807:
1078:) which had between 30 and 50 members, equally divided between producers, workers, consumers and dealers in the coal and steel sector. This grouping provided a chamber of professional associations for civil society and was in permanent dialogue with the High Authority on policy and proposals for legislation. Its Opinions were necessary before such action could take place. The threefold division of its members prevented any one group, whether business, labour or consumers, from dominating proceedings, as majority voting was required. Its existence curtailed the activity of
837:. The IAR would supervise the production, organization, trade and ownership policies of the Ruhr's coal and steel industries, and distribute the industries' products so that Marshall Plan countries would have adequate access to them. The mechanism outlined in the Ruhr Agreement to allocate coal and steel supplies was a council composed of representatives France, the US and the UK (with three votes each), and Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (with one vote each). The
788:. During the war, the three governments in exile signed a customs convention between their countries. This followed a monetary agreement which fixed their currencies against each other. This integration would lead to an economic union and the countries cooperating in foreign affairs as the union was created out of a desire to strengthen their position as small states. However the Benelux became a precursor and provided ground for later
818:, French government policy aimed to assure disarmament and demilitarization of Germany. The Ruhr region of Germany was a focus as it has historically been key to the country's industrial strength, due to its rich supply of coal and coke which attracted the steel industry, essential for the production of munitions. Initially, France proposed that an international regime control the production and export of coal and steel in the Ruhr.
526:
1233:. The canal was owned by the UK and French investors and had been a neutral zone under British control. The nationalisation and closure to Israeli traffic prompted a military response by the UK, France and Israel, a move opposed by the United States. It was a military success but a political disaster for the UK and France. The UK in particular saw it could not operate alone, instead turning to the US, and it also prompted the next
1167:
54:
1310:. However they would not share the ECSC's Council of High Authority. The two new High Authorities would be called Commissions, this was due to a reduction in their powers. France was reluctant to agree to more supranational powers and hence the new Commissions would only have basic powers and important decisions would have to be approved by the Council, which now adopted majority voting. Thus, on 25 March 1957, the
1031:
the work of the
Authority when needed. Hence, unlike the modern Council, this body had limited powers as issues relating only to coal and steel were in the Authority's domain, whereas the Council only had to give its consent to decisions outside coal and steel. As a whole, it only scrutinised and advised the executive which was independent.
953:
their views of the status of the Saar. The Treaty was ratified by the middle of 1952, and the
European Coal and Steel Community agreement entered into force on 23 July 1952. Agreement to terminate the IAR came into force on 25 June 1952. The common market was opened on 10 February 1953 for coal, and on 1 May 1953 for steel.
1082:
acting to influence governments on such policy. The
Consultative Committee had an important action in controlling the budget and expenditures, drawn from the first European tax on coal and steel producers. The Community money was spent on re-employment and social housing activities within the sectors
901:
By the signature of this Treaty, the participating
Parties give proof of their determination to create the first supranational institution and that thus they are laying the true foundation of an organised Europe. This Europe remains open to all nations. We profoundly hope that other nations will join
1259:
was put in charge of a study into the prospects of nuclear energy use in Europe. The report concluded further nuclear development was needed to fill the deficit left by the exhaustion of coal deposits and to reduce dependence on oil producers. However the
Benelux states and Germany were also keen on
1086:
Members were appointed for two years and were not bound by any mandate or instruction of the organisations which appointed them. The
Committee had a plenary assembly, bureau and a president. The High Authority was obliged to consult the committee in certain cases where it was appropriate and to keep
952:
authority. The Treaty sidestepped the issue of the status of the Saar protectorate. A protocol was attached to the Treaty in the form of an exchange of letters between German
Chancellor Adenauer and French Minister of Foreign Affairs Schuman, stating they agreed the Treaty would have no bearing on
1066:
was to ensure the observation of ECSC law along with the interpretation and application of the Treaty. The Court was composed of seven judges, appointed by common accord of the national governments for six years. There were no requirements that the judges had to be of a certain nationality, simply
1030:
of which rotated between each state every three months in alphabetical order. It was added at the request of smaller states, fearing undue influence from the High
Authority. Its task was to harmonise the work of national governments with the acts of the High Authority, as well as issue opinions on
1058:
on the second day of treaty negotiations. It was still hoped that the
Assembly of the Council of Europe would be the active body and the supranational Community would be inserted inside as one of the Council's institutions. The assembly was intended as a democratic counter-weight and check to the
1018:
was Jean Monnet. The
President was elected by the eight other members. The nine members were appointed by the member states (two for France, Italy and West Germany, one for Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands). They were expected to not represent their member states, but rather the common
956:
During the existence of the ECSC, steel production would improve and increase fourfold. Coal production however would decline but its technology, safety and environmental quality would improve. ECSC helped deal with crises in the industry and ensured balanced development and distribution of
1038:, was composed of 78 representatives. The Assembly exercised supervisory powers over the executive. The representatives were to be national MPs elected by their Parliaments to the Assembly, or directly elected. Though in practice it was the former as there was no requirement until the
863:
was an entirely different approach to the coal and steel issue, as it involved treating the Germans as equals, and with the right to negotiate on the provisions of the plan. Schuman made his announcement on 9 May 1950 (on the basis of a text prepared by Schuman's colleagues
892:" Such an act was intended to help economic growth and cement peace between France and Germany, who had previously been longtime enemies. Coal and steel were particular symbolic as they were the resources necessary to wage war. It would also be a first step to a "
1580:
Daniel, Clifton (29 December 1948). "Russia is Ignored: Agreement to Continue for Indefinite Period – French Win Points; German will have seat; Cooperation in Europe Viewed as a Basic Aim of Plan – Ratification Expected; Authority Set Up To Control Ruhr".
