History of the Islamic Republic of Iran

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Signal to the list of blocked social media platforms, which included Facebook, Telegram, Twitter and YouTube. Security and intelligence officials carried out arbitrary arrests for social media postings deemed “counter-revolutionary” or “un-Islamic”. The authorities imposed internet shutdowns during protests, hiding the scale of violations by security forces. In July, parliament fast-tracked preparations for a bill that were adopted this year, and which would criminalize the production and distribution of censorship circumvention tools and intensify surveillance. Several thousand men, women and children were interrogated, unfairly prosecuted and/or arbitrarily detained solely for peacefully exercising their rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly. Among them were protesters, journalists, dissidents, artists, writers, teachers and dual nationals. Also among them were human rights defenders, including lawyers; women's rights defenders; defenders of LGBTI people's rights, labour rights and minority rights; environmentalists; anti-death penalty campaigners; and bereaved relatives demanding accountability, including for mass executions and enforced disappearances in the 1980s. Hundreds remained unjustly imprisoned at the end of the year.

2035: 2063: 1676:(LMO), replaced the Literacy Corps following the revolution and is credited with much of Iran's continued success in reducing illiteracy from 52.5 per cent in 1976 to just 24 per cent, at the last count in 2002. The movement has established over 2,000 community learning centers across the country, employed some 55,000 instructors, distributed 300 easy-to-read books and manuals, and provided literacy classes to a million people, men as well as women. The increase in literacy "meant that for the first time in history most of the population, including 2948: 38: 2613:

deal with this problem. "The Council of Guardians disqualified nearly all radical candidates from the fall 1990 Assembly of Experts elections because they had failed to pass written and oral tests in Islamic jurisprudence." In the winter and spring of 1992 nearly one-third of the 3150 candidates for the 1992 election for the parliament were rejected, including 39 incumbents. Leading radicals such as Khalkhali, Nabvi, Bayat, and Hajjat al-Islam Hadi Ghaffari were sent packing because they lacked the "proper Islamic credentials".

2510:. By 1988, Iran was nearly bankrupted by the ruinous costs of the war and its manpower pool also exhausted. The Iranian Army in desperation began resorting to using boys as young as 14 in human wave attacks against Iraqi machine gun emplacements. Khomeini remarked that agreeing to peace with Iraq was "like drinking poison", but there was no other choice. Although neither borders nor regimes were changed the war helped to "awaken the people and to fight the problems that threaten the revolution", according to future president 94: 2872: 10372: 10382: 4925: 4322: 1654: 2433:. A member of the PMOI, Mas'ud Kashmiri, was announced as the perpetrator, and according to regime reports came close to killing the entire government including Khomeini. The reaction following both bombings was intense with thousands of arrests and hundreds of executions of PMOI and other leftist groups, but "assassinations of leading officials and active supporters of the regime by the PMOI were to continue for the next year or two". 2659: 1740: 1961:(veiling) for women has been given extensive police enforcement, Shorts, necklaces, "glamorous" hairstyles, and neckties (in government buildings) are forbidden for men. Western music is banned even more thoroughly, but observers note it is nonetheless popular and widespread. One post-revolutionary opinion poll found 61% of students in Tehran chose "Western artists" as their role models with only 17% choosing "Iran's officials". 1323: 2328: 4434: 4430: 3503:" in more than a decade. In the capital Tehran thousands of Iranian women were cautioned over their poor Islamic dress and several hundred arrested. In 2011, an estimated 70,000 police in Tehran alone, patrolled for clothing and hair infractions. As of 2011, men are barred from wearing necklaces, “glamorous” hairstyles, ponytails, and shorts. Neckties are forbidden in the holy city of 2718: 2083:) be treated well. Non-Muslim religious minorities do not have equal rights in the Islamic Republic (For example, senior government posts are reserved for Muslims and Jewish, Christian and Zoroastrian schools must be run by Muslim principals) but four of the 270 seats in parliament are reserved for three non-Islamic minority religions. 2313:, dominated by Khomeini supporters, was elected. Their new draft gave the guardians much more power and added a powerful post of guardian jurist ruler intended for Khomeini. The new constitution was opposed by non-theocratic groups, both secular and Islamic, and set for approval by referendum in December 1979. 4068:

of conflict (i.e. not just the cost of arms and destruction but lack of economic growth that peaceful coexistence would have made possible) in the Middle East from 1991–2010 at a $ 12 trillion. Iran's share of the opportunity cost came to over $ 2.1 trillion. In other words had there been peace since

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His administration has been marked by controversy over his outspoken pronouncements against American "arrogance" and "imperialism", and description of the state of Israel as a "fabricated entity ... doomed to go", and over high unemployment and inflation opponents blamed on his populist economic

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The reform era ended with the conservatives defeat of Iranian reformists in the elections of 2003, 2004 and 2005—the local, parliamentary, and presidential elections. According to at least one observer, the reformists were defeated not so much by a growth of support for conservative Islamist policies

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Khatami worked to improve relations with other countries visiting many other countries and holding a dialogue between civilizations and encouraged foreigners to invest in Iran. He announced Iran would accept a two-state solution for Palestine if Palestinians agreed to one, relaxed restrictions on the

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Despite the "economy first" focus, Iran suffered serious economic problems during the Rafsanjani era. According to economist Bijan Khajehpour, economic growth in Iran between 1989 and 1994 was "mainly financed through the accumulation of some $ 30 billion in foreign debt. In 1993, the ratio of Iran's

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Two major changes in the ideological underpinnings of the Islamic Republic occurred toward the end of Khomeini's reign. In January 1988, he issued an edict declaring that the Islamic "Government is among the most important divine injunctions and has priority over all peripheral divine orders ...

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Instability in Iran did not end with the creation of the Islamic Republic and remained high for a few years. The country's economy and apparatus of government had collapsed. Military and security forces were in disarray. But by 1982 (or 1983) Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions

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Iran is governed by Sharia law. It is one of the few Muslim countries where hijab for women is required by law. At the same time, it has "the lowest mosque attendance of any Islamic country", according to Zohreh Soleimani of the BBC. Iranian clergy have complained that more than 70% of the population

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Despite a 100 percent rise in average annual oil income since the revolution, most indicators of economic welfare have steadily deteriorated. ... Average inflation in the years after the revolution has been at least twice as high as during the 1970s, unemployment has been three times higher, and

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rating (including life expectancy, literacy, education, and standard of living) improved significantly in the years after the revolution, climbing from 0.569 in 1980 to 0.759 in 2007/8. It now ranks 94th out of 177 countries with data. This is approximately the same rate, as neighbor Turkey which has

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neighbors, and possesses large reserves of gas and oil than all except Saudi Arabia. Its national cohesion brought by a long history as a nation, strong central state government and its oil export revenues have brought it "respectable" levels of income, literacy, college enrollment, infant mortality,

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In June 2006, 50 Iranian economists wrote a letter to Ahmadinejad that criticized his price interventions to stabilize prices of goods, cement, government services, and his decree issued by the High Labor Council and the Ministry of Labor that proposed an increase of workers' salaries by 40 percent.

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at the time), cabinet members, and members of parliament, were killed. The PMOI never publicly confirmed or denied any responsibility for the deed, but only stated the attack was `a natural and necessary reaction to the regime's atrocities.` Khomeini did accuse them of responsibility and, according

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While the revolution brought about some re-Islamisation of Iran, particularly in terms of personal appearance—beards, hijab—it has not prompted a reversal of some modernizing trends or a return to traditional patterns of family life, (such as polygamy and the extended family with numerous children).

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in Iran was increasingly becoming the biggest part of business deals—and a lot of other transactions too. Iranians called it "oiling the mustache", and it was commonly practiced before the revolution, but payoffs then were usually a one-time thing of a known amount. Two decades after the revolution,

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poll), the protest does not mean Iran is in a "pre-revolutionary" situation as a WPO poll of Iranians taken in early September 2009 found high levels of satisfaction with the regime. 80% of the Iranians respondents said President Ahmadinejad was honest, 64% expressed a lot of confidence in him, and

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As of 2022 the authorities continued to heavily suppress the rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly. They banned independent political parties, trade unions and civil society organizations, censored media and jammed satellite television channels. In January, the authorities added

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Iran's economy suffered during the first decade following the revolution. Its currency, the rial, fell from 7 to the dollar before the revolution, to 1749 to the dollar in 1989. The revolution also is said to have put an end to the influence of "the notables", and created a very large public sector

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The war continued for another six years under the slogans "War, War until Victory", and "The Road to Jerusalem Goes through Karbala", but other countries, particularly the Soviet Union gave crucial aid to Iraq. The Iraqis also used chemical weapons against Iranian soldiers. As the costs mounted and

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A combination of fierce resistance by Iranians and military incompetence by Iraqi forces soon stalled the Iraqi advance and by early 1982 Iran regained almost all the territory lost to the invasion. The invasion rallied Iranians behind the new regime, enhancing Khomeini's stature and allowed him to

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For religious minorities, life has been mixed under the Islamic Republic. Khomeini also called for unity between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims (Sunni Muslims are the largest religious minority in Iran). Pre-revolutionary statements by Khomeini were antagonistic towards Jews, but shortly after his return

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Journalists report complaints that, "these days, if a student is lucky enough to study in the West, he will rarely come home. There are so few good jobs that everyone, from students to middle-aged engineers, is looking for a way out." An estimated "two to four million entrepreneurs, professionals,

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Per capita income declines when the price of oil declines (per capita income reportedly fell at one point (1995) to 1/4 of what it was prior to the revolution); Accumulated assets of the Iranian middle class—carpets, gold, apartments—that were acquired in the four-year boom after the 1973 oil price

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swept across the country against the government and its longtime Supreme Leader in response to the economic and political situation. The scale of protests throughout the country and the number of people participating were significant, and it was formally confirmed that thousands of protesters were

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In November 2008, a group of 60 Iranian economists condemned Ahmadinejad's economic policies, saying Iran faces deep economic problems, including stunted growth, double-digit inflation, and widespread unemployment, and must drastically change course. It also criticized Ahmadinejad's foreign policy

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the actual average age of marriage for women rose to 22 by 1996. Thus the age difference between husbands and wives in Iran actually fell between 1980 and 2000, from 7 to 2.1 years. (The man's average age at marriage has remained around 24.4 over the past 20 years, which means greater educational

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dramatically reversed the pro-Western foreign policy of the regime it overthrew. Since then, Iran has oscillated between the two opposing tendencies of revolutionary ardour (promoting the Islamic revolution and struggling against non-Muslim tendencies abroad) and moves towards pragmatism (economic

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During an October 2013 meeting, however, Iran agreed, in negotiations with several Western European nations, to toughen international inspections of its nuclear installations. Nonetheless, the international community continued to express concerns over Iran's nuclear program. At least five Iranian

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A new policy regarded as a success of the new government was its promotion of birth control. In 1989, the government, "having previously encouraged population growth, reversed gears and declared that Islam favored families with only two children". Birth control clinics were opened, especially for

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on August 2, 1990, causing a multinational coalition of UN forces to be assembled in response. Although Iran criticized the invasion and supported sanctions against its neighbor, it refused any active participation in the war, not surprising given the country's anti-Western attitudes and state of

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The two groups differed strongly over economic and foreign policy, with radicals tending to support mass political participation and state control of the economy, and oppose normalization of relations with the West. Conservatives used the power to disqualify candidates from running for office to

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was elected president shortly after Khomeini's death, and has been described as less revolutionary and "isolationist" than his rivals—"economically liberal, politically authoritarian, and philosophically traditional". (He served from August 17, 1989, to August 1997.) While Leader Khamenei and the

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throughout the country marked one of the most severe Internet blackouts in any country, and in the bloodiest governmental crackdown of the protestors in the history of Islamic Republic, tens of thousands were arrested and hundreds were killed within a few days according to multiple international

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Israel with over 300 drones and missiles on 13 April. However, the Iranian attack was mainly intercepted either outside Israeli airspace or over the country itself. It was the biggest missile attack in Iranian history, and its first ever direct attack on Israel. It was followed by a retaliatory

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Khatami based his campaign on a reform program promising a more democratic and tolerant society, promotion of civil society, the rule of law and improvement of social rights. This included city council elections, adherence to Iran's constitution, freedom to criticize high ranking authorities –

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The initial impact of the Islamic revolution around the world was tremendous. In the non-Muslim world it has changed the image of Islam, generating much interest in the politics and spirituality of Islam, along with "fear and distrust towards Islam" and particularly the Islamic Republic and its

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sparked by her death were "unlike any the country had seen before", the "biggest challenge" to the government, with 10,000s arrested and over 500 killed. By September 2023, the protests had been crushed and authorities were working to crackdown on bareheaded women and restore compulsory hijab.

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on 12 June 2013 and took office on 3 August. He is known as a moderate left-leaner, supported by reformists in the election. He has open ideas in the area of economics and a high-level foreign policy, as he served as a diplomat before his election. He has moved quickly to engage in diplomatic

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After taking office, Khatami faced fierce opposition from his powerful opponents within the unelected institutions of the state which he had no legal power over, and this led to repeated clashes between his government and these institutions (including the Guardian Council, the state radio, and

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cause. Government aid goes to everything from Palestinian hospitals to arms supplies. There is vigorous media publicity, an official "Quds (Jerusalem) Day", and squares and streets named after Palestine crisscross Iranian cities. Some question whether the issue has domestic grassroots support,

1568:, demonstrated the willingness of the Islamic revolutionaries to sacrifice trade and other ties with western countries to threaten an individual citizen of a foreign country living thousands of miles away. On the other hand, Khomeini's death in 1989 led more pragmatic policies, with Presidents 1525:) school of thought is the official religion. Theocratic bodies supervise the government which has an elected president and elected governmental bodies at the national, provincial and local levels. All male and female citizens from the age of 18 on up may vote for candidates approved by the 2892:

countries began renewing economic ties with Iran in the late 1990s, and trade and investment increased. In 1998, Britain re-established diplomatic relations with Iran, broken since the 1979 revolution. The United States loosened its economic embargo, but it continued to block more normalized

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occurred shortly after on February 11 when Iran's military declared itself "neutral" after guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting. Iran officially became the Islamic Republic on April 1, 1979, when Iranians overwhelmingly approved a national

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It is recommended that one hurries in giving the husband to a daughter who has attained puberty, meaning that she is of the age of religious accountability. His Holiness, Sadegh salutations to him, bade that it is one of a man's good fortunes that his daughter does not see menses in his own

3202:, conservatives won control of parliament, securing some two-thirds of the seats. Many Iranians, however, were unhappy with the failure of the current parliament to achieve any significant reforms or diminish the influence of the hardliners. In mid-2004 Iran began resuming the processing of 2404:

The ouster of President Banisadr did not put an immediate end to the opposition but moved it to terror. Hundreds of PMOI supporters and members were killed from 1979 to 1981, and some 3,000 were arrested, but unlike other opposition is driven underground by the regime, the PMOI was able to

1909:, what grievance, they nurture most bitterly against the Islamic Republic, it is the tearing apart of their families ... had the revolutionaries tempered their wild radicalism, had they not replaced the Shah with a regime that prompted mass flight, their families would still be whole." 2019:

Radio, "If two people are thoroughly flogged and if two people are executed ... it will be a lesson for everyone else". Iran has the highest number of executions after China as of 2022, when 582 people were executed. For 2023, as of 12 September 2023, 499 people have been executed.

