History of the Jews in Egypt

4122: 3614: 3768:, who were sympathetic to the various models evinced by the Axis Powers in Europe, and organized themselves along similar lines, were also increasingly antagonistic to Jews. Groups including the Muslim Brotherhood circulated reports in Egyptian mosques and factories claiming that Jews and the British were destroying holy places in Jerusalem, as well as sending other false reports stating that hundreds of Arab women and children were being killed. Much of the anti-Semitism of the 1930s and 1940s was fueled by a close association between Hitler's new regime in Germany and anti-imperialist Arab powers. One of these Arab authorities was 2668: 3133: 4130: 3625: 3190:(1137) there was a Jewish master of finances, whose name, however, is unknown. His enemies succeeded in procuring his downfall, and he lost all his property. He was succeeded by a brother of the Christian patriarch, who tried to drive the Jews out of the kingdom. Four leading Jews worked and conspired against the Christian, with what result is not known. There has been preserved a letter from this ex-minister to the Jews of Constantinople, begging for aid in a remarkably intricate poetical style. One of the physicians of the caliph Al-Ḥafiẓ (1131–49) was a Jew, Abu Manṣur ( 4210:), some 25,000 Jews, almost half of the Jewish community left for Israel, Europe, the United States, and South America, after being forced to sign declarations that they were leaving "voluntarily" and to agree with the confiscation of their assets. Some 1,000 more Jews were imprisoned. Similar measures were enacted against British and French nationals in retaliation for the invasion. In Joel Beinin's summary: "Between 1919 and 1956, the entire Egyptian Jewish community, like the Cicurel firm, was transformed from a national asset into a 3672: 5528:" die griechische Bibelübersetzung, die einem innerjüdischen Bedürfnis entsprang Rabbinern zuerst gerühmt (..) Später jedoch, als manche ungenaue Übertragung des hebräischen Textes in der Septuaginta und Übersetzungsfehler die Grundlage für hellenistische Irrlehren abgaben, lehnte man die Septuaginta ab." Verband der Deutschen Juden (Hrsg.), neu hrsg. von Walter Homolka, Walter Jacob, Tovia Ben Chorin: Die Lehren des Judentums nach den Quellen; München, Knesebeck, 1999, Bd.3, S. 43ff 4275:, anti-semitic and anti-Israel sentiments continued to run high. Israel and Zionism were frequently associated with conspiracy theories of subverting and weakening the state. Nevertheless, the Egyptian government began renovating an old delapidated synagogue that year in what was once a Jewish neighborhood in Old Cairo. Zahi Hawass, general secretary of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, said: "If you don't restore the Jewish synagogues, you lose part of your history." 3795:

Moslem countries would be jeopardized by the establishment of a Jewish state." On 24 November 1947, Dr. Heykal Pasha said: "if the U.N. decide to amputate a part of Palestine in order to establish a Jewish state ... Jewish blood will necessarily be shed elsewhere in the Arab world ... to place in certain and serious danger a million Jews." Mahmud Bey Fawzi (Egypt) said: "Imposed partition was sure to result in bloodshed in Palestine and in the rest of the Arab world".

3331:

centuries and later amended in 1354 to force all Jews to wear a sign in addition to yellow headwear. On multiple occasions the ulema persuaded the government to close or convert synagogues. Even major places of pilgrimage for Egyptian Jews such as the Dammah Synagogue were forced to close in 1301. Jews subsequently were excluded from bath houses and were prohibited to work in the national treasury. This repression of the Jewish community would continue for centuries.

2993:, and anger at discriminatory laws. Jewish communities are thought to have rebelled due to messianic expectations, hoping for the ingathering of the exiles and the reconstruction of the Temple. A festival celebrating the victory over the Jews continued to be observed eighty years later in Oxyrhynchus. It was not until the third century that Jewish communities were able to re-establish themselves in Egypt, although they never regained their former level of influence. 3288: 2882:, 332 BCE, at which they were present. They were numerous from the very outset, forming a notable portion of the city's population under Alexander's successors. The Ptolemies assigned them a separate section, two of the five districts of the city, to enable them to keep their laws pure of indigenous cultic influences. The Alexandrian Jews enjoyed a greater degree of political independence than elsewhere. While the Jewish population elsewhere throughout the later 10982: 8066: 3372:, which is a mystical manual written in Arabic and filled with Sufi technical terms. In it he laid out how one may obtain union with the unintelligible world, showing his full adherence and advocacy of mysticism. He also began to reform practices advocating for celibacy and Halwa, solitary meditation, to better tune oneself to the spiritual plane. These were imitations of long held Sufi practices. In fact, he would often portrayed Jewish patriarchs such as 3819: 10992: 8076: 50: 85: 3641:, Egypt was friendly towards its Jewish population, although between 86% and 94% of Jews in Egypt, mostly European immigrants, did not possess Egyptian nationality. Jews played important roles in the economy, and their population climbed to nearly 80,000 as Jewish refugees settled there in response to increasing persecution in Europe. Many Jewish families, such as the Qattawi family, had extensive economic relations with non-Jews. 4566: 4552: 103: 3756:) had given the minority groups trading within Egypt highly favourable advantages.Many European Jews used Egyptian banks as a vehicle for transferring money from central Europe, not least those Jews escaping the Fascist regimes. In addition to this, many Jewish people living in Egypt were known to possess foreign citizenship, while those possessing Egyptian citizenship often had extensive ties to European countries. 11002: 3339:

