463:(How to run a pharmacy), wherein he documented: titles of drugs, their ingredients and quantities, preparation methods, and dosages. The manual noticeably lacks any chapters that highlight desirable characteristics and qualities aspiring physicians should display and Al KuhĂn al-AttÄr covers very little of the ethical dilemmas or basic concepts that most pharmacists would normally discuss during this time in his manual. This demonstrates that after 1260 CE, interests lessened in discussing the culture and values surrounding pharmacy and a growing interest in developing archives of pharmacy knowledge for the public. It is worth mentioning that written manuals were not commonly produced by pharmacists in the Middle East. It is also during the 13th and 14th centuries that Middle Eastern pharmacopoeias begin to resemble cookbooks more than medical encyclopedias, which
476:
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115:
36:
292:
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28:. The history of pharmacy coincides well with the history of medicine, but it's important that there is a distinction between the two topics. Pharmaceuticals is one of the most-researched fields in the academic industry, but the history surrounding that particular topic is sparse compared to the impact its made world-wide. Before the advent of pharmacists, there existed
261:(1868). In this highly stable hierarchy, the pharmacistsâand even pharmacist assistantsâwere assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists. In the Imperial household, the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the Emperor.
716:
to become assistant apothecaries were approved. The proposal outlined five years of training and rigorous requirements to be qualified as an apprenticeship. Those that complete the apprenticeship not only experienced strict expectations and responsibilities, but also little pay. Apothecaries resigned
458:
Middle
Eastern pharmaceutical practitioners would experience an upheaval of their craft come the beginning of the 13th and 14th centuries as pharmacists realigned their interests from developing medicinal theories to establishing practical and therapeutic applications of pharmaceuticals. For example,
105:
The very beginnings of pharmaceutical texts were written on clay tablets by
Mesopotamians. Some texts included formulas, instructions via pulverization, infusion, boiling, filtering and spreading; herbs were mentioned as well. Babylon, a state within Mesopotamia, provided the earliest known practice
755:
Throughout the twentieth century, the government amended its ordinances for education and licensing. These early legal efforts led to
Ordinance No. 30 of 1933. The ordinance formally required training and registration for pharmacists after training. King Edward VII College of Medicine admitted its
747:
and poison accessibility for criminal attempt. This led to creating the
Medical Ordinance in 1904 and Poisons Ordinance in 1905 to create standards for qualified chemists and druggists to handle these substances. The Poisons Ordinance established regulation for the retail of poisons. One criterion
566:
The Royal
College of Apothecaries of the City and Kingdom of Valencia was founded in 1441, considered the oldest in the world, with full administrative and legislative powers. The apothecaries of Valencia were the first in the world to elaborate their medicines, with the same criteria that are
728:, Western medicine and practices were also established. Dr. Christopher Trebing arrived in Singapore and opened a dispensary called German Medicine Deity Medical Office. Following Dr. Trebingâs passing, the Medical Office continued to be operated by German owners until its demolition in 1970.
515:
translated many Arabic books into Latin, driving a shift from
Hippocratic medicine towards a pharmaceutical-driven approach advocated by Galen. In medieval Europe, monks typically did not speak Greek, leaving only Latin texts such as the works of Pliny available until these translations by
132:, there existed a separation between physician and herbalist. The duties of the herbalist was to supply physicians with raw materials, including plants, to make medicines. According to Edward Kremers and Glenn Sonnedecker, "before, during and after the time of
643:
1852 with its main purpose to advance pharmacists' roles in patient care, assist in furthering career development, spread information about tools and resources, and raising awareness about the roles of pharmacists and their contribution to patient care.
559:
The oldest pharmacy is claimed to be set up in 1221 in the Church of Santa Maria
Novella in Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum. Florence is also the birthplace of the first official
1490:
López-Muñoz, Francisco; Alamo, Cecilio; Cuenca, Eduardo; Shen, Winston W.; Clervoy, Patrick; Rubio, Gabriel (2005-07-01). "History of the discovery and clinical introduction of chlorpromazine".
724:. He later founded the Kampong Glam Dispensary. Another company was Martin & Line of the Singapore Dispensary. Both establishments were considered as chemists and druggists. In addition to
1749:
373:(Avicenna), too, described no less than 700 preparations, their properties, mode of action and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in
245:(710â794), the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected. The place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the
825:
73:. Prehistoric man learned pharmaceutical techniques through instinct, by watching birds and beasts, and using cool water, leaves, dirt, or mud as a soothing agent.