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In particular conditions improved in the countryside. The Reconstruction Jihad "extended roads, electricity, piped water, and most important of all, health clinics into villages. ... turning peasants into farmers. Soon most farmers had access not only to roads, schools, ... but

2577:, (the "highest source of religious emulation"), since he found none of Marja to be suitable successors as none had given strong support for his policies. The amendments were drafted and approved by the public about one month after Khomeini's death (1989 July 9). They paved the way for 3545:, Ahmadinejad was officially declared to have won by a 2–1 margin against three opponents. Allegations of voting irregularities and protest by Mousavi his supporters were immediate and by 1 July 2009 1000 people had been arrested and 20 killed in street demonstrations. Supreme Leader 2090:, are actively harassed. "Some 200 of whom have been executed and the rest forced to convert or subjected to the most horrendous disabilities." Starting in late 1979 the new government systematically targeted the leadership of the Baháʼí community by focusing on the Baháʼí leadership. 2530:

from government positions, closed down Baháʼí Centers, and arrested and even executed their leaders. A strict "Islamic code of public appearance" was enforced—men were discouraged from wearing ties, women were obliged to wear either scarf and long coats or preferably the full chador.

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It is the duty of the judiciary to start from higher echelons of power in this challenging but sacred drive. It does not make a difference whether the suspect is a high-ranking official or kith and kin of the officialdom. The legislators assure the people that they will endorse this

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of the country—was approved in December 1979. In between, the Shah fled Iran in January 1979 after strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country, and on February 1, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Tehran to a greeting by several million Iranians. The final collapse of the

3485:. Beginning in 2005, the number of offenders executed increased from 86 in 2005 to 317 in 2007. Months-long arbitrary detentions of "peaceful activists, journalists, students, and human rights defenders" and often charged with "acting against national security", has intensified. 2451:(September 1980 – August 1988, known as The Imposed War in Iran) was the most important international event for the first decade of the Islamic Republic and possibly for its history so far. It helped to strengthen the revolution although it cost Iran much in lives and treasure. 3412:, a relatively independent planning body with a supervisory role in addition to its responsibility to allocate the national budget, and replaced it with a new budget planning body directly under his control, a move that may give him a freer hand to implement populist policies. 3010:, Ahmadinejad was officially declared to have won by a 2–1 margin against three opponents. Allegations of voting irregularities and protest by Mousavi and his supporters were immediate and continued off and on into 2011. Some 36–72 were killed and 4000 arrested. Supreme Leader 1802:

economic growth is two-thirds lower. As a result, Iran's per capita income has declined by at least 30 percent since 1979. By official admission, more than 15 percent of the population now lives below the absolute poverty line, and private estimates run as high as 40 percent.

1611:; its leaders were followers of Khomeini. The creation of Hezbollah, and its funding from Iran, was in response to the Israeli occupation of Lebanon. Since then, Hezbollah has served as both an ally and a surrogate for Iran during its conflict with America and Israel. Author 3091:"wiped off the map", saying "Ahmadinejad had been misunderstood." It was asserted that the correct translation of Ahmadinejad's remark was, "the regime currently occupying Jerusalem will be erased from the pages of time". Reviewing the controversy over the translation, 4682:

Fatwa #2459 from A Clarification of Questions: An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al-Misael by Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini; Translated by J. Borujerdi, with a Foreword by Michael M. J. Fischer and Mehdi Abedi; Westview Press/ Boulder and London,

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The first post-war decade in Iran has been described as a time of pragmatism, and an "economy-first" policy. According to Shirin Ebadi, "about two years into the postwar period, the Islamic Republic quietly changed course. ... It was fairly clear by then that the

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to take advantage of the perceived post-revolutionary military weakness in Iran and the Revolution's unpopularity with Western governments. Much of the top leadership of Iran's once-strong Iranian military had been executed. Saddam sought to expand Iraq's access to the

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A 2002 study leaked from Iran's Interior Ministry, reported nearly 90% of respondents dissatisfied with the present government according to Amuzegar. Of this total, 28% wanted "fundamental" changes, 66% "gradual reforms". 10% expressed satisfaction with the status quo.

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Revolutionary factions disagreed on the shape of the new Iran. Those who thought the Shah would be replaced by a democratic government soon found Khomeini disagreed. In early March 1979, he announced, "do not use this term, 'democratic.' That is the Western style."

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have rioted, protesting the demolition of their shantytowns and rising food prices. Disabled war veterans have demonstrated against mismanagement of the Foundation of the Disinherited. Hardship has compelled some children to take odd jobs rather than go to school.

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At first, the new era saw significant liberalization. The number of daily newspapers published in Iran increased from five to twenty-six. Journal and book publishing also soared. Iran's film industry boomed under the Khatami regime and Iranian films won prizes at

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The constitution of the Islamic Republic calls for the state sector "to include all large-scale and mother industries, foreign trade", natural resources and communication; and calls on the private sector to "supplement the ... state and cooperative sectors".

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In 2005 Iran's national science budget was less than $ 1 billion and had not been subject to any significant increase since 15 years ago. But according to Science-Metrix, since 1990 Iran's scientific production has had a rapid buildup, and Iran currently has the

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Nor has Islamisation of family law lead to an increase in the number of polygamous families or more frequent divorces. Polygamy has remained at about 2% of permanent marriages during the past 40 years and the divorce rate has decreased slightly since the 1970s.

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Under the Islamic Republic, Iran's economy has been dominated by oil and gas exports which constituted 70% of government revenue and 80% of export earnings as of 2008. It has a large public sector, with an estimated 60% of the economy directly controlled and

2188:), Iranian scientists have found international reputation since the Iranian revolution. Nuclear technology and stem cell research were the two fields that have enjoyed special support from the central government and Iranian leadership since the revolution. 2993:

by a wide margin in the runoff, his victory credited to the popularity of his economic promises and a very low reformist voter turnout compared to the 1997 and 2001 elections. This victory gave conservatives control of all branches of Iran's government.

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Rafsanjani (brother of the president) were both forced out. By 1994 "hundreds of intellectuals and supposed dissidents were in prison and some had been executed". These purges cleared the regime of opponents but are thought to have set the stage for the

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in the 1980s. With most foreign aid going to Iraq, Iran was forced to accept a ceasefire by 1988. Tensions with Iraq remained long after the war; it was not until the death of Saddam himself that Iran and Iraq have started improving their relations.

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Several controversial proposals by President Ahmadinejad and conservatives have not come to fruition. Plans to encourage larger families, to encourage polygamy by permitting it despite the opposition of a husband's first wife; and to put a tax on

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Population growth was encouraged for the first nine years of the revolution, but in 1988 youth unemployment concerns prompted the government to do "an amazing U-turn" and Iran now has "one of the world's most effective" family planning programs.

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Jan. 19, 1981. The crisis also marked the beginning of American legal action, or sanctions, that economically separated Iran from America. Sanctions blocked all property within US jurisdiction owned by the Central Bank and Government of Iran.

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founder. In the Mideast and Muslim world, particularly in its early years, it triggered enormous enthusiasm and redoubled opposition to western intervention and influence. Islamist insurgents rose in Saudi Arabia (the 1979 week-long

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Ayatollah Khomeini was the ruler of (or at least dominant figure in) Iran for a decade, from the founding of the Islamic Republic in April 1979 until his death in mid-1989. During that time the revolution was being consolidated as a

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The first draft of the constitution for the Islamic Republic contained a conventional president and parliament but its only theocratic element was a Guardian Council to veto unIslamic legislation. However, in the summer of 1979 an

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foreign debt to the country's GDP reached 38%, which was alarming." A lack of foreign investment along with a fall in oil prices from $ 20 to $ 12 per barrel added to this external debt, and triggered an economic recession. The

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also ... radios, refrigerators, telephones, televisions, motorbikes, even pickup trucks. ... on the eve of the revolution, life expectancy at birth had been less than 56; by the end of the century, it was near 70."

3519:—a stipulated sum that a groom agrees to give or owe to his bride which is seen by many women "as a financial safety net in the event a husband leaves the marriage and is not forced to pay alimony"—have not gone anywhere. 2779:. Local elections promised in the Islamic Republic's constitution but delayed for over a decade were held for towns, villages, and hamlets and the number of elected officials in Iran increased from 400 to almost 200,000. 3101:

observed that "all official translations" of the comments, including the foreign ministry and president's office, "refer to wiping Israel away". His comments were strongly criticized by a number of foreign leaders.

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that formed the "greatest domestic challenge" to the leadership of the Islamic Republic "in 30 years", as well as clashes with parliament. Despite high turnout and large enthusiastic crowds for reformist opponent

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After the Iranian revolution, Iranian women have continued to occupy high positions in the political system. In the late 1990s, Iranians sent more women to Iranian parliament than Americans sent to U.S. senate.

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of the economy, when the government "nationalizing their enterprises in order to keep their employees working ... the state ended up with more than 2000 factories many of them operating in the red".

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which went from 155,000 in 1977 to 135,700 in 1982 (when universities reopened after cultural revolution) to a peak of 1,048,000 in 1995. from UNESCO Division of Statistics, quoted in Brumberg, Daniel,

3758:, a 22-year-old Iranian woman, was arrested for allegedly wearing her hijab improperly, and died in custody three days later, protesters believe from beating and torture by Guidance Patrol officials. 5692:

1980 April 8 – Broadcast call by Khomeini for the pious of Iraq to overthrow Saddam and his regime. Al-Dawa al-Islamiya party in Iraqi is the hoped-for catalyst to start the rebellion. From: Mackey,

2034: 7612: 2989:. Ahmadinejad ran for office as a conservative populist pledging to fight corruption, defend the interests of the poor, and strengthen Iran's national security. In 2005 he defeated former president 1672:

Although the Shah's regime had created a popular and successful Literacy Corps and also worked to raise literacy rates, the Islamic Republic based its educational reforms on Islamic principles. The

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consolidate and stabilize his leadership. After this reversal, Khomeini refused an Iraqi offer of a truce, declaring "the regime in Baghdad must fall and must be replaced by the Islamic Republic".

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Iran is among the international leaders of stem cell technology and was the 10th country to produce embryonic human stem cells, although in terms of articles per capita basis, it reportedly ranked

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An Iranian MP talks about more executions and more flogging. On 22 December 2018, Aziz Akbarian, chairman of the Parliament's Committee on Industries and Mines said in an interview with the local

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as a way for economic opportunity, as he was quoted saying "Sanctions should be seen as an opportunity for economic empowerment, and we should strengthen ourselves instead of falling short."

2462:, including Iran's Arab neighbor Iraq, the one large state besides Iran in the Gulf with a Shia Muslim majority population. The leadership in Tehran believed that they would launch a massive 1985:

were also executed in 1988. Like other revolutions before it, the Iranian Revolution took a higher toll on those who had participated in the revolution than those in the regime it overthrew.

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An event that helped pass the constitution, radicalize the revolution and strengthen its anti-American stance, was the Iran hostage crisis. On November 4, 1979, Iranian students seized the

8874: 1772:(Iran sustained economic losses estimated at $ 500 billion), a soaring population over the same period, inefficiency in the state sector, dependence on petroleum exports, and corruption. 3416:

calling it "tension-creating" and saying it has "scared off foreign investment and inflicted heavy damage" on the economy. Ahmadinejad replied that Iran has been least affected by the

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However, by late 2010 several sources detected a "growing rift" between Ahmadinejad, and Khamenei and his supporters, with talk of impeachment of Ahmadinejad. The dispute centered on

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women. Condoms and pills were distributed. Subsidies to large families were cut. Sex education was introduced into the school curriculum, mandatory classes for newlyweds were held.)

7455: 1957:("westoxification") or western cultural influence stubbornly remains, entering via (illegal) music recordings, videos, and satellite dishes, despite government efforts. Compulsory 3707:. An international investigation led to the government admitting to the shootdown of the plane by a surface-to-air missile after three days of denial, calling it a "human error". 1673: 4053:

One study estimates that conflict in the Middle East has cost the Iranian population a substantial fraction of per capita income in opportunity cost of foregone economic growth.

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has also proposed that lawmakers consider a bill, based on which the wealth and property of all officials who have held high governmental posts since 1979 could be investigated.

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and not by Iran's president, Ahmadinejad gained considerable international attention for his foreign policy. Under Ahmadinejad, Iran's strong ties with the Republic of Syria and

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treaties regarding the development of nuclear weapons. Economic conditions improved during Rouhani's first term and led to his reelection in 2017 with his reformist agenda. The

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that formed the "greatest domestic challenge" to the leadership of the Islamic Republic "in 30 years". Despite high turnout and large enthusiastic crowds for reformist opponent

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population), and to undermine Iranian Islamic revolutionary attempts to incite the Shi'a majority of his country. Iranians also believe Saddam invaded with the encouragement of

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Iran's large youth demographic (by 1995, about half of the country's 60.5 million people had not been born after the Islamic Revolution) is one of Khatami's bases of support.

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inviting him to "monotheism and justice", an open letter to the American people, the declaration that there were no homosexuals in Iran, an expression of happiness at the

7410: 6506: 4965: 4493:"According to World Bank figures, which take 1974 as 100, per capita GDP went from a high of 115 in 1976 to a low of 60 in 1988, the year war with Iraq ended" (Keddie, 7817: 4546: 6134: 7109: 6545: 1810:

The poor have also exhibited dissatisfaction. Absolute poverty rose by nearly 45% during the first 6 years of the Islamic revolution and on several occasions the

6483: 2585:, but to critics they undermined the "intellectual foundations" of the Islamic Republic theocracy, breaking "the charismatic bond between leader and followers". 1669:

a somewhat higher HDI rating (0.775). One factor in the HDI rise has been literacy rates among Iranian women which "rose from 28% to 80% between 1976 and 1996".

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generally supported these policies, in the parliament radical deputies initially had control, outnumbered Rafsanjani's "pragmatic-conservative camp" 90 to 160.

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elements in the government forced the closure of the reformist press. Attempts by parliament to repeal restrictive press laws were forbidden by Supreme Leader

2679:

plummeted from 1,749 to 6,400 to the dollar in 1995. Unemployment reached 30%. The price of sugar, rice, and butter rose threefold, and that of bread sixfold.