1322:(Euratom). The latter body fostered co-operation in the nuclear field, at the time a very popular area, and the EEC was to create a full customs union between members. Louis Armand became the first President of Euratom Commission and
3393:
2216:
2204:
2180:
1919:
1781:
1689:
1494:
1482:
1396:
1384:
639:
countries and was to promote cooperation not only in military matters but the in economic, social and cultural spheres. These roles however were rapidly taken over by other organisations. Furthermore, in April 1948, the
2104:
709:, under Winston Churchill's chairmanship. It was the first time all the European unification movements had come together under one roof and attracted a myriad of statesmen including many who would later become known as
1105:
of the new community. The Treaty allowed for the seat(s) to be decided by common accord of governments yet at a conference of the ECSC members on 23 July 1952 no permanent seat was decided. The seat was contested with
1046:. However, to emphasise that the chamber was not to be that of a traditional international organisation, whereby it would be composed of representatives of national governments, the Treaty of Paris used the term "
652:
for the Soviet-controlled part of Europe. However the signatories of the Brussels treaty quickly realised their common defence was not enough against the USSR. However wider solidarity, such as that seen over the
1756:
915:
by Konrad Adenauer (West Germany), Paul van Zeeland, Joseph Meurice (Belgium) Robert Schuman (France) Count Sforza (Italy) Joseph Bech (Luxembourg) and Dirk Stikker, J. R. M. van den Brink (The Netherlands).
1458:
1145:
seat of the institutions until a permanent agreement was reached. However, it was decided that the Common Assembly (the forerunner to the European Parliament), should instead be based in Strasbourg—the
2157:"Intergovernmental Committee on European Integration. The Brussels Report on the General Common Market (abridged, English translation of document commonly called the Spaak Report) [June 1956]"
1178:(EDC) was drawn up and signed on 27 May 1952. It would combine national armies and allow West Germany to rearm under the control of the new Community. However, in 1954, the treaty was rejected by the
890:
Franco-German production of coal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority, within the framework of an organisation open to the participation of the other countries of Europe.
3837:
3842:
17:
3552:
2059:
3257:
1299:
3847:
2656:
507:
3525:
3252:
3730:
2765:
1071:
1306:
in 1956. The outcome of the conference was that new communities would share the Common Assembly (now Parliamentary Assembly) with the ECSC, as it would with the
554:
2142:
2080:
1470:
1831:
3564:
3412:
2562:
3242:
183:
173:
1988:
3093:
2917:
2628:
2321:
2316:
2311:
1861:
1632:
1335:
85:
80:
75:
3464:
3423:
3377:
2219:
1707:
491:
1340:
2760:
2266:
1809:
1027:
742:
641:
588:
2822:
2326:
1155:
825:(the European Recovery Plan) was aimed at reviving the economies of western Europe, including west Germany. To address French concerns, the
90:
2235:
3206:
2675:
2514:
2509:
2504:
1096:
3725:
3341:
2738:
859:
proposed a new strategy: pooling the markets for coal and steel of France, Germany, and other European countries wanting to participate.
547:
1935:
1241:, to look towards joining the European Community. Equally France saw its future with the Community but opposed British entry, with then
3912:
3535:
3247:
3221:
3120:
2618:
2092:
2016:
3857:
2817:
2711:
3653:
3648:
3574:
3496:
2331:
95:
997:
3746:
3601:
3515:
1102:
3907:
3125:
3038:
2882:
2847:
2716:
2648:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2473:
2306:
2192:
1702:
710:
540:
512:
34:
3819:
3790:
3675:
3569:
3372:
2721:
2643:
2613:
2464:
1439:
1886:
1255:
As a result of the crisis, the Common Assembly proposed extending the powers of the ECSC to cover other sources of energy.
162:
3715:
3670:
3584:
3132:
2812:
2726:
2706:
2623:
2383:
2045:
1825:"Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat during June 1959"
1015:
841:
would have three votes for its representatives, as soon as it formed a government recognized by the Allies. Following the
826:
584:
3827:
3785:
3530:
3230:
3103:
2999:
2301:
2259:
1303:
1183:
1154:. The chamber of the CoE's Parliamentary Assembly could also serve the Common Assembly, and it did so until 1999, when a
972:
which would take on European defence and be merged into the EU in later decades. transformed the Western Union into the
734:
70:
3695:
3435:
3430:
3167:
2684:
2638:
2608:
2549:
2441:
2348:
2293:
1130:
would have been accepted at the time, but divisions within the then-unstable Belgian government ruled that option out.