attempt to promote a new state religion. All throughout the country new government-backed Sufi brotherhoods and saint cults grew almost overnight and was able to quell the disapproval of the population. The Mamluk Sultanate would become a safe haven for Sufi mystics all throughout the Islamic world. Across the empire state-sponsored Sufi ceremonies were a clear sign of the full-fledged shift that took hold.

11012: 4184:, which caused him to feel deep humiliation that he had lied to the world, and was one factor in Sharett's resignation as prime minister. The operation blew up Western targets (without causing any deaths), led to deeper distrust of Jews—key agents in the operation had been recruited from the Egyptian Jewish community—and led to sharply increased emigration of Jews from Egypt. In his summing up statement 4188:, the prosecutor at the trial of captured operatives, repeated the official government stance: "The Jews of Egypt are living among us and are sons of Egypt. Egypt makes no difference between its sons whether Muslims, Christians, or Jews. These defendants happen to be Jews who reside in Egypt, but we are trying them because they committed crimes against Egypt, although they are Egypt's sons." 3117: 7076: 2664:– is considered to be inaccurate or ahistorical by a majority of scholars. At the same time, most scholars also hold that that the Exodus probably has some sort of historical basis, and that a small group of Egyptian origins may have merged with the early Israelites, who were predominantly indigenous to Canaan and begin appearing in the historical record by around 1200 BCE. 3791:

75% of salaried employees, and 90% of all workers, must be Egyptian. As Jews were often considered foreign or stateless persons, this constrained Jewish and foreign-owned entrepreneurs to reduce recruitment for employment positions from their own ranks. The law also required that just over half of the paid-up capital of joint stock companies be Egyptian.

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Opera Square was firebombed. The government helped with funds to rebuild it, but it was again burnt down in 1952, and eventually passed into Egyptian control. Amidst the violence, many Egyptian Jews emigrated abroad. By 1950, nearly 40% of Egypt's Jewish population had emigrated. About 14,000 of them went to Israel, and the rest to other countries.

2954:(now Behneseh), on the west side of the Nile, there was a Jewish community of some importance. Many of the Jews there may have become Christians, though they retained their Biblical names (e.g., "David" and "Elizabeth," who appear in litigation concerning an inheritance). Another example was Jacob, son of Achilles (c. 300 CE), who worked as a 3354:. It is believed by historians such as Paul Fenton that the Karaites settled in Egypt as early as the seventh century, and Egypt would remain a bastion for Karaites all the way through the 19th century. As time passed in contact with these relatively new Sufi ideas many Karaites began to push towards reform. Admiration for the structure of 3243:'s war with the Crusaders (1169–93) does not seem to have affected the Jewish population with communal struggle. A Karaite doctor, Abu al-Bayyan al-Mudawwar (d. 1184), who had been physician to the last Fatimid, treated Saladin also. Abu al-Ma'ali, brother-in-law of Maimonides, was likewise in his service. In 1166 4260:, of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees stated: "I refer to our recent discussion concerning Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries in consequence of recent events. I am now able to inform you that such persons may be considered prima facie within the mandate of this Office." 3790:

and the founding of Israel drew closer, hostility towards the Egyptian Jews strengthened, fed also by press attacks on all foreigners accompanying the rising ethnocentric nationalism of the age. In 1947, the Company Law set quotas for employing Egyptian nationals in incorporated firms, requiring that

4214:." Hundreds of Jews were arrested or detained without charges, imprisoned, or interned in Jewish schools. Jews were also denaturalized, i.e. deprived of their Egyptian citizenship, and had their assets sequestered. Some Egyptian and stateless Jews were expelled from Egypt, creating a refugee crisis. 3794:

The Egyptian Prime Minister Nuqrashi told the British ambassador: “All Jews were potential Zionists ... anyhow all Zionists were Communists". On 24 November 1947, the head of the Egyptian delegation to the UN General Assembly, Muhammad Hussein Heykal Pasha, said that "the lives of 1,000,000 Jews in

3600:

visited Egypt in 1840, and the last two did much to raise the intellectual status of their Egyptian brethren by the founding, in connection with Rabbi Moses Joseph Algazi, of schools in Cairo. According to the official census published in 1898 (i., xviii.), there were in Egypt 25,200 Jews in a total

3396:

forced large number of Jews to resettle to Egypt, many of whom would join the Pietist movement enthusiastically. This enthusiasm may have been largely practical, as the adoption of Sufi ideas did much to ingratiate the Mamluk Jewish community with their Muslim overlords. This may have appealed

3342:

Jews who for the most part were kept segregated from Arab communities first came into contact with Sufism in these state sponsored ceremonies, as they were obliged to attend out of a show of loyalty to the sultan. It is in these ceremonies where many Egyptian Jews first came into contact with Sufism

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As for government power in Egypt, the highest legal authority who was called chief scholar was held by Ephraim. Later on in the 11th century, this position was held by a father and son with the names of Shemarya b. Elhanan and Elhanan b. Shemarya. Soon the chief of the Palestinian Jews took over the

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was at the head of the Department of Agriculture. He is especially known as the constructor of a Nile sluice (1112), which was called after him "Baḥr Abi al-Munajja". He fell into disfavor because of the heavy expenses connected with the work, and was incarcerated in Alexandria, but was soon able to

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in 969. These Jewish immigrants made up a significant amount of the population from all the Jews living in Egypt. Due to the discovery of the Cairo Geniza documents at the end of the 19th century, a lot is known about Egyptian Jews. From private records, letters, public records, and documents, these

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From 1956 to 1970, under the Nasser regime, the military government of Egypt and its agents monitored the Jewish population, implementing measures such as police detention, and arresting suspects. Jewish families in Cairo and Alexandria were held in confinement at their homes for lengthy periods of

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There was vehement opposition to the revisionism of Pietism just as there was with Hasidism. Opposition was so strong there are records of Jews reporting fellow Jews to Muslim authorities on the grounds that they were practicing Islamic heresy. David Maimonides, brother of Obadyah and his heir, was

4278:

The Jewish population continued to dwindle. In 2007, an estimated 200 Jews lived in Egypt, less than 40 in 2014, but by 2017 this dropped to 18: 6 in Cairo, 12 in Alexandria. In 2018, the estimated Jewish population was 10. In April 2021, one of the last members of the community, Albert Arie, died

4235:

stated in his Report to the UNREF Executive Committee's Fourth Session (Geneva 29 January to 4 February 1957) "Another emergency problem is now arising: that of refugees from Egypt. There is no doubt in my mind that those refugees from Egypt who are not able, or not willing, to avail themselves of

4156:

European immigrants), and who then numbered 75,000. That year, bombings of Jewish areas killed 70 Jews and wounded nearly 200, while riots claimed many more lives. Anti-Jewish riots became increasingly common from 1948 to 1952. During the Arab-Israeli war, the Cicurel department store near Cairo's

4255:

and Tura, where they were incarcerated and tortured for more than three years. The eventual result was the almost-complete disappearance of the 3,000-year-old Jewish community in Egypt; the vast majority of Jews left the country. Most Egyptian Jews fled to Israel (35,000), Brazil (15,000), France

3037:

Without any legal sentence, without any royal mandate, the patriarch (Saint Cyril), at the dawn of day, led a seditious multitude to the attack of the synagogues. Unarmed and unprepared, the Jews were incapable of resistance; their houses of prayer were leveled with the ground, and the episcopal

3001:

By the late third century, there is substantial evidence of established Jewish communities in Egypt. A papyrus from Oxyrhynchus, dated to 291 CE, confirms the existence of an active synagogue and identifies one of its officials as having come from Palestine. This period likely saw an increase in

3338:

in an attempt to assuage dissatisfaction with traditional Sunni Islam facilitated solely by the Sultan. At the same time the Mamluk government was unwilling to relinquish control of religion to a clerical class. They endeavored on a massive project of inviting and subsidizing Sufi clerics in an

3210:

As for the Jewish population, there were over 90 Jewish habitations known during the 11th and 12th centuries. These included cities, towns, and villages, contained over 4,000 Jewish citizens. Also for the Jewish population, a little more light is thrown upon the communities in Egypt through the