1842:, as well as an educated and cohesive workforce, "they are blessed with all the facilities to be the industrial engine of the region, except good governance". 1790:(PPP model) more than doubled since the revolution despite strong population growth—one year after the revolution it was $ 4,295 and grew to $ 11,396 by 2010. 3062: 2507: 6402: 3472: 3358: 2514:. An estimated 200,000 Iranians were killed and the war is estimated to have cost Iran $ 627 billion in total direct and indirect charges (in 1990 dollars). 1905:

draft, is thought by some to be the feature of the Islamic Republic most resented by Iranians. According to Shirin Ebadi, "But if you ask most Iranians what

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declared Ahmadinejad's victory a "divine assessment" and called for unity. He and others Islamic officials blamed foreign powers for fomenting the protest.

4532:

Based on the government's own Planning and Budget Organization statistics, from: Jahangir Amuzegar, `The Iranian Economy before and after the Revolution,`

2817:

In July 1999 conservatives closed the reformist newspaper, Salam, and attacked a Tehran University student dormitory after students protested the closing.

2522:

The new regime undid the Shah's old Family Protection Law, lowering the marriage age for girls back to nine and allowed husbands to divorce wives with the

2847:. Despite these conditions, President Khatami was overwhelming re-elected in June 2001. Tensions between reformers in parliament and conservatives in the 10431: 8043: 5277: 4057: 10033: 8886: 7025: 6805: 3786: 3704: 7954: 7663: 10139: 7085: 6429: 5521: 3050:

Ahmadinejad's outspoken pronouncements in foreign affairs included personal letters to a number of world leaders including one to American president

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even prayers, fasting and the Hajj." In April of the next year he decreed a task force to revise the country's constitution to separate the post of

10406: 7843: 7565: 3021:, a top adviser and close confidant of Ahmadinejad, and accused leader of a "deviant current" opposing greater involvement of clerics in politics. 2425:, the PMOI were "generally perceived as the culprits" for it in Iran. Two months later on August 30, another bomb was detonated killing President 1827: 8079: 3035:

Although functions such as the appointment of the commanders of the armed forces and the members of national security councils are handled by the

2164:

Iran's scientific progress is subject to many problems including funding, international sanctions, and management. However, in some areas such as

1793:

However, complaining about the economy is said to have become "a national pastime" among Iranians. According to international economic consultant

1491:

and infrastructure. Modern trends found under the monarchy, such as urbanization, growing enrollment in higher education and literacy, continued.

9553: 9544: 9288: 8800: 7156: 6109: 4666: 3447: 3158: 1486:

Some things remain much as they were under the monarchy. Iran has retained its status as a major regional power—it is far larger than any of its

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was formally endorsed as Iran's new president by Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Pezeshkian, a reformist, won in a presidential

3650:

negotiations with Western countries, seeking the lifting of crippling economic sanctions on oil exports in exchange for Iran's cooperation with

8785: 6839: 6821: 6616: 1982: 5469: 3442:'s cabinet launched the Gas Rationing Plan to reduce the country's fuel consumption. Although Iran is one of the world's largest producers of 1584:, Iran has returned to a more hardline stance, frequently antagonizing the west and its neighbors while battling for control over the region. 7316: 5719: 3214:

that was promised. The action was denounced by the United States as one which would give Iran the capability to develop nuclear weapons. The

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Despite the lowering of the legal age of marriage for women fell to 9, and the Ayatollah Khomeini's support for early marriage for females,

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In the field of health, maternal and infant mortality rates have been cut significantly. Infant mortality per 1000 dropped from 104 to 25.

1514: 1445: 8025: 7533: 7451: 6596: 5334: 4922: 2351:

on April 7, 1980, and later that month unsuccessfully attempted a rescue that further enhanced Khomeini's prestige in Iran. On May 24 the

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and Israel, and was quoted in foreign media sources as saying "Israel should be wiped off the map." Iran's foreign minister denied that

2928:

as by division within the reformist movement and the banning of many reform candidates which discouraged pro-reform voters from voting.

1898:

is estimated to have cost Iran $ 80–120 billion, where even the lower figures are greater than Iran's total oil revenues for 1989–1993.

9222: 8738: 7374: 5365: 4628: 3696: 3162: 27: 6764: 6739: 6688: 6290: 4227: 2193: 7050: 6261: 3700: 1351: 6861: 4588: 3187:. The timetable for the reporting, however, was left undetermined. Iran's stated position is that it is in full compliance with the 1992:

and reported abuses are more likely to include harsh penalties for crimes; punishment of fornication, homosexuality, apostasy, poor

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said it is the duty of his organization to start from the top echelons of power in the drive against corruption. The letter added,

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for "sacrilege"—despite their credentials as activists in the Islamic revolution. In 2002 history professor and reformist activist

2278: 7217: 1981:

In the first five years of the Islamic Republic, during its consolidation, approximately 8,000 political opponents were executed.

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leading the charge for more stable relations with the west as well as its surrounding, non-Revolutionary-Islamic neighbors—i.e.,

7892: 7275: 7250: 6201: 5322: 4857: 4790: 1868:, Yadollah and Haleh Sahabi), active members of National party were imprisoned and Haleh was killed for their peaceful activism. 9398: 9249: 9012: 7339: 6503: 3257: 7400: 4961: 4208: 4069:

1991, the average Iranian citizen would have an estimated income of $ 7700 rather the $ 4100 that he or she will earn in 2010.

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of Lebanon continued, and new relationships with predominantly Shia neighbor Iraq and fellow opponent of U.S. foreign policy

7755: 6131:"Civil Society and the Rule of Law in the Constitutional Politics of Iran Under Khatami –Iranian president Mohammad Khatami" 3549:

and others Islamic officials blamed foreign powers for fomenting the protest. However, according to World Public Opinion (a

2526:, without court permission. It purged women from the judiciary and secular teachers from the educational system. It removed 8906: 8896: 6695:

BBC News, 28 October 2005, "Iran's president has defended his widely criticised call for Israel to be 'wiped off the map'".

5400: 3429: 2776: 2310: 7196: 7004: 6979: 6954: 5423: 5302: 4277: 10104: 10054: 9780: 9314: 7929: 6130: 3667:, spreading across the country within hours, after the government announced increases in the fuel price of up to 300%. A 3642: 3625: 3206:

as part of its plan to achieve self-sufficiency in civilian nuclear power production, stating that the negotiations with

3133:. Ahmadinejad himself has also repeatedly called for such solution. Moreover, Khamenei's main advisor in foreign policy, 2986: 2982: 2385: 1768:

Economic problems include the shattering of the Iranian oil sector and consequent loss of output from the revolution and

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and the enmity of the US government which continued to see Iran as a major regional threat both to America and Israel.

2642:

exhaustion from the recent conflict with its neighbor. As a result of the war and its aftermath, more than one million

1894:

technicians, and skilled craftspeople (and their capital)" emigrated to other countries following the revolution. This

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in March 2003, as U.S. officials increasingly denounced Iran for pursuing the alleged development of nuclear weapons.

2392:

guerrillas came under attack in February 1980, a purge of universities was begun in March 1980, and leftist President

9759: 9703: 9683: 9499: 9474: 9370: 9294: 9196: 8826: 8668: 6921: 6903: 5862: 4639: 3790: 3692: 2686:, when America suspended all trade with Iran, accusing Iran of supporting terrorist groups and attempting to develop 2359:

to be released. Finally, the hostages were released 20 January 1981, by agreement of the Carter Administration, see

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Perhaps the biggest domestic event as of 2023 during the Raisi administration was the arrest and alleged killing of

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in Iran’s capital, Tehran, where he was to attend the inauguration ceremony of Iran’s President Masoud Pezeshkian.

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that Iran was seeking to develop such arms. However, the IAEA also called for Iran to abandon its plans to produce

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According to British-Iranian scholar, Ali M. Ansari, "Iranians joke" that with the world's second or third largest

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see Marie Ladier-Fouladi, Population et politique en Iran, Paris: Institut national d'études démographiques, 2003.

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were arrested, tried and imprisoned on what outside observers considered "trumped up" or ideological grounds.

2791:

In 1999, new curbs were put on the press. Courts banned more than 60 newspapers. Important allies of President

2054:, 1981. The Friday prayer plays an important role for the Iranian regime to declare its ideology and intentions. 10339: 10164: 10044: 10028: 9514: 9449: 9350: 9299: 9071: 9022: 9007: 8911: 8901: 8881: 8673: 8332: 6802: 6661: 4766: 3873: 3868: 3810: 3798: 3770: 3728:

on 18 June 2021 and took office on the 8th of August. He is known as a Right-wing politician as his party (the

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During the era of the Islamic Republic, Iran has grown from 39 million (1980) to 81.16 million (2017) people.

19:

This article is about the history of Iran after the 1979 revolution. For the history of Iran before 1979, see

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on an Iranian consulate building in the Syrian capital Damascus killed an important senior commander of the

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arguing that Iranians "lack emotional and cultural ties to Palestinians", or has been too costly in terms of

1530: 1344: 3454:, rapid increases in demand and limited refining capacity has forced the country to import about 40% of its 10202: 10038: 9754: 9494: 9484: 9232: 9088: 8688: 6376: 6252: 3803: 3729: 3660: 3655: 3433: 3312:, the difference between President Ahmadinejad administration's revenues and the amount deposited with the 3251: 2750: 2683: 2282: 9968: 7743: 7128: 6426: 5525: 3342: 2581:– a long time lieutenant of Khomeini, but a relatively low ranking cleric – to be Khomeini's successor as 10426: 9993: 9987: 9938: 9749: 9579: 9458: 9083: 7507: 5170: 4096: 3399: 3289: 2105: 1807:

rise and served to cushion the fall in standards of living, have now reportedly "largely been sold off".

1780: 1316: 1304: 143: 4752: 3061:

Hezbollah's dependence on Iran for military and financial aid is not universally supported in Iran. The

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relations, arguing that the country had been implicated in international terrorism and was developing a

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Nature: Prof Reza Mansouri comments on Nuclear issue and existing hostilities toward Iranian scientists

4590:

Confronting Iran: The Failure of American Foreign Policy and the Next Great Conflict in the Middle East

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From 1999 to present, there have been a series of political/social/economic protest movements in Iran,

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groups" in Iran are trying to divert public opinion away from the government's determination to fight

2629:, as exiled radicals warmed to the "liberal" values of freedom of speech, assembly, due process, etc. 10312: 9903: 9673: 9454: 9380: 9242: 9217: 9140: 8891: 8790: 8733: 8145: 7433: 7295: 7051:"The Rise of the Pasdaran: Assessing the Domestic Roles of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps" 6449: 3883: 3863: 3618: 3608: 3154: 1713: 1216: 1120: 379: 6843: 6825: 6784: 3910: 1752: 1475:. All have been violently suppressed by the government and several hundred people have been killed. 10023: 9813: 9693: 9644: 9616: 9479: 9017: 8931: 8660: 6612: 3030: 2601: 2511: 2143: 2123: 1700: 1542: 1337: 1299: 1294: 1284: 73: 7313: 6636: 6346: 5729: 4663: 10421: 10416: 10254: 10228: 10219: 10089: 10049: 9653: 9589: 9549: 9284: 9135: 8992: 8951: 8209: 6706: 4986: 3878: 3494: 3055: 3018: 2814:

was sentenced to death for apostasy for calling for "Islamic Protestantism" and reform in Islam.

2803: 2764: 2703: 2626: 1665: 1612: 862: 618: 199: 5146: 4157: 2749:, initiating a dialogue between people of different faith inside and outside Iran, also called " 10344: 9983: 9724: 9679: 9403: 9365: 9093: 8849: 6592: 5341: 3733: 3598: 3481:, Iran's human rights record "has deteriorated markedly" under the administration of President 3386: 3230:

but subsequently indicated that it would not be held to the suspension if the negotiations the

3125:

state". Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Khamenei, rejecting any attack on Israel, called for a

2570: 2430: 2409: 1600: 1441: 1179: 682: 156: 7613:"Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest - 'Do whatever it takes to end it'" 7172: 9632: 9584: 9559: 9279: 9027: 8805: 8723: 8340: 8297: 8062:"Iran's supreme leader endorses reformist Pezeshkian as new president. He takes oath Tuesday" 7649: 7587: 5673: 5054: 3673: 3571: 3281: 3065:

exposed the world to a number of weapons in Hezbollah possession said to be Iranian imports.

2921: 2746: 2722: 2344: 2270: 2239: 1989: 1895: 1784: 1405: 1372: 560: 480: 418: 6082:

The Tehran Stock Exchange: A Maverick Performer?, Middle East Economic Survey, May 23, 2005,

4623: 1660:(1979–2008). A positive value represents more people entering Iran than leaving the country. 190: 10183: 10085: 9978: 9918: 9893: 9872: 9852: 9825: 9627: 9569: 9464: 9227: 9192: 8956: 8138: 6760: 6735: 6685: 6286: 4224: 3794: 3774: 3762: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3313: 3195:

inspections beyond what is required, and that it has no ambitions to build atomic weapons.

3141:

and other prominent officials have however on other occasion called for the destruction of

2606: 2266: 2067: 2001: 1970: 1918: 1526: 1472: 1289: 2527: 2087: 2080: 8: 9923: 9612: 9345: 9237: 8836: 8831: 8795: 8728: 8577: 8265: 6527:

Iranian lawmakers warn Ahmadinejad to accept intelligence chief as political feud deepens

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policies of cheap loans for small businesses, and generous subsidies on petrol and food.

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uprising across the Middle East and after Iraq's defeat, march on Israel and destroy it.

2393: 2322: 2115: 1677: 1644: 1581: 1022: 892: 321: 117: 2961:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1364:

One of the most dramatic changes in government in Iran's history was seen with the 1979

51:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

10287: 10249: 10194: 10189: 10094: 10009: 9649: 9509: 9469: 9309: 9304: 9202: 9187: 8946: 8748: 8569: 8538: 8431: 8188: 5224: 3584: 3511:) issued a fatwa against keeping dogs as pets, a crackdown on dog ownership commenced. 3508: 3478: 3325: 3273: 3227: 3211: 3134: 3130: 3106: 2663: 2483: 2426: 2348: 2235: 2229: 1855: 1725: 1706: 1569: 1552: 1548: 1388: 1365: 1225: 1012: 632: 103: 8011: 7997: 7780: 7693: 7547: 7057: 4181: 1615:

describes the Islamic Republic's as having "lost most of its allure among non-Iranian

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and other urban campuses. These were followed by a wave of counter-demonstrations by

2822: 2491: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2413: 2217: 2039: 1997: 1902: 1865: 1794: 1769: 1640: 1623: 1588: 1437: 1379: 1052: 952: 942: 652: 642: 600: 500: 444: 7955:"Iranians fight back as police violently repress protests over death of Mahsa Amini" 7336: 3405:

Ahmadinejad publicly responded harshly to the letter and denounced the accusations.