838:
658:
193:
63:
3832:
3720:
3447:
3398:
3147:
3061:
3033:
2795:
2491:
2388:
1067:
that they be qualified and that their independence be beyond doubt. The Court was assisted by two Advocates General.
1043:
1003:
925:
801:
596:
499:
126:
1630:
3440:
3196:
3137:
3056:
2943:
2887:
2731:
2419:
1824:
1421:
1319:
150:
3780:
3685:
3665:
3403:
2603:
2591:
2499:
694:
2567:
3795:
3710:
3643:
3589:
3579:
3557:
3457:
3271:
3162:
3157:
3098:
3015:
2857:
2252:
1191:
721:. However it exposed a division between unionist (opposed to a loss of sovereignty) and federalist (desiring a
232:
1757:"General view of the Commission on the forthcoming multilateral trade negotiations (Luxembourg, 4 April 1973)"
768:. However, due to pressure from the United States, Norway and Denmark joined NATO and the plans collapsed. A "
3872:
3805:
3775:
3638:
3611:
3452:
3179:
3113:
3066:
2966:
2755:
2748:
2284:
1075:
1023:
627:
which was a military pact between France and the United Kingdom who were concerned about the threat from the
43:
1202:, twelve golden stars in a circle upon a blue field. It would later be adopted by the European Communities.
3633:
3520:
3479:
3191:
2971:
2456:
1350:
1295:
1138:
3356:
3800:
3705:
3484:
3142:
2446:
2401:
1315:
834:
830:
138:
3510:
3346:
3108:
2912:
1175:
985:
757:
1794:
733:) It has since been a broad forum to further cooperation and shared issues, achieving for example the
713:. The congress discussed the formation of a new Council of Europe and led to the establishment of the
3765:
3387:
3201:
2904:
2852:
2661:
2572:
1631:
US High Commissioner for Germany Office of Public Affairs, Public Relations Division (January 1952).
1307:
1063:
3418:
2956:
2951:
2743:
2356:
1179:
1059:
High Authority. It had formal powers to sack the High Authority, following investigation of abuse.
965:
620:
580:
458:
214:
821:
The start of the cold war changed the context of French policy toward Germany. Further, the U.S.
3881:
3660:
3547:
1355:
853:
388:
3770:
3616:
3505:
3474:
3408:
3351:
2782:
2361:
1234:
973:
969:
921:
912:
738:
241:
204:
3886:
3491:
3311:
2877:
2433:
1264:, although it was opposed by France. In the end, both were created, as separate communities.
957:
resources. However the treaty, unlike its successors, was designed to expire after 50 years.
806:
776:
which held its first meeting in 1953. Similar economic activity was taking place between the
702:
690:
600:
530:
3690:
3296:
3286:
3152:
3088:
2976:
2519:
2371:
865:
842:
789:
693:
of May 1948 was a pivotal moment in European integration, as it led to the creation of the
568:
338:
115:
8:
3852:
3680:
3621:
3540:
3331:
3316:
2827:
2807:
2701:
1894:
1123:
1051:
1035:
1011:
949:
893:
869:
860:
486:
368:
358:
329:
291:
271:
1279:) charged with the preparation of a report on the creation of a common European market.
725:) supporters. This unionist-federalist divide was reflected in the establishment of the
3700:
3301:
3080:
2994:
2406:
1613:
1268:
1210:
677:
and most notably the United States. Military integration in NATO sped up following the
616:
576:
448:
438:
1413:
1369:
2633:
1435:
1431:
1291:
1245:
1195:
1147:
984:
in 1955 as an institutional framework for its military dominatin in the countries of
726:
718:
714:
698:
592:
481:
418:
408:
378:
281:
3628:
3306:
2790:
1605:
1527:
1323:
1311:
1272:
1242:
1238:
1190:
which would have created a federation to ensure democratic control over the future
1151:
1039:
961:
428:
398:
311:
2557:
3336:
1898:
1276:
1187:
885:
654:
2117:
1651:
3321:
2275:
1409:
1199:
976:(WEU). West Germany eventually joined in 1955 both WEU and NATO, prompting the
881:
856:
773:
722:
632:
624:
348:
301:
251:
1531:
1119:
849:. The Statute for the IAR was signed and came into effect on April 28, 1949.
3901:
3382:
1261:
877:
822:
645:
261:
1887:"Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, the ECSC Treaty"
1515:
2869:
1417:
1283:
1256:
1230:
977:
945:
846:
815:
750:
686:
2244:
1922:, CVCE – Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2009)
1596:"Agreement for Establishment of an International Authority for the Ruhr".
