to Z Guide Series. Vol. 209. Scarecrow Press. p. 224. 6225:

Historical Theology, An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought

4976:. The enormous success of the Liberals—virtually unmatched in any other 4931:

ensured the integrity of the nation and the abolition of slavery in the

3984:, for example, represents the interests of liberals in Europe while the 3198:

and introduced the secret ballot for local and parliamentary elections.

2180:, a radical political movement of the period, published their manifesto 1651: 11262: 11239: 11079: 9800: 9524: 9350:

https://www.nytimes.com/library/world/mideast/041600iran-cia-index.html

8993:

The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the roots of modern U.S.-Iranian relations

8800: 6477: 5915: 5911: 5508: 5461: 5129:—an altogether rapid series of events that some historians have dubbed 4913: 4870: 4830: 4688: 4562: 4451: 4428: 4285: 4201: 4104: 4051: 3528: 3477: 3468: 3428: 3405: 3290: 3282: 3226: 3155: 2989: 2673: 2653: 2597: 2519: 2352: 2239: 2001: 1945: 1910: 1870:" in the United States) became a key component in the expansion of the 1826: 1715: 1695: 1570: 1536: 1531: 1201: 714: 504: 479: 386: 239: 219: 30: 7203:

Nicholson, P. P., “T. H. Green and State Action: Liquor Legislation’,

6100:

Rothbard, Murray (2005). "The Ancient Chinese Libertarian Tradition",

5712:

prevailed in the war by 1945, and their victory set the stage for the

5685:

between communists and conservatives wishing to restore the monarchy.

5677:, seized the political opportunity from this confusion and launched a 5561: 5264: 5061:

stood at roughly 25 percent. The size of the economy, measured by the

4396:

intellectuals and stood for a representative political system and the

4144:(1826–1871) on the right are two of the most prominent members of the 2090:

considered Sidney to have been one of the two primary sources for the

10402:

The march of unreason: science, democracy, and the new fundamentalism

9923:

The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889–1914

9123:

The Myth of the Strong Leader: Political Leadership in the Modern Age

8220: 7869: 7773: 7680: 5670: 5457: 5118: 4703: 4554: 4497: 4325: 4197: 4039: 3958: 3819: 3565: 3481: 3436: 3386: 2905:

of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship, legalised

2849: 2800: 2477: 2428: 2177: 1933: 1822: 1707: 1639: 1437: 639: 159: 10754:

The liberal hour: Washington and the politics of change in the 1960s

10031: 9895:

Gilbert, "David Lloyd George: Land, The Budget, and Social Reform,"

9820:

The emergence of the welfare state in Britain and Germany, 1850–1950

9682: 9680: 8792: 6534:

Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military History

6390:

Constitutional Debates on Freedom of Religion: A Documentary History

4732:

Among African nations, South Africa stands out for having a notable

4519: 3818:

The Cold War featured extensive ideological competition and several

3480:. He gives an impassioned defence of free speech, arguing that free 3186:. The Liberals produced one of the greatest British Prime Ministers— 2656:. After the war, the leaders debated about how to move forward. The 1825:. Liberal government often adopted the economic beliefs espoused by 10483:

Debating the 1960s: liberal, conservative, and radical perspectives

5797:

In 1988, the British Liberal Party joined with the Labour splinter

5713: 5394: 5346:, orchestrated by liberal politicians and journalists, removed the 5331: 5316:

label in a political context, fought for the implementation of the

5204: 5110: 5071: 5054: 5034: 5018: 4293: 4289: 4162: 4100: 4063: 3920: 3904: 3747: 3632: 3532: 3116: 3106: 3031: 2955: 2833: 2817: 2812: 2600: 2544: 2191: 2058:, Milton provided one of the first arguments for the importance of 1997: 1989: 1980:

was the first libertarian, likening Laozi's ideas on government to

1847: 1575: 1548: 1452: 1243: 494: 337: 10912:

Scott, Jonathan (January 2008) . "Sidney , Algernon (1623–1683)".

9625: 9623: 9291:

Clandestine Service History: Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran

7769:

Al Jazeera and Democratization: The Rise of the Arab Public Sphere

3503: 2828: 2757:

in May. The first year of the Revolution witnessed members of the

10100: 9677: 8865: 7627: 7550:

Builders of Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1717–1927

7342:

John Maynard Keynes: 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman

5693: 5551: 5413:, who decimated the enemies of Prussia in war after war, finally 5379: 5371: 5273: 4692: 4272: 3735: 3723: 3640:

Vatican, however, launched a counter crusade against liberalism.

3516: 3125: 2906: 2865: 2840:

which removed inherited privilege and allowed freedom of religion

2409: 2340: 2332: 1818: 1727: 1699: 684: 290: 224: 11114:

Beyond Rawls: an analysis of the concept of political liberalism

11045:

Countries of the World & Their Leaders Yearbook 08, Volume 2

10799:

The Challenge of Pluralism: Church and State in Five Democracies

7366:

Economic careers: economics and economists in Britain, 1930–1970

5704:. The rise of fascism in the 1930s eventually culminated in the 4211: 3458: 2984:

in Britain and was based on the following core concepts, namely

2753:

The French Revolution began in 1789 with the convocation of the

2451: 1858:. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread even further as 11358:

The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition

9620: 8378:

Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Ijtihād". In John L. Esposito (ed.).

6105: 6089: 5460:

in 1846 was a watershed moment and encapsulated the triumph of

5429: 4935:. Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory in the 4632:

decided to overthrow Iran's government, though the predecessor

4405: 4365: 4345: 4304:

on the Muslim world. The founders of Islamic modernism include

4266: 3368:. The central concept of utilitarianism which was developed by 3355:

provided the political justification for the implementation of

3011: 2910: 2869: 2246:

who refused to pledge oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy to the

1973: 1806: 354: 10165:

Foucault, M., Burchell, G., Gordon, C. and Miller, P. (1991).

8292:

Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East

8133:

A History of the Modern Middle East. Cleveland and Buntin p.78

4419: 3761: 2962:

and an ultra-conservative order was reimposed on the country.

2848:, the French brought to Western Europe the liquidation of the 2783:

The next few years were dominated by tensions between various

10942:. Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1988. 10891:

Profits for all?: the cost and benefits of employee ownership

7838:(Repr. ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 115–116. 7129:

Mill, John Stuart; Bentham, Jeremy (2004). Ryan, Alan (ed.).

6387: 5320:

for decades—overthrowing the monarchy in 1820 as part of the

5203:, along with countervailing and partly reactive conservative 5175:

of the 1960s. It helped launch into power such presidents as

4744:. The Democratic Alliance is the second largest party in the 4617: 4174: 4083: 3349:

in 1798, becoming a major influence on classical liberalism.

3285:

argued for free trade and low levels of government regulation

2902: 2861: 1977: 1906: 1851: 11257:

Roach, John. "Liberalism and the Victorian Intelligentsia."

11246:. reprint, New York: Hafner Publishing Company, Inc., 1947. 8417:

Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco

7220:

A Short History of the Liberal Party: The Road Back to Power

6798: 6796: 6121:"The Rise, Decline, and Reemergence of Classical Liberalism" 3278: 11213:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2001. 10078: 10076: 9373:

Iran Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Islamic Republic

5629: 5171:. This brand of conservatism primarily reacted against the 4589: 4558: 4501:

the ideas of the French Revolution and the Industrial Age.

4369: 4270:(imitation, conformity to legal precedent) and emphasis on 4119: 3511:

began to espouse a more interventionist government approach

2933:

the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality.

11343:

Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution

9908:

Peter Weiler, "New Liberalism" in Fred M. Leventhal, ed.,

9762: 5640:

abdicated in March, bringing to an end three centuries of

4698:

In India, the INC was founded in the late 19th century by

4636:

had opposed a coup. Mosaddegh was removed from power in a

4026: 2041:, who was a staunch advocate of freedom in all its forms. 10955:

Global governance: critical concepts in political science

10596:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006. 9886:

Whigs, Radicals, and Liberals, 1815–1914, by Duncan Watts

9439: 9437: 8420:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 11–12. 6793: 6245:] (in German). Vol. VI (3rd ed.). col. 942. 4645: 3158:

as a journal for Philosophical Radicals, setting out the

2740:

reportedly told the defeated Prussian soldiers after the

2559:—and who denounced the hypocrisies and injustices of the 2543:

Another important figure of the French Enlightenment was

2420:. They were an important influence on the development of 1932:(1647), a manifesto for political change proposed by the 10558:

Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science

10205: 10073: 8326:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923

7740:(Repr. ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 116. 7715:(Repr. ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 113. 5632:. Facing huge shortages in basic necessities along with 5337:

In France, the fall of Napoleon in 1814–15 brought back

3945:

They can further be divided based on their adherence to

3409:

greatly influenced the course of 19th century liberalism

2998:

government with minimal intervention and taxation and a

2335:, the imposition of equal taxation policies between the 2152:

Isolated strands of liberal thought that had existed in

10513:

School choice tradeoffs: liberty, equity, and diversity

9157:

Children of Paradise: The Struggle for the Soul of Iran

5086:

Among the various regional and national movements, the

5009: 4609: 4253:, repeated the Young Ottomans' efforts, leading to the 3476:

that can be legitimately exercised by society over the

1833:

and others, which broadly emphasized the importance of

9434: 8505:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 2–4, 125–126. 7546: 7325:

Cassidy, John (10 October 2011). "The Demand Doctor".

7110:"Pour la liberte economique et la concurrence fiscale" 7039:

Mill, John Stuart "On Liberty" Penguin Classics, 2006

7022:

Mill, John Stuart "On Liberty" Penguin Classics, 2006

9480:

Indian National Congress. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

7344:. Pan MacMillan Ltd. pp. 494–500, 504, 509–510. 7075:

John Stuart Mill: critical assessments, Volume 4, By

6846:(Paris, 1926), pp. 187–188, quoted in Crane Brinson, 6500: 6282: 4687:

party that originally drew considerable support from

4620:. In favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of 2736:

Four years into the French Revolution, German writer

1843:

governance, with a minimum of interference in trade.

11402: 11336:

French Liberalism in the 19th century. An Anthology

10545:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. 9252:

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008, p. 3

7917: 6932: 6930: 5523:

had largely abandoned classical liberal principles.