3079:

President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad also made several controversial statements about the

10268: 10259: 10169: 10159: 10115: 9955: 9943: 9897: 9842: 9659: 9524: 9355: 9324: 9169: 9150: 8859: 8479: 7799:"Young Woman's Death After Arrest for 'Improper Hijab' Sparks Protests Across Iran" 7452:"Iranian Public Opinion Survey by International Peace Institute | Payvand.com" 6056:"Iran's Economy: 20 years after the Islamic Revolution" by Bijan Khajehpour, from: 5208: 4519:"Iran's Economy: 20 years after the Islamic Revolution" by Bijan Khajehpour, from: 4205: 4065: 3814: 3567: 3223: 2852: 2792: 2730: 2621: 2617: 2029: 1628: 1573: 1383: 1082: 772: 742: 5249: 5212: 4406:"Iran's Economy: 20 years after the Islamic Revolution" by Bijan Khajehpour, from 3256:

Ahmadinejad's populist economic policies of cheap loans for small businesses, and

2558: 1748: 10302: 10239: 10174: 10149: 10134: 10073: 9862: 9714: 9604: 9426: 9125: 9061: 8965: 8813: 8715: 8487: 8463: 8399: 8380: 8372: 8348: 8233: 8175: 7848: 7822: 7643: 7405: 7386: 7381: 7343: 7320: 7302: 7179: 7160: 7136: 7113: 6907: 6809: 6791: 6692: 6620: 6600: 6576: 6552: 6533: 6510: 6433: 6369: 5934: 5724: 5552: 5427: 5404: 5385: 4949: 4929: 4823: 4770: 4729:""The Culture of Imperialism"; "Iranian Women and the Effects of a Possible War"" 4670: 4632: 4349: 4281: 4231: 4212: 4164: 4121: 4103: 4085: 4061: 3680: 3591: 3261: 3247: 2894: 2811: 2687: 2408:

On 28 June 1981, bombs were detonated at the headquarters of the since-dissolved

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by creating impediments, spreading rumors and promoting despair in the society.

2059:

do not perform their daily prayers and that less than 2% attend Friday mosques.

1977:

Casualties_of_the_Iranian_Revolution § Casualties_of_the_Islamic_government

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Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran and the United States

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nuclear scientists during 2010 and 2011 had been killed, by unknown attackers.

3231: 3207: 3093: 3051: 3036: 2902: 2889: 2807: 2738: 2733:'s two terms as president in 1997–2005 are sometimes called Iran's Reform Era. 2582: 2474: 2247: 1592: 1561: 1510: 1072: 752: 732: 672: 308: 219: 7375:

Iranian Parliament Delays Vote on Bill That Upset Judiciary, Women's Activists

4570: 4523:, edited by John Esposito and R.K. Ramazani. New York: Palgrave, 2001, p.112-3 10400: 10375: 10279: 10264: 10234: 10179: 10059: 10014: 9963: 9933: 8636: 8530: 8495: 8217: 4943:

Mysterious death of the Political prisoners in Iran. By IHRV | March 25, 2009

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television, the police, the armed forces, the judiciary, the prisons, etc.).

2459: 2336: 2185: 2047: 1657: 1415: 1401: 1393: 1151: 1140: 882: 802: 762: 209: 169: 6901:"Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations" 5591: 5088: 4625:

Iran's Economic Morass: Mismanagement and Decline under the Islamic Republic

4097:

Iran (Islamic Republic of) The Human Development Index – going beyond income

10307: 10292: 10244: 10153: 9698: 9564: 8987: 8936: 8644: 8628: 8612: 8554: 7818:"Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law" 6546:

Two years after Iran's marred election, hard-liners anything but triumphant

6060:, edited by John Esposito and R.K. Ramazani, New York: Palgrave, 2001, p.98 5545: 5323:

Israeli human embryonic stem cell research is 2nd in world | Jerusalem Post

5220: 3546: 3537:

Ahmadinejad's 2009 election victory was hotly disputed and marred by large

3350: 3203: 3114: 3011: 2914: 2844: 2676: 2578: 2523: 2495: 2479: 2416:(who was the second most powerful figure in the revolution after Ayatollah 2173: 2051: 1823: 1577: 1487: 1449: 1269: 1198: 1161: 1129: 1092: 1062: 982: 822: 388: 7870: 6900: 6876:"Ahmadinejad: Qods Day to liberate Palestine, solve entire world problems" 1879:

even the smallest service called for bribes to several different parties.

10385: 10349: 10100: 9785: 9708: 9539: 7781:"Iran protests: Mahsa Amini's death puts morality police under spotlight" 5927: 3732:) also is right wing. He wants economic liberation for Iran and sees the 3499:

In April 2007, the Tehran police began the most fierce crackdown on "bad

3451: 3299: 3044: 2910: 2005: 1953: 1724:, whose combined budgets are said to make up as much as half that of the 1327: 972: 932: 692: 570: 7476: 6281: 6279: 5579:

The Constitution of Iran: politics and the state in the Islamic Republic

5378: 9739: 9130: 8652: 8620: 8546: 8514: 8324: 8044:"Iran's new acting president Mohammad Mokhber, a veteran of the regime" 7915:"One Year Protest Report: At Least 551 Killed and 22 Suspicious Deaths" 7914: 7548:"Iran arrested 7,000 in the crackdown on dissent during 2018 - Amnesty" 5796:

IRI government estimate is 200,000 Iranian troops and civilians killed.

4275:

IRNA: Crude price pegged at dlrs 39.6 a barrel under next year's budget

3554:

nine in ten said they were satisfied with Iran's system of government.

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The Islamic Republic founded and sponsored the Lebanese group known as

1188: 1102: 922: 902: 872: 832: 792: 624: 590: 510: 464: 109: 7871:"Mahsa Amini: Protesters mark one year since death of Iranian student" 6347:"As Ahmadinejad Is Sworn In for 2nd Term, Deep Fissures Are Laid Bare" 5137: 4377:"Iran: Bribery and Kickbacks Persists Despite Anti-Corruption Drive". 3846:, political chief of Palestinian political and military organisation 2506:

Iranian morale waned, Khomeini finally accepted a truce called for by

1747:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

8865:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

8585: 8562: 8356: 8289: 8257: 7844:"Mahsa Amini: dozens injured in Iran protests after death in custody" 7591: 7140: 6593:"President says his letter to President Bush was invitation to Islam" 6276: 5199:

Stone, R. (2005). "SCIENCE IN IRAN: An Islamic Science Revolution?".

4547:"The Case of Iran – Class Division and Poverty Will Not Be Tolerated" 4225:

Adult education offers new opportunities and options to Iranian women

4206:

Adult education offers new opportunities and options to Iranian women

3473:

Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran § Current situation

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In 2009 Ahmadinejad's victory was hotly disputed and marred by large

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development and normalization of foreign relations). Khomeini's 1989

1506: 1434: 1376: 1032: 1002: 992: 702: 540: 398: 6951:"News Analysis: Firing Tightens Iranian President's Economic Circle" 6665: 4923:

Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran

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and food were helped by soaring petroleum export revenues until the

3179:

passed a resolution that accused Iran of failing to comply with the

2658: 9775: 9115: 8997: 8249: 8026:"Ebrahim Raisi, Iran's president, dies in helicopter crash aged 63" 7980:"Several killed in Israeli strike on Iranian consulate in Damascus" 7930:"A year after Mahsa Amini's death: Repression and defiance in Iran" 7566:"In Pictures: Iranians protest against the increase in fuel prices" 4962:"Iran MP says flogging and execution good means for market control" 3817:

was appointed acting president after the death of President Raisi.

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Shortly after the success of the revolution, revolutionary leader

2417: 2216:

republic under Khomeini, and Iran was fighting a costly and bloody

2165: 1587:

In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, the Islamic Republic

1518: 1423: 1382:. The authoritarian monarchy was replaced by a long-lasting Shiite 852: 842: 408: 295: 7534:"More Chants, More Protests: The Dey Iranian Anti-Regime Protests" 6637:"President misquoted over gays in Iran: aide | International" 5979:, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006, (p.109) 4942: 3754:

on September 16, 2022, and the subsequent protests that followed.

1433:

The leader of the revolution and founder of the Islamic Republic,

10318: 8241: 6253:"June 04, 2008. Iran President Ahmadinejad condemns Israel, U.S." 4654:, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006, p.78-9 4244: 4242: 4240: 3904:"Reading Khamenei: The World View of Iran's Most Powerful Leader" 3813:

in the country’s East Azerbaijan province. First Vice President

3614:

Rising tensions sparked hostility toward the US, Europe, and U.N.

3168: 3122: 2884:, and assured Britain Iran would not implement the fatwa against 2356: 2327: 2181: 2169: 2043: 1901:

Emigration from Iran, starting with young males fleeing from the

1875: 1839: 1042: 530: 361: 351: 341: 259: 232: 7893:"Fresh protests erupt in Iran's universities and Kurdish region" 6095:, by Shirin Ebadi with Azadeh Moaveni, Random House, 2006, p.180 2563: 2331:

US hostages were released after 444 days of detention in Tehran.

10124: 9444: 8273: 4168: 3285: 3142: 3137:, said that Holocaust was a genocide and a historical reality. 3121:

would jointly vote for; which would normally be an end to the "

3088: 3084: 2856: 2832: 2796: 2638: 2340: 2016: 1851: 1831: 1721: 1648: 1419: 1386:

based on the principle of guardianship of Islamic jurists, (or

428: 331: 8130: 7584:"A web of impunity: The killings Iran's internet shutdown hid" 7508:"Protests Pop Up Across Iran, Fueled by Daily Dissatisfaction" 5243:"30 years in science: Secular movements in knowledge creation" 4901: 4237: 3068: 2130:), leaving more than 26,000 dead and 30,000 injured. The 7.4 M 1720:'s economy is the large size of the religious foundations, or 8982: 6878:. Islamic Republic News Agency. 2 August 2012. Archived from 5484:, Thomson Gale, 2004, p.357 (article by Stockdale, Nancy, L.) 5128:, by Said Amir Arjomand, Oxford University Press, 1988, p.169 3847: 3664: 3500: 3382: 3354: 2799: 2643: 2269:), Egypt (the 1981 machine-gunning of the Egyptian President 1993: 1958: 1557: 1522: 1427: 1422:. A rapidly modernizing capitalist economy was replaced by a 1410: 236: 7862: 4911:

by Ervand Abrahamian, Columbia University Press, 2008, p.181

2616:

In late 1992 Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance Seyed

2412:. Around 70 high-ranking officials, including Chief Justice 8762: 8225: 8161: 8100: 8080:"Hamas political chief Ismail Haniyeh assassinated in Iran" 6427:

Iran: Rafsanjani Poised to Outflank Supreme Leader Khamenei

5274:"Iran in the forefront when it comes to stem cell research" 3926:["Modern Iran: roots and results of revolution", p.133, 227 3575: 3215: 3192: 3176: 3148: 2595: 2487: 2470: 2463: 2139: 2119: 1835: 1717: 1616: 1596: 1369: 249: 7664:"Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars" 6234: 6232: 6153: 6151: 5831: 5829: 5827: 4664:

Council Of Guardians Rules 9 Years Is Girls' Marriage Age

4292: 4290: 4055:

A report by the Asian think tank Strategic Foresight Group

3488: 2690:. The sanctions, in turn, may be traceable to the earlier 2620:

and director of the Voice and Vision Broadcasting company

1860: 1529:

which had veto power over who can run for parliament (the

1408:", said to rest on the three "pillars" of mandatory veil ( 9740:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

6623: 6453: 5299:"Iran, 10th country to produce embryonic human stem cell" 3773:

was to promise to set up a commission to investigate the

3504: 3408:

In July 2007, Ahmadinejad ordered the dissolution of the

3172: 2076: 8012:"Israel Iran attack: Damage seen at air base in Isfahan" 7401:"Mousavi says new Ahmadinejad government 'illegitimate'" 6569:"Spy flap weakens Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad" 5145:. Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. Archived from 5140:"A Faith Denied: The Persecution of the Baha'is of Iran" 4323:"Crude oil including lease condensate production (Mb/d)" 3996: 3994: 3992: 3624:

Independent polls do not contradict official turnout of

2839:

elections, capturing about two-thirds of the seats, but

2717: 1988:

In the 21st century, the killing of dissidents has been

7358:"Ahmadinejad urges Iranian baby boom to challenge west" 7106:"Iranian economists lash out at Ahmadinejad's policies" 6707:"Just How Far Did They Go, Those Words Against Israel?" 6229: 6148: 5824: 5519: 4572:

video of "Labour children in Iran" بچه های کار در ايران

4389: 4387: 4287: 3771:

the Iranian protests caused by the death of Mahsa Amini

3651: 2343:

holding 52 embassy employees hostage for 444 days. The

2150:), killing 35,000–50,000, and injuring 60,000–105,000. 7756:"تحریم را باید یک فرصت برای توانمندی اقتصادی تلقی کرد" 6403:"AFP: Iran opposition says 72 killed in vote protests" 4614:

Molavi, Afshin, The Soul of Iran, Norton, (2005), p.14

4419:

Article 44 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic

4182:"National Literacy Policies, Islamic Republic of Iran" 3679:

On 3 January 2020, the revolutionary guard's general,

2806:

was tried on corruption charges and Interior Minister

2473:'s invasion of Iran, in an attempt by Iraq's dictator 6922:"More murder of Iranian scientists: still Terrorism?" 5990:

Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran

5890:

Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran

5877:

Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran

4701:

Marie Ladies-Fouladi, cited in Azadeh Kian-Thiebaut,

4431:"Iran: 5. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" 4016:

Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran

3989: 3393: 3320:. This is a large number as it is equal one-tenth of 2517: 7001:"Iran: Fate of $ 66 Billion in Oil Revenues Unknown" 6477: 5787:

Hiro, Dilip, The Longest War, Routledge, 1991, p.257

5126:

Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran

4890:"Political Inclinations of the Youth and Students", 4384: 2920:

Tensions with the United States increased after the

2075:

from exile in 1979, he issued a fatwa ordering that

7129:"Geopolitics casts pall on hobbled Iranian economy" 6603:

Islamic Republic News Agency. Retrieved 29-10-2006.

