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65:. Poetry is often closely related to musical traditions, and the earliest poetry exists in the form of hymns (such as Hymn to the Death of Tammuz), and other types of song such as chants. As such, poetry is often a verbal art. Many of the poems surviving from the ancient world are recorded prayers, or stories about religious subject matter, but they also include historical accounts, instructions for everyday activities, love songs, and fiction.
602:
1907:
26:
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68:
Many scholars, particularly those researching the
Homeric tradition and the oral epics of the Balkans, suggest that early writing shows clear traces of older oral traditions, including the use of repeated phrases as building blocks in larger poetic units. A rhythmic and repetitious form would make a
864:
grew to be popular in around the 19th century, with the addition of radio as they could broadcast to the world the earliest 'songs'. Lyric poetry is very similar to songs / song lyrics. They could have as many stanzas as they wanted, which was different to different forms of poetry at the
463:
In Africa, poetry has a history dating back to prehistorical times with the creation of hunting poetry, and panegyric and elegiac court poetry were developed extensively throughout the history of the empires of the Nile, Niger, and Volta river valleys. Some of the earliest written poetry in Africa
651:
The poems preserved in written form constitute the poetic literature. Furthermore, there is or were parallel traditions of oral and traditional poetry also known as popular or folk poems or ballads. Some of these poems seem to have been preserved in written form. Generally, the folk type of poems
1838:
482:
court poetry. In
African cultures, performance poetry is traditionally a part of theatrics, which was present in all aspects of pre-colonial African life and whose theatrical ceremonies had many different functions, including political, educative, spiritual and entertainment.
506:, which is a literature of its own, since it is a distinct method of communication that depends on conveying meaning through non-musical grammatical, tonal and rhythmic rules imitating speech. Although, these performances could be included in those of griots.
552:, Aristotle taxonomized ancient Greek drama (which he called "poetry") into three subcategories: epic, comic, and tragic. Aristotle developed rules to distinguish the highest-quality poetry of each genre, based on the underlying purposes of that genre. Later
69:
long story easier to remember and retell, before writing was available as a reminder. Thus, to aid memorization and oral transmission, surviving works from prehistoric and ancient societies appear to have been first composed in a poetic form â from the
647:
consists of both literary and oral cultural processes, which are conventionally assigned to certain standard periods or eras, corresponding with
Chinese Dynastic Eras, the traditional chronological process for Chinese historical events.
429:
341:, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's
888:
The development of modern poetry is generally seen as having started at the beginning of the 20th century and extends into the 21st century. Among its major
American practitioners who write in English are
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in 1789. This form of poetry is known for being the quickest growing type of the past millennium. To this day, lyric poetry is the most used and important of poetries, and is used throughout the world.
1148:
poetry, tales, recitations of various kinds existed long before writing was introduced and these oral forms continued in modified 'oral' forms, even after the establishment of a written literature.
1258:
A small tablet in a special display this month in the
Istanbul Museum of the Ancient Orient is thought to be the oldest love poem ever found, the words of a lover from more than 4,000 years ago.
1517:
409:
543:," or some mix of the two. He also famously, in book X, condemned poetry as evil, being only capable of creating deceptive and ineffectual copies of real-world corollaries.
750:. Scholars are fairly sure, based on a few fragments and on references in historic texts, that much lost secular poetry was set to music, and was spread by traveling
1494:
1429:
Gentz, Joachim (2008). "Ritual
Meaning of Textual Form: Evidence from Early Commentaries of the Historiographic and Ritual Traditions". In Kern, Martin (ed.).
486:
Poetics were an element of theatrical performances of local oral artists, linguists and historians, accompanied by local instruments of the people such as the
579:, which was generally understood as writing with a proclivity to logical explication and global trade. In addition to a boom in translation, during the
1509:
866:
372:
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For a recent summary discussion, see Ahl (1996). Others suggest that poetry did not necessarily predate writing. See, for example, Goody (1987).