4640:

on 19 August 1953, organised and carried out by the

3888:

A major liberal accomplishment includes the rise of

3812:

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money

2355:

nation. Besides the Enlightenment, a rising tide of

11032:. Berlin: LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2006. 9395: 8288: 5370:was proclaimed in France. Serfdom was abolished in 5140:in the United States was advanced in large part by 4709:A famous struggle led by the INC eventually earned 3976:, while others are among the smallest, such as the 3842:

in the US. This classical liberal renewal, dubbed "

3488:for intellectual and social progress. Mill defined 2775:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

2074:. Sidney's argument that "free men always have the 1952:Isolated strands of liberal thought had existed in 1757:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1714:, is historically associated with thinkers such as 983:

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party

10987:. New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002. 10829:Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society 10704:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. 10000: 9375:. Vol. 1. Greenwood Press. pp. 363–364. 9192:The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power 8178: 8062: 8060: 8036:. Central European University Press. p. 447. 6575: 6573: 6558:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 668. 6527: 6294: 4683:policies of the government. The Liberals formed a 2258:, leading to a continuous period of unprecedented 11153:. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998. 11002:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004. 10861:. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990. 10639:Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1944 10530:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. 10463:. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. 10274:Political parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s 9542: 9540: 8099: 8097: 7600: 7462: 7460: 6927: 6270: 6104:, (5 December 2005) (original source unknown) at 5339:to power in France the reactionary Bourbon kings. 4759:, which contains influential parties such as the 4605: 4376:(also translated as Democratic Party) during the 3331:became central doctrines of classical economics. 1730:, affirming parliamentary supremacy, passing the 11568: 11226:A Letter Concerning Toleration: Humbly Submitted 10249:Varieties of Liberalism: Contemporary Challenges 9371:Kazemzadeh, Masoud (2008). "Opposition Groups". 9366: 9364: 9089:The Essential Middle East: A Comprehensive Guide 8206: 8025: 8023: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7011:The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform 6615: 6588: 6404:"Copyright and 'The Exclusive Right' Of Authors" 5828:, brought together the progressive left-liberal 5029:traces its history to the popular presidency of 4791:, the most populous democracy in the world, the 3961:. On a global level, liberals are united in the 3738:and communism. Their rise in 1939 culminated in 3593:religious elements. At Balliol College, Oxford, 2668:in 1787, which resulted in the writing of a new 2323:, he also championed a series of liberal reforms 2078:tyrannical government" was widely quoted by the 11198:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 11181:Feminist interpretations of Mary Wollstonecraft 10771:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. 10711:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. 10093:"International Democrat Union " Member Parties" 8934: 8646: 8644: 8454: 8322: 8282: 8057: 6570: 5708:, the deadliest conflict in human history. The 3903:Liberalism is frequently cited as the dominant 3873:nations are liberal democracies with extensive 3327:, Malthus theories of population and Ricardo's 3071:, the slave trade, high prices and high taxes. 2435:who was expelled from the House of Commons for 2098:was a great political evil and his major work, 2037:. Locke was influenced by the liberal ideas of 1878:continue to wield power, control and influence 10641:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008. 10306:. New York: Oxford University Press US, 2004. 10276:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992. 10240: 9537: 8603: 8358:Osman’s Dream: the Story of the Ottoman Empire 8094: 8007:Osman’s Dream: the Story of the Ottoman Empire 7761: 7759: 7757: 7457: 7304:. London: London: routledge. pp. 96–100. 6779:The terror: Civil war in the French revolution 6690: 6676:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 128–129. 5782:. Although it was largely accomplished by the 4740:, the official opposition party to the ruling 4161:intellectuals, who were dissatisfied with the 4002:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism 2791:monarchy intent on thwarting major reforms. A 11388: 11116:. Lanham: University Press of America, 2002. 11017:. Upper Saddle River: Allyn and Bacon, 1995. 10940:Keynesian Economics: The Permanent Revolution 10578:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1955. 10169:Chicago: University of Chicago Press (p. 92). 9818:Wolfgang J. Mommsen, and Wolfgang Mock, eds. 9361: 8772: 8020: 7661: 7573: 7386: 7269:Martin Blinkhorn, "The Fascist Challenge" in 6699: 6312: 6115: 6113: 6047:"Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans" 5607:Historian Peter Weiler argues the following: 4504:El-Sayed was one of the architects of modern 4312:for a brief period before his death in 1905, 4078:, among others, during his séjour in France. 3986:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 3459:John Stuart Mill and liberal political theory 2538:proportionality in the severity of punishment 2048:as the only effective way of achieving broad 1676: 1008:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties 978:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe 11360:. Edison, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1997. 11345:. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1994. 11000:Understanding Economic Recovery in the 1930s 10918:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 10846:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 10797:Monsma, Stephen and Soper, J. Christopher. 10686:. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 2000. 10671:. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 2001. 10317:Chabal, Emile. "The Agonies of Liberalism." 10140:"Vote 1 Baillieu to save small-l liberalism" 9119: 9038:International Journal of Middle East Studies 8995:. New York: New Press, The. pp. 52–54. 8778: 8714: 8683: 8681: 8641: 8380:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 8212: 8029: 7999: 7865:The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923 7672: 7628:Jürgen Buchenau; William H. Beezley (2009). 7273:(2006) edited by Gordon Martel, pp: 309-325. 6227:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 214–215. 5871:, liberalism is primarily championed by the 5790:, who laid the economic foundations, and by 4817:Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America 3364:, it was mainly used as a justification for 10816:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. 10752:Mackenzie, G. Calvin and Weisbrot, Robert. 10515:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. 10404:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 9261: 9028: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8316: 8151:. Franz Steiner Verlag. 1998. p. 260. 8141: 8139: 7985:. Cambridge University Press. p. 496. 7754: 7318: 7128: 6754:Thomas Jefferson: President and Philosopher 6750: 6068: 6066: 5246:. Another famous example is the Paraguayan 4775:, which includes powerful parties such the 2297:is a period of intellectual ferment in the 2148:was a landmark piece of liberal legislation 11395: 11381: 11099:Encyclopedia of women and gender, Volume I 11028:Van Schie, P. G. C. and Voermann, Gerrit. 10801:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. 10656:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996. 10498:Representative government in modern Europe 10485:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. 10032:Campaigns & Communications Committee. 9910:Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia 9899:Vol. 81, No. 5 (Dec., 1976), pp. 1058–1066 9370: 9308:. I.B.Tauris. 2007. pp. 775 of 1082. 9019:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 115 8990: 8935:John H. Lorentz (2010). "National Front". 8694:. University of Chicago Press. p. 4. 8609: 8573: 8487:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World 8461:. University of Chicago Press. p. 2. 8172: 8105:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire 7921:Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths 7833: 7805:"Faculty of Alsun – Historical background" 7765: 7735: 7710: 7607:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 88, 610. 7553:. U North Carolina Press. pp. 15–16. 7216: 7169:British Journal for the History of Science 6708: 6642: 6110: 5657:But democracy was no simple task, and the 5435:reducing the power of the Catholic Church. 4897:who toppled the conservatives were led by 4717:, the INC praised a "secular and liberal" 4169:, established a secret society called the 3982:European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party 3799:contains one of the first mentions of the 3267: 2607:Political tension between England and its 2516:the separation of the powers of government 2301:in the period 1714–1818, which led to the 2238:, which drew its ideological content from 1683: 1669: 11183:. State College: Penn State Press, 1996. 11168:. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004. 10972:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. 10859:Dictionary of modern political ideologies 10304:Thomas Jefferson: The Revolution of Ideas 10222:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.2.081805.105900 10003:Political Ideology Today (Politics Today) 9869:The People's Budget: An Edwardian Tragedy 9296: 8678: 8492: 8185:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188. 7339: 7223:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 24–26. 7180: 5856:while also instituting a non-enforcement 5774:In the United Kingdom, the comprehensive 5456:In the United Kingdom, the repeal of the 4904:Liberal revolutions in countries such as 3435:concerned about social balance, although 1013:International Federation of Liberal Youth 11196:John Locke's politics of moral consensus 10831:. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2008. 10287:Auerbach, Alan and Kotlikoff, Laurence. 9322: 9267:"Secrets of History: The C.I.A. in Iran" 9211: 8984: 8746: 8567: 8441: 8250: 8213:Lindgren, Allana; Ross, Stephen (2015). 8136: 7972: 7673:Lindgren, Allana; Ross, Stephen (2015). 7634:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 21. 7299: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6494: 6388:John J. Patrick; Gerald P. Long (1999). 6372: 6239:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart 6236: 6080: 6078: 6063: 5844:—an unusual combination that ultimately 5560: 5439: 5283: 5263: 5150: 5008: 4986: 4835: 4518: 4280:movement, also sometimes referred to as 4210: 4025: 3988:is the predominant liberal group in the 3883:resurgence in Keynesian economic thought 3760: 3710: 3502: 3455:movement emerged about 1900 in Britain. 3395: 3293:and the classical economists as well as 3277: 3207: 3030: 2827: 2710: 2583: 2450: 2311: 2139: 2094:' view of liberty. Sidney believed that 1923: 1905: 11338:, London and New York, Routledge, 2012. 