591:, the predecessor of the OECD, were also founded, followed in 1949 by the
2800:
2693:
1408:
1222:
1134:
1055:
981:
873:
2145:
CVCE – Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2009)
1795:"Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC Treaty"
1445:
764:, Denmark and Norway) which would be neutral in regards to the proposed
3291:
2892:
1617:
1214:
1111:
941:
785:
746:
730:
682:
661:(NATO) was created. It expanded the Brussels treaty members to include
599:, with the ensuing moves to create further communities leading to the
3759:
2839:
2770:
1960:
1226:
929:
795:
706:
657:
in 1949, was seen to provide sufficient deterrent. Hence in 1949 the
1609:
1563:
3469:
3326:
3211:
1665:
1127:
1079:
670:
612:
572:
567:
The year 1948 marked the beginning of the institutionalised modern
1729:
1459:
The Congress of Europe in The Hague (7–10 May 1948) – Introduction
1107:
948:. The United Kingdom refused to participate due to a rejection of
737:
in 1950. The Council was designed with two main political bodies,
3235:
1314:
were signed. They came into force on 1958-01-01 establishing the
1294:(29 and 30 May 1956) where the decision was taken to organize an
1166:
937:
933:
781:
777:
662:
649:
636:
53:
1633:"Plans for Terminating the International Authority for the Ruhr"
1290:
provided the basis for further progress and was accepted at the
2577:
1427:
1218:
761:
674:
780:
countries. The Benelux Customs Union became operative between
756:
In the same year as the Brussels treaty, Sweden planned for a
644:, the predecessor of the OECD, was also founded to manage the
1300:
Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom
1206:
1115:
678:
666:
2046:
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
1252:
British entry out of a fear it would lead to US domination.
1225:. This was in response to the withdrawal of funding for the
3216:
2156:
1345:
1249:
765:
628:
3394:
European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
1014:), which served as the Community's executive. The first
960:
In 1954 by the Treaty of Brussels was transformed by the
772:" was established which led to a customs union under the
1649:
1174:
Following on the heels of the creation of the ECSC, the
1170:
The Council of Europe adopted a flag to symbolise Europe
1097:
Location of European Union institutions § Beginning
1423:
The College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe
1229:
by the UK and United States due to Egypt's ties to the
1022:
The member states' governments were represented by the
2384:
International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
1275:
was appointed as chairman of a preparatory committee (
583:(WU) as the first organisation. In the same year, the
1989:"The seats of the institutions of the European Union"
1604:(3). Cambridge University Press: 140–153. July 1949.
1483:
The plan for a Nordic customs union and common market
998:
European Coal and Steel Community § Institutions
770:
Scandinavian joint committee for economic cooperation
753:
issues (today covering nearly every European state).
685:
which prompted a desire for the inclusion in NATO of
2442:
European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
1862:"The Treaties establishing the European Communities"
1050:". The Assembly was not originally mentioned in the
184:
Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
2474:
European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
2389:
European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
1801:
749:, it is an organisation dealing with democracy and
2465:European Financial Stability Facility (2010–
1326:became the first President of the EEC Commission.
1182:. The rejection also derailed further plans for a
833:in June 1948 as part of the plan to establish the
796:Schuman Declaration and the Treaty of Paris (1951)
1370:A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation
1161:
3899:
2052:
2011:
2009:
1741:Schuman or Monnet? The real Architect of Europe.
1728:Is Europe a federal or a supranational union? |
648:, triggering as a response the formation of the
3838:Largest cities by population within city limits
1807:
1336:History of the European Communities (1973–1993)
1122:had a status as a "European city", the ongoing
642:Organization for European Economic Co-operation
589:Organization for European Economic Co-operation
18:History of the European integration (1948–1957)
1930:
1928:
1346:Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
2447:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
2402:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
2260:
2060:"Strasbourg, seat of the European Parliament"
2006:
548:
2420:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
1983:
1981:
1751:
1749:
1341:History of the European Union (2004–present)
1158:was built across the river from the Palace.
745:of national members of parliament. Based in
606:
2274:
2154:
1925:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1516:"The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem"
1298:. The report formed the cornerstone of the
3121:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
2267:
2253:
1822:
1570:, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul., 1955), pp. 345–358
1526:(3). Cambridge University Press: 345–358.
555:
541:
1978:
1746:
1624:
1564:The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem
1543:
1541:
1397:NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
810:Founding members of the Community in 1952
3575:European Structural and Investment Funds
3497:European System of Financial Supervision
2362:Western European Union (1954–2011)
2107:CVCE – The symbols of the European Union
1841:
1650:Encyclopaedia Britannica (21 May 2021).
1165:
805:
1695:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1141:, proposed that Luxembourg be made the
14:
3900:
3039:European Economic and Social Committee
2848:Court of Justice of the European Union
2372:European Communities (1967–2009)
2034:
1837:from the original on 6 September 2015.
1579:
1573:
1538:
1150:(CoE) was already based there, in the
711:founding fathers of the European Union
3676:Stabilisation and Association Process
3373:Area of freedom, security and justice
2248:
2236:Presidents of the European Commission
2105:European flag – questions and answers
2062:. Tribune pour l'Europe on CVCE. 1999
1598:American Journal of International Law
1513:
1034:The Common Assembly, what is now the
3671:European Union Association Agreement
2407:European Community (1993–2009)
2155:Paul-Henri., Spaak (18 April 2018).