6039: 6037: 5391: 4787:"Crackdown in Iran over dress codes, 27 April 2007" 4467:"Iran's Crumbling Revolution", Jahangir Amuzegar. 4146:

Iran, the Essential Guide to a Country on the Brink

3628:, which gave around 60% of the vote to Ahmadinejad. 3210:nations had failed to bring access to the advanced 3167:After, in August 2005, Iran resumed converting raw 2238:. The first major demonstrations to overthrow Shah 7921: 7885: 7694:"Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission" 7506: 7390:, September 3, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008. 7337:Iran: Tehran Officials Begin Crackdown On Pet Dogs 6377:"Iran official says 36 killed in post-vote unrest" 5918:, (University of California Press, c1993). p.34–35 4705:, Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2000, pp.128, 149. 3423: 2288: 7218:"Iran economists denounce Ahmadinejad's policies" 6662:"Iran mulling dynamic, progressive economy, prez" 6395: 6345:Worth, Robert F.; Fathi, Nazila (5 August 2009). 6172:Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East 5928:The Western Mind of Radical Islam by Daniel Pipes 4987:"Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran 2022" 4433:. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. 3949:"international relations: The Iranian revolution" 3621:and do not want to back deals to halt enrichment. 2769: 2458:began calling for Islamic revolutions across the 1872:Corruption is a problem in the Islamic Republic. 10398: 6198:"2 December 2002, Iranian academic facing death" 6034: 5592:"The address you were looking for doesn't exist" 4781: 4779: 3183:and called for the agency to report Iran to the 3113:in which a government would be elected that all 2725:(Topix) bucked the trend by going up nearly 80%. 8801:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 7998:"Why have Israel and Iran attacked each other?" 7393: 7289: 6313: 6093:Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope 5977:Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope 5522:"Iranian Government Constitution, English Text" 5138:Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2007). 4652:Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope 3159:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747 2931: 2863:changes, increased after Khatami's reelection. 2259: 1996:(covering the head for women); restrictions on 1396:and in many powerful governmental roles. A pro- 8887:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 8786:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 7721:"Hardliner Raisi elected Iran's new president" 6913: 5581:, London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 1997, p.293-4 3797:. In retaliation for the Israeli strike, Iran 2598:revolution would not be sweeping the region." 2273:), Syria (the Muslim Brotherhood rebellion in 2070:who challenged the regime for several decades. 2008:; unequal treatment according to religion and 8669:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 8146: 6910:Congressional Research Service, 4 April 2017. 6316:"Iran's top leader digs in heels on election" 6309: 6307: 4776: 4746: 4410:, Edited by John Esposito and R.K. Ramazani, 3777:, although this did not affect the protests. 3058:which would "put an end to liberal economy". 2938:Government of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005–2013) 2564:Ideological changes by fatwa and constitution 2194:fastest growth rate in science and technology 1551:in Iran, the Islamic revolutionary regime of 1345: 9745:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 7349: 6504:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad faces impeachment threat 6450:"Timeline: 2009 Iran presidential elections" 5806:The Longest War: Iran–Iraq Military Conflict 5776:The Longest War: Iran–Iraq Military Conflict 5670:"Lessons from America's First War with Iran" 4703:Femmes iraniennes entre Islam, Etat, famille 4373: 4371: 4134:Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah 3820: 3522: 3410:Management and Planning Organisation of Iran 3105:Iran's stated policy on Israel is to urge a 2552: 2367: 2234:The Islamic Republic of Iran began with the 8855:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 7815: 7296:RIGHTS CRISIS ESCALATES, September 18, 2008 6444: 6442: 5555:Middle East Economic Survey, 26-August-2002 4933:, University of California Press, 1999, p.4 4422: 4268: 3689:existing tensions between the two countries 3533:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 3332:$ 35 billion in imported goods (2005–2009), 3294:President Ahmadinejad has vouched to fight 3226:. In November 2004, Iran agreed to suspend 3069:Controversy concerning remarks about Israel 2684:American economic sanctions leveled in 1996 1622:The Islamic Republic strongly supports the 1580:. Following the 2005 election of President 1560:calling for the killing of British citizen 1505:The Islamic Republic of Iran is an Islamic 10432:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 9361:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 9223:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 8739:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 8153: 8139: 7026:"Iran's massive oil revenue discrepancies" 6868: 6344: 6304: 5992:, University of Chicago Press, 2001, p.153 5916:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic 5892:, University of Chicago Press, 2001, p.146 5879:, University of Chicago Press, 2001, p.135 4936: 4031:, Columbia University Press, 2004, p.67–68 4018:, University of Chicago Press, 2001, p.188 3458:, at an annual cost of up to $ 7 billion. 3163:Opposition to military action against Iran 1664:Despite stagnation in the economy, Iran's 1517:was approved in 1979 and amended in 1989. 1494: 1352: 1338: 28:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 8870:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 7635: 7531: 6919: 6664:. Mathaba.net. 2008-10-31. Archived from 6520: 6480:"Ahmadinejad allies charged with sorcery" 4991:World Coalition Against the Death Penalty 4914: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4368: 3941: 3701:Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 3685:assassinated by the United States in Iraq 3633: 3338:$ 2.6 billion in non-oil export revenues, 3335:$ 25 billion in oil revenues (2005–2008), 3328:. This amount is broken down as follows: 3298:at all echelons of government. President 2712: 2682:In part this economic downturn came from 2347:severed diplomatic relations and imposed 2153: 1404:foreign policy was exchanged for one of " 16:History of Iran after the 1979 revolution 8689:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 7744:Canadian Center of Science and Education 7532:Saidi, Mike; Amir, Daniel (2018-12-18). 7504: 7264: 7082:"No. 3646 | National | Page 3" 6562: 6439: 6379:. AFP. 10 September 2009. Archived from 5905:, Columbia University Press, 2008, p.183 4325:. U.S. Energy Information Administration 4252:, Columbia University Press, 2008, p.180 3971:"FACT SHEET: Protests in Iran 1979-2023" 3809:On 19 May 2024, Ebrahim Raisi died in a 3806:by Israel on Isfahan, Iran on 19 April. 3149:Controversy about Iran's nuclear program 2981:was elected to the presidency twice, in 2870: 2835:won a substantial victory in Feb. 2000, 2782: 2716: 2670:increased sixfold between 1990 and 1997. 2657: 2326: 2277:), and Lebanon (the 1983 bombing of the 2061: 2033: 1859: 1678:Azeris, Kurds, Gilakis, and Mazanderanis 1652: 1533:) and whether its bills can become law. 10407:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran 9475:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 7917:. Iran Human Rights. 15 September 2023. 7907: 7239: 6976:"Iran may Probe into Officials' Assets" 6704: 4352:Retrieved January 29, 2009. 2009-10-31. 4136:, Columbia University Press, 2004, p.14 3739: 3717:Government of Ebrahim Raisi (2021-2024) 3710: 3703:, killing 176 civilians and leading to 3697:retaliatory attack on US forces in Iraq 3507:. After a leading cleric (Hojatoleslam 3489:Population, cultural and women's issues 3175:, a necessary step for enrichment, the 2721:Between March 2001 and April 2003, the 2295:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1680:, could converse and read in Persian". 10399: 9013:History of democracy in classical Iran 7927: 7868: 7477:"Iran - Conservatives return to power" 6357:from the original on February 13, 2017 5667: 5482:Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World 5463: 5364:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4979: 4805: 4148:, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006, p.212 3963: 3901: 2646:crossed the Iraqi border into Iran as 9811: 9735:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 9520:Iran and the World Trade Organization 9424: 9167: 9048: 8173: 8134: 7623:from the original on 23 December 2019 7413:from the original on 29 December 2016 7314:Dogs and jeans out of fashion in Iran 6742:from the original on 14 February 2006 6471: 6204:from the original on 22 November 2008 5921: 5632:, Thomas Dunne Books, (2001), p.242-3 5198: 5131: 4199: 4171:EFA 2000 Assessment: Country Reports. 3349:Vice President for Executive Affairs 2588: 2246:Constitution—whereby Khomeini became 2223: 8907:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 8897:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 7928:Berger, Miriam (15 September 2023). 7816:Strzyżyńska, Weronika (2022-09-16). 7718: 7653:on Dutch television, 5 January 2020. 7431: 7355: 6860:. Iran Press Service. Archived from 6842:. Iranian Presidency. Archived from 6824:. Iranian Presidency. Archived from 6717:from the original on August 26, 2011 6264:from the original on October 6, 2008 5966:, Yale University Press, 2007, p.132 5546:History Of US Sanctions Against Iran 5450: 4315: 3687:, which considerably heightened the 3430:2007 gasoline rationing plan in Iran 3024: 2941: 2668:exports of goods services and income 2399: 2311:Assembly of Experts for Constitution 2099: 1733: 1634: 1564:for his allegedly blasphemous book, 31: 10140:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 9781:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 9755:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 9554:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 9289:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 7869:Nimoni, Fiona (16 September 2023). 7674:from the original on 8 January 2020 7368: 7272:"Iran bans negative petrol stories" 7247:"Q&A: Petrol rationing in Iran" 6767:from the original on 17 August 2017 6613:"Ahmadinejad's letter to Americans" 6478:Saeed Kamali Dehghan (2011-05-05). 6287:"Economic headache for Ahmadinejad" 5658:, Thomas Dunne Books, (2001), p.243 5619:, Thomas Dunne Books, (2001), p.241 5089:"IRAN: Life of Jews Living in Iran" 4894:, n.13, 19 April 1995 in Brumberg, 4854:"Iran president bans Western music" 4480:Low reached in 1995, from: Mackey, 4471:. January/February 2003., V.82, N.1 4428: 2819:Prodemocracy student demonstrations 2632: 2486:(which also only has a substantial 1461:2009 presidential election protests 1414:) for women, and opposition to the 13: 8679:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 7641:Carolien Roelants, Iran expert of 6736:"Annan 'dismayed' by Iran remarks" 6536:, Associated Press, April 20, 2011 3938:by Robert Graham, p.18, 19, 20, 83 3791:Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps 3604:Want to focus on domestic affairs. 3529:2009 Iranian presidential election 3461: 3394:Controversies over economic policy 2518:Early laws of the Islamic Republic 2508:UN Security Council Resolution 598 2384:was disempowered in November, the 1716:by the state. A unique feature of 1631:compared to peaceful coexistence. 1536: 14: 10443: 9750:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 9371:Supreme National Security Council 9197:Persian Constitutional Revolution 8827:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 8734:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 8724:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 7432:Kull, Steven (23 November 2009). 7356:Tait, Robert (October 23, 2006). 6761:"UN raps Iran's anti-Israel rant" 6686:Iran leader defends Israel remark 6405:. AFP. 2009-09-03. Archived from 6326:from the original on 28 June 2009 5048:"4% belong to the Sunni branch", 3693:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 3669:week-long total Internet shutdown 3557: 3466: 2866: 2543: 2316: 2206: 1478: 1392:), where Shiite jurists serve as 10380: 10371: 10370: 9346:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 8072: 8054: 8036: 8018: 8004: 7990: 7972: 7947: 7836: 7809: 7791: 7773: 7748: 7737: 7712: 7686: 7656: 7605: 7576: 7558: 7540: 7525: 7498: 7469: 7444: 7425: 7330: 7307: 7210: 7185: 7166: 7147: 7122: 7099: 7074: 7043: 7018: 6993: 6968: 6943: 6894: 6850: 6832: 6814: 6796: 6778: 6753: 6728: 6705:Bronner, Ethan (June 11, 2006). 6698: 6679: 6654: 6629: 6606: 6586: 6539: 6497: 6420: 6338: 6314:Ramin Mostaghim (25 June 2009). 6245: 6216: 6190: 6177: 6164: 6123: 6098: 6085: 6076: 6063: 6050: 6021: 6008: 5995: 5982: 5969: 5956: 5943: 5908: 5895: 5882: 5869: 5855: 5842: 5811: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5769: 5756: 5743: 5712: 5699: 5524:. Iranonline.com. Archived from 4393:"Still failing, still defiant", 4115:Turkey: Human Development Index 3769:Raisi's public response towards 2946: 2743:Ministry of Intelligence of Iran 2697: 2436: 2386:Muslim People's Republican Party 2004:, including the imprisonment of 1983:Thousands of political prisoners 1738: 1321: 92: 36: 9545:Military equipment manufactured 9111:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 8875:United States withdrawal (2018) 8796:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 8160: 7895:. The Guardian. 6 November 2022 7505:Erdbrink, Thomas (2018-08-04). 7487:from the original on 2019-01-11 7458:from the original on 2010-12-15 7278:from the original on 2007-08-06 7253:from the original on 2007-09-06 7228:from the original on 2008-12-20 7199:from the original on 2007-09-26 7088:from the original on 2011-02-04 7032:from the original on 2009-11-26 7007:from the original on 2011-06-04 6982:from the original on 2011-06-04 6957:from the original on 2010-09-16 6932:from the original on 2012-01-12 6920:Greenwald, Glenn (2012-01-11). 6643:from the original on 2009-04-23 6486:from the original on 2011-05-10 6460:from the original on 2016-04-28 6436:, eurasianet.org, June 21, 2009 6293:from the original on 2008-10-20 6137:from the original on 2007-09-30 6112:from the original on 2007-03-15 5686: 5661: 5648: 5635: 5622: 5609: 5598:from the original on 2008-01-15 5584: 5571: 5558: 5539: 5513: 5500: 5487: 5475: 5437: 5414: 5372: 5327: 5316: 5305:from the original on 2007-07-14 5291: 5280:from the original on 2008-01-30 5266: 5235: 5192: 5181:from the original on 2007-09-29 5163: 5119: 5106: 5095:from the original on 2009-01-14 5081: 5068: 5042: 5030: 5019:from the original on 2008-10-04 5005: 4968:from the original on 2018-12-26 4954: 4884: 4871: 4860:from the original on 2007-12-23 4846: 4833: 4793:from the original on 5 May 2017 4735:from the original on 2011-05-20 4721: 4708: 4695: 4686: 4676: 4657: 4644: 4617: 4608: 4595: 4581: 4564: 4539: 4526: 4513: 4500: 4487: 4474: 4461: 4448: 4437:from the original on 2012-10-20 4413: 4400: 4355: 4336: 4302: 4255: 4218: 4188:from the original on 2019-04-07 4174: 4151: 4139: 4126: 4108: 4090: 4072: 4047: 3827:Government of Masoud Pezeshkian 3424:2007 gas rationing plan in Iran 3385:of the judiciary alongside the 3267: 3189:Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty 3181:Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty 2922:Anglo-American invasion of Iraq 2380:was banned in August 1979, the 2303: 2289:Consolidation of the Revolution 2242:began in January 1978. The new 2066:The funeral of Grand Ayatollah 1964: 1501:Politics and Government of Iran 1375:was overthrown and replaced by 10105:modern / contemporary 9351:Expediency Discernment Council 8674:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 8663:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 8187: 5808:by Dilip Hiro, (1991), p.250-1 4079:Iran: Human Development Index 4034: 4021: 4007: 3929: 3920: 3895: 3874:Islamic fundamentalism in Iran 3869:International rankings of Iran 3785:On 1 April 2024, Israel's air 3780: 3075:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel 2770:Political and cultural changes 2747:chain murders of intellectuals 2353:International Court of Justice 1896:flight of intellectual capital 1889:Human capital flight from Iran 1674:Literacy Movement Organization 1457:the July 1999 student protests 1: 9319:state-sponsorship allegations 9049: 7346:, RFE/RL, September 14, 2007. 