333:
The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form, and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "
652:
they are anonymous, and may show signs of having been edited or polished in the process of fixing them in written characters. Besides the
672:), although some individual pieces or fragments survive in other forms, for example embedded in classical histories or other literature.
1883:
568:(treating comedy and tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry). Aristotle's work was influential throughout the Middle East during the
1086:
Höivik, Susan; Luger, Kurt (3 June 2009). "Folk Media for
Biodiversity Conservation: A Pilot Project from the Himalaya-Hindu Kush".
261:. Epic poetry appears to have been composed in poetic form as an aid to memorization and oral transmission in ancient societies.
197:
to ensure fertility and prosperity; some have labelled it the world's oldest love poem. An example of
Egyptian epic poetry is
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Beissinger, M.H. (2012). "Oral poetry". Princeton, NJ: The
Princeton encyclopedia of poetry and poetics. pp. 978â981.
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and songs. This poetry collection comprises 305 poems and songs dating from the 11th to the 7th century
1791:
1766:
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Like
Aristotle, subsequent poets and aestheticians often distinguished poetry from, and defined it in opposition to,
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Classical thinkers employed classification as a way to define and assess the quality of poetry. In book III of the
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823:
of Christian hymns, while others were student melodies: folksongs, love songs and drinking ballads. The famous
596:
128:
1644:
91:). Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early
1887:
1242:
323:
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Conteh-Morgan, John (1994). "African traditional drama and issues in theater and performance criticism".
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poetry; in fact a great deal of medieval literature was written in verse, including the Old English epic
1942:
883:
1036:
644:
592:
318:. The Shijing, with its collection of poems and folk songs, was heavily valued by the philosopher
1609:
119:
and other oral genres. Others, however, suggest that poetry did not necessarily predate writing.
19:
1607:
Stern, Theodore (October 2009). "Drum and whistle languages: An analysis of speech surrogates".
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337:"âthe study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as China's through the
1229:' What I held in my hand was one of the oldest love songs written down by the hand of man .'
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Poetry took numerous forms in medieval Europe, for example, lyric and epic poetry. The
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time. There were no real regulations to this new form of poetry, which was invented by
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However, much secular poetry was also written in Latin. Some poems and songs, like the
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drum. Drumming for accompaniment is not to be confused with performances of the
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from Nippur, Iraq. Ur III period, 2037â2029 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
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1510:"'I don't care': text shows modern poetry began much earlier than believed"
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is believed to have been recited or sung, employed as a way of remembering
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or lays, and never made it to being recited without song or other music.
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Poetry and Philosophy in the Middle Ages: A festschrift for Peter Dronke
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Chyla, Julia; RosiĆska-Balik, Karolina; Debowska-Ludwin, Joanna (2017).
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writes that an inscribed Greek poem predated Romanos' stressed poetry.
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Other forms of poetry, including such ancient collections of religious
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Poetry as an oral art form likely predates written text. The earliest
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269:
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92:
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1004:, replacing the original examples with passages from Arabic poets.
25:
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326:. His remarks on the subject have become an invaluable source in
274:
219:
214:
171:
81:
1906:
509:
1921:
1816:. South Bend, Ind: St. Augustine's Press. p. 1447a-1447b.
1533:"Less Care, More Stress: A Rhythmic Poem From the Roman Empire"
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820:
759:
758:, across Europe. Thus, the few poems written eventually became
718:
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315:
292:
241:
236:
194:
50:
1786:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 239.
1662:
Butcher, S. H. (trans.); Fergusson, Francis (intro.) (1961).
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continued to be written, a new more popular form called the
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The character which means "poetry", in the ancient Chinese
522:
265:
163:
300:. The earliest entries in the oldest extant collection of
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Some scholars believe that the art of poetry may predate
62:
1406:
A poetics handbook: verbal art in the European tradition
419:
was influential in the developed approach to poetry and
18:
For a more in-depth table of the history of poetry, see
1839:"The Poetry of Wandering Scholars and Wayward Clerics"
1212:(Revised ed.). Penguin Books. 1972. pp. 7â8.