3330:

were quick to denounce foreign influences to safeguard the purity of Islam. This led to unfortunate situations for Mamluk Jews. In 1300 Sultan Al-Nasir Qalawan ordered all Jews under his rule to wear yellow headgear to isolate the Egyptian Jewish community. This law would be enforced for

3749:

In 1937, the Egyptian government annulled the Capitulations, which gave foreign nationals a virtual status of exterritoriality: the minority groups affected were mainly from Syria, Greece, and Italy, ethnic Armenians, and some Jews who were nationals of other countries. The foreign nationals‘

3759:

The impact of the well-publicized Arab-Jewish clash in Palestine from 1936 to 1939, together with the rise of Nazi Germany, also began to affect Jewish relations with Egyptian society, despite the fact that the number of active Zionists in their ranks was small. The rise of local militant

2836:. Thus, their history in this period centers almost completely on Alexandria, though daughter communities rose up in places like the present Kafr ed-Dawar, and Jews served in the administration as custodians of the river. As early as the third century BCE, there was a widespread 4221:

were in full support of establishing an Arab-Egyptian nationalism, and were opposed to the rise of Zionism and the establishment of the State of Israel. Nonetheless, even this social elite of the Jewish population was not believed to have any place in the new Egyptian regime.

3604:

At the turn of the 20th century, a Jewish observer noted with 'true satisfaction that a great spirit of tolerance sustains the majority of our fellow Jews in Egypt, and it would be difficult to find a more liberal population or one more respectful of all religious beliefs.’

3175:, and compelled the Jewish residents to wear bells and to carry in public the wooden image of a calf. A street in the city, al-Jawdariyyah, was designated for Jewish residency. Al-Hakim, hearing allegations that some mocked him in verses, had the whole quarter burned down. 3725:, who founded 'The Egyptian Movement for National Liberation' in 1943, an organization that was to form the core of the Egyptian Communist party. Curiel was later to play an important role in establishing early informal contacts between the PLO and Israel. 3400:

Pietism would in some ways become indistinguishable from Sufism. Pietists would clean their hands and feet before praying in the temple. They would face Jerusalem as they prayed. They frequently practiced daytime fasting and group meditation or muraqaba.

3573:("generalissimo," not a proper name) sent from Constantinople to Egypt, who robbed and oppressed them, and whose death was in a certain measure occasioned by the graveyard invocation of one Moses of Damwah. This may have occurred in the 17th century. 8718: 7596: 8031: 3279:; and in 1173 he forwarded a request to the North African communities for help to secure the release of a number of captives. The original of the last document has been preserved. He caused the Karaites to be removed from the court. 3660:. René Qattawi, leader of the Cairo Sephardi community, endorsed the creation in 1935 of the Association of Egyptian Jewish Youth, with its slogan: 'Egypt is our homeland, Arabic is our language.' Qattawi strongly opposed political 3368:(1204–1237), who was considered to be the most prominent leader and government representative of all Mamluk Jews, advocated reorganizing Jewish schools to be more like Sufi Hanaqas. His heir Obadyah Maimonides(1228-1265) wrote the 3206:

whose names were Judah b. Såadya, Mevorakh b. Såadya, and Moses b. Mevorakh. The position was eventually handed down from Moses Maimonides in the late 12th century to early 15th centuries and was given to his descendants.

7351: 8041: 3555:. In 1641 Samuel ben David, a Karaite, visited Egypt. The account of his journey supplies special information in regard to his fellow sectarians. He describes three synagogues of the Rabbinites at Alexandria and two at 3299:

was plagued with famine, disease, and conflict; a great period of upheaval would see the Golden Islamic Period come to a violent end. Foreign powers began to encircle the Islamic World as the French endeavored on the

3025:) a Jewish-led massacre in response. Later violence took on a decidedly anti-Semitic context with calls for ethnic cleansing. Before that time, state/religious-sanctioned claims of a Jewish pariah were not common. In 3644:

A sharp distinction had long existed between the respective Karaite and Rabbanite communities, among whom traditionally intermarriage was forbidden. They dwelt in Cairo in two contiguous areas, the former in the

4018: 3383:

Pietism gained a huge following, mainly amongst the Jewish elite, and it would continue to gain momentum until the end of the Maimonides dynasty in the 15th century. Additionally, forced conversions in Yemen,

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Some authors estimate that around 100 thousand Jews were expelled from the city. The expulsion then continued in the nearby regions of Egypt and Palestine followed by a forced Christianization of the Jews.