708:
Medical staffing were ranked as Senior
Surgeon, Assistant Surgeon, and Apothecaries. Apothecaries were medical subordinates; they were doctors that graduated from
504:, medicinal knowledge in Europe suffered due to the loss of Greek medicinal texts and a strict adherence to tradition, although an area of Southern Italy near
632:
in 1876. Phenothiazines were used as antimalarials, antiseptics, and antihelminthics up to 1940. The "psychopharmacological revolution" began in 1950 when
211:, sealed in 168 BC. Present-day Chinese pharmacy is a result of pharmaceutical exchanges between China and the rest of the world in the past centuries.
549:
in
Tallinn, Estonia, which dates back to at least 1422, is the oldest continuously run pharmacy in the world still operating in the original premises.
795:
1934:
578:
which requires that the nature of the drug is public. In actuality, thirteen secrets survive which were offered to sale to the
Venetian Republic.
367:), where he gave detailed knowledge of the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist.
717:
and left for private practice. Private practices heavily advertised in newspapers. This was considered the first system of pharmacy operations.
207:. Earlier literature included lists of prescriptions for specific ailments, exemplified by a manuscript "Recipes for 52 Ailments", found in the
1756:
592:
The 1800s brought increased technical sophistication. By the late 1880s, German dye manufacturers had perfected the purification of individual
2056:
1557:
1442:
1279:
800:
355:(d. 869), was, however, the first physician to initiate a pharmacopoeia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments.
106:
of running an apothecary i.e. pharmacy. Alongside the ill person included a priest, physician, and a pharmacist to tend to their needs.
1833:
2436:
2193:
815:
90:
tablets record prescriptions for medicine. Ancient Egyptian pharmacological knowledge was recorded in various papyri, such as the
1929:
1594:
1114:
854:
54:
Paleopharmacological studies attest to the use of medicinal plants in pre-history. For example, herbs were discovered in the
347:
is of particular interest, as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the "simples" from which were
225:
There is a stone sign for a pharmacy with a tripod, a mortar, and a pestle opposite one for a doctor in the Arcadian Way in
1728:
872:"The oldest archeological data evidencing the relationship of Homo sapiens with psychoactive plants: A worldwide overview"
749:
640:
2133:
2025:
820:
508:
remained under Byzantine control and developed a hospital and medical school, which became famous by the 11th century.
55:
1589:. American Pharmacists Association. (Sixth ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Perspective Press/Morton Pub. Co. 2016.
563:, called the Nuovo Receptario, in which all pharmacies would use that document as guidance for caring for the sickly.
545:
Old pharmacies continue to operate in Dubrovnik, Croatia located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317. The
1083:
929:
144:(4th century BC). He is considered to be the source for all Greek pharmacotherapeutic treatises between the time of
2411:
651:
539:
685:
The first pharmaceutical infrastructure was the Medical Stores and Dispensary, organized by Sub-Assistant Surgeon
2431:
328:
1985:
1948:
1786:
810:
740:
167:. It formed the basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by many Middle Eastern scientists during the
475:
2100:
2061:
1944:
1742:
662:
who developed pure insulin used for human testing and dramatically changed the prospects for all diabetics.
2477:
2040:
2013:
1894:
1858:
725:
489:
2406:
1805:
1800:
459:
in 1260 CE a Cairenes pharmacist named Abu âI-MunÄ al-KuhĂn al-âAttÄr published a 25-chapter manual, the
2020:
1873:
1820:
1694:
1618:
712:. To support staffing shortages at the General Hospital, a proposal to select local male students from
702:
320:
114:
1143:
Hadzovic, S (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development".
1022:
419:. Al-Muwaffaq's contributions in the field are also pioneering. Living in the tenth century, he wrote
136:
there was a group of experts in medicinal plants. Probably the most important representative of these
1899:
1863:
1815:
1098:
The Global Circulation of Chinese Materia Medica, 1700-1949: A Microhistory of the Caterpillar Fungus
257:
Imperial court were established; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the
20:
as a modern and independent science dates back to the first third of the 19th century. Before then,
2401:
2242:
1868:
1795:
709:
1565:
1188:"The valuable contributions of Al-Razi (Rhazes) in the history of pharmacy during the Middle Ages"
743:
and lacked standards and qualifications for dispensing drugs. There was also substance abuse with
467:
attributes to the extensive cultural exchange between China, Iran, and the greater Mongol Empire.