6858:"Ali Akbar Velayati, Advisor" 6763:. BBC News. 28 October 2005. 6738:. BBC News. 28 October 2005. 6289:. BBC News. 17 October 2008. 5213:10.1126/science.309.5742.1802 4284:. Retrieved December 5, 2008. 4265:, Mage publishers, 2002, p.89 3889: 3564:International Peace Institute 3047:of Venezuela were developed. 2875:Military expenditures (% GDP) 2283:American peace-keeping troops 2079:and other minorities (except 1882: 1845: 1531:Islamic Consultative Assembly 469: 433: 313: 300: 277: 264: 241: 224: 174: 161: 148: 135: 122: 9776:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 9168: 9077:twin towns and sister cities 8383:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 8260:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 8236:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 7434:"Is Iran pre-revolutionary?" 6174:, Penguin Press, 2008, p.304 5778:by Dilip Hiro, (1991), p.255 5720:"The $ 150 Billion Question" 5668:Riedel, Bruce (2013-05-22). 5520:Manou & Associates Inc. 5248:. 2015-08-31. Archived from 5013:"children of the revolution" 3909:. p. 14. Archived from 3583:Iranians are divided on the 3434:Ministry of Petroleum (Iran) 3258:generous subsidies on petrol 3252:Iranian Economic Reform Plan 3241: 2932:Ahmadinejad's administration 2751:Dialogue Among Civilizations 2653: 2534: 2396:was impeached in June 1981. 2388:banned in January 1980, the 2267:takeover of the Grand Mosque 2260:Initial international impact 1599:after the latter launched a 1448:in 1989. He was followed by 7: 10055:Water supply and sanitation 9812: 9786:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 9425: 8845:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 8220:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 8174: 7003:. Payvand.com. 2006-11-22. 6978:. Payvand.com. 2006-11-22. 6953:. Payvand.com. 2006-11-22. 5566:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 4948:September 28, 2013, at the 3936:Iran: The Illusion of Power 3857: 3691:. Three days after, Iran's 3400:Iranian subsidy reform plan 3290:Supreme Audit Court of Iran 3056:2008 global economic crisis 2106:List of earthquakes in Iran 2086:The 300,000 members of the 2038:Khamenei's representative, 2023: 1937:equality between spouses.) 1781:International Monetary Fund 1763:Top oil-producing countries 10: 10448: 9535:Economy of the Middle East 8912:2021–2022 Iranian protests 8902:2019–2020 Iranian protests 8882:2017–2018 Iranian protests 8343:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 8110:Interim Government of Iran 4762:, Khomeini Promises Kept, 4536:46, n.3 (summer 1992): 421 4379:Global Information Network 4343:MSN Encarta: Iran–Iraq War 4263:Inside Iran: Women's Lives 3824: 3743: 3714: 3663:started on 15 November in 3566:'s 2010-poll conducted in 3526: 3492: 3470: 3427: 3418:2007–2008 financial crisis 3397: 3271: 3245: 3191:, that it has allowed the 3152: 3072: 3028: 2935: 2901:, United States President 2899:State of the Union Address 2761:Mohammad Khatami's reforms 2758: 2701: 2556: 2440: 2390:People's Mujahedin of Iran 2320: 2292: 2256:referendum to make it so. 2227: 2157: 2103: 2092: 2027: 1974: 1968: 1916: 1912: 1886: 1849: 1704: 1694: 1690: 1638: 1540: 1498: 25: 18: 10366: 10332: 10278: 10081: 10072: 10002: 9954: 9886: 9833: 9824: 9820: 9807: 9768: 9760:National Development Fund 9723: 9680:Telecommunications and IT 9674:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 9603: 9500:Foreign direct investment 9445:Bonyad (charitable trust) 9437: 9433: 9420: 9379: 9338: 9180: 9176: 9163: 9057: 9044: 8924: 8791:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 8781:Interim Government (1979) 8760: 8708: 8701: 8597: 8507: 8424: 8415: 8392: 8309: 8202: 8195: 8186: 8182: 8169: 8121: 8116:Islamic Republic of Iran 8114: 8106: 8095: 7959:The Observers - France 24 7301:January 16, 2009, at the 7084:. Irandaily. 2008-11-13. 6557:Christian Science Monitor 5276:. CNN. 16 November 2006. 5114:The Last Great Revolution 4828:Christian Science Monitor 4603:The Last Great Revolution 3884:COVID-19 pandemic in Iran 3864:Foreign relations of Iran 3821:Pezeshkian administration 3523:2009 election controversy 3343:foreign exchange reserves 3322:Iran's total oil revenues 3063:2006 Israel–Hezbollah War 2955:This article needs to be 2905:labeled Iran, along with 2637:Iraq invaded and overran 2553:Rafsanjani administration 2378:National Democratic Front 2368:Suppression of opposition 2180:research and theoretical 45:This article needs to be 9510:International oil bourse 9275:Ministry of Intelligence 8860:Syrian civil war (2011–) 8684:1921 Persian coup d'état 7762:(in Persian). 2017-05-10 7274:. BBC News. 2007-06-28. 7249:. BBC News. 2007-06-27. 6513:, Saeed Kamali Dehghan, 3661:2019–20 Iranian protests 3656:2017–18 Iranian protests 3562:According to the (U.S.) 2602:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 2512:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 2482:and the oil reserves in 2300:and consolidated power. 2136:Manjil–Rudbar earthquake 1830:, extensive deposits of 1701:Economic history of Iran 10034:scientists and scholars 9540:Milad Tower and complex 9330:Women's rights movement 9325:White Revolution (1963) 8993:Peoples of the Caucasus 8335:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 8228:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 7481:Encyclopedia Britannica 7144:. Retrieved 26-01-2008. 7119:. Retrieved 26-01-2008. 7028:. UPI.com. 2009-09-23. 6639:. Reuters. 2007-10-10. 6626:. Retrieved 26-01-2008. 5460:, Norton, (2006), p.138 5432:Encyclopædia Britannica 5409:Encyclopædia Britannica 4458:, Norton, (2005), p.114 3953:Encyclopædia Britannica 3879:Nuclear program of Iran 3609:closer ties to the West 3495:Family planning in Iran 3477:According to the group 3364:In 2010, more than 230 3218:said that there was no 3019:Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei 2804:Gholamhossein Karbaschi 2765:Iranian reform movement 2704:Family planning in Iran 1666:Human Development Index 1495:Politics and government 144:Shulaveri–Shomu culture 10412:Modern history of Iran 10345:Anti-Iranian sentiment 10340:Science and technology 10165:Intellectual movements 10045:International rankings 10029:Intellectual movements 9515:International rankings 9008:Heads of state of Iran 8814:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 8375:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 8212:culture (3400–2000 BC) 7438:WorldPublicOpinion.org 6240:History of Modern Iran 6224:History of Modern Iran 6185:History of Modern Iran 6159:History of Modern Iran 6071:History of Modern Iran 6058:Iran at the Crossroads 5903:History of Modern Iran 5850:History of Modern Iran 5837:History of Modern Iran 5819:History of Modern Iran 5751:History of Modern Iran 5379:The Iranian Revolution 4909:History of Modern Iran 4673:. Retrieved 7-26-2007. 4521:Iran at the Crossroads 4510:, Norton, (2005), p.17 4408:Iran at the Crossroads 4310:History of Modern Iran 4250:History of Modern Iran 4044:, Norton, (2005), p.59 4002:History of Modern Iran 3734:sanctions against Iran 3634:Rouhani administration 3631: 3590:Dissatisfied with the 3391: 3278:Public finance in Iran 3155:Iran's nuclear program 3109:through a countrywide 3097:deputy foreign editor 2876: 2726: 2713:Khatami administration 2671: 2571:Supreme Leader of Iran 2431:Mohammad Javad Bahonar 2410:Islamic Republic Party 2382:provisional government 2332: 2154:Scientific development 2095:Persecution of Baháʼís 2071: 2055: 1934: 1869: 1804: 1661: 1442:Supreme Leader of Iran 683:Masmughans of Damavand 157:Zayandeh River Culture 9633:Shetab Banking System 9623:Banking and insurance 9585:Tehran Stock Exchange 9505:Intellectual property 8850:PJAK conflict (2004–) 8623:Turcomans (1378–1508) 8615:Turcomans (1374–1468) 8564:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 8367:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 7805:. September 19, 2022. 7787:. September 21, 2022. 7588:Amnesty International 5674:Brookings Institution 5421:Iran Islamic Republic 4881:, Norton (2005), p.10 4843:, Norton (2005), p.45 4381:, July 15, 2004 p. 1. 3674:Amnesty International 3672:observers, including 3580: 3572:representative sample 3471:Further information: 3378: 3031:Iran's foreign policy 2874: 2783:Conservative reaction 2720: 2661: 2559:Rafsanjani presidency 2498:and other countries. 2345:Carter administration 2330: 2240:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2065: 2037: 1975:Further information: 1929: 1863: 1799: 1785:gross national income 1658:Net Iranian migration 1656: 1543:Iran's foreign policy 1465:protests in 2011–2012 1430:economy and culture. 1406:neither east nor west 1373:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 561:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 515:3rd-century BC–132 BC 481:Kingdom of Cappadocia 437: 6th century BC 419:Neo-Babylonian Empire 9594:Technology start-ups 9495:Environmental issues 9485:Economic Reform Plan 9399:Provincial governors 9089:Environmental issues 8837:Iran Air Flight 655 8578:Jalayirid Sultanate 8450:Caliphate (750–1258) 8292:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 7440:. opendemocracy.net. 7224:. 10 November 2008. 6482:. London: Guardian. 6409:on November 21, 2011 6045:Reinventing Khomeini 6029:Reinventing Khomeini 6016:Reinventing Khomeini 6003:Reinventing Khomeini 5951:Reinventing Khomeini 5914:Abrahamian, Ervand, 5901:Abrahamian, Ervand, 5470:Fundamentalist Power 5445:The Shah's Last Ride 5443:Shawcross, William, 4964:. 22 December 2018. 4920:Abrahamian, Ervand, 4907:Abrahamian, Ervand, 4898:(2001), pp. 189–190. 4896:Reinventing Khomeini 4856:. 19 December 2005. 4248:Abrahamian, Ervand, 3902:Sadjadpour, Karmin. 3795:Mohammad Reza Zahedi 3775:death of Mahsa Amini 3746:Mahsa Amini protests 3740:Mahsa Amini protests 3711:Raisi administration 3705:nation-wide protests 3314:Central Bank of Iran 2607:Council of Guardians 2447:The eight-year-long 2068:Hosein-Ali Montazeri 1971:Human rights in Iran 1919:Social class in Iran 1783:reports that Iran's 1527:Council of Guardians 1473:Mahsa Amini protests 9994:Freedom of religion 9580:Supreme Audit Court 9459:Automotive industry 9106:Iranian Balochistan 8832:1987 Mecca incident 8729:Iran crisis of 1946 8718:dynasty (1925–1979) 8647:Dynasty (1751–1794) 8588:dynasty (1338–1357) 8580:dynasty (1335–1432) 8572:dynasty (1314–1393) 8557:dynasty (1244–1381) 8541:dynasty (1077–1231) 8525:dynasty (1011–1215) 8442:Caliphate (661–750) 8434:Caliphate (632–661) 8402:Empire (AD 224–651) 8319:Empire (550–330 BC) 8300:Empire (626–539 BC) 8284:Empire (678–549 BC) 8268:Empire (911–609 BC) 7934:The Washington Post 7572:. 17 November 2019. 7384:, Thomas Erdbrink, 7323:, Michael Purcell, 6555:by Scott Peterson, 6200:. 2 December 2002. 5645:, (2000), p. 241–2. 5207:(5742): 1802–1804. 4993:. 18 September 2023 4826:, Ariel Zirulnick, 4817:Iran bans necklaces 4534:Middle East Journal 4397:, December 9, 2004. 3543:Mir-Hossein Mousavi 3483:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 3440:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 3438:In 2007, President 3359:economic corruption 3353:said in 2008 that " 3185:UN Security Council 3139:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 3008:Mir-Hossein Mousavi 2979:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 2729:The eight years of 2469:The war began with 2394:Abolhassan Banisadr 2323:Iran hostage crisis 2118:shook southeastern 1645:Health care in Iran 1582:Mahmoud Ahmedinejad 1547:Following the 1979 1217:Contemporary period 1121:Early modern period 1023:Jalayirid Sultanate 893:Khwarazmian dynasty 322:Neo-Assyrian Empire 200:Kura–Araxes culture 118:Baradostian culture 10427:21st-century Islam 10125:Persian New Year ( 9530:Main economic laws 9101:Iranian Azerbaijan 9003:Monarchs of Persia 8947:Persianate society 8655:Empire (1789–1925) 8639:Empire (1736–1796) 8631:Empire (1501–1736) 8607:Empire (1370–1507) 8533:Empire (1037–1194) 8498:dynasty (934–1062) 8490:dynasty (931–1090) 8482:dynasty (861–1003) 8351:Empire (312–63 BC) 8252:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 7719:Motamedi, Maziar. 7670:. 8 January 2020. 7513:The New York Times 7380:2017-10-11 at the 7342:2011-05-28 at the 7319:2011-06-30 at the 7178:2007-09-29 at the 7159:2007-08-17 at the 7135:2012-04-11 at the 7112:2008-12-07 at the 6906:2017-05-07 at the 6808:2006-07-12 at the 6790:2007-01-08 at the 6711:The New York Times 6691:2007-08-30 at the 6619:2017-05-17 at the 6599:2006-09-02 at the 6575:2011-06-09 at the 6551:2011-06-30 at the 6532:2019-01-20 at the 6509:2016-03-09 at the 6432:2011-09-26 at the 6383:on 25 January 2017 6351:The New York Times 5988:Brumberg, Daniel, 5933:2009-01-22 at the 5888:Brumberg, Daniel, 5875:Brumberg, Daniel, 5707:In the Name of God 5577:Schirazi, Asghar, 5551:2017-10-10 at the 5426:2006-03-16 at the 5403:2007-10-08 at the 5384:2016-10-10 at the 4928:2017-10-11 at the 4822:2011-06-20 at the 4769:2007-07-23 at the 4669:2007-02-10 at the 4631:2009-06-17 at the 4429:IMF (March 2010). 4348:2009-04-06 at the 4280:2011-06-22 at the 4230:2012-02-08 at the 4211:2018-10-05 at the 4163:2006-06-16 at the 4120:2007-08-13 at the 4102:2008-09-30 at the 4084:2007-07-13 at the 4060:2012-05-19 at the 3839:runoff on 5 July. 3509:Gholamreza Hassani 3479:Human Rights Watch 3274:Corruption in Iran 3228:uranium enrichment 3212:nuclear technology 3198:In February 2004, 3135:Ali Akbar Velayati 3107:one-state solution 2877: 2777:Cannes, and Venice 2727: 2672: 2589:Political struggle 2573:from that of Shia 2421:to BBC journalist 2376:In succession the 2349:economic sanctions 2333: 2236:Iranian Revolution 2230:Iranian Revolution 2224:Islamic Revolution 2144:Mercalli intensity 2124:Mercalli intensity 2072: 2056: 1990:much less frequent 1870: 1856:Corruption in Iran 1726:central government 1707:1979 energy crisis 1662: 1570:Hashemi Rafsanjani 1566:The Satanic Verses 1553:Ayatollah Khomeini 1471:and the 2022-2023 1366:Iranian Revolution 1236:Interim Government 1226:Iranian Revolution 1013:Muzaffarid dynasty 717:864 – 14th century 707:791 – 11th century 633:Rashidun Caliphate 455:Kingdom of Armenia 104:Prehistoric period 10394: 10393: 10362: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10328: 10327: 10235:Opium consumption 10068: 10067: 9904:Ethnic minorities 9878:Iranian languages 9803: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9295:Political parties 9233:Children's rights 9218:Foreign relations 9212:2009 presidential 9159: 9158: 9121:Iranian Kurdistan 9040: 9039: 9036: 9035: 8920: 8919: 8892:COVID-19 pandemic 8751:Revolution (1979) 8697: 8696: 8517:Empire (977–1186) 8474:dynasty (864–928) 8466:dynasty (821–873) 8458:dynasty (819–999) 8411: 8410: 8327:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 8129: 8128: 8122:Succeeded by 7725:www.aljazeera.com 7700:. 11 January 2020 7647:, in a debate on 7222:Los Angeles Times 6581:Los Angeles Times 6320:Los Angeles Times 6257:Los Angeles Times 5852:, (2008), (p.176) 5398:Ruhollah Khomeini 5051:"Iran Fact Sheet" 4789:. 