11331:, London and New York, Routledge, 2011. 11316:. Hoboken: Blackwell Publishing, 2009. 10915:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10481:Flamm, Michael and Steigerwald, David. 10461:The making of American liberal theology 10445: 10247:Alnes, Jan Harald, and Manuel Toscano. 10209:Annual Review of Law and Social Science 9699:, p. 253, Yale University Press, 2009, 9255: 9022: 8687: 8650: 8532: 8498: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8030:Berger, Stefan; Miller, Alexei (2015). 7978: 7580:. Oxford University Press. p. 89. 7333: 7324: 7282: 6381: 6288: 6018: 6000:"The Constitution of the United States" 5972: 4773:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 4671:In the middle of the 20th century, the 3830:in the 1970s inspired a move away from 3472:addressed the nature and limits of the 3346:An Essay on the Principle of Population 3094:Reflections on the Revolution in France 3059:and popular sovereignty. Radicals like 2965: 2603:with three equal branches of government 2596:(still in effect), which established a 2446: 2378:and condemned the perceived widespread 2265: 993:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats 11569: 11334:Leroux, Robert, and David Hart (eds), 11151:Ideology and politics in Britain today 11086:. New York: Random House, Inc., 2009. 11015:Political ideology in the modern world 10957:. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 2004. 10626:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 9992: 9331:"CIA Admits It Was Behind Iran's Coup" 8959: 8930: 8928: 8759:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8410: 7918:Akgunduz, Ahmet; Ozturk, Said (2011). 6889:The Desk Encyclopedia of World History 6886: 6820:Palmer and Colton, (1995) pp. 428–429. 5226:in Latin America are organised in the 4795:has long dominated political affairs. 3881:, which began around 2007, prompted a 2623:of a new republic, and the successful 2573: 2464:separation of the powers of government 2123: 11376: 10911: 10844:The New Politics of the Welfare State 10769:An Intellectual History of Liberalism 10624:Political Ideologies: An Introduction 10374:. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc., 1995. 9998: 9422:Radical Islam: the Iranian Mojahedin. 9328: 9153: 8813: 8371: 8066: 7944: 6958: 6939: 6669: 6276: 6075: 5534:, returned with full strength in the 5136:In the 1960s and 1970s, the cause of 4750:provincial government of Western Cape 4660:with nationalist members adhering to 4392:, it was largely composed of liberal 4006:In long-term historical perspective, 3750:opened in 1947 between the Communist 2795:was proclaimed in September 1792 and 2512:a constitutional system of government 2160:began to coalesce at the time of the 2136:Civil liberties in the United Kingdom 11059:West, Thomas G. (1996). "Foreword". 11058: 10767:Manent, Pierre and Seigel, Jerrold. 10560:. Florence: Cengage Learning, 2008. 10122:"A new battleline for Liberal ideas" 9085: 9029:Gasiorowski, Mark J. (August 1987). 8475: 8388:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 8377: 7858: 7159: 7056: 6525: 6300: 5354:. Revolutions spread throughout the 5013:Unskilled labourers working for the 3720:President of the Republic of Finland 3323:In addition to Adam Smith's legacy, 3112:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 2700: 2568: 11301:. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004. 10893:. New York: Nova Publishers, 2001. 10611:. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2000. 10592:Hafner, Danica and Ramet, Sabrina. 9686:Flamm and Steigerwald, pp. 156–158. 8925: 8904:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 8382:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7289:(Thesis) – via trepo.tuni.fi. 6968:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 6211:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, p. 29. 6188: 5886:forces and are affiliated with the 5794:, who designed the welfare system. 4553:among others. It is the oldest pro- 3606: 1734:and establishing the principle of " 1033:Liberal South East European Network 13: 11279:. Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2004. 9757:Reaction and Revolution, 1814–1832 9746:(Cambridge University Press, 2003) 8715:Hanssen, Jens; Weiss, Max (2016). 7271:A Companion to Europe, 1900 - 1945 6831:Reaction and Revolution: 1814–1832 6086:The Journal of Libertarian Studies 5901: 5125:, and the passage of the landmark 4021: 2950:His most lasting achievement, the 2707:Influence of the French Revolution 2684:Independence, was epoch-marking". 2681:American theorists and politicians 2648:, written in committee largely by 2422:Republicanism in the United States 14: 11598: 10878:. New York: Penguin Group, 1992. 10786:. New York: Vintage Books, 1998. 10756:. New York: Penguin Group, 2008. 10726:Westport: Greenwood Press, 2004. 10709:Liberal parties in Western Europe 10434:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006. 10387:A History of Philosophy: Volume V 10338:. Boulder: Westview Press, 1998. 9329:Bryne, Malcolm (18 August 2013). 8853:Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 8295:. Brill Archive. pp. 36–37. 7520:Richard Weisberger et al., eds., 7135:. London: Penguin Books. p. 6848:A Decade of Revolution: 1789–1799 6649:. Cengage Learning. p. 578. 6544:– via Gale Virtual Library. 6316:1688: The First Modern Revolution 5896: 5809:, the Liberal Democrats formed a 5739:, and in Spain in 1939 after the 5628:, a powerful liberal bloc in the 5624:and political struggles with the 4711:India's independence from Britain 4257:in 1908 and the beginning of the 3178:were joined by a small number of 2976:The development into maturity of 2670:Constitution of the United States 2431:radicals", led by the politician 1023:Liberal Network for Latin America 456:(contributions to liberal theory) 11403:History of liberalism by country 11314:Contesting the French Revolution 11062:Discourses Concerning Government 10970:Christianity and Liberal Society 10876:The Penguin History of the World 10576:The liberal tradition in America 10261:. New York: Viking Adult, 2008. 10228: 10199: 10190: 10181: 10172: 10159: 10150: 10132: 10114: 10064: 10055: 10025: 9983: 9974: 9965: 9956: 9947: 9938: 9915: 9902: 9889: 9880: 9861: 9852: 9843: 9834: 9825: 9812: 9789: 9780: 9771: 9749: 9736: 9727: 9718: 9709: 9689: 9668: 9659: 9650: 9641: 9632: 9611: 9602: 9580: 9567: 9558: 9549: 9501: 9492: 9483: 9464: 9455: 9446: 9414: 9389: 9341: 9284: 9242: 9205: 9181: 9147: 9113: 9079: 9009: 8953: 8912: 8880: 8858: 8845: 8807: 8708: 8657:. Scarecrow Press. p. 224. 8526: 8404: 8350: 8323:Caroline Finkel (19 July 2012). 8244: 8182:The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire 8127: 8118: 7938: 7911: 7902: 7893: 7852: 7827: 7797: 7729: 7704: 7648: 7621: 7537:(Oxford University Press, 1991). 7524:(East European Monographs, 2002) 7283:Mononen, Juha (March 24, 2009). 7057:Mill, John Stuart (April 1862). 6646:Western Civilization: Since 1300 6414:Journal of Intellectual Property 6392:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 6088:, Vol. IX, No. 2 (Fall 1990) at 5979: 5577:which specifically aimed at the 5173:cultural and political upheavals 4427: 4418: 4233:and reluctantly promulgated the 4127: 4118: 3201: 3083:(1791) provoked a response from 2980:took place before and after the 2771:Abolition of feudalism in France 2621:1776 Declaration of Independence 2400:during the 1720s and written by 2382:and lack of morality during the 2101:Discourses Concerning Government 1901: 1650: 1638: 37: 11047:. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007. 10906:The Making of Modern Liberalism 10500:. New York: McGraw Hill, 2001. 10476:Liberalism: The Life of an Idea 9786:Palmer and Colton, pp. 546–547. 9665:Mackenzie and Weisbrot, p. 178. 9629:Auerbach and Kotlikoff, p. 299. 9509:Journal of the History of Ideas 7594: 7567: 7547:Jessica Harland-Jacobs (2007). 7540: 7527: 7514: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7448: 7439: 7430: 7421: 7407: 7380: 7371: 7358: 7293: 7276: 7263: 7250: 7245:Liberalism: The Life of an Idea 7237: 7210: 7197: 7153: 7132:Utilitarianism and other essays 7122: 7103: 7081: 7069: 7050: 7033: 7016: 7000: 6991: 6982: 6965:A Critical History of Economics 6918: 6909: 6880: 6871: 6862: 6853: 6836: 6823: 6814: 6805: 6790:Colton and Palmer, pp. 428–429. 6784: 6771: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6663: 6636: 6609: 6582: 6561: 6548: 6519: 6471: 6441: 6428: 6419: 6402:Professor Lyman Ray Patterson, 6396: 6366: 6340: 6306: 6249: 6230: 6214: 6201: 6179: 6170: 6161: 6152: 5878:. The Liberals are a fusion of 5763:. Others, such as the Romanian 5248:Authentic Radical Liberal Party 5146:National Organization for Women 4805:Liberalism in the United States 4608:) (later British Petroleum and 4384:. Initially an offshoot of the 3561:Principles of Political Economy 2617:taxation without representation 2366:In the early 18th century, the 2256:Licensing of the Press Act 1662 11297:Frey, Linda and Frey, Marsha. 11065:. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. 10609:Culture and Customs of Ecuador 9897:The American Historical Review 9031:"The 1953 Coup D'etat in Iran" 8455:Mansoor Moaddel (2005-05-16). 8107:, Princeton University Press. 8073:. Edinburgh University Press. 7982:A History of Islamic Societies 7948:Turkey: The Quest for Identity 7766:Abdelmoula, Ezzeddine (2015). 7604:Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico 6501:Hitchens, Christopher (2006). 6377:. Law Book Co. of Australasia. 6143: 6134: 6094: 6037: 6012: 5993: 5634:widespread riots in early 1917 5428:, a member of the landholding 4648:, which chose Iranian General 4398:separation of church and state 2458:was a prominent figure of the 2020:separation of church and state 1886:. Liberals have advocated for 397:Separation of church and state 1: 11131:. New York: Routledge, 1993. 11101:. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001. 10741:. New York: Routledge, 2005. 10419:. New York: Macmillan, 2008. 10389:. New York: Doubleday, 1959. 10372:A History of the Modern World 10356:. New York: Routledge, 2007. 10319:Contemporary European History 9674:Mackenzie and Weisbrot, p. 5. 9126:. Random House. p. 241. 9086:Hiro, Dilip (12 April 2018). 8866:"Cairo University Presidents" 8329:. John Murray. pp. 6–7. 8254:The Young Turks in Opposition 7205:History of Political Thought, 7160:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2017). 7063:Harper's New Monthly Magazine 6757:. Random House. p. 131. 5759:, have been characterised as 5421:after their loss in the war. 5312:, the first group to use the 5228:Red Liberal de América Latina 5015:Works Progress Administration 4456:Egyptian Constitution of 1923 3995: 3927:depending on their location. 3896:and, after World War II, the 3105:, who followed with an early 3020: 2627:to defend the United States. 2525:Second Treatise of Government 2232:cruel and unusual punishments 11259:Cambridge Historical Journal 10985:Mexico and the United States 10932:UK public library membership 10528:Origins of liberal dominance 10432:Bulls, Bears, Boom, and Bust 10354:Great Empires, Small Nations 10291:Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998. 10097:International Democrat Union 9912:(Garland, 1995) pp. 564–565. 9822:(Taylor & Francis, 1981) 9396:Houchang E. Chehabi (1990). 8616:Iran Between Two Revolutions 8539:Liberal Islam: A Source Book 8289:Zvi Yehuda Hershlag (1980). 7979:Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002). 6887:Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). 6643:Spielvogel, Jackson (2011). 