3223:

was in Egypt; he gives a general account of the Jewish communities which he found there. At Cairo there were 2,000 Jews; at Alexandria 3,000, whose head was the French-born R. Phineas b. Meshullam; in the

3772:, who was influential in securing Nazi funds that were appropriated to the Muslim Brotherhood for the operation of a printing press for the distribution of thousands of Anti-Semitic propaganda pamphlets. 3491:

was in Egypt for a time (Frumkin, l.c. p. 69), as well as Ḥayyim Vital Aaron ibn Ḥayyim, the Biblical and Talmudical commentator (1609; Frumkin, l.c. pp. 71, 72). Of Isaac Luria's pupils, a

7386: 2864:. With them, many other Jews, attracted by the fertile soil and Ptolemy's liberality, emigrated there of their own accord. An inscription recording a Jewish dedication of a synagogue to Ptolemy and 8036: 7669: 7665: 6421: 5412:, New Updated Edition (Translated by William Whiston, A.M.; Peabody Massachusetts:Hendrickson Publishers, 1987; Fifth Printing:Jan.1991 Bk. 12, chapters. 1, 2, pp. 308-309 (Bk. 12: verses 7, 9, 11) 4282:

In March 2022, part of the Jews of Cairo archives were confiscated by the Egyptian government. As of December 2022, there are only 3 Egyptian Jews living in Egypt, all women, of whom the youngest

4279:

aged 90; he had converted to Islam, married an Egyptian Muslim woman, and was buried as a Muslim. One of the four remaining Jews in Egypt, Reb Yosef Ben-Gaon of Alexandria, died in November 2021.

8399: 4985:"The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" 4251:, who lived in Cairo at the time, said that nearly all Egyptian Jewish men between the ages of 17 and 60 were either thrown out of the country immediately, or taken to the detention centers of 7256: 3405:

eventually exiled to Palestine at the behest of other leaders in the Jewish community. Eventually Pietism fell out of favor in Egypt, as its leaders were exiled and Jewish immigration slowed.

2622:. As of 2019, there were at least 5 known Jews in Cairo and as of 2017, 12 were still reported in Alexandria. In December 2022, it was reported that only 3 Egyptian Jews were living in Cairo. 3085:

The Treaty of Alexandria, signed on in November 641, which sealed the Arab conquest of Egypt, provided for the rights of Jews (and Christians) to continue to practice their religion freely.

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and married to a Catholic. Her two daughters are not living in Egypt. Her sister Nadia, the former deputy leader of the community and one of its youngest remaining members, died in 2014.

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After 1956, prominent families, like the Qattawis, were left with only a fraction of the social clout they had once enjoyed, if they could remain in Egypt at all. Ironically, Jews like

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became the new sultan. The Mamluks were quick to consolidate power using a strong spirit of defense growing among Muslim faithfuls to rally victoriously against the Mongols in the

7648: 7630: 7446: 7336: 7760: 7755: 7506: 3179: 5282:

What is generally agreed, however, is that between 1200 and 1000 B.C.E., the Israelites emerged as a distinct group of people, possibly united into tribes or a league of tribes

10831: 8051: 7626: 7496: 3432:, the last of the Mamelukes. He made radical changes in the governance of the Jewish community, abolishing the office of nagid, making each community independent, and placing 3006:, as indicated by the rising number of inscriptions, letters, legal documents, liturgical poetry, and magical texts in Hebrew and Aramaic from the fourth and fifth centuries. 9864: 7556: 7356: 4097: 8683: 7366: 3380:

as hermits who relied on isolated meditation to remain in touch with God. The Maimonides dynasty would essentially spark a new movement, Pietism, amongst Egyptian Jews.

1195: 9859: 9854: 3560: 2611:, Jewish (estimated at between 75,000 and 80,000 in 1948), and European groups like the French and British emigrated, much of their property was also confiscated (see 3690:(1866–1956) was both an Egyptian nationalist and a passionate Zionist. His poem, 'My Homeland Egypt, Place of my Birth', expresses loyalty to Egypt, while his book, 3304:

in 1248 and the Mongol campaigns in the east rapidly making its way into the heartland of Islam. These internal and external pressure weakened the Ayyubid empire.

2890:

merchants in the large commercial centers, those of Alexandria constituted an independent political community, side by side with that of the other ethnic groups.

8167: 4116: 3164:'s reign. The foundation of Talmudic schools in Egypt is usually placed at this period. One of the Jewish citizens who rose to high position in that society was 3026: 2612: 7184: 3706: 3480: 1773: 6785: 4792: 4508:

from the Hebrew Bible depict the Israelites, ancestors of Jews, as having resided in ancient Egypt for a lengthy period of time. The narrative describes the

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were implemented, which severely restricted the right to work and to own companies of non-Egyptian citizens. (Jews were not in general allowed citizenship.)