27 April 2007. 4605:, by c2000, p.280 3977:. 5 December 2019 3842:On 31 July 2024, 3833:Masoud Pezeshkian 3831:On 28 July 2024, 3793:(IRGC), Brig Gen 3726:President of Iran 3647:President of Iran 3282:Smuggling in Iran 3025:Foreign relations 2976: 2975: 2897:capacity. In his 2823:Tehran University 2745:after the Iran's 2492:the United States 2456:Ruhollah Khomeini 2414:Mohammad Beheshti 2400:Terrorist attacks 2201:15th in the world 2100:Natural disasters 2040:Abbas Ali Akhtari 1998:freedom of speech 1866:Ezzatollah Sahabi 1795:Jahangir Amuzegar 1760: 1759: 1714:centrally planned 1641:Education in Iran 1635:Human development 1601:military invasion 1438:Ruhollah Khomeini 1380:Ruhollah Khomeini 1362: 1361: 1254: 1253: 1207: 1206: 1170: 1169: 1111: 1110: 1053:Afrasiyab dynasty 953:Khorshidi dynasty 943:Pishkinid dynasty 833:Ghaznavid dynasty 653:Abbasid Caliphate 643:Umayyad Caliphate 609: 608: 605:550s–11th century 501:Kingdom of Pontus 445:Achaemenid Empire 409:Anshanite Kingdom 370: 369: 273:Oxus Civilization 181: 180: 66: 65: 10439: 10384: 10374: 10373: 10225:National symbols 10079: 10078: 9894:Iranian citizens 9831: 9830: 9822: 9821: 9809: 9808: 9791:Research centers 9480:Economic history 9435: 9434: 9422: 9421: 9356:Guardian Council 9178: 9177: 9165: 9164: 9046: 9045: 9023:Electric history 9018:Military history 8932:Ancient Persians 8840: 8839:shootdown (1988) 8822: 8809: 8806:Iranian Embassy 8776: 8765: 8763:Islamic Republic 8752: 8744:1953 coup d'état 8719: 8706: 8705: 8664: 8661:Khanates of the 8656: 8648: 8640: 8632: 8624: 8616: 8608: 8589: 8581: 8573: 8565: 8558: 8550: 8542: 8534: 8526: 8518: 8499: 8491: 8483: 8475: 8467: 8459: 8451: 8443: 8435: 8422: 8421: 8403: 8384: 8376: 8368: 8360: 8352: 8344: 8336: 8328: 8320: 8301: 8293: 8285: 8277: 8269: 8261: 8253: 8245: 8237: 8229: 8221: 8213: 8200: 8199: 8184: 8183: 8171: 8170: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8132: 8131: 8107:Preceded by 8093: 8092: 8088: 8087: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8014:. 21 April 2024. 8008: 8002: 8001: 8000:. 14 April 2024. 7994: 7988: 7987: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7752: 7746: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7660: 7654: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7599: 7590:. 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Archived from 7055: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6917: 6911: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6882:on 4 August 2012 6872: 6866: 6865: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6818: 6812: 6800: 6794: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6772: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6702: 6696: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6633: 6627: 6610: 6604: 6590: 6584: 6566: 6560: 6543: 6537: 6524: 6518: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6446: 6437: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6283: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6249: 6243: 6236: 6227: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6194: 6188: 6181: 6175: 6168: 6162: 6155: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6102: 6096: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6061: 6054: 6048: 6041: 6032: 6025: 6019: 6012: 6006: 5999: 5993: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5967: 5960: 5954: 5947: 5941: 5925: 5919: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5880: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5853: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5822: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5760: 5754: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5728:. Archived from 5716: 5710: 5703: 5697: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5680: 5665: 5659: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5633: 5626: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5588: 5582: 5575: 5569: 5564:Bakhash, Shaul, 5562: 5556: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5517: 5511: 5504: 5498: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5472:, Martin Kramer. 5467: 5461: 5458:The Shia Revival 5454: 5448: 5441: 5435: 5418: 5412: 5395: 5389: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5363: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5346: 5340:. Archived from 5339: 5331: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5151: 5144: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5085: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5053:. Archived from 5046: 5040: 5039:16, January 2003 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4958: 4952: 4940: 4934: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4899: 4888: 4882: 4879:The Soul of Iran 4877:Molavi, Afshin, 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4850: 4844: 4841:The Soul of Iran 4839:Molavi, Afshin, 4837: 4831: 4814: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4783: 4774: 4764:Gems of Islamism 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4661: 4655: 4648: 4642: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4593: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4549:. Archived from 4543: 4537: 4530: 4524: 4517: 4511: 4508:The Soul of Iran 4506:Molavi, Afshin, 4504: 4498: 4491: 4485: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4456:The Soul of Iran 4454:Molavi, Afshin, 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4375: 4366: 4365:, (2003), p.271. 4359: 4353: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4319: 4313: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4285: 4272: 4266: 4259: 4253: 4246: 4235: 4222: 4216: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4178: 4172: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4112: 4106: 4094: 4088: 4076: 4070: 4066:opportunity cost 4051: 4045: 4042:The Soul of Iran 4040:Molavi, Afshin, 4038: 4032: 4029:Globalized Islam 4025: 4019: 4011: 4005: 3998: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3955:. Archived from 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3908: 3899: 3815:Mohammad Mokhber 3811:helicopter crash 3372:Chief Ayatollah 3296:"economic Mafia" 3234:nations failed. 3224:enriched uranium 2971: 2968: 2962: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2853:Guardian Council 2731:Mohammad Khatami 2633:Persian Gulf War 2622:Mohammad Hashemi 2618:Mohammad Khatami 2279:American Embassy 2138:struck northern 2030:Religion in Iran 1742: 1741: 1734: 1629:opportunity cost 1574:Mohammad Khatami 1384:Islamic republic 1354: 1347: 1340: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1295:Military history 1285:Economic history 1263:Related articles 1246:Islamic Republic 1222: 1221: 1185: 1184: 1126: 1125: 1083:Kar-Kiya dynasty 1003:Chobanid dynasty 993:Ilkhanate Empire 773:Sallarid dynasty 743:Saffarid dynasty 629: 628: 474: 471: 439:–11th century AD 438: 435: 399:Scythian Kingdom 385: 384: 315: 302: 279: 266: 243: 226: 196: 195: 176: 163: 150: 137: 124: 114: 113: 96: 86: 68: 67: 61: 58: 52: 40: 39: 32: 10447: 10446: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10354: 10324: 10303:Rap and hip-hop 10274: 10255:Public holidays 10240:Persian gardens 10229:Imperial Anthem 10220:National Jewels 10175:Iranian studies 10064: 9998: 9950: 9882: 9843:Persian (Farsi) 9816: 9795: 9764: 9726: 9719: 9654:Pharmaceuticals 9599: 9590:Venture capital 9565:Rial (currency) 9550:Nuclear program 9429: 9408: 9375: 9334: 9285:Nuclear program 9250:Judicial system 9172: 9155: 9126:Iranian plateau 9053: 9032: 8916: 8838: 8820: 8807: 8775:History (1979–) 8774: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8717: 8693: 8662: 8654: 8646: 8638: 8630: 8622: 8614: 8606: 8593: 8587: 8579: 8571: 8563: 8556: 8548: 8540: 8532: 8524: 8516: 8503: 8497: 8489: 8481: 8473: 8465: 8457: 8449: 8441: 8433: 8417: 8407: 8401: 8388: 8382: 8374: 8366: 8358: 8350: 8342: 8334: 8326: 8318: 8305: 8299: 8298:Neo-Babylonian 8291: 8283: 8276:(860 BC–590 BC) 8275: 8267: 8259: 8251: 8244:(c.2300–675 BC) 8243: 8235: 8227: 8219: 8211: 8191: 8178: 8165: 8159: 8125: 8118: 8112: 8091: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8068:. 28 July 2024. 8060: 8059: 8055: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8010: 8009: 8005: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7964: 7962: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7938: 7936: 7926: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7898: 7896: 7891: 7890: 7886: 7876: 7874: 7867: 7863: 7854: 7852: 7849:TheGuardian.com 7842: 7841: 7837: 7828: 7826: 7823:TheGuardian.com 7814: 7810: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7779: 7778: 7774: 7765: 7763: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7738: 7729: 7727: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7662: 7661: 7657: 7644:NRC Handelsblad 7640: 7636: 7626: 7624: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7597: 7595: 7582: 7581: 7577: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7546: 7545: 7541: 7530: 7526: 7517: 7515: 7503: 7499: 7490: 7488: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7461: 7459: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7409:. 1 July 2009. 7406:TheGuardian.com 7399: 7398: 7394: 7387:Washington Post 7382:Wayback Machine 7373: 7369: 7354: 7350: 7344:Wayback Machine 7335: 7331: 7321:Wayback Machine 7312: 7308: 7303:Wayback Machine 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6563: 6553:Wayback Machine 6544: 6540: 6534:Wayback Machine 6525: 6521: 6511:Wayback Machine 6502: 6498: 6489: 6487: 6476: 6472: 6463: 6461: 6448: 6447: 6440: 6434:Wayback Machine 6425: 6421: 6412: 6410: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6312: 6305: 6296: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6260:. 4 June 2008. 6251: 6250: 6246: 6242:, (2008), p.193 6237: 6230: 6226:, (2008), p.189 6221: 6217: 6207: 6205: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6187:, (2008), p.192 6182: 6178: 6170:Wright, Robin, 6169: 6165: 6161:, (2008), p.191 6156: 6149: 6140: 6138: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6115: 6113: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6091:Ebadi, Shirin, 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073:, (2008), p.184 6068: 6064: 6055: 6051: 6042: 6035: 6026: 6022: 6018:, (2001), p.162 6013: 6009: 6005:, (2001), p.155 6000: 5996: 5987: 5983: 5975:Ebadi, Shirin, 5974: 5970: 5961: 5957: 5948: 5944: 5940:, December 1995 5935:Wayback Machine 5926: 5922: 5913: 5909: 5900: 5896: 5887: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5863:"Iran Archives" 5861: 5860: 5856: 5847: 5843: 5839:, (2008), p.185 5834: 5825: 5821:, (2008), p.177 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5766:, (2000), p.285 5761: 5757: 5753:, (2008), p.175 5748: 5744: 5735: 5733: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5709:, (1989), p.126 5704: 5700: 5696:, (1996), p.317 5691: 5687: 5678: 5676: 5666: 5662: 5653: 5649: 5640: 5636: 5627: 5623: 5614: 5610: 5601: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5559: 5553:Wayback Machine 5544: 5540: 5531: 5529: 5518: 5514: 5510:, 2000, p. 217. 5505: 5501: 5497:, (2006), p.241 5492: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5455: 5451: 5447:(1988), p. 110. 5442: 5438: 5428:Wayback Machine 5419: 5415: 5405:Wayback Machine 5396: 5392: 5386:Wayback Machine 5377: 5373: 5357: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5335:"Archived copy" 5333: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5317: 5308: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5281: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5197: 5193: 5184: 5182: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5116:, (2000), p.210 5111: 5107: 5098: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5076:Last Revolution 5073: 5069: 5060: 5058: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5022: 5020: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4971: 4969: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4950:Wayback Machine 4941: 4937: 4930:Wayback Machine 4919: 4915: 4906: 4902: 4889: 4885: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4861: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4838: 4834: 4824:Wayback Machine 4815: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4771:Wayback Machine 4751: 4747: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4718:(2003) p.287–38 4713: 4709: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4671:Wayback Machine 4662: 4658: 4650:Ebadi, Shirin, 4649: 4645: 4633:Wayback Machine 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4601:Wright, Robin, 4600: 4596: 4586: 4582: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4556: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4514: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4488: 4484:, 1996, p. 366. 4479: 4475: 4469:Foreign Affairs 4466: 4462: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4392: 4385: 4376: 4369: 4360: 4356: 4350:Wayback Machine 4341: 4337: 4328: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4312:, (2008), p.178 4307: 4303: 4295: 4288: 4282:Wayback Machine 4273: 4269: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4232:Wayback Machine 4223: 4219: 4213:Wayback Machine 4204: 4200: 4191: 4189: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165:Wayback Machine 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4127: 4122:Wayback Machine 4113: 4109: 4104:Wayback Machine 4095: 4091: 4086:Wayback Machine 4077: 4073: 4062:Wayback Machine 4052: 4048: 4039: 4035: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4008: 4004:, (2008), p.194 3999: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3975:The Iran Primer 3969: 3968: 3964: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3860: 3829: 3823: 3783: 3748: 3742: 3724:was elected as 3719: 3713: 3681:Qasem Soleimani 3636: 3587:'s performance. 