1500:
1090:
827:International Authority for the Ruhr
631:following the communist takeover in
619:was signed in 1948 establishing the
585:International Authority for the Ruhr
579:was signed in 1948 establishing the
3000:European Data Protection Supervisor
2302:Ideas of European unity before 1948
1810:"Treaty of Paris: About Parliament"
1186:, being drawn up by members of the
1074:(the forerunner to what is now the
1006:was created. At its centre was the
735:European Convention on Human Rights
24:
3696:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
3436:Common Security and Defence Policy
3431:Common Foreign and Security Policy
2181:A European Atomic Energy Community
991:
839:Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
659:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
194:Common Foreign and Security Policy
25:
3924:
3913:European Coal and Steel Community
3465:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
3062:European Union Military Committee
3034:European Committee of the Regions
2017:"Seat of the European Commission"
1782:The beginning of the negotiations
1368:Source of majority of the dates:
1004:European Coal and Steel Community
926:European Coal and Steel Community
802:European Coal and Steel Community
597:European Coal and Steel Community
127:European Coal and Steel Community
3441:Permanent Structured Cooperation
3057:Political and Security Committee
2944:European Atomic Energy Community
2205:The signing of the Rome Treaties
2093:The European Political Community
1320:European Atomic Energy Community
524:
151:European Atomic Energy Community
52:
3843:National parties by affiliation
3686:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
3666:Economic Partnership Agreements
2357:Western Union (1948–1954)
2229:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2148:
2136:
2118:"France's own lesson from Suez"
2110:
2098:
2086:
2074:
1953:
1936:"Council of the European Union"
1913:
1879:
1816:
1787:
1775:
1734:
1730:http://www.schuman.info/fed.htm
1722:
1683:
1658:
1643:
1589:
1556:
1552:. 29 December 1948. p. 20.
1101:The Treaty made no decision on
928:(ECSC). It was formed by "the
911:signed on 18 April 1951 at the
845:, that role came to be held by
695:European Movement International
3848:Presidents of the institutions
3644:European Higher Education Area
3222:International status and usage
3016:Agencies of the European Union
2749:European political foundations
2143:1957–1968 Successes and crises
2081:The European Defence Community
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1162:Development of new Communities
1126:made it a problematic choice.
1103:where to base the institutions
1048:representatives of the peoples
1002:With the Treaty of Paris, the
635:. The new treaty included the
492:History of defence integration
13:
1:
3908:History of the European Union
3639:European Common Aviation Area
3094:Charter of Fundamental Rights
3067:European Union Military Staff
2967:European University Institute
2756:Council of the European Union
2217:Drafting of the Rome Treaties
1690:The Declaration of 9 May 1950
1361:
1076:Economic and Social Committee
679:first Soviet atomic bomb test
3634:European Political Community
3480:European Banking Supervision
2972:European Stability Mechanism
1351:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1296:Intergovernmental Conference
1184:European Political Community
1139:Prime Minister of Luxembourg
902:us in our common endeavour.
7:
3706:Union for the Mediterranean
3485:Single Resolution Mechanism
3424:Vehicle registration plates
3378:Migration and asylum policy
3357:Potential superpower status
1329:
1316:European Economic Community
1010:(the forerunner to today's
920:The declaration led to the
835:Federal Republic of Germany
831:London Six-Power Conference
829:(IAR) was announced at the
739:one composed of governments
623:(WU). It expanded upon the
139:European Economic Community
10:
3929:
3649:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
3347:Differentiated integration
2913:European Court of Auditors
2744:European political parties
1703:"The European Communities"
1176:European Defence Community
1094:
995:
986:Central and Eastern Europe
799:
758:Scandinavian defence union
3866:
3818:
3766:House of European History
3754:
3745:
3600:
3388:European Judicial Network
3365:
3279:
3270:
3258:Health expense per person
3187:
3178:
3079:
3047:
3024:
3008:
2985:
2932:
2905:Supreme audit institution
2903:
2868:
2838:
2781:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2599:
2590:
2548:
2490:
2455:
2432:
2415:
2397:
2379:
2370:
2347:
2340:
2292:
2283:
1532:10.1017/S0034670500014261
1514:Yoder, Amos (July 1955).
729:on 5 May 1949 (today its
607:Beginnings of cooperation
531:European Union portal
2957:European Investment Fund
2952:European Investment Bank
2193:A European Customs Union
1180:French National Assembly
1156:new complex of buildings
966:Modified Brussels Treaty
571:. With the start of the
459:Von der Leyen Commission
174:Justice and Home Affairs
3661:European Peace Facility
2888:System of Central Banks
1356:European Youth Campaign
1133:To break the deadlock,
932:": France, Italy, the
854:French Foreign Minister
3771:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
3617:European Economic Area
3475:European banking union
3352:Privileged partnership
3207:Government procurement
1920:Western European Union
1568:The Review of Politics
1548:"The Ruhr Agreement".
1235:British Prime Minister
1221:traffic, sparking the
1171:
1118:all considered. While
1072:Consultative Committee
974:Western European Union
970:Western European Union
922:Treaty of Paris (1951)
918:
811:
611:With the start of the
500:History of enlargement
205:Western European Union
3716:Free trade agreements
3558:Health Insurance Card
3492:Capital Markets Union
3342:Democratic legitimacy
3312:Optimum currency area
3133:Legislative procedure
2878:European Central Bank
1808:European Parliament.