6503:Thomas Paine's Rights of Man 5891:International Democrat Union 5840:, and the social democratic 5651:liberté, égalité, fraternité 5488:. From around 1840 to 1860, 5163:In the late 20th century, a 5043:unprecedented four elections 4781:Democratic Progressive Party 4440:(1889–1973) on the left and 4235:Ottoman constitution of 1876 4216:Ottoman constitution of 1876 4140:(1840–1888) on the left and 3242:. The strongest defender of 2925:was proclaimed for all men. 2779:Declaration of Independence. 2034:Letter Concerning Toleration 7: 11244:Two Treatises of Government 10241:Sources and further reading 10061:Schie and Voermann, p. 121. 10009:Manchester University Press 9420:Abrahamian, Ervand (1989). 9400:. I.B.Tauris. p. 128. 8991:Abrahamian, Ervand (2013). 8251:Hanioglu, M. Sukru (1995). 8179:Selçuk Akşin Somel (2010). 8103:Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2008). 7836:The Modern History of Egypt 7738:The Modern History of Egypt 7713:The Modern History of Egypt 7415:"Freedom in the World 2016" 6622:. Brill. pp. 237–238. 6595:. Brill. pp. 237–238. 6505:. Grove Press. p. 37. 5933: 5846:legalised same-sex marriage 5673:, a communist group led by 5478:chancellor of the exchequer 5464:and liberal economics. The 5242:, which is a member of the 4881:in the early 20th century. 4798: 2960:restoration of the monarchy 2646:Declaration of Independence 2412:and advanced principles of 2000:by the English philosopher 1740:Declaration of Independence 10: 11603: 11143: 10724:Recessions and Depressions 10667:Karatnycky, Adrian et al. 10496:Gallagher, Michael et al. 9971:Karatnycky et al., p. 247. 9777:Palmer and Colton, p. 509. 9768:Palmer and Colton, p. 510. 9733:Colton and Palmer, p. 479. 8960:Ritter, Daniel P. (2015). 8723:Cambridge University Press 8621:Princeton University Press 7924:. IUR Press. p. 318. 7834:Vatikiotis, P. J. (1976). 7736:Vatikiotis, P. J. (1976). 7711:Vatikiotis, P. J. (1976). 7601:Michael S. Werner (2001). 7340:Skidelsky, Robert (2003). 7260:, 2018, Vol. 48(1), p 127. 7258:European History Quarterly 6802:Colton and Palmer, p. 428. 6670:Adams, Willi Paul (2001). 6425:Colton and Palmer, p. 333. 6416:, Vol. 1, No. 1 Fall 1993. 5863: 5767:, have been classified as 5683:several years of civil war 5602:Unemployment Insurance Act 5480:and later prime minister, 5291:Liberty Leading the People 5257: 5201:2008 presidential election 5144:organisations such as the 4891:Liberal Revolution of 1895 4861:instituted the program of 4802: 4679:were formed to oppose the 3999: 3978:Liberal Party of Gibraltar 3791:in 1933, Keynes published 3610: 3271: 3024: 2969: 2704: 2625:American Revolutionary War 2594:United States Constitution 2577: 2299:thirteen American colonies 2269: 2133: 2127: 2084:American Revolutionary War 1948:and equality under the law 11408: 11291: 11211:Byron: the erotic liberal 10070:Gallagher et al., p. 226. 9989:Various authors, p. 1615. 9980:Hafner and Ramet, p. 104. 9944:Shlapentokh, pp. 220–228. 9797:Journal of Modern History 9489:Routledge et al., p. 111. 9109:– via Google Books. 9050:10.1017/s0020743800056737 8888:Nations & Nationalism 8688:Moaddel, Mansoor (2005). 8651:Lorentz, John H. (2010). 8499:Moaddel, Mansoor (2005). 8356:Finkel, Caroline (2006). 8005:Finkel, Caroline (2006). 7951:. Oneworld Publications. 7393:. Henry Holt. p. 7. 7300:Pressman, Steven (1999). 7182:10.1017/S0007087417000863 6741:Manent and Seigel, p. 80. 6616:Milan Zafirovski (2007). 6589:Milan Zafirovski (2007). 6536:. Charles Scribner's Sons 6375:Lectures on Legal History 6319:. Yale University Press. 6255:Hunter, William Bridges. 6243:Religion past and present 6044:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 6019:Kalkman, Matthew (2011). 5415:triumphing against France 5253: 5031:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 4742:African National Congress 4630:Eisenhower administration 4602:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 4382:Moderate Socialists Party 4348:). Islamic modernism and 4259:Second Constitutional Era 4225:appointed liberal-minded 3875:social welfare programmes 3629:Abolitionist anti-slavery 3558:, adding chapters to his 2666:Constitutional Convention 2658:Articles of Confederation 2224:rights for all Englishmen 2208:parliamentary sovereignty 2206:of 1688, which enshrined 2104:, was written during the 2006:consent from the governed 1915:right to private property 1724:constitutionally limiting 1620:Sexually liberal feminism 1527:Bias in American academia 998:European Democratic Party 454:List of liberal theorists 11084:The Future of Liberalism 10669:Nations in transit, 2001 10082:Monsma and Soper, p. 95. 9564:Dore and Molyneux, p. 9. 9519:12 February 2015 at the 9221:. ABC-CLIO. p. 33. 9017:A History of Modern Iran 7247:(2nd ed. 2018) pp. 33-48 7059:"The Contest in America" 5961:The Machiavellian Moment 5945:History of human thought 5807:general election of 2010 5745:fall of the Soviet Union 5579:redistribution of wealth 5536:general election of 1906 5528:Henry Campbell-Bannerman 5217:election of Donald Trump 5159:participants and leaders 5127:Civil Rights Act of 1964 5105:oversaw the creation of 5072:social liberal programme 4927:In the United States, a 4793:Indian National Congress 4779:in the Philippines, the 4769:Rally of the Republicans 4748:and currently leads the 4487:Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri 4483:Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri 4444:(1872–1963) on the right 4239:First Constitutional Era 3890:liberal internationalism 3822:, but the widely feared 3691:, was overthrown in the 3542:Although Mill's initial 3101:featured, among others, 3053:radical liberal movement 2868:, the disintegration of 2852:, the liberalization of 2767:Storming of the Bastille 2611:grew after 1765 and the 2534:presumption of innocence 1958:Spring and Autumn period 1944:, frequent convening of 279:Labor theory of property 11228:. CreateSpace, 2009. 10652:Jensen, Pamela Grande. 10511:Godwin, Kenneth et al. 10417:The Spirit of Democracy 10234:(Rose et al. 2006: 84). 9160:. Penguin. p. 11. 8968:Oxford University Press 8851:Hourani, Albert. 1962. 8755:"Luṭfīal-Sayyid, Aḥmad" 8544:Oxford University Press 8259:Oxford University Press 7116:March 27, 2009, at the 7090:The Subjection of Women 6893:Oxford University Press 5940:History of conservatism 5799:Social Democratic Party 5588:of 1909, championed by 5482:William Ewart Gladstone 5344:July Revolution of 1830 5244:Socialist International 5240:Colombian Liberal Party 5113:, the establishment of 4982:natural governing party 4557:group operating inside 4390:Social Democratic Party 4314:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani 3974:Liberal Party of Canada 3959:democratic institutions 3859:The Spirit of Democracy 3851:collapsed precipitously 3797:The Means to Prosperity 3793:The Means to Prosperity 3718:(1865–1952), the first 3600:the Newcastle Programme 3577:William Ewart Gladstone 3537:The Subjection of Women 3494:tyranny of the majority 3268:Liberal economic theory 3188:William Ewart Gladstone 2876:, the final end of the 2590:Philadelphia Convention 2386:, theorizing that only 2200:equality before the law 2183:Agreement of the People 2164:. Disputes between the 1930:Agreement of the People 1919:consent of the governed 1783:William Henry of Orange 1753:universal male suffrage 1736:consent of the governed 988:Arab Liberal Federation 178:Consent of the governed 10924:10.1093/ref:odnb/25519 10385:Copleston, Frederick. 10321:26.1 (2017): 161–173. 10034:"2015 Election Review" 9452:Van den Berghe, p. 57. 9443:Van den Berghe, p. 56. 9092:. Carroll & Graf. 8067:Black, Antony (2011). 7574:J.P. Daughton (2006). 7387:Larry Diamond (2008). 7302:Fifty Great Economists 6348:"England's revolution" 6313:Steven Pincus (2009). 6207:Feldman, Noah (2005). 6194:Feldman, Noah (2005). 5765:National Liberal Party 5716:between the communist 5659:Provisional Government 5598:National Insurance Act 5581: 5548:unemployment insurance 5453: 5303: 5281: 5272:prepare to attack the 5160: 5081:gross domestic product 5063:gross national product 5025:In the United States, 5022: 5006: 4850: 4757:Africa Liberal Network 4652:to succeed Mosaddegh. 4571:Gholam Hossein Sadighi 4531:National Front of Iran 4526: 4218: 4034: 3935: 3777: 3727: 3684:in the United States. 3515:Green's definition of 3512: 3410: 3393:for the mentally ill. 3337:labour theory of value 3286: 3216: 3180:parliamentary Radicals 3130:Philosophical Radicals 3099:Revolution Controversy 3048: 2923:equality under the law 2886:equality under the law 2872:, the collapse of the 2864:, the legalization of 2841: 2729: 2662:Confederation Congress 2604: 2507:The Spirit of the Laws 2473: 2469:The Spirit of the Laws 2324: 2295:American Enlightenment 2216:Habeas Corpus Act 1679 2149: 2070:opposition during the 1949: 1921: 1866:(often called simply " 1003:European Liberal Youth 973:Africa Liberal Network 198:Economic globalization 11587:History of liberalism 11582:History of ideologies 11356:Shlapentokh, Dmitry. 11299:The French Revolution 10908:(Princeton UP, 2012). 10827:Perry, Marvin et al. 10812:Peerenboom, Randall. 10702:The Republican Mother 10607:Handelsman, Michael. 9953:Heywood, pp. 218–226. 9154:Secor, Laura (2016). 9120:Archie Brown (2014). 8822:Yale University Press 8814:Osman, Tarek (2013). 8577:(October 28, 2011) . 8575:Ettehadieh, Mansoureh 8489:, Thomson Gale (2004) 8033:Nationalizing Empires 7945:Ahmad, Feroz (2014). 6997:Richardson, pp. 36–37 6844:Histoire de la Suisse 6453:University of Chicago 6257:A Milton Encyclopedia 6158:Copleston, pp. 39–41. 6149:Godwin et al., p. 12. 5815:2015 general election 5749:breakup of Yugoslavia 5564: 5443: 5287: 5278:Battle of Mendigorría 5267: 5165:conservative backlash 5154: 5088:civil rights movement 5012: 4993:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4990: 4839: 4727:military dictatorship 4634:Truman administration 4622:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 4522: 4378:constitutional period 4255:Young Turk Revolution 4214: 4186:French Third Republic 4029: 3963:Liberal International 3939:Liberal International 3930: 3787:At the height of the 3764: 3714: 3613:Liberalism by country 3575:led in Parliament by 3506: 3399: 3304:The Wealth of Nations 3281: 3211: 3069:Protestant Dissenters 3034: 2831: 2714: 2619:, culminating in the 2587: 2553:right to a fair trial 2530:right to a fair trial 2454: 2414:freedom of conscience 2374:in England, promoted 2343:, the institution of 2315: 2254:refused to renew the 2190:, an extended voting 2176:. In particular, the 2143: 1972:claimed that Chinese 1927: 1909: 1645:Liberalism portal 1517:Anti-authoritarianism 1018:Liberal International 11261:13#1 (1957): 58–81. 10684:Freedom in the World 10682:Karatnycky, Adrian. 10350:Colomer, Josep Maria 10336:Twilight of the West 10334:Coker, Christopher. 10302:Bernstein, Richard. 10272:Ameringer, Charles. 10178:(Foucault 1991: 88). 10041:2015 Election Review 9608:Chodos et al., p. 9. 9424:I.B. Tauris. p. 47. 9293:, Mar. 1954: p, iii. 9015:Âbrâhâmiân, Ervand, 8588:Encyclopædia Iranica 8124:Zürcher 2004, p. 78. 7475:Schell, pp. 273–280. 7445:Peerenboom, pp. 7–8. 7077:John Cunningham Wood 6751:Jon Meacham (2014). 6058:The Politics of Hope 6023:. Granville Island. 5973:Notes and references 5955:Intellectual history 5950:History of socialism 5906:French intellectual 5811:coalition government 5778:was built after the 5565:Liberal politicians 5526:The Liberals, under 5466:Anti-Corn Law League 5446:Anti-Corn Law League 5288:The iconic painting 5260:Liberalism in Europe 5138:Second Wave feminism 5098:project launched by 5033:, who initiated the 4813:Liberalism in Mexico 4809:Liberalism in Canada 4767:in Senegal, and the 4700:liberal nationalists 4594:foreign intervention 4506:Egyptian nationalism 4475:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed 4442:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed 4402:Constitution of 1906 4318:Muhammad Rashid Rida 4298:Western Civilization 4157:In 1865, a group of 4089:Ain Shams University 4012:Age of Enlightenment 3967:ideological spectrum 3951:classical liberalism 3933:nurture creativity. 