3560: 3535: 3527:Main articles: 3525: 3497: 3491: 3475: 3469: 3464: 3462:Domestic policy 3436: 3426: 3402: 3396: 3368:in a letter to 3341:$ 3 billion in 3326:1979 revolution 3292: 3270: 3262:Great Recession 3254: 3248:Economy of Iran 3244: 3165: 3151: 3077: 3071: 3033: 3027: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2934: 2895:nuclear weapons 2869: 2812:Hashem Aghajari 2785: 2772: 2767: 2715: 2706: 2700: 2688:nuclear weapons 2656: 2635: 2627:reform movement 2591: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2520: 2445: 2439: 2402: 2370: 2361:Algiers Accords 2355:called for the 2325: 2319: 2306: 2297: 2291: 2281:and French and 2262: 2253:Pahlavi dynasty 2232: 2226: 2209: 2162: 2160:Science in Iran 2156: 2142:with a maximum 2133: 2122:with a maximum 2113: 2108: 2102: 2097: 2032: 2026: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1921: 1915: 1891: 1885: 1864:Sahabi family ( 1858: 1848: 1824:reserves of oil 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1743: 1739: 1709: 1703: 1697:Economy of Iran 1695:Main articles: 1693: 1651: 1637: 1545: 1539: 1537:Foreign affairs 1503: 1497: 1481: 1389:Velayat-e faqih 1358: 1328:Iran portal 1322: 1320: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1300:Women's history 1264: 1256: 1255: 1219: 1209: 1208: 1182: 1172: 1171: 1123: 1113: 1112: 963:Qutlugh-Khanids 913:Atabegs of Yazd 813:Rawadid dynasty 783:Ziyarid dynasty 723:Tahirid dynasty 621: 619:Medieval period 611: 610: 595:6th century–785 581:Sasanian Empire 551:Kings of Persis 521:Parthian Empire 491:Seleucid Empire 472: 436: 382: 380:Imperial period 372: 371: 286:Akkadian Empire 233:Lullubi Kingdom 193: 183: 182: 131:Zarzian culture 106: 84: 77: 62: 56: 53: 50: 41: 37: 30: 24: 21:History of Iran 17: 12: 11: 5: 10445: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10422:1990s in Islam 10419: 10417:1980s in Islam 10414: 10409: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10378: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10336: 10334: 10330: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10322: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10284: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10272: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10206: 10192: 10187: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10098: 10092: 10082: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10065: 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9348: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9266: 9261: 9252: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9243:Women's rights 9240: 9235: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9205: 9200: 9190: 9184: 9182: 9174: 9173: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9094:Climate change 9086: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9064: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8978:Jiroft culture 8975: 8974: 8973: 8966:Iranic peoples 8963: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8942:Persianization 8939: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8816: 8811: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8770: 8768: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8754: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8712: 8710: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8658: 8650: 8642: 8634: 8626: 8618: 8610: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8583: 8575: 8567: 8560: 8552: 8549:(1135/36-1225) 8544: 8536: 8528: 8520: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8493: 8485: 8477: 8469: 8461: 8453: 8445: 8437: 8428: 8426: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8378: 8370: 8362: 8359:(c.295–220 BC) 8354: 8346: 8338: 8330: 8322: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8295: 8287: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8223: 8218:Proto-Elamite 8215: 8206: 8204: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8180: 8179: 8167: 8166: 8158: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8135: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8103: 8090: 8089: 8071: 8053: 8050:. 20 May 2024. 8035: 8017: 8003: 7989: 7971: 7946: 7920: 7906: 7884: 7861: 7835: 7808: 7790: 7772: 7747: 7736: 7711: 7685: 7655: 7634: 7604: 7575: 7557: 7539: 7524: 7497: 7468: 7443: 7424: 7392: 7367: 7348: 7329: 7327:, 27 June 2011 7306: 7288: 7263: 7238: 7209: 7184: 7165: 7146: 7121: 7098: 7073: 7042: 7017: 6992: 6967: 6942: 6912: 6893: 6867: 6864:on 2011-09-27. 6849: 6846:on 2007-10-12. 6831: 6828:on 2007-10-12. 6813: 6803:News Headlines 6795: 6785:News Headlines 6777: 6752: 6727: 6697: 6678: 6653: 6628: 6605: 6585: 6583:, May 2, 2011. 6561: 6559:, 12 June 2011 6538: 6519: 6517:, 21 June 2011 6496: 6470: 6438: 6419: 6394: 6368: 6337: 6303: 6275: 6244: 6228: 6215: 6189: 6176: 6163: 6147: 6122: 6097: 6084: 6075: 6062: 6049: 6033: 6020: 6007: 5994: 5981: 5968: 5962:Pasri, Trita, 5955: 5942: 5920: 5907: 5894: 5881: 5868: 5854: 5841: 5823: 5810: 5798: 5789: 5780: 5768: 5755: 5742: 5711: 5698: 5685: 5660: 5647: 5634: 5621: 5608: 5583: 5570: 5557: 5538: 5512: 5499: 5486: 5474: 5462: 5449: 5436: 5413: 5390: 5371: 5326: 5315: 5290: 5265: 5234: 5191: 5162: 5130: 5118: 5105: 5080: 5067: 5041: 5029: 5004: 4978: 4953: 4935: 4913: 4900: 4883: 4870: 4845: 4832: 4830:, 16 June 2011 4804: 4775: 4758:2012-07-08 at 4745: 4720: 4707: 4694: 4685: 4675: 4656: 4643: 4616: 4607: 4594: 4580: 4563: 4538: 4525: 4512: 4499: 4497:, 2003, p.274) 4486: 4473: 4460: 4447: 4421: 4412: 4399: 4383: 4367: 4354: 4335: 4314: 4301: 4299:, Jan 18, 2003 4286: 4267: 4261:Howard, Jane. 4254: 4236: 4217: 4198: 4173: 4150: 4138: 4132:Roy, Olivier, 4125: 4107: 4089: 4071: 4064:estimates the 4046: 4033: 4027:Roy, Olivier, 4020: 4006: 3988: 3962: 3959:on 2007-12-15. 3940: 3928: 3919: 3916:on 2019-10-27. 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3856: 3844:Ismail Haniyeh 3825:Main article: 3822: 3819: 3804:missile strike 3782: 3779: 3744:Main article: 3741: 3738: 3715:Main article: 3712: 3709: 3699:and shot down 3659:arrested. The 3639:Hassan Rouhani 3635: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3601:and isolation. 3595: 3588: 3576:Iranian people 3559: 3558:Public opinion 3556: 3524: 3521: 3490: 3487: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3425: 3422: 3395: 3392: 3374:Sadeq Larijani 3347: 3346: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3269: 3266: 3243: 3240: 3208:European Union 3150: 3147: 3094:New York Times 3087:wanted to see 3070: 3067: 3052:George W. Bush 3037:Supreme Leader 3029:Main article: 3026: 3023: 2974: 2973: 2954: 2952: 2945: 2936:Main article: 2933: 2930: 2903:George W. Bush 2890:European Union 2886:Salman Rushdie 2868: 2867:Foreign policy 2865: 2808:Abdollah Nouri 2784: 2781: 2771: 2768: 2739:supreme leader 2737:including the 2714: 2711: 2702:Main article: 2699: 2696: 2692:hostage crisis 2666:as percent of 2655: 2652: 2634: 2631: 2590: 2587: 2583:Supreme Leader 2565: 2562: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2519: 2516: 2475:Saddam Hussein 2441:Main article: 2438: 2435: 2401: 2398: 2369: 2366: 2321:Main article: 2318: 2317:Hostage crisis 2315: 2305: 2302: 2293:Main article: 2290: 2287: 2261: 2258: 2248:Supreme Leader 2228:Main article: 2225: 2222: 2208: 2207:Khomeini reign 2205: 2158:Main article: 2155: 2152: 2131: 2116:Bam earthquake 2111: 2104:Main article: 2101: 2098: 2093:Main article: 2028:Main article: 2025: 2022: 1969:Main article: 1966: 1963: 1914: 1911: 1884: 1881: 1847: 1844: 1797:, as of 2003: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1746: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1692: 1689: 1636: 1633: 1593:Saddam Hussein 1562:Salman Rushdie 1541:Main article: 1538: 1535: 1511:Supreme Leader 1499:Main article: 1496: 1493: 1480: 1479:General trends 1477: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1280:Heads of state 1277: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1144: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1073:Timurid Empire 1069: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1005: 999: 998: 995: 989: 988: 985: 979: 978: 975: 969: 968: 965: 959: 958: 955: 949: 948: 945: 939: 938: 935: 929: 928: 925: 919: 918: 915: 909: 908: 905: 899: 898: 895: 889: 888: 885: 879: 878: 875: 869: 868: 865: 863:Nasrid dynasty 859: 858: 855: 849: 848: 845: 839: 838: 835: 829: 828: 825: 819: 818: 815: 809: 808: 805: 799: 798: 795: 789: 788: 785: 779: 778: 775: 769: 768: 765: 759: 758: 757:pre-879 – 1215 755: 753:Ghurid dynasty 749: 748: 745: 739: 738: 735: 733:Samanid Empire 729: 728: 725: 719: 718: 715: 713:Alid dynasties 709: 708: 705: 699: 698: 695: 689: 688: 685: 679: 678: 675: 669: 668: 665: 659: 658: 655: 649: 648: 645: 639: 638: 635: 622: 617: 616: 613: 612: 607: 606: 603: 597: 596: 593: 587: 586: 583: 577: 576: 573: 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 527: 526: 523: 517: 516: 513: 507: 506: 503: 497: 496: 493: 487: 486: 483: 477: 476: 467: 461: 460: 457: 451: 450: 447: 441: 440: 431: 425: 424: 421: 415: 414: 411: 405: 404: 401: 395: 394: 391: 383: 378: 377: 374: 373: 368: 367: 364: 358: 357: 354: 348: 347: 344: 338: 337: 334: 328: 327: 324: 318: 317: 311: 309:Avestan period 305: 304: 298: 292: 291: 288: 282: 281: 275: 269: 268: 262: 256: 255: 252: 246: 245: 239: 229: 228: 222: 220:Jiroft culture 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 202: 194: 191:Ancient period 189: 188: 185: 184: 179: 178: 177:5th millennium 172: 166: 165: 164:6th millennium 159: 153: 152: 146: 140: 139: 133: 127: 126: 120: 107: 102: 101: 98: 97: 89: 88: 79: 78: 71: 64: 63: 44: 42: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10444: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10377: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10321: 10320: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10230: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10199:news agencies 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10106: 10102: 10099: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10005: 10001: 9995: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9953: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9810: 9806: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9767: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9624: 9621: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9602: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9560:Privatization 9558: 9555: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9423: 9419: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9378: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9047: 9043: 9029: 9028:Years in Iran 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8964: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8952:Turco-Persian 8950: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8821:War (1980–88) 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8659: 8657: 8651: 8649: 8643: 8641: 8635: 8633: 8627: 8625: 8619: 8617: 8613:Qara Qoyunlu 8611: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8576: 8574: 8568: 8566: 8561: 8559: 8553: 8551: 8545: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8529: 8527: 8521: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8478: 8476: 8470: 8468: 8462: 8460: 8454: 8452: 8446: 8444: 8438: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8414: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8363: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8347: 8345: 8339: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310:550 BC–AD 224 8308: 8302: 8296: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8280: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8266:Neo-Assyrian 8264: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8248: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8224: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8168: 8163: 8156: 8151: 8149: 8144: 8142: 8137: 8136: 8133: 8119:1979–present 8117: 8111: 8105: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8013: 8007: 7999: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7916: 7910: 7894: 7888: 7872: 7865: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7839: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7740: 7726: 7722: 7715: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7645: 7638: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7594:on 2021-01-10 7593: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7554:. 2019-01-24. 7553: 7549: 7543: 7535: 7528: 7514: 7509: 7501: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7428: 7412: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7333: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7310: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7292: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7182:, 2007-07-12. 7181: 7177: 7174: 7169: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7150: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7063:on 2011-02-02 7059: 7052: 7046: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6897: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6781: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6682: 6668:on 2009-10-15 6667: 6663: 6657: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6500: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6423: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6341: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6308: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6225: 6219: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6186: 6180: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6094: 6088: 6079: 6072: 6066: 6059: 6053: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6030: 6024: 6017: 6011: 6004: 5998: 5991: 5985: 5978: 5972: 5965: 5959: 5953:, (2001), p.3 5952: 5946: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5911: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5885: 5878: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5793: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5732:on 2008-05-04 5731: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5708: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5654:Moin, Baqer, 5651: 5644: 5638: 5631: 5628:Moin, Baqer, 5625: 5618: 5615:Moin, Baqer, 5612: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5580: 5574: 5567: 5561: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5542: 5528:on 2010-11-23 5527: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5375: 5367: 5361: 5347:on 2007-06-30 5343: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5319: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5255:on 2012-09-13 5251: 5244: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5166: 5152:on 2007-11-27 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5109: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5078:(2000), p.207 5077: 5071: 5057:on 1998-01-18 5056: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5018: 5014: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4880: 4874: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4761: 4760:archive.today 4757: 4754: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4717: 4711: 4704: 4698: 4689: 4679: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4640:0-944029-67-1 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4620: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4553:on 2012-07-08 4552: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4483: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4416: 4409: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4339: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3923: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722:Ebrahim Raisi 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3627: 3626:2009 election 3623: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3552: 3551:United States 3548: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448:mismanagement 3445: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3305:According to 3303: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3099:Ethan Bronner 3096: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2967:December 2009 2958: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2837:parliamentary 2834: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2780: 2778: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2719: 2710: 2705: 2698:Birth control 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2665: 2662:Iran's total 2660: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2560: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2449:Iran–Iraq War 2444: 2443:Iran–Iraq War 2437:Iran–Iraq War 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2301: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2218:war with Iraq 2215: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2189: 2187: 2186:string theory 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2049: 2048:Friday prayer 2046:in his first 2045: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1903:Iran–Iraq War 1899: 1897: 1890: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1770:Iran–Iraq War 1754: 1753:MediaWiki.org 1750: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416:United States 1413: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394:head of state 1391: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1260: 1259: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180:Modern period 1176: 1175: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1152:Afsharid Iran 1150: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1141:Hotak dynasty 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 994: 991: 990: 986: 984: 981: 980: 976: 974: 971: 970: 966: 964: 961: 960: 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