2482:
2383:
1842:
1810:
1675:
587:
512:
336:
332:
1381:"Top Pharmaceuticals: Introduction: EMERGENCE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: 1870-1930"
1380:
1303:
1260:
Chipman, Leigh (2007). "Islamic Pharmacy in the Mamluk and Mongol Realms: Theory and Practice".
1241:
Chipman, Leigh (2007). "Islamic Pharmacy in the Mamluk and Mongol Realms: Theory and Practice".
951:
871:
2126:
2005:
1453:
1283:
1642:
2358:
2343:
2030:
1769:
1074:
375:
191:
70:
2426:
2363:
2257:
2166:
2035:
1969:
1889:
1765:
1096:
979:
John K. Borchardt (2002). "The Beginnings of Drug Therapy: Ancient Mesopotamian Medicine".
752:
was established. The Medical School hosted classes and exams for the pharmacy certificate.
705:. Two were for military and sailors respectively, while the last one was for civilian use.
528:
501:
331:(Rhazes) (865â915), for instance, acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds.
152:
49:
1101:. Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in Modern History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1â294.
542:
issued a decree by which the physician's and the apothecary's professions were separated.
8:
2373:
2305:
2288:
2267:
2188:
1964:
805:
698:
436:
415:(1250â1316) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-Maridini under the title
380:
141:
98:
35:
748:
was possessing certificates from the Principal Civil Medical Officer. In the same year,
2368:
2331:
2300:
2082:
1612:
713:
686:
571:
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where a new law was passed that forbid physicians to prepare medications for patients.
481:
285:
168:
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2421:
2348:
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2262:
2178:
2119:
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1657:
1600:
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1507:
1423:
1415:
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1168:
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1079:
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850:
665:
647:
597:
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298:
281:
258:
180:
157:
120:
1395:
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from tar and other mineral sources and had also established rudimentary methods in
291:
2416:
2391:
2353:
2230:
2218:
2214:
1499:
1407:
1360:
1102:
988:
883:
690:
464:
432:
1734:
2336:
2310:
2223:
1924:
992:
919:
773:
610:
452:
424:
359:(973â1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology entitled
352:
1471:
1443:"A pioneering history: dentistry and the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh"
2396:
2295:
787:
736:
633:
625:
524:
412:
250:
186:
163:
129:
1533:
1503:
1106:
1049:
2471:
2252:
2247:
1604:
1511:
1470:
Humans, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to (2016).
1419:
1322:
1206:
1156:
1000:
621:
575:
560:
538:
pharmacy-like shops began to appear during the 12th century. In 1240 emperor
92:
64:
1214:
1164:
1023:"Becoming a Pharmacist & History of Pharmacy | Pharmacy is Right for Me"
246:
2209:
1661:
1519:
1427:
1008:
720:
In the 1820s, James Isaiah, (J.I.) Woodford trained to be an apothecary in
659:
516:
Constantinos. In addition, Arabic medicine became more widely known due to
428:
388:
340:
324:
254:
238:
145:
1172:
888:
2156:
348:
304:
280:
the first pharmacies, or drug stores, were established in 754, under the
242:
200:
133:
32:
that worked alongside priests and physicians in regard to patient care.
1195:
Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
2283:
2235:
2173:
1365:
1348:
1187:
669:
624:
had an important impact on various aspects of medicine, beginning with
614:
603:
517:
408:
29:
1307:
694:
546:
494:
356:
316:
208:
87:
59:
1411:
1349:"Families, medical secrets and public health in early modern Venice"
658:
to lower blood sugar of dogs in 1921. This inspired further work by
552:
The trend towards pharmacy specialization started to take effect in
2183:
2142:
732:
370:
219:
215:
204:
199:), dating back to the first century AD. It was compiled during the
25:
21:
1321:
Valencia, MICOF-Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos de.
672:, after discovering a fungus that was able to kill off bacteria.
655:
629:
505:
444:
335:(Abulcasis) (936â1013) pioneered the preparation of medicines by
277:
226:
1327:
MICOF - Muy Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Farmacéuticos de Valencia
1723:
1396:"Early drug discovery and the rise of pharmaceutical chemistry"
721:
553:
440:
312:
288:. By the ninth century, these pharmacies were state-regulated.