3772:, formalized modern 3682:Progressive Movement 3619:Wilhelm von Humboldt 3552:progressive taxation 3507:Liberal philosopher 3320:over India in 1858. 3046:political radicalism 3044:was a manifesto for 2978:classical liberalism 2972:Classical liberalism 2966:Classical liberalism 2807:, culminated in the 2592:in 1787 adopted the 2490:French Enlightenment 2460:French Enlightenment 2447:French Enlightenment 2345:religious toleration 2329:Joseph II of Austria 2317:Joseph II of Austria 2291:French Enlightenment 2278:Enlightenment ideals 2272:Age of Enlightenment 2266:Age of Enlightenment 2260:freedom of the press 2029:religious toleration 1880:throughout the world 1811:classical liberalism 449:Age of Enlightenment 402:Separation of powers 10953:Sinclair, Timothy. 10196:(Nadesan 2008: 16). 10187:(Foucault 1991: 92) 10043:. Liberal Democrats 9999:Adams, Ian (2001). 9755:Frederick B. Artz, 9589:Wall Street Journal 9498:Steinberg, pp. 1–2. 9250:All the Shah's Men. 8894:(2): 285–300. 2007. 8216:The Modernist World 7676:The Modernist World 7658:(1996) pp. 634–635 7533:Margaret C. Jacob, 7504:"The International" 7217:Chris Cook (2010). 6829:Frederick B. Artz, 6491:, Howard Fast, 1961 5858:policy on marijuana 5788:John Maynard Keynes 5592:and fellow liberal 5407:Franco-Austrian War 5352:revolutions in 1848 5298:, a tableau of the 5236:Cuban Liberal Union 5157:March on Washington 5037:in response to the 4848:President of Mexico 4783:in Taiwan, and the 4738:Democratic Alliance 4350:liberal nationalism 4310:Al-Azhar University 3990:European Parliament 3834:, especially under 3832:Keynesian economics 3782:John Maynard Keynes 3766:John Maynard Keynes 3657:Sozial-Liberalismus 3544:economic philosophy 3486:necessary condition 3379:Metropolitan Police 3357:economic liberalism 3335:challenged Smith's 3274:Economic liberalism 3103:Mary Wollstonecraft 2986:classical economics 2860:, the abolition of 2580:American Revolution 2574:American revolution 2557:freedom of religion 2462:who argued for the 2427:In the 1760s, the " 2394:, published in the 2321:absolutist monarchy 2307:American Philosophy 2303:American Revolution 2212:right of revolution 2204:Glorious Revolution 2196:religious tolerance 2188:popular sovereignty 2130:Glorious Revolution 2124:Glorious Revolution 2108:, as a response to 2072:Glorious Revolution 1942:freedom of religion 1860:liberal democracies 1795:American Revolution 1787:Glorious Revolution 1657:Politics portal 360:Civil and political 333:Popular sovereignty 193:Economic liberalism 11268:2020-09-02 at the 11129:Nature and liberty 10737:Lightfoot, Simon. 10328:2020-08-01 at the 10259:Why We're Liberals 10156:Karatnycky, p. 59. 10128:. 26 October 2009. 9932:2016-10-19 at the 9874:2012-03-05 at the 9806:2021-04-22 at the 9742:Robert Alexander, 9724:Ameringer, p. 489. 9596:2017-02-21 at the 9555:Handelsman, p. 10. 9530:2017-02-15 at the 9476:2010-08-01 at the 9355:2013-01-25 at the 9271:The New York Times 9213:Davidson, Lawrence 8937:The A to Z of Iran 8920:All the Shah's Men 8868:. Cairo University 8654:The A to Z of Iran 8611:Abrahamian, Ervand 7776:. pp. 50–52. 7207:6 (1985), 517–550. 7096:2015-04-29 at the 7087:Mill, J.S. (1869) 7013:(Oxford UP, 1978). 6936:Richardson, p. 33. 6877:Vincent, pp. 29–30 6868:Lyons, pp. 98–102. 6833:(1934) pp. 142–143 6487:2013-02-25 at the 6459:on 13 October 2006 6434:Caroline Robbins, 6409:2014-01-10 at the 6052:2018-02-12 at the 6005:2019-12-29 at the 5755:or the Lithuanian 5667:Alexander Kerensky 5590:David Lloyd George 5582: 5573:enacted the 1909 5567:David Lloyd George 5454: 5391:Frankfurt Assembly 5304: 5282: 5213:Tea Party movement 5161: 5047:New Deal coalition 5023: 5007: 4937:American Civil War 4879:Mexican Revolution 4851: 4719:Indian nationalism 4644:at the request of 4535:Mohammad Mosaddegh 4527: 4524:Mohammad Mosaddegh 4460:Muslim Brotherhood 4404:which created the 4355:Islamic revivalism 4282:Modernist Salafism 4247:Ottoman Parliament 4219: 4048:Muhammad Ali Pasha 4035: 3778: 3728: 3697:Russian Revolution 3646:Syllabus of Errors 3617:The German savant 3535:. In his article " 3513: 3411: 3318:East India Company 3312:the repeal of the 3287: 3217: 3151:Westminster Review 3049: 2958:brought about the 2842: 2785:liberal assemblies 2730: 2717:march of the women 2615:over the issue of 2605: 2474: 2347:, including equal 2325: 2154:Western philosophy 2150: 2044:Milton argued for 1962:Western philosophy 1956:since the Chinese 1954:Eastern philosophy 1950: 1922: 1856:Islamic revivalism 328:Permissive society 308:Limited government 11564: 11563: 11234:978-1-4495-2376-3 11209:Gross, Jonathan. 11166:The Grand Old Man 11043:Various authors. 11013:Susser, Bernard. 10930:(Subscription or 10622:Heywood, Andrew. 10474:Fawcett, Edmund. 10367:Colton, Joel and 9705:978-0-300-16418-3 9697:The Conservatives 9511:(1963): 515–522. 9430:978-1-85043-077-3 9265:(16 April 2000). 9248:Kinzer, Stephen. 9002:978-1-59558-826-5 8634:978-0-691-10134-7 8336:978-1-84854-785-8 8302:978-90-04-06061-6 8192:978-0-8108-7579-1 7656:Europe: A History 7510:on June 10, 2006. 7454:Sinclair, p. 145. 7400:978-0-8050-7869-5 7311:978-0-415-13481-1 7146:978-0-14-043272-5 7045:978-0-14-144147-4 7028:978-0-14-144147-4 6988:Richardson, p. 32 6902:978-0-7394-7809-7 6602:978-90-04-16052-1 6567:Bernstein, p. 48. 6512:978-0-8021-4383-9 6478:"Introduction to 6354:. 17 October 2009 6326:978-0-300-15605-8 6030:978-1-926991-04-7 5880:classical liberal 5836:and centre-right 5803:Liberal Democrats 5792:William Beveridge 5753:Liberal Democrats 5741:Spanish Civil War 5679:second revolution 5646:French Revolution 5594:Winston Churchill 5571:Winston Churchill 5494:Manchester School 5492:advocates of the 5444:A meeting of the 5426:Otto von Bismarck 5411:Otto von Bismarck 5399:Camillo di Cavour 5330:the conservative 5318:1812 Constitution 5181:George H. W. Bush 5103:Lyndon B. Johnson 5076:unemployment rate 5059:unemployment rate 5027:modern liberalism 4978:liberal democracy 4966:Lester B. Pearson 4954:ruled the country 4746:National Assembly 4734:liberal tradition 4677:Progressive Party 4662:liberal democracy 4626:Winston Churchill 4278:Islamic Modernist 4243:constitutionalism 4056:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi 4031:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi 3947:social liberalism 3894:League of Nations 3836:Margaret Thatcher 3801:multiplier effect 3706:League of Nations 3680:in Italy and the 3652:Social democratic 3637:enduring republic 3623:Benjamin Constant 3595:Thomas Hill Green 3509:Thomas Hill Green 3453:social liberalism 3420:industrialisation 3333:Jean Baptiste Say 3329:iron law of wages 3240:Harriet Martineau 3196:Church of Ireland 3132:who followed the 2982:French Revolution 2919:Holy Roman Empire 2917:ended as did the 2909:, and closed the 2878:Holy Roman Empire 2763:Tennis Court Oath 2738:Johann von Goethe 2701:French Revolution 2689:Leopold von Ranke 2609:American colonies 2569:Era of revolution 2418:freedom of speech 2357:industrialization 2236:Act of Toleration 2162:English Civil War 2096:absolute monarchy 2060:freedom of speech 1986:spontaneous order 1938:English Civil War 1892:marriage equality 1864:social liberalism 1803:French Revolution 1749:French Revolution 1726:the power of the 1693: 1692: 1532:Bias in the media 1048:Regional variants 365:Natural and legal 11594: 11397: 11390: 11383: 11374: 11373: 11327:Leroux, Robert, 11097:Worell, Judith. 11076: 10998:Steindl, Frank. 10935: 10927: 10842:Pierson, Paul. 10814:China modernizes 10707:Kirchner, Emil. 10556:Grigsby, Ellen. 10456: 10415:Diamond, Larry. 10235: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10203: 10197: 10194: 10188: 10185: 10179: 10176: 10170: 10163: 10157: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10108: 10099:. 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Freedom House. 7411: 7405: 7404: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7369: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7351:978-0-330-488679 7337: 7331: 7330: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7280: 7274: 7267: 7261: 7254: 7248: 7243:Edmund Fawcett, 7241: 7235: 7234: 7214: 7208: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7184: 7166: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7126: 7120: 7107: 7101: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7054: 7048: 7037: 7031: 7020: 7014: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6989: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6956: 6937: 6934: 6925: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6884: 6878: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6860: 6857: 6851: 6842:William Martin, 6840: 6834: 6827: 6821: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6791: 6788: 6782: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6586: 6580: 6579:Roberts, p. 701. 6577: 6568: 6565: 6559: 6554:Merrill Jensen, 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6531: 6526:Oliphant, John. 6523: 6517: 6516: 6498: 6492: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6455:. 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The 5039:Great Depression 4958:Canadian history 4944:perhaps beyond." 4922:anti-clericalism 4918:private property 4895:Radical Liberals 4765:Democratic Party 4763:in Morocco, the 4761:Popular Movement 4666:social democracy 4658:secular liberals 4656:organization of 4650:Fazlollah Zahedi 4607: 4575:Ahmad Zirakzadeh 4543:Ahmad Zirakzadeh 4533:was founded by 4514:Cairo University 4431: 4422: 4131: 4122: 4109:Edict of Gülhane 4094:moral philosophy 3941: 3789:Great Depression 3774:liberal economic 3756:Western Alliance 3754:and the liberal 3732:Great Depression 3673:regeneracionismo 3607:Worldwide spread 3582:Sir John Lubbock 3564:in defence of a 3550:and argued that 3521:Joseph Priestley 3519:, influenced by 3464:John Stuart Mill 3416:organized labour 3401:John Stuart Mill 3299:John Stuart Mill 3176:House of Commons 3065:Joseph Priestley 2901:, abolished the 2899:seigneurial dues 2858:seigneurial dues 2761:proclaiming the 2650:Thomas Jefferson 2613:Seven Years' War 2368:Commonwealth men 2186:which advocated 2106:Exclusion Crisis 2092:Founding Fathers 2088:Thomas Jefferson 2046:disestablishment 1831:John Stuart Mill 1791:Thomas Jefferson 1698:, the belief in 1685: 1678: 1671: 1655: 1654: 1643: 1642: 1561:Economic freedom 1554:Radical centrism 392:Secular humanism 318:Natural monopoly 269:Internationalism 86:Internationalist 41: 18: 17: 11602: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11567: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11502:North Macedonia 11404: 11401: 11371: 11341:Lyons, Martyn. 11294: 11270:Wayback Machine 11194:Forster, Greg. 11164:Cook, Richard. 11146: 11127:Zvesper, John. 11073: 10929: 10857:Riff, Michael. 10782:Mazower, Mark. 10526:Gould, Andrew. 