1428: 1123: 4226:

time, often without funds, food, or other supplies, and were under surveillance by building concierges who had police authority to control Jewish tenants.

4176:, who did not know of the operation. Sharett did not learn the truth until after he had denounced the charges by the Egyptian government in a speech in the 7171: 4185: 7511: 6418: 3698:

is perhaps the most eloquent defense of Zionism in the Arabic language. Mourad Farag was also one of the coauthors of Egypt's first Constitution in 1923.

2774:) However, before long Gedaliah was assassinated, and the population that was left in the land and those that had returned ran away to Egypt for safety. ( 1315: 8622: 4023: 2560:

and Karaite Jews began to migrate to Egypt, and then their numbers increased significantly with the growth of trading prospects after the opening of the

6653: 5110:. Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences (1st ed. 2015 ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer. 3653:

quarter. Notwithstanding the division, they often worked together and the younger educated generation pressed for improving relations between the two.

3492: 2523: 2977:(115–117) led to the near-total expulsion and annihilation of Jews from Egypt and nearby Cyrenaica. The Jewish revolt, which is said to have begun in 10386: 8739: 6915: 5889: 4252: 4090: 287: 6758: 8751: 7371: 3476: 1310: 6272: 3215:

was in Alexandria in 1141, and dedicated some beautiful verses to his fellow resident and friend Aaron Ben-Zion ibn Alamani and his five sons. At

11041: 9633: 9183: 8878: 8112: 7955: 6619: 4248: 4232: 4196: 1558: 7161: 5005:

The people of Judah survived, eventually becoming known as the Jews and giving their name to Judaism, the religion of Yahweh, the Israelite God.

4916: 4121: 4658: 4422: 4343: 4218: 4033: 3982: 3680: 3531:, or 'treasurer,' who gathers the taxes of the land. At present Abraham Alkula holds the position". He was succeeded by Raphael Joseph Çelebi, 10255: 8784: 8246: 8000: 7193: 6810: 6559:

Under international law, Jews displaced from Arab countries were indeed bona fide refugees, subject to full UN protection, Stanley A. Urman,

4257: 4199:, was killed, and the authorities did not make arrests. Other members of the sabotage rings had families who lost their livelihood after the 1812: 8711: 3124:

fragment, dating to 1168-1204, with words in Arabic and their Romance translations, both in Hebrew script, believed to have been written by

8894: 8522: 4083: 3802: 7105:, New Updated Edition (Translated by William Whiston, A.M.) Peabody Massachusetts:Hendrickson Publishers, 1987 (Fifth Printing:Jan.1991): 3397:

to many of these refugees, as some historians state that the Maimonides dynasty itself originated from Al Andalus and resettled in Egypt.

4864: 797: 760: 7113: 3475:, who as a young man had gone to Egypt to visit a rich uncle, the tax-farmer Mordecai Francis (Azulai, "Shem ha-Gedolim," No. 332); and 9881: 9849: 3912: 7176: 5294: 5132: 10710: 10238: 9720: 8582: 8302: 7622: 5626:

Kerkeslager, Allen; Setzer, Claudia; Trebilco, Paul; Goodblatt, David (2006). "The Diaspora From 66 to c. 235 CE". In T. Katz (ed.).

4942: 3539:. Sabbatai Zevi was twice in Cairo, the second time in 1660. It was there that he married Sarah Ashkenazi, who had been brought from 3488: 1736: 10722: 10113: 7790: 4695: 1759: 3202:

meaning the head of the Jews in Egypt. Later for a sixty-year rule, three family members of court physicians took the position of

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warrior, after rewarding his troops with the plunder of their goods, expelled from the city the remnant of the unbelieving nation.

2618:

As of 2016, the president of Cairo's Jewish community said that there were 6 Jews in Cairo, all women over age 65, and 12 Jews in

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referred to as "Nazification," "propaganda," and "militant Judeophobia." In 1939, bombs were discovered in synagogues in Cairo.