1158:
1156:
539:
genre separated into three types: the "simple," the "
1902:
1433:. University of Washington Press. pp. 124â148.
1367:"In Quest of Harmony: Plato and Confucius on Poetry"
1195:
Daniel Seldon UCSC professor of AfroAsiatic studies
1298:
1164:
1153:
1125:
1484:
698:are known for composing their lyric poetry about
583:period numerous ancient works were rediscovered.
1934:
1661:
1572:
1570:
189:BCE, describes an annual rite in which the king
1741:Burnett, Charles (2001). "Learned knowledge of
572:, as well as in Europe during the Renaissance.
1811:
1167:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral
1128:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral
1073:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral
1591:
1567:
1530:
1000:(Averroes) wrote a commentary on Aristotle's
510:Classical and early modern Western traditions
357:, as well as differences in content spanning
1507:
786:metres in which metrical feet were based on
322:and is considered to be one of the official
1784:The Universities of the Italian Renaissance
1234:
1085:
1798:â for the prominence of Aristotle and the
1297:Ahl, Frederick; Roisman, Hanna M. (1996).
1296:
1023:
625:, often known by its original name of the
478:is one of the most well-known examples of
468:written during the 25th century
1558:
1548:
1340:(2nd ed.). The Free Press. pp.
587:History and development of Chinese poetry
458:
375:had been thought to be works composed by
371:Until recently, the earliest examples of
245:(written between 29 and 19 BCE); and the
1812:Benardete, Seth; Davis, Michael (2002).
1781:
1708:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1576:
1403:
951:
765:
600:
513:
24:
1836:
1740:
1701:
633:is the earliest existing collection of
206:Other ancient epics includes the Greek
1935:
1666:. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 2.
1637:
1485:Jarrett A. Lobell (MarchâApril 2022).
1171:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1132:. Cambridge University Press. p.
873:
836:of the period, such as the unfinished
774:, while verse in the old quantitative
702:usually accompanied by an instrument.
170:script on clay tablets and, later, on
144:. The oldest surviving epic poem, the
1837:Goodrum, R. Gordon (September 1995).
1686:
1606:
1453:
1428:
1330:
1324:
1305:. Cornell University Press. pp.
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1120:
1070:
832:is one example. There are also a few
705:
399:The oldest known love poem. Sumerian
138:and ascribed a date around 2500
1240:
1222:
1034:
797:. These metres were associated with
1706:Latin anthology of Arabic poetry".
1364:
1088:International Communication Gazette
1055:
296:, possibly developed directly from
13:
1520:from the original on Jan 18, 2024.
1508:Alison Flood (September 8, 2021).
1460:. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
1337:Chinese Civilisation: A Sourcebook
1223:Mark, Joshua J. (13 August 2014).
675:
14:
1954:
1876:
1497:from the original on Dec 7, 2023.
1276:. Oxbow Books. pp. 159â161.
1273:Current Research in Egyptology 17
1241:Arsu, Ćebnem (14 February 2006).
1035:Arsu, Sebnem (14 February 2006).
1920:
1905:
949:write poetry in the lyric form.
843:, which tells us the story of a
428:
408:
392:
33:tablet, carved in stone, of the
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1805:
1775:
1734:
1695:
1680:
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1600:
1585:
1537:The Cambridge Classical Journal
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1501:
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1457:A history of literary criticism
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1422:
1397:
1358:
1290:
1263:
1216:
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991:
850:
643:. The stylistic development of
609:style. The modern character is
556:identified three major genres:
150:, dates from the 3rd millennium
106:
1802:on the Renaissance curriculum.
1431:Text and Ritual in Early China
1225:"The World's Oldest Love Poem"
1189:
1114:
1079:
1064:
1049:
1037:"The oldest line in the world"
1028:
1017:
982:
713:religious poetry includes the
597:Classical Chinese poetry forms
129:Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor
1:
1623:10.1525/aa.1957.59.3.02a00070
1531:Tim Whitmarsh (August 2021).