10459:Dorrien, Gary. 10330:Wayback Machine 10243: 10238: 10233: 10229: 10204: 10200: 10195: 10191: 10186: 10182: 10177: 10173: 10164: 10160: 10155: 10151: 10138: 10137: 10133: 10120: 10119: 10115: 10106: 10104: 10091: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10074: 10069: 10065: 10060: 10056: 10046: 10044: 10036: 10030: 10026: 10019: 9997: 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9168: 9152: 9148: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9118: 9114: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9070: 9068: 9064: 9033: 9027: 9023: 9014: 9010: 9003: 8989: 8985: 8978: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8933: 8926: 8917: 8913: 8897: 8896: 8886: 8885: 8881: 8871: 8869: 8864: 8863: 8859: 8850: 8846: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8812: 8808: 8793:10.2307/1773168 8777: 8773: 8763: 8761: 8751: 8747: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8725:. p. 299. 8713: 8709: 8702: 8686: 8679: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8608: 8604: 8594: 8592: 8572: 8568: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8531: 8527: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8476: 8469: 8453: 8442: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8376: 8372: 8360:, Basic Books. 8355: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8321: 8317: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8249: 8245: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8223:. p. 440. 8211: 8207: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8145: 8144: 8137: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8102: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8065: 8058: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8028: 8021: 8009:, Basic Books. 8004: 8000: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7916: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7872:. p. 119. 7857: 7853: 7846: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7764: 7755: 7748: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7709: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7671: 7662: 7654:Norman Davies, 7653: 7649: 7642: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7532: 7528: 7519: 7515: 7502: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7466:Schell, p. 266. 7465: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7385: 7381: 7377:Colomer, p. 62. 7376: 7372: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7338: 7334: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7298: 7294: 7281: 7277: 7268: 7264: 7255: 7251: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7215: 7211: 7202: 7198: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7127: 7123: 7118:Wayback Machine 7108: 7104: 7098:Wayback Machine 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7055: 7051: 7038: 7034: 7021: 7017: 7007:Michael Freeden 7005: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6957: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6895:. p. 374. 6885: 6881: 6876: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6841: 6837: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6794: 6789: 6785: 6777:David Andress, 6776: 6772: 6765: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6732:Hanson, p. 189. 6731: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6696:Frey, Foreword. 6695: 6691: 6684: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6562: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6529:"Paine, Thomas" 6524: 6520: 6513: 6499: 6495: 6489:Wayback Machine 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6411:Wayback Machine 6401: 6397: 6386: 6382: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6311: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6254: 6250: 6235: 6231: 6219: 6215: 6206: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6185:Zvesper, p. 93. 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6140:Delaney, p. 18. 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6111: 6099: 6095: 6083: 6076: 6072:Worell, p. 470. 6071: 6064: 6054:Wayback Machine 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Kennedy 4997:Man of the Year 4991:Color photo of 4819: 4801: 4598:nationalization 4579:Allah-Yar Saleh 4491:Muhammad Mandur 4479:Tawfiq al-Hakim 4448: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4424: 4423: 4165:reforms in the 4159:Ottoman Turkish 4155: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4123: 4024: 4022:Africa and Asia 4004: 3998: 3943: 3937: 3909:Liberal parties 3879:Great Recession 3867:world's richest 3828:economic crisis 3824:Third World War 3716:K. J. Ståhlberg 3615: 3609: 3585:strong base in 3527:, was that the 3461: 3441:Charles Dickens 3314:Poor Relief Act 3276: 3270: 3206: 3167:Reform Act 1832 3148:co-founded the 3029: 3023: 3000:balanced budget 2974: 2968: 2846:Napoleonic Wars 2809:Reign of Terror 2755:Estates-General 2742:Battle of Valmy 2709: 2703: 2672:establishing a 2582: 2576: 2571: 2501:Persian letters 2449: 2437:seditious libel 2274: 2268: 2250:. In 1695, the 2248:Anglican Church 2138: 2132: 2126: 2116:, a defence of 2082:at the time of 2076:right to resist 2064:Algernon Sidney 2024:social contract 2022:. Based on the 1993:Richard Overton 1982:Friedrich Hayek 1970:Murray Rothbard 1904: 1896:racial equality 1888:gender equality 1876:liberal parties 1689: 1649: 1637: 1630: 1629: 1512: 1504: 1503: 1306:North Macedonia 1050: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1028:Liberal parties 966: 958: 957: 748: 740: 739: 470: 460: 459: 444: 434: 433: 429:State of nature 417:Social services 407:Social contract 370:To own property 173: 165: 164: 49: 12: 11: 5: 11600: 11590: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11400: 11399: 11392: 11385: 11377: 11370: 11369: 11354: 11339: 11332: 11325: 11312:Hanson, Paul. 11310: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11273: 11255: 11237: 11224:Locke, John. 11222: 11207: 11192: 11179:Falco, Maria. 11177: 11162: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11125: 11112:Young, Shaun. 11110: 11095: 11077: 11071: 11056: 11041: 11026: 11011: 10996: 10981: 10968:Song, Robert. 10966: 10951: 10936: 10909: 10902: 10889:Ros, Agustin. 10887: 10870: 10855: 10840: 10825: 10810: 10795: 10784:Dark Continent 10780: 10765: 10750: 10735: 10720: 10705: 10695: 10680: 10665: 10650: 10635: 10620: 10605: 10590: 10569: 10554: 10539: 10524: 10509: 10494: 10479: 10472: 10457: 10447:Doherty, Brian 10443: 10430:Dobson, John. 10428: 10413: 10400:Delaney, Tim. 10398: 10383: 10365: 10347: 10332: 10315: 10300: 10289:Macroeconomics 10285: 10270: 10255:Alterman, Eric 10252: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10236: 10227: 10198: 10189: 10180: 10171: 10158: 10149: 10131: 10126:The Australian 10113: 10084: 10072: 10063: 10054: 10024: 10018:978-0719060205 10017: 10007:. Manchester: 9991: 9982: 9973: 9964: 9955: 9946: 9937: 9921:Peter Weiler, 9914: 9901: 9888: 9879: 9867:Geoffrey Lee. 9860: 9851: 9842: 9833: 9824: 9811: 9799:(1972): 2–20. 9788: 9779: 9770: 9761: 9748: 9735: 9726: 9717: 9715:Wolfe, p. xiv. 9708: 9688: 9676: 9667: 9658: 9656:Knoop, p. 151. 9649: 9640: 9631: 9619: 9610: 9601: 9579: 9573:Don H. Doyle, 9566: 9557: 9548: 9546:Stacy, p. 698. 9536: 9500: 9491: 9482: 9463: 9461:Hodge, p. 346. 9454: 9445: 9433: 9413: 9407:978-1850431985 9406: 9388: 9382:978-0313341632 9381: 9360: 9340: 9335:Foreign Policy 9321: 9314: 9295: 9283: 9254: 9241: 9228:978-1440829444 9227: 9204: 9200:978-1439110126 9180: 9167:978-0698172487 9166: 9146: 9133:978-1448156986 9132: 9112: 9099:978-0786712694 9098: 9078: 9067:on 29 May 2014 9044:(3): 261–286. 9021: 9008: 9001: 8983: 8977:978-0199658329 8976: 8970:. p. 64. 8952: 8946:978-1461731917 8945: 8924: 8911: 8879: 8857: 8844: 8831:978-0300203707 8830: 8824:. p. 42. 8806: 8787:(2): 321–338. 8771: 8745: 8732:978-1107136335 8731: 8707: 8701:978-0226533339 8700: 8677: 8664:978-1461731917 8663: 8640: 8633: 8602: 8566: 8553:978-0195116229 8552: 8546:. p. 11. 8525: 8512:978-0226533339 8511: 8491: 8474: 8467: 8440: 8427:978-0387239798 8426: 8403: 8397:978-0195305135 8396: 8370: 8368:. pp. 489–490. 8349: 8335: 8315: 8301: 8281: 8268:978-0195358025 8267: 8243: 8230:978-1317696162 8229: 8205: 8191: 8171: 8158:978-3515073097 8157: 8135: 8126: 8117: 8093: 8080:978-0748688784 8079: 8056: 8043:978-9633860168 8042: 8019: 7998: 7992:978-0521779333 7991: 7971: 7958:978-1780743028 7957: 7937: 7931:978-9090261089 7930: 7910: 7901: 7892: 7879:978-1317871071 7878: 7851: 7845:978-0297772620 7844: 7826: 7815:on 5 July 2017 7796: 7783:978-1317518471 7782: 7753: 7747:978-0297772620 7746: 7728: 7722:978-0297772620 7721: 7703: 7690:978-1317696162 7689: 7660: 7647: 7641:978-0742557710 7640: 7620: 7614:978-1579583378 7613: 7593: 7587:978-0195345698 7586: 7566: 7560:978-1469606651 7559: 7539: 7526: 7513: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7468: 7456: 7447: 7438: 7429: 7420: 7406: 7399: 7379: 7370: 7357: 7350: 7332: 7327:The New Yorker 7317: 7310: 7292: 7275: 7262: 7249: 7236: 7230:978-1137056078 7229: 7209: 7196: 7175:(4): 677–699. 7152: 7145: 7121: 7102: 7080: 7068: 7049: 7032: 7015: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6974: 6938: 6926: 6917: 6908: 6901: 6879: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6835: 6822: 6813: 6811:Lyons, p. 111. 6804: 6792: 6783: 6770: 6764:978-0385387514 6763: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6707: 6705:Frey, Preface. 6698: 6689: 6683:978-0742520691 6682: 6662: 6656:978-1111342197 6655: 6635: 6629:978-9004160521 6628: 6608: 6601: 6581: 6569: 6560: 6547: 6518: 6511: 6493: 6470: 6440: 6427: 6418: 6395: 6380: 6365: 6339: 6325: 6305: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6248: 6229: 6213: 6209:Divided by God 6200: 6196:Divided by God 6187: 6178: 6169: 6167:Locke, p. 170. 6160: 6151: 6142: 6133: 6109: 6093: 6074: 6062: 6036: 6029: 6021:New Liberalism 6011: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5932: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5897:Historiography 5895: 5865: 5862: 5733:Vladimir Lenin 5688:The worldwide 5675:Vladimir Lenin 5618:earlier losses 5614: 5613: 5513:Utilitarianism 5505:Jeremy Bentham 5470:Richard Cobden 5419:third republic 5364:Italian states 5334:in the 1830s. 5306:In Spain, the 5255: 5252: 5185:George W. Bush 5123:War on Poverty 5005:, January 1933 4962:Pierre Trudeau 4946: 4945: 4800: 4797: 4785:Democrat Party 4715:2009 Manifesto 4586:Prime Minister 4539:Hossein Fatemi 4450:In Egypt, the 4436: 4435: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4374:Democrat Party 4308:, a Sheikh of 4306:Muhammad Abduh 4190:İbrahim Şinasi 4171:Young Ottomans 4167:Ottoman Empire 4150:Ottoman Empire 4146:Young Ottomans 4142:İbrahim Şinasi 4136: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4023: 4020: 3997: 3994: 3929: 3898:United Nations 3848:Eastern Europe 3838:in the UK and 3730:The worldwide 3702:Eastern Europe 3678:Giolittian Era 3676:in Spain, the 3662:New Liberalism 3611:Main article: 3608: 3605: 3556:socialist bent 3498:constitutional 3490:social liberty 3460: 3457: 3449:Matthew Arnold 3445:Thomas Carlyle 3383:prison reforms 3370:Jeremy Bentham 3353:Utilitarianism 3341:Thomas Malthus 3295:Jeremy Bentham 3272:Main article: 3269: 3266: 3219:Commitment to 3213:Jeremy Bentham 3205: 3200: 3192:disestablished 3146:Jeremy Bentham 3138:Jeremy Bentham 3136:philosophy of 3097:. The ensuing 3057:natural rights 3025:Main article: 3022: 3019: 3008:Richard Cobden 2970:Main article: 2967: 2964: 2948: 2947: 2935: 2934: 2911:Jewish ghettos 2870:Jewish ghettos 2832:First page of 2797:King Louis XVI 2726:First Republic 2705:Main article: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2578:Main article: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2518:. Building on 2448: 2445: 2402:John Trenchard 2397:London Journal 2392:Cato's Letters 2270:Main article: 2267: 2264: 2244:Nonconformists 2220:Bill of Rights 2158:Ancient Greeks 2146:Bill of Rights 2128:Main article: 2125: 2122: 1966:Ancient Greeks 1903: 1900: 1732:Bill of Rights 