1471:The Council of Europe
1200:emblem for all Europe
1169:
1124:dispute over Saarland
1095:Further information:
1070:Finally, there was a
996:Further information:
898:
888:. He proposed that: "
809:
681:and the start of the
601:Treaty of Rome (1957)
595:, and in 1951 by the
3828:Books on the subject
3691:EU Gateway Programme
3654:EU/ESA Space Council
3612:Neighbourhood Policy
3570:Regional development
3536:Environmental policy
3526:Educational policies
3453:Neighbourhood Policy
3297:Intergovernmentalism
3287:European integration
3202:Community preference
3153:Enhanced cooperation
3138:Citizens' Initiative
2977:Unified Patent Court
2828:Directorates-General
2619:Environmental issues
1637:Information bulletin
1448:on 28 December 2016.
1024:Council of Ministers
843:Petersberg Agreement
790:European integration
569:European integration
339:Hallstein Commission
116:European Communities
3853:Terrorist incidents
3681:Eastern Partnership
3622:EEA Joint Committee
3541:European Green Deal
3511:Agricultural policy
3317:Supranational union
2808:European Commission
2766:General Secretariat
2702:European Parliament
2657:Special territories
2457:Financial stability
1901:on 13 December 2007
1895:Europa (web portal)
1267:As a result of the
1260:creating a general
1054:but put forward by
1052:Schuman Declaration
1036:European Parliament
1012:European Commission
894:European federation
487:History of the euro
369:Mansholt Commission
359:Malfatti Commission
292:Treaty of Amsterdam
272:Single European Act
3701:Northern Dimension
3448:Enlargement Policy
3390:(criminal matters)
3302:Multi-speed Europe
2995:European Ombudsman
2651:(first-level NUTS)
2634:Larger urban zones
2224:European NAvigator
2042:Europe in Brussels
1763:. 12 February 2013
1550:The New York Times
1520:Review of Politics
1269:Messina Conference
1217:and closing it to
1211:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1172:
968:which created the
940:, Netherlands and
909:Europe Declaration
812:
784:, Netherlands and
703:Congress of Europe
617:Treaty of Brussels
577:Treaty of Brussels
508:List of presidents
449:Juncker Commission
439:Barroso Commission
389:Jenkins Commission
163:European Community
3895:
3894:
3814:
3813:
3801:Telephone numbers
3741:
3740:
3516:Cultural policies
3266:
3265:
3253:Unemployment rate
3075:
3074:
2935:international-law
2928:
2927:
2918:Secretary-General
2670:
2669:
2629:Geographic centre
2586:
2585:
2486:
2485:
2428:
2427:
2124:. 1 November 2006
1961:"Schuman Project"
1666:"Schuman Project"
1639:. pp. 61–62.
1441:978-90-804983-1-0
1432:College of Europe
1292:Venice Conference
1248:stating he would
1246:Charles de Gaulle
1213:nationalised the
1209:government under
1196:Council of Europe
1148:Council of Europe
1091:Provisional seats
852:In May 1950, the
727:Council of Europe
719:College of Europe
715:European Movement
699:College of Europe
593:Council of Europe
565:
564:
482:History of Europe
467:
466:
419:Santer Commission
409:Delors Commission
379:Ortoli Commission
320:
319:
282:Maastricht Treaty
223:
222:
16:(Redirected from
3920:
3875:
3752:
3751:
3629:Energy Community
3548:Fisheries policy
3307:Neofunctionalism
3277:
3276:
3185:
3184:
3127:Official Journal
3114:Citizens' Rights
2853:Court of Justice
2791:European Council
2739:Political groups
2690:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2652:
2597:
2596:
2377:
2376:
2345:
2344:
2290:
2289:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2013:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1965:www.schuman.info
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1897:. Archived from
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1858:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1829:
1823:United Nations.
1820:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1753:
1744:
1743:p 129. Bron 2004
1738:
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1717:
1715:
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1511:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1444:. Archived from
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1324:Walter Hallstein
1312:Treaties of Rome
1308:Court of Justice
1286:drawn up by the
1273:Paul-Henri Spaak
1243:French President
1239:Harold Macmillan
1064:Court of Justice
1042:and no election
1040:Treaties of Rome
962:Paris Agreements
944:) together with
916:
870:Bernard Clappier
816:Second World War
705:was convened in
557:
550:
543:
529:
528:
527:
513:List of founders
429:Prodi Commission
399:Thorn Commission
335:
334:
312:Treaty of Lisbon
238:
237:
112:
111:
56:
29:
28:
21:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3878:
3871:
3862:
3810:
3791:Public holidays
3737:
3711:Global Strategy
3603:
3596:
3565:Labour mobility
3458:Global Strategy
3419:Driving licence
3361:
3337:Pro-Europeanism
3262:
3174:
3099:Competition law
3071:
3049:
3043:
3026:
3020:
3004:
2987:
2981:
2936:
2934:
2924:
2899:
2864:
2834:
2818:Vice-Presidents
2777:
2712:Vice-Presidents
2666:
2650:
2644:Protected areas
2614:External border
2582:
2544:
2482:
2451:
2424:
2411:
2393:
2366:
2336:
2327:1993–2004
2322:1973–1993
2317:1958–1972
2312:1948–1957
2279:
2273:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2153:
2149:
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2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1885:
1884:
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1870:
1868:
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1821:
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1802:
1793:
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1701:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
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1659:
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1629:
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1610:10.2307/2213981
1595:
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1512:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1442:
1420:, eds. (1999).