1011:
179:
1894:. April 2014. Archived from
1888:Istanbul Archaeology Museums
975:
662:, another early text is the
535:, Plato defined poetry as a
7:
1864:
857:Lyric Poetry § History
193:and mated with the goddess
10:
1959:
1782:Grendler, Paul F. (2004).
1749:, and didactic verse from
1408:. Curzon. pp. 52â53.
1365:Cai, Zong-qi (July 1999).
1243:"Oldest Line in the World"
884:Postmodern American Poetry
877:
854:
782:arose, which was based on
679:
590:
383:6th century CE). However,
115:, and developed from folk
17:
1579:Oral Literature in Africa
1550:10.1017/S1750270521000051
1404:Abondolo, Daniel (2001).
1371:Philosophy East and West
1100:10.1177/1748048509102184
645:Classical Chinese poetry
593:Classical Chinese poetry
1702:Boggess, W.F. (1968). "
1610:American Anthropologist
1581:. Open Book Publishers.
1577:Finnegan, Ruth (2012).
1056:Ahl, Frederick (1996).
464:can be found among the
443:(ććè©©è«), discussing the
20:List of years in poetry
1884:"The oldest love poem"
972:
967:verse composed in the
618:
526:
459:Ancient African poetry
401:terracotta tablet#2461
166:), and was written in
46:
1871:History of literature
1454:Habib, Rafey (2005).
1301:The Odyssey Re-Formed
1206:The Epic of Gilgamesh
1058:The Odyssey Re-Formed
955:
937:. Contemporary poets
913:, and Nobel laureate
766:Medieval Latin poetry
729:The Dream of the Rood
604:
517:
122:The oldest surviving
28:
1929:at Wikimedia Commons
1814:Aristotle On poetics
1491:Archaeology Magazine
1163:Goody, Jack (1987).
1071:Goody, Jack (1987).
732:, preserved in both
421:ancient music theory
377:Romanos the Melodist
328:ancient music theory
191:symbolically married
176:Istanbul tablet#2461
1704:Hermannus Alemannus
1689:Aristotle's Poetics
1687:Heath, ed. (1997).
1664:Aristotle's Poetics
917:. Among the modern
874:Modern developments
364:, love poetry, and
200:The Story of Sinuhe
124:speculative fiction
1843:The Choral Journal
1247:The New York Times
1042:The New York Times
973:
943:Kevin Young (poet)
740:. We do have some
706:Old English poetry
664:Songs of the South
619:
570:Islamic Golden Age
527:
324:Confucian classics
314:), were initially
47:
1943:History of poetry
1927:History of poetry
1925:Media related to
1649:www.gutenberg.org
1594:Comparative Drama
1471:978-0-631-23200-1
1440:978-0-295-98787-3
1415:978-0-7007-1223-6
1351:978-0-02-908752-7
1316:978-0-8014-8335-6
1283:978-1-78570-603-5
1182:978-0-521-33794-6
1143:978-0-521-33794-6
969:2nd millennium BC
947:Natasha Trethewey
654:Classic of Poetry
623:Classic of Poetry
607:Great Seal script
451:Classic of Poetry
435:An early Chinese
307:Classic of Poetry
290:, and the Hebrew
147:Epic of Gilgamesh
43:2nd millennium BC
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736:form and on the
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847:'s adventures.
834:narrative poems
825:commercium song
813:officio lusorum
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682:Medieval poetry
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676:Medieval poetry
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203:(c. 1800 BCE).
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160:Mesopotamia
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923:Ezra Pound
921:poets are
891:T.S. Eliot
878:See also:
734:manuscript
694:, and the
591:See also:
298:folk songs
272:-language
97:runestones
1761:. BRILL.
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417:Confucius
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59:genealogy
1937:Category
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1853:26 April
1755:Petrarch
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1495:Archived
1334:(1993).
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965:Sanskrit
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