1691: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1673: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1647: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1625:Utilitarianism 1622: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1598:Libertarianism 1595: 1593:Land value tax 1590: 1589: 1588: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1566:Egalitarianism 1563: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1522:Anti-communism 1519: 1513: 1511:Related topics 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1467: 1465:Arizona School 1457: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1433:United Kingdom 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 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439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 426: 425: 424: 419: 412:Social justice 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 352: 351: 350: 345: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 313:Market economy 310: 305: 304: 303: 298: 288: 281: 276: 274:Invisible hand 271: 266: 264:Harm principle 261: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 243: 242: 237: 222: 217: 216: 215: 210: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 141: 140: 135: 130: 129: 128: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 77: 76: 66: 61: 56: 50: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11599: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11558: 11557:United States 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11398: 11393: 11391: 11386: 11384: 11379: 11378: 11375: 11367: 11366:1-56000-244-1 11363: 11359: 11355: 11352: 11351:0-312-12123-7 11348: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11322:1-4051-6083-7 11319: 11315: 11311: 11308: 11307:0-313-32193-0 11304: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11286: 11285:0-907845-58-4 11282: 11278: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11252:0-02-848500-9 11249: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11220: 11219:0-7425-1162-6 11216: 11212: 11208: 11205: 11204:0-521-84218-2 11201: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11189:0-271-01493-8 11186: 11182: 11178: 11176:on Gladstone. 11175: 11174:1-4191-6449-X 11171: 11167: 11163: 11160: 11159:0-7190-5056-1 11156: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11138: 11137:0-415-08923-9 11134: 11130: 11126: 11123: 11122:0-7618-2240-2 11119: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11107:0-12-227246-3 11104: 11100: 11096: 11093: 11092:0-307-38625-2 11089: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11074: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11057: 11054: 11053:0-7876-8108-3 11050: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11038:3-8258-7668-3 11035: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11023:0-02-418442-X 11020: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11008:0-472-11348-8 11005: 11001: 10997: 10994: 10993:0-7614-7402-1 10990: 10986: 10982: 10979: 10978:0-19-826933-1 10975: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10963:0-415-27662-4 10960: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10948:1-85278-099-1 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10916: 10910: 10907: 10903: 10900: 10899:1-59033-061-7 10896: 10892: 10888: 10885: 10884:0-19-521043-3 10881: 10877: 10874: 10873:Roberts, J.M. 10871: 10868: 10867:0-7190-3289-X 10864: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10852:0-19-829756-4 10849: 10845: 10841: 10838: 10837:0-547-14742-2 10834: 10830: 10826: 10823: 10822:0-19-920834-4 10819: 10815: 10811: 10808: 10807:0-7425-5417-1 10804: 10800: 10796: 10793: 10792:0-679-75704-X 10789: 10785: 10781: 10778: 10777:0-691-02911-3 10774: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10762:1-59420-170-6 10759: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10747:0-415-34803-X 10744: 10740: 10736: 10733: 10732:0-313-38163-1 10729: 10725: 10722:Knoop, Todd. 10721: 10718: 10717:0-521-32394-0 10714: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10699: 10698:Kerber, Linda 10696: 10693: 10692:0-7658-0760-2 10689: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10677:0-7658-0897-8 10674: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10662:0-8476-8189-0 10659: 10655: 10651: 10648: 10647:0-313-33406-4 10644: 10640: 10637:Hodge, Carl. 10636: 10633: 10632:0-333-96177-3 10629: 10625: 10621: 10618: 10617:0-313-30244-8 10614: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10602:1-58544-525-8 10599: 10595: 10591: 10589: 10585: 10584:0-15-651269-6 10581: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10566:0-495-50112-3 10563: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10551:0-8166-2801-7 10548: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10536:0-472-11015-2 10533: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10521:0-292-72842-5 10518: 10514: 10510: 10507: 10506:0-07-232267-5 10503: 10499: 10495: 10492: 10491:0-7425-2212-1 10488: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10470: 10469:0-664-22354-0 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10440:1-85109-553-5 10437: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10425:0-8050-7869-X 10422: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10410:0-19-280485-5 10407: 10403: 10399: 10396: 10395:0-385-47042-8 10392: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10380:0-07-040826-2 10377: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10362:0-415-43775-X 10359: 10355: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10344:0-8133-3368-7 10341: 10337: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10312:0-19-514368-X 10309: 10305: 10301: 10298: 10297:0-262-01170-0 10294: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10282:0-313-27418-5 10279: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10267:0-670-01860-0 10264: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10231: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10210: 10202: 10193: 10184: 10175: 10168: 10162: 10153: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10127: 10123: 10117: 10103:on 2017-02-24 10102: 10098: 10094: 10088: 10079: 10077: 10067: 10058: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10020: 10014: 10010: 10005: 10004: 9995: 9986: 9977: 9968: 9959: 9950: 9941: 9935: 9931: 9928: 9924: 9918: 9911: 9905: 9898: 9892: 9883: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9864: 9855: 9846: 9837: 9828: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9792: 9783: 9774: 9765: 9758: 9752: 9745: 9739: 9730: 9721: 9712: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9692: 9683: 9681: 9671: 9662: 9653: 9644: 9635: 9626: 9624: 9614: 9605: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9570: 9561: 9552: 9543: 9541: 9533: 9529: 9526: 9525:also in JSTOR 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9495: 9486: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9467: 9458: 9449: 9440: 9438: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9417: 9409: 9403: 9399: 9392: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9365: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9325: 9317: 9315:9781845113476 9311: 9307: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9287: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9251: 9245: 9230: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9188:Daniel Yergin 9184: 9169: 9163: 9159: 9158: 9150: 9135: 9129: 9125: 9124: 9116: 9101: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9082: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9012: 9004: 8998: 8994: 8987: 8979: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8964: 8956: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8931: 8929: 8922:(2003) p. 135 8921: 8915: 8907: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8867: 8861: 8854: 8848: 8833: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8810: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8781:Poetics Today 8775: 8760: 8756: 8749: 8734: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8711: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8684: 8682: 8666: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8647: 8645: 8636: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8617: 8612: 8606: 8595:September 12, 8590: 8589: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8570: 8555: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8529: 8514: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8470: 8468:9780226533339 8464: 8460: 8459: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8429: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8407: 8399: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8366:0-465-02396-7 8363: 8359: 8353: 8338: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8319: 8304: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8285: 8270: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8255: 8247: 8232: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8209: 8194: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8175: 8160: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8142: 8140: 8130: 8121: 8114: 8113:0-691-14617-9 8110: 8106: 8100: 8098: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8063: 8061: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8026: 8024: 8016: 8015:0-465-02396-7 8012: 8008: 8002: 7994: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7975: 7960: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7941: 7933: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7914: 7905: 7896: 7881: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7860:Yapp, Malcolm 7855: 7847: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7785: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7770: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7749: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7724: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7657: 7651: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7624: 7616: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7597: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7543: 7536: 7530: 7523: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7493:Adams, p. 11. 7490: 7484:Wolfe, p. 23. 7481: 7472: 7463: 7461: 7451: 7442: 7433: 7424: 7416: 7410: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7383: 7374: 7368:(1997), p. 61 7367: 7364:Keith Tribe, 7361: 7353: 7347: 7343: 7336: 7328: 7321: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7288: 7287: 7279: 7272: 7266: 7259: 7253: 7246: 7240: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7221: 7213: 7206: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7148: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7133: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7012: 7008: 7003: 6994: 6985: 6977: 6975:0-333-97130-2 6971: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6921: 6915:Turner, p. 86 6912: 6904: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6874: 6865: 6859:Lyons, p. 94. 6856: 6850:(1934) p. 235 6849: 6845: 6839: 6832: 6826: 6817: 6808: 6799: 6797: 6787: 6780: 6774: 6766: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6747: 6738: 6729: 6720: 6711: 6702: 6693: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6666: 6658: 6652: 6648: 6647: 6639: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6612: 6604: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6585: 6576: 6574: 6564: 6557: 6551: 6535: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6480:Rights of Man 6474: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6437: 6431: 6422: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6399: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6369: 6353: 6352:The Economist 6349: 6343: 6328: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6309: 6303:, p. xv. 6302: 6297: 6291:, p. 26. 