744:
400:
392:
384:
1280:"History of Pharmacy Web Pages - SwedenÂŽs oldest pharmacies"
628:
which was originally used as a dye after its synthesis from
2111:
448:
222:, who is recorded as a physician of the sixth century BC).
1695:"The German Medicine Deity: Singapore's Earliest Pharmacy"
1489:
214:
The earliest known compilation of medicinal substances in
826:
Museum of the History of Lithuanian Medicine and Pharmacy
613:
was introduced as a sleeping aid and sedative in 1869.
218:
dates to the third or fourth century AD (attributed to
763:
1764:
567:currently required in the official pharmacopoeias.
421:The Foundations of the True Properties of Remedies
978:
847:Archaeological Method and Theory: An Encyclopedia
796:International Society for the History of Pharmacy
2469:
1346:
527:spread medicinal textbooks and formularies; the
439:, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of
161:, covering over 600 plants and coining the term
1476:. International Agency for Research on Cancer.
2127:
1750:
1643:"The Early History of Pharmacy in Singapore"
397:De Medicinis universalibus et particularibus
1072:Edward Kremers, Glenn Sonnedecker (1986). "
801:British Society for the History of Pharmacy
511:In the early 11th century, Salerno scholar
391:(1008â1074), both of which were printed in
296:
2134:
2120:
1757:
1743:
1078:". Amer. Inst. History of Pharmacy. p.17.
1044:
1042:
849:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 443â448.
493:Old pharmacy in the Franciscan Monastery,
479:Illustration of a pharmacy in the Italian
151:Between 60 and 78 AD, the Greek physician
1364:
1185:
887:
617:was first used as an anesthetic in 1847.
379:. Of great impact were also the works by
2194:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
1558:"APhA Vision, Mission, Value Statements"
1440:
1142:
1136:
1075:Kremers and Urdang's History of pharmacy
869:
816:History of pharmacy in the United States
602:
488:
474:
311:The advances made in the Middle East in
290:
113:
81:
34:
1693:Pwee, Timothy (OctoberâDecember 2018).
1259:
1240:
1039:
917:
701:in Singapore led to establishing three
351:the complex drugs then generally used.
43:
2470:
1469:
1186:al-Ghazal, Sharif Kaf (October 2003).
1094:
949:
641:American Pharmaceutical Association in
531:was the first printed drug formulary.
2115:
1738:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1485:
1483:
1393:
1088:
844:
675:
197:The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic
185:The earliest known Chinese manual on
1692:
1320:
945:
943:
941:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
581:
500:After the fifth century fall of the
431:. He made clear distinction between
395:more than fifty times, appearing as
1640:
750:King Edward VII College of Medicine
253:(718). Ranked positions in the pre-
203:and was attributed to the mythical
13:
1625:
1480:
1272:
821:List of drugs by year of discovery
24:evolved from antiquity as part of
14:
2494:
1716:
938:
896:
756:first pharmacy students in 1935.
451:compounds. He also describes the
2452:
2451:
2412:List of pharmaceutical companies
2096:
2095:
1722:
1394:Jones, Alan Wayne (2011-06-01).
870:Samorini, Giorgio (2019-06-01).
780:
766:
668:developed the first antibiotic,
295:Roman herbal medicine guidebook
2432:Pharmacies in the United States
1686:
1668:
1579:
1550:
1526:
1463:
1434:
1387:
1373:
1347:Stevens Crawshaw, Jane (2014).
1340:
1314:
1304:"Ain Raal: apteegist maakeeli."
1297:
1253:
1234:
1221:
1179:
1131:Annales des empereurs du japon,
1123:
1930:Medieval Islamic World alchemy
1066:
1015:
972:
918:Sneader, Walter (2005-10-31).
876:Journal of Psychedelic Studies
863:
838:
811:History of pharmacy automation
271:
266:
76:
1:
1492:Annals of Clinical Psychiatry
831:
639:The United States formed the
443:compounds, especially copper
2141:
993:10.1358/dnp.2002.15.3.840015
981:Drug News & Perspectives
726:traditional Chinese medicine
680:
427:, and being acquainted with
423:, amongst others describing
307:. Cumin & dill. c. 1334.