11046: 9434: 8441: 8290: 7995: 7900: 7288: 4724: 3917: 2516: 1686: 1621: 1503: 5632:. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4 (Steven ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 62, 67, 93–94, 96–98. 3017:. There was an expulsion of a large amount of Jews from Alexandria (the so-called "Alexandria Expulsion") in 414 or 415 CE by 10959: 8899: 8507: 8150: 6947: 6488: 6461: 6366: 6339: 6312: 6282: 6255: 6186: 6161: 6131: 6104: 6079: 6044: 5929: 5872: 5845: 5789: 5695: 5645: 5603: 5513: 5462: 5366: 5275: 5250: 5223: 5196: 5169: 5142: 5115: 5083: 5022: 4978: 4848: 4718: 4628: 3833: 2886:

frequently formed private societies for religious purposes, or organized corporations of ethnic groups like the Egyptian and

807: 6997: 4762: 10783: 10437: 10381: 10337: 10150: 9824: 9814: 9774: 8005: 7707: 7426: 4028: 3948: 3705:, who became a patriotic Egyptian nationalist advocating the removal of the British. He edited the nationalist publication 3452:, revenged himself upon the Jews because de Castro had revealed in 1524 to the sultan of his designs for independence. The 2686:

amply document the lives of a community of Jewish soldiers stationed there as part of a frontier garrison in Egypt for the

1245: 10631: 5757: 3066:

proselytizing. In addition to the Jewish population settled there from ancient times, some are said to have come from the

10442: 10182: 10068: 9176: 8863: 8337: 8105: 7950: 7915: 7536: 7526: 7047: 6890: 4770: 4653: 3810: 3613: 2631: 1513: 1330: 1320: 560: 3198:

position of chief scholar for the Rabbinates after the death of Elhanan. Around 1065, a Jewish leader was recognized as

3078:

in 630 is said by Al-Baladhuri to have been seen in Egypt. A copy, written in Hebrew characters, has been found in the

2911:. The translation of the Septuagint itself began in the 3rd century BCE and was completed by 132 BCE, initially in 11051: 10895: 10826: 10705: 10327: 10204: 9871: 9752: 9679: 9667: 9628: 8808: 8657: 8431: 7840: 7835: 7730: 7431: 7260: 3503: 1909: 1859: 1824: 1518: 1383: 1250: 7181: 3563:, has left a similar account of the year 1654, but it contains only a few points of special interest to the Karaites. 10430: 9959: 9064: 8987: 8777: 8404: 8278: 7960: 7935: 7850: 7830: 7780: 7750: 7740: 7486: 7456: 7411: 7346: 7212: 6396: 5560: 5051: 4998: 4377: 3412:, and some of the manuscripts authored under the Maimonides dynasty are still read and revered in Kabbalist circles. 3021:, following a number of controversies, including threats from Cyril and supposedly (according to Christian historian 2509: 1601: 1563: 1538: 1458: 1443: 1290: 1230: 1185: 8414: 4589: 11036: 10563: 10226: 9949: 9014: 8935: 8358: 8046: 7925: 7920: 7800: 7476: 4206:

In the immediate aftermath of trilateral invasion on 23 November 1956 by Britain, France, and Israel (known as the

3902: 2990: 1894: 1876: 1782: 1676: 1528: 1523: 1448: 1413: 1280: 6866: 6329: 10922: 10890: 10643: 10369: 9779: 9499: 8853: 8484: 8436: 8424: 8419: 8295: 8251: 8226: 7990: 7940: 7895: 7875: 7865: 7765: 7576: 7551: 7401: 7396: 7376: 7341: 7326: 7166: 4453:

The Lost World of the Egyptian Jews: First-person Accounts from Egypt's Jewish Community In the Twentieth Century

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Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"

4613: 4384:(an autobiography of a Jewish family during their years in Egypt and after they emigrated to the United States) 3972: 3927: 3907: 3886: 3734: 2943:. The Jews of Alexandria celebrated the translation with an annual festival on the island of Pharos, where the 2679: 1885: 1871: 1839: 1819: 1787: 1731: 1706: 1681: 1661: 1651: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1606: 1596: 1591: 1568: 1483: 1468: 1388: 1347: 1300: 1295: 1215: 1160: 6972: 10778: 10573: 9979: 9504: 9487: 8838: 8833: 8607: 8332: 8327: 8317: 8010: 7945: 7910: 7845: 7825: 7815: 7775: 7571: 7566: 7461: 7421: 7316: 7297: 5312: 4890: 4643: 4623: 3552: 3527:

According to Manasseh b. Israel from 1656, "The viceroy of Egypt has always at his side a Jew with the title