1414:Léonce Bekemans
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1364:
1332:
1288:Spaak Committee
1277:Spaak Committee
1194:. In 1955, the
1188:Common Assembly
1164:
1152:House of Europe
1099:
1093:
1000:
994:
992:First community
917:
913:Treaty of Paris
907:
804:
798:
701:. In 1948, the
655:Berlin Blockade
609:
561:
525:
523:
518:
517:
504:
477:
469:
468:
332:
322:
321:
242:Treaty of Paris
235:
225:
224:
109:
101:
100:
66:
45:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3926:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3776:Laissez-passer
3773:
3768:
3763:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3726:Current agenda
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3585:Sport policies
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Federalisation
3329:
3324:
3322:Euroscepticism
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2874:
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2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
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2820:
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2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2732:Constituencies
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2624:Extreme points
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2349:Defence policy
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278: articles
2276:European Union
2272:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2147:
2135:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2051:
2044:. Luxembourg:
2033:
2005:
1977:
1952:
1924:
1912:
1878:
1840:
1815:
1800:
1786:
1774:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1694:
1682:
1657:
1652:"Schuman Plan"
1642:
1623:
1588:
1583:New York Times
1572:
1555:
1537:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1440:
1410:Dieter Mahncke
1401:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1318:(EEC) and the
1163:
1160:
1110:, Luxembourg,
1092:
1089:
1008:High Authority
993:
990:
905:
882:Etienne Hirsch
861:Schuman's plan
857:Robert Schuman
814:Following the
800:Main article:
797:
794:
774:Nordic Council
723:federal Europe
691:Hague Congress
689:. The ensuing
633:Czechoslovakia
625:Dunkirk Treaty
608:
605:
563:
562:
560:
559:
552:
545:
537:
534:
533:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
503:
502:
496:
495:
494:
489:
484:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
465:
464:
461:
455:
454:
451:
445:
444:
441:
435:
434:
431:
425:
424:
421:
415:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
385:
384:
381:
375:
374:
371:
365:
364:
361:
355:
354:
351:
349:Rey Commission
345:
344:
341:
333:
328:
327:
324:
323:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
302:Treaty of Nice
298:
297:
294:
288:
287:
284:
278:
277:
274:
268:
267:
264:
258:
257:
254:
252:Treaty of Rome
248:
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236:
231:
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211:
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207:
201:
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166:
158:
157:
156:(1958–present)
154:
146:
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142:
134:
133:
130:
122:
121:
118:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
71:Pre-1948 ideas
67:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
46:European Union
44:History of the
40:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3925:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
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3506:Single market
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3409:identity card
3407:
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3383:Schengen Area
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2018:
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2010:
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1966:
1962:
1956:
1941:
1937:
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1562:Amos Yoder, "
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871:
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850:
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823:Marshall Plan
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817:
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646:Marshall Plan
643:
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622:
621:Western Union
618:
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581:Western Union
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280:
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269:
265:
263:
262:Merger Treaty
260:
259:
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239:
234:
229:
228:
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215:Western Union
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105:
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60:
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47:
42:
41:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3758:
3580:Space policy
3248:Average wage
3243:Minimum wage
3126:
2870:Central bank
2685:Institutions
2609:Demographics
2492:Enlargements
2475:
2466:
2434:Central bank
2341:Predecessors
2231:
2223:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2161:aei.pitt.edu
2160:
2150:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2054:
2041:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1943:. Retrieved
1939:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1899:the original
1890:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1818:
1803:
1789:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1760:
1740:
1736:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1670:schuman.info
1669:
1660:
1645:
1636:
1626:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1585:. p. 1.
1582:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1523:
1519:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1446:the original
1422:
1418:Robert Picht
1404:
1392:
1380:
1367:
1304:Val Duchesse
1287:
1284:Spaak Report
1281:
1266:
1257:Louis Armand
1254:
1231:Soviet Union
1204:
1173:
1142:
1132:
1100:
1085:
1069:
1061:
1047:
1033:
1021:
1007:
1001:
980:to form the
978:Soviet Union
959:
955:
946:West Germany
924:forming the
919:
908:
900:
899:
889:
886:Quai d'Orsay
851:
847:West Germany
820:
813:
769:
755:
751:human rights
687:West Germany
610:
566:
161:
149:
137:
125:
108:Organisation
96:2004–present
26:
3858:Urban areas
3721:Enlargement
3399:Citizenship
3148:LGBT rights
2986:Independent
2801:Euro summit
2717:Secretariat
2694:Legislature
2550:Withdrawals
1223:Suez Crisis
1198:adopted an
1143:provisional
1135:Joseph Bech
1120:Saarbrücken
1083:concerned.