237:In Japan, at the end of the
7:
2407:Pharmacy benefit management
952:"Great Moments in Pharmacy"
759:
249:(701) and re-stated in the
216:Indian traditional medicine
10:
2499:
598:organic chemical synthesis
585:
329:Muhammad ibn ZakarÄ«ya RÄzi
321:medicine in medieval Islam
178:
155:wrote a five-volume book,
47:
2447:
2382:
2319:
2276:
2202:
2149:
2091:
2075:
2049:
1998:
1978:
1957:
1943:
1917:
1882:
1851:
1831:
1784:
1777:
1650:Singapore Medical Journal
1504:10.1080/10401230591002002
1400:Drug Testing and Analysis
1229:Early Arabic Pharmacology
1107:10.1007/978-3-031-24723-1
924:. John Wiley & Sons.
921:Drug Discovery: A History
574:was the first State with
523:In the 15th century, the
470:
453:distillation of sea-water
323:substantially to develop
124:, Byzantium, 15th century
109:
2402:Investigational New Drug
2243:Pharmaceutical chemistry
2189:Pharmacological activity
1450:historyofdentistry.co.uk
1129:Titsingh, Isaac. (1834)
405:Medicamentis Simplicibus
241:(538â710) and the early
232:
102:of the 16th century BC.
2384:Pharmaceutical industry
2203:Pharmaceutical sciences
1999:On specific discoveries
1676:"James Isaiah Woodford"
1641:Lee, Yong Kiat (2006).
1587:The pharmacy technician
1538:Encyclopedia Britannica
1441:Dingwall (April 2004).
1231:, E. J. Brill; Leiden.
1054:Encyclopedia Britannica
950:Bender, George (1965).
710:Indian Medical Colleges
588:Pharmaceutical industry
403:' the younger, and the
333:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
174:
39:Pharmacy in Rome, Italy
1617:: CS1 maint: others (
607:
576:health modern policies
513:Constantinos Africanus
497:
486:
381:al-Maridini of Baghdad
308:
297:
125:
40:
2359:Pharmacist prescriber
2344:Consultant pharmacist
1534:"Pharmacy - Research"
889:10.1556/2054.2019.008
845:Ellis, Linda (2000).
606:
492:
478:
376:The Canon of Medicine
294:
192:Shennong Ben Cao Jing
179:Further information:
117:
82:Mesopotamia and Egypt
58:, and remains of the
48:Further information:
38:
2427:Pharmacies of Norway
2364:Pharmacy informatics
2258:Pharmacoepidemiology
2167:Prehistoric medicine
1785:Physical chemistry (
1766:History of chemistry
1731:at Wikimedia Commons
502:Western Roman Empire
153:Pedanius Dioscorides
50:Prehistoric medicine
44:Prehistoric pharmacy
2478:History of pharmacy
2374:Veterinary pharmacy
2306:Pharmacy technician
2268:Pharmacocybernetics
2162:History of pharmacy
2050:Scientific disputes
1832:Organic chemistry (
1729:History of pharmacy
1459:on 1 February 2013.
1353:Renaissance Studies
806:History of medicine
741:drug advertisements
437:potassium carbonate
142:Diocles of Carystus
99:Edwin Smith Papyrus
96:of 1550 BC and the
18:history of pharmacy
2369:Specialty pharmacy
2332:Community pharmacy
2301:Pharmacy residency
2083:Women in chemistry
1562:www.pharmacist.com
1366:10.1111/rest.12081
959:Pharmacy at Auburn
714:Penang Free School
699:British settlement
687:Thomas Prendergast
676:Late Modern Period
654:found the hormone
608:
572:Republic of Venice
547:Town Hall Pharmacy
498:
487:
482:Tacuinum sanitatis
309:
286:Islamic Golden Age
169:Islamic Golden Age
148:and Dioscorides."
126:
41:
2465:
2464:
2422:Pharmacy in China
2349:Hospital pharmacy
2327:Clinical pharmacy
2263:Pharmacovigilance
2179:Prescription drug
2109:
2108:
2067:Transfermium Wars
2010:Carbon nanotubes
1994:
1993:
1935:Indian metallurgy
1913:
1912:
1883:Applied chemistry
1852:Nuclear chemistry
1727:Media related to
1682:. April 27, 2022.