6290: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6265:0-8387-1841-8 6262: 6258: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6210: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6146: 6137: 6122: 6116: 6114: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6040: 6032: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5967:Pierre Manent 5965: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5921: 5920:Adam Ferguson 5917: 5913: 5909: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5876:Liberal Party 5874: 5870: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5826:Dutch history 5823: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5776:welfare state 5772: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5557: 5556:welfare state 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5521:Liberal Party 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5499:The Economist 5495: 5491: 5490:laissez-faire 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5360:German states 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5286: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5232:Nueva Alianza 5229: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5193:Economic woes 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5177:Ronald Reagan 5174: 5170: 5166: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5096:Great Society 5093: 5089: 5084: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4974:welfare state 4971: 4970:Jean Chrétien 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887:García Moreno 4882: 4880: 4876: 4875:Benito Juárez 4872: 4871:War of Reform 4868: 4867:conservadores 4864: 4860: 4856: 4855:Latin America 4849: 4846: 4842: 4841:Benito Juárez 4838: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4823:Latin America 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4777:Liberal Party 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673:Liberal Party 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4567:Karim Sanjâbi 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4551:Karim Sanjabi 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529:In 1949, the 4525: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386:Transcaucasia 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4223:Abdülhamid II 4217: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4032: 4028: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4008:Norman Davies 4003: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3871:most powerful 3868: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3844:neoliberalism 3841: 3840:Ronald Reagan 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3591:nonconformist 3588: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3573:Liberal Party 3569: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3525:Josiah Warren 3522: 3518: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3433:conservatives 3430: 3427: 3426: 3425:laissez-faire 3421: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3366:laissez-faire 3363: 3362:welfare state 3358: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3262:The Economist 3259: 3258:The Economist 3255: 3251: 3250: 3249:The Economist 3245: 3244:laissez-faire 3241: 3237: 3232: 3231:David Ricardo 3228: 3224: 3223: 3222:laissez-faire 3214: 3210: 3204: 3203:Laissez-faire 3199: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3184:Liberal Party 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3080:Rights of Man 3076: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3061:Richard Price 3058: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3041:Rights of Man 3037: 3033: 3028: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2995:laissez-faire 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895:property laws 2890: 2887: 2883: 2882:metric system 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856:, the end of 2855: 2854:property laws 2851: 2850:feudal system 2847: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2824: 2823:Code Napoleon 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2765:in June, the 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2747:republicanism 2743: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2562:Ancien Régime 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406:Thomas Gordon 2403: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:republicanism 2373: 2372:Country Party 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:standing army 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:Robert Filmer 2107: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2011:Two Treatises 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1984:'s theory of 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1940:, called for 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1902:Early history 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:welfare state 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1840:laissez-faire 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1777:North America 1774: 1773:Latin America 1770: 1766: 1765:Ancien Régime 1762: 1761:Enlightenment 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1744:United States 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581:Individualism 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1460:United States 1458: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1060:Latin America 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 965:Organizations 962: 961: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 744: 743: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 469: 464: 463: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 443: 438: 437: 430: 427: 423: 422:Welfare state 420: 418: 415: 414: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 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K. 10913: 10905: 10904:Ryan, Alan. 10890: 10875: 10858: 10843: 10828: 10813: 10798: 10783: 10768: 10753: 10738: 10723: 10708: 10701: 10683: 10668: 10653: 10638: 10623: 10608: 10593: 10575: 10572:Hartz, Louis 10557: 10542: 10541:Gray, John. 10527: 10512: 10497: 10482: 10475: 10460: 10451: 10431: 10416: 10401: 10386: 10371: 10369:Palmer, R.R. 10353: 10335: 10318: 10303: 10288: 10273: 10258: 10248: 10230: 10213: 10207: 10201: 10192: 10183: 10174: 10166: 10161: 10152: 10146:. Melbourne. 10143: 10134: 10125: 10116: 10105:. Retrieved 10101:the original 10096: 10087: 10066: 10057: 10045:. 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Today, 1823:communism 1799:Lafayette 1708:democracy 1586:Anarchist 1494:Venezuela 1470:Classical 1438:Cobdenism 1341:Cracovian 1296:Nicaragua 1261:Lithuania 1120:Hong Kong 1075:Australia 913:Roosevelt 883:Ståhlberg 878:Venizelos 833:Sarmiento 823:Gladstone 783:Lamartine 753:Jefferson 605:Martineau 555:De Gouges 540:Condorcet 525:Priestley 188:Democracy 160:Third Way 121:Christian 116:Religious 54:Classical 11532:Slovenia 11527:Slovakia 11517:Portugal 11457:Honduras 11266:Archived 10449:(2007). 10326:Archived 9930:Archived 9872:Archived 9804:Archived 9801:in JSTOR 9594:Archived 9528:Archived 9517:Archived 9474:Archived 9353:Archived 9215:(2013). 9105:12 April 9071:2 August 8918:Kinzer, 8613:(1982). 8536:(1998). 8414:(2005). 7862:(2014). 7819:12 April 7191:29019300 7114:Archived 7094:Archived 6962:(2002). 6485:Archived 6407:Archived 6223:. 1998. 6056:(1956). 6050:Archived 6003:Archived 5934:See also 5747:and the 5714:Cold War 5552:pensions 5332:Carlists 5274:Carlists 5234:and the 5215:and the 5209:nativism 5205:populism 5117:and the 5111:Medicaid 5107:Medicare 5055:New Deal 5035:New Deal 5019:New Deal 4799:Americas 4675:and the 4628:and the 4498:Egyptian 4464:Pan-Arab 4342:progress 4338:equality 4294:Salafism 4290:Islamism 4163:Tanzimat 4101:Tanzimat 4068:Rousseau 4064:Voltaire 3921:centrist 3905:ideology 3748:Cold War 3633:suffrage 3533:feminism 3500:checks. 3126:artisans 3117:monarchy 3107:feminist 2956:Napoleon 2897:, ended 2834:Napoleon 2818:Napoleon 2813:Napoleon 2805:Jacobins 2803:and the 2793:republic 2601:republic 2545:Voltaire 2466:in his 2370:and the 2339:and the 2210:and the 2192:suffrage 2174:Republic 2080:Patriots 1998:ideology 1917:and the 1848:Tanzimat 1704:equality 1576:Humanism 1549:Centrism 1499:Zimbabwe 1453:Whiggism 1413:Thailand 1378:Slovenia 1373:Slovakia 1348:Portugal 1321:Paraguay 1244:Liberism 1209:Honduras 1127:Colombia 1100:Bulgaria 893:Rathenau 868:Milyukov 788:Macaulay 758:Kołłątaj 730:Kymlicka 710:Friedman 655:Cassirer 645:Hobhouse 580:Constant 575:Humboldt 535:Beccaria 500:Rousseau 495:Voltaire 338:Property 301:Positive 296:Negative 252:Religion 230:Economic 203:Equality 126:Catholic 96:National 91:Muscular 69:Feminist 64:Cultural 23:a series 21:Part of 11552:Ukraine 11497:Nigeria 11487:Moldova 11447:Germany 11437:Denmark 11432:Croatia 11422:Belgium 11417:Austria 11412:Armenia 11144:Britain 10478:(2014). 10251:(2014). 10144:The Age 10047:May 11, 9927:excerpt 9925:(2016) 8801:1773168 8764:May 10, 8625:103–105 8585:(ed.). 8342:11 June 7112:(PDF). 6781:(2005). 5864:Oceania 5694:fascism 5540:reforms 5452:in 1846 5380:Bohemia 5376:Galicia 5372:Prussia 5314:liberal 5302:in 1830 5276:in the 5222:Today, 5199:in the 4995:as the 4910:Ecuador 4388:-based 4368:(today 4273:ijtihad 3736:fascism 3724:Finland 3695:of the 3517:liberty 3391:asylums 3174:in the 2907:divorce 2866:divorce 2728:in 1792 2674:federal 2488:of the 2410:tyranny 2353:secular 2333:serfdom 2289:of the 2252:Commons 2031:in his 1819:fascism 1801:in the 1793:in the 1785:in the 1742:of the 1728:monarch 1700:freedom 1489:Uruguay 1428:Ukraine 1418:Tunisia 1363:Senegal 1353:Romania 1301:Nigeria 1276:Moldova 1219:Iceland 1214:Hungary 1192:Germany 1187:Georgia 1177:Finland 1172:Estonia 1162:Ecuador 1157:Denmark 1152:Czechia 1137:Croatia 1090:Bolivia 1085:Belgium 1080:Austria 1070:Armenia 1065:Albania 933:Jenkins 928:Kennedy 918:Pearson 903:Einaudi 888:Gokhale 848:Itagaki 843:Naoroji 838:Mommsen 818:Lincoln 808:Mazzini 793:Kossuth 778:Broglie 773:Bolívar 768:Artigas 763:Madison 625:Spencer 610:Emerson 600:Bastiat 585:Ricardo 545:Bentham 485:Spinoza 442:History 343:Private 291:Liberty 225:Freedom 145:Secular 133:Islamic 111:Radical 48:Schools 11547:Turkey 11522:Russia 11512:Poland 11507:Norway 11482:Mexico 11467:Latvia 11452:Greece 11364: 11349: 11320: 11305: 11292:France 11283: 11263:online 11250: 11232: 11217: 11202: 11187: 11172: 11157: 11135: 11120: 11105: 11090: 11069: 11051: 11036: 11021: 11006: 10991: 10976: 10961: 10946: 10928: 10897: 10882: 10865: 10850: 10835: 10820: 10805: 10790: 10775: 10760: 10745: 10730: 10715: 10690: 10675: 10660: 10645: 10630: 10615: 10600: 10588:online 10582: 10564: 10549: 10534: 10519: 10504: 10489: 10467: 10438: 10423: 10408: 10393: 10378: 10360: 10342: 10323:online 10310: 10295: 10280: 10265: 10015: 9759:(1934) 9703: 9577:(2014) 9513:Online 9428: 9404: 9379: 9312: 9225: 9198: 9164: 9130: 9096: 9056: 8999: 8974: 8943: 8828: 8799: 8738:10 May 8729: 8698: 8661: 8631: 8550: 8509: 8465: 8424: 8394: 8364: 8333: 8308:9 June 8299: 8265: 8227: 8198:9 June 8189: 8155: 8111: 8077: 8040: 8013: 7989: 7955: 7928: 7876: 7842: 7780: 7744: 7719: 7687: 7638: 7611: 7584: 7557: 7397: 7348: 7308: 7227: 7189: 7143: 7043: 7026: 6972: 6899: 6761: 6680: 6653: 6626: 6599: 6509: 6438:(1959) 6323: 6263: 6027: 6009:(PDF). 5852:, and 5832:, the 5710:Allies 5626:Kadets 5550:, and 5430:Junker 5358:, the 5280:(1835) 5254:Europe 5187:, and 5094:. 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