1056:Jean Monnet
982:Warsaw Pact
936:countries (
874:Jean Monnet
866:Paul Reuter
673:as well as
665:, Iceland,
330:Commissions
219:(1948–1954)
209:(1954–2011)
199:(1993–2009)
188:(2003–2009)
178:(1993–2003)
168:(1993–2009)
144:(1958–1993)
132:(1952–2002)
120:(1958–2009)
3902:Categories
3833:Directives
3731:Statistics
3553:Healthcare
3292:Eurosphere
3197:Currencies
3168:Withdrawal
3143:Regulation
2948:EIB Group
2893:Eurosystem
2761:Presidency
2722:Committees
2662:Statistics
2332:Since 2004
1362:References
1215:Suez Canal
1112:Strasbourg
1044:until 1979
1028:Presidency
1019:interest.
942:Luxembourg
884:), at the
878:Pierre Uri
786:Luxembourg
747:Strasbourg
731:Europe day
683:Korean War
669:, Norway,
3781:Languages
3760:Douzelage
3604:relations
3404:passports
3327:Euromyths
3231:Transport
3109:Directive
2937:EU bodies
2883:President
2840:Judiciary
2813:President
2796:President
2783:Executive
2771:Eurogroup
2727:Elections
2707:President
2604:Geography
2592:Geography
1891:europa.eu
1271:of 1955,
1227:Aswan Dam
1080:lobbyists
1016:president
964:into the
930:inner six
743:the other
707:the Hague
91:1993–2004
86:1973–1993
81:1958–1972
76:1948–1957
3882:Category
3796:Religion
3602:Foreign
3590:VAT Area
3470:Eurozone
3366:Policies
3280:Concepts
3272:Politics
3212:Eurozone
3163:opt-outs
3158:Treaties
3048:Military
3025:Advisory
3009:Agencies
2649:Regions
2307:Founders
2294:Timeline
2166:18 April
2128:18 April
2122:BBC News
1970:18 April
1905:18 April
1832:Archived
1767:18 April
1675:18 April
1330:See also
1207:Egyptian
1128:Brussels
906:—
717:and the
671:Portugal
613:Cold War
587:and the
573:Cold War
233:Treaties
64:Timeline
35:a series
33:Part of
3873:Outline
3806:Symbols
3747:Culture
3236:TRACECA
3180:Economy
2988:offices
2285:History
2195:cvce.eu
2095:cvce.eu
2066:24 June
2048:. 2007.
2026:24 June
1998:24 June
1945:24 June
1871:24 June
1761:cvce.eu
1714:24 July
1618:2213981
1495:Benelux
1219:Israeli
1137:, then
938:Belgium
934:Benelux
782:Belgium
778:Benelux
663:Denmark
650:Comecon
637:Benelux
3887:Portal
3192:Budget
3089:Acquis
3050:bodies
3027:bodies
2676:Bodies
1616:
1497:, CVCE
1485:, CVCE
1461:. CVCE
1438:
1428:Bruges
1387:, CVCE
1026:, the
762:Sweden
697:, the
675:Canada
615:, the
575:, the
476:Topics
196:pillar
37:on the
3820:Lists
2933:Other
1835:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1614:JSTOR
1116:Turin
1108:Liège
667:Italy
3413:list
3217:Euro
2578:2020
2573:2012
2568:1985
2563:1984
2558:1962
2540:2013
2535:2007
2530:2004
2525:1995
2520:1990
2515:1986
2510:1981
2505:1973
2500:1954
2476:2012
2467:2012
2238:CVCE
2220:CVCE
2207:CVCE
2183:CVCE
2168:2018
2130:2018
2083:CVCE
2068:2014
2028:2014
2021:CVCE
2000:2014
1993:CVCE
1972:2018
1947:2014
1940:CVCE
1907:2018
1873:2014
1866:CVCE
1784:CVCE
1769:2018
1716:2014
1708:CVCE
1692:CVCE
1677:2018
1473:CVCE
1436:ISBN
1399:CVCE
1282:The
1250:veto
1114:and
1062:The
880:and
868:and
766:NATO
760:(of
629:USSR
463:2019
453:2014
443:2004
433:1999
423:1994
413:1985
403:1981
393:1977
383:1973
373:1972
363:1970
353:1967
343:1958
316:2007
306:2001
296:1997
286:1992
276:1986
266:1965
256:1957
246:1951
3081:Law
1606:doi
1566:",
1528:doi
1302:at
896:".
3904::
2159:.
2120:.
2019:.
2008:^
1991:.
1980:^
1963:.
1938:.
1927:^
1893:.
1889:.
1864:.
1843:^
1830:.
1759:.
1748:^
1705:.
1668:.
1635:.
1612:.
1602:43
1600:.
1540:^
1524:17
1522:.
1518:.
1502:^
1434:.
1430::
1426:.
1416:;
1412:;
1237:,
988:.
876:,
792:.
741:,
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