1596:978-1-61731-487-2
1227:Levey M. (1973),
1116:978-3-031-24722-4
856:978-0-8153-1305-2
703:General Hospitals
666:Alexander Fleming
648:Frederick Banting
594:organic compounds
582:Industrialization
365:The Book of Drugs
361:Kitab al-Saydalah
299:De Materia Medica
282:Abbasid Caliphate
259:Meiji Restoration
181:Pharmacy in China
158:De materia medica
121:De Materia Medica
2490:
2455:
2454:
2417:Medication costs
2392:Drug development
2354:Nuclear pharmacy
2231:Pharmacogenomics
2219:Pharmacodynamics
2215:Pharmacokinetics
2136:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2099:
2098:
1955:
1954:
1895:Material science
1806:Electrochemistry
1801:Molecular theory
1782:
1781:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1726:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1638:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1564:. Archived from
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1452:. Archived from
1447:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1318:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1282:. Archived from
1276:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1145:Medicinski Arhiv
1140:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1092:
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636:was discovered.
461:MinhÄj al-dukkÄn
433:sodium carbonate
345:Liber servitoris
302:
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611:Chloral hydrate
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485:, 14th century.
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1311:3. March 2020.
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737:misinformation
735:suffered from
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634:Chlorpromazine
626:methylene blue
622:phenothiazines
586:Main article:
583:
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455:for drinking.
413:Peter of Abano
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1811:Spectroscopy
1705:
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1570:. Retrieved
1566:the original
1561:
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1537:
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1454:the original
1449:
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1389:
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1331:. Retrieved
1329:(in Spanish)
1326:
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1284:the original
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958:
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731:Singaporean
730:
719:
707:
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664:
660:James Collip
652:Charles Best
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325:pharmacology
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30:apothecaries
17:
15:
2277:Professions
2157:Compounding
1958:By elements
1708:(3): 46â48.
1201:(4): 9â11.
540:Frederic II
447:, and also
337:sublimation
305:Dioscorides
284:during the
272:Middle East
267:Middle Ages
243:Nara period
201:Han dynasty
134:Hippocrates
77:Ancient Era
71:Spirit Cave
2472:Categories
2284:Pharmacist
2236:Toxicology
2174:Medication
1702:BiblioAsia
1572:2020-07-25
1543:2020-07-25
1333:2021-07-28
1323:"historia"
1290:2011-04-27
1249:: 265â266.
1059:2020-07-27
1050:"Pharmacy"
1032:2020-07-27
832:References
670:penicillin
615:Chloroform
417:De Veneris
409:Abenguefit
349:compounded
247:TaihĆ Code
229:, Turkey.
138:rhizotomoi
2036:Gunpowder
1986:Nonmetals
1890:Cosmetics
1778:By branch
1613:cite book
1605:981462588
1512:1040-1237
1420:1942-7611
1308:Postimees
1207:1303-667X
1157:0025-8083
1001:0214-0934
733:consumers
695:Singapore
681:Singapore
495:Dubrovnik
357:Al-Biruni
317:chemistry
251:YĆrĆ Code
209:Mawangdui
88:cuneiform
86:Sumerian
60:areca nut
2457:Category
2184:Pharmacy
2143:Pharmacy
2101:Category
2031:Graphene
2014:timeline
1979:By class
1949:timeline
1905:Pharmacy
1834:timeline
1821:timeline
1787:timeline
1770:timeline
1662:16645698
1520:16433053
1428:21698778
1215:54045642
1165:32564530
1009:12677263
760:See also
371:Ibn Sina
220:Sushruta
205:Shennong
26:medicine
22:pharmacy
2437:History
2150:General
2006:Battery
1874:Weapons
1859:Fission
1173:9324574
1133:p. 434.
964:26 July
691:Raffles
689:during
656:insulin
630:aniline
506:Salerno
445:vitriol
278:Baghdad
227:Ephesus
189:is the
69:in the
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1864:Fusion
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441:copper
387:, and
343:. His
313:botany
110:Greece
2076:Other
1869:Power
1698:(PDF)
1646:(PDF)
1457:(PDF)
1446:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
955:(PDF)
745:opium
401:Mesue
393:Latin
385:Cairo
255:Heian
233:Japan
2337:shop
2289:List
1680:Geni
1658:PMID
1619:link
1601:OCLC
1591:ISBN
1516:PMID
1508:ISSN
1424:PMID
1416:ISSN
1211:OCLC
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399:by '
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