2713: 2702: 2573: 2306: 1844: 1829: 1792: 1754: 1726: 1716: 1711: 1696: 1691: 1671: 1656: 1641: 1616: 1582: 1553: 1453: 1438: 1362: 1352: 1270: 1240: 1165: 1151: 10690: 3251:, where he gained much renown as a physician, practising in the family of Saladin and in that of his vizier 10558: 10526: 10342: 9974: 9767: 9361: 8873: 8868: 8858: 8770: 8673: 8409: 8363: 8155: 7970: 7930: 7905: 7885: 7820: 7795: 7770: 7546: 7451: 7436: 7416: 7406: 7321: 7242: 5423: 5043: 4685: 4633: 4071: 4066: 2742:

According to the Hebrew Bible, a large number of Judeans took refuge in Egypt after the destruction of the

2569: 2553: 1914: 1834: 1797: 1721: 1666: 1533: 1508: 1433: 1408: 1398: 1337: 1260: 1255: 1235: 1225: 1190: 1083: 787: 551: 546: 6840: 5449:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–141, 11005: 10917: 10759: 10501: 10391: 10214: 10009: 9876: 9819: 9715: 9590: 9235: 8848: 8828: 8823: 8388: 7890: 7855: 7810: 7805: 7466: 7151: 5295:"Ancient Sudan~ Nubia: Investigating the Origin of the Ancient Jewish Community at Elephantine: A Review" 4707: 3977: 3679:

Nevertheless, various wings of the Zionist movement had representatives in Egypt. Karaite Jewish scholar

3617: 3271: 1904: 1899: 1854: 1807: 1493: 1463: 1423: 1418: 1275: 581: 6556: 4440: 10912: 10717: 10614: 10597: 10580: 10521: 10347: 10302: 10233: 10172: 10145: 9789: 9648: 9427: 9381: 9245: 9240: 8678: 8639: 7281: 6822: 4648: 3055:

at first found support from Jewish residents as well, disgruntled by the corrupt administration of the

2986: 2871:

Josephus also claims that, soon after, these 120,000 captives were freed from bondage by Philadelphus.

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Few would seriously challenge the belief that most modern Jews are descended from the ancient Hebrews

4943:"How Egypt's last Jews will mark Hanukkah, and make sure their culture doesn't "disappear" with them" 4165: 4145: 3860: 3183:

free himself. A document concerning a transaction of his with a banker has been preserved. Under the

3149: 2492: 2185: 2036: 1977: 868: 4535:

that devastate Egypt. Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt, eventually arriving at Canaan, which

4129: 10954: 10934: 10742: 10568: 10364: 10352: 10189: 10167: 9834: 9784: 9725: 9684: 9560: 9555: 9521: 9482: 9356: 9099: 7722: 7700: 7089: 6668: 4680: 4481: 4294: 3566: 3441: 3052: 2944: 2811: 2195: 2175: 1285: 765: 306: 8458: 7222: 2912: 10863: 10486: 10221: 10073: 10046: 10031: 10026: 9762: 9662: 9326: 9140: 9049: 8992: 8972: 8647: 8446: 8347: 7227: 7094: 4516: 3275:, both of which evoked opposition from Jewish scholars. From this place he sent many letters and 3056: 2667: 2540:

communities in the world. The historic core of the Jewish community in Egypt mainly consisted of

2336: 2326: 2291: 2170: 2160: 1943: 1114: 1056: 890: 569: 526: 241: 3132: 11015: 10944: 10873: 10695: 10663: 10357: 10295: 10290: 10004: 9469: 9386: 9376: 9250: 9145: 9044: 8550: 7136:

Fenton, Paul. Muslim-Jewish Relations in the Middle Islamic Period. Bonn University Press. 2017

6419:

29th Meeting of the Ad Hoc Committee on Palestine: 24 November 1947: Retrieved 31 December 2013

4663: 4272: 4125:

Egyptian Alexandria Jewish choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen at Samuel Menashe synagogue. Alexandria.

4039: 3992: 3787: 3548: 3521: 2455: 2190: 2104: 1170: 722: 341: 311: 7110: 6245: 5924:(Nachdr ed.). Philadelphia: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. pp. Ch. 3 Egypt pg.46-48. 5862: 5738:"Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Vol. 4: Chapter XLVII: Ecclesiastical Discord. Part II" 5711: 5482: 5186: 5159: 4968: 4256:(10,000), the US (9,000) and Argentina (9,000). A letter published by the Jerusalem Post from 3668:

in 1943 in which he argued that Palestine would be unable to absorb Europe's Jewish refugees.

10949: 10841: 10811: 10700: 10680: 10626: 10538: 10177: 10135: 10130: 10108: 9916: 9906: 9691: 9570: 9538: 9420: 9401: 9230: 9192: 8909: 8540: 8517: 8473: 7274: 6356: 5919: 5835: 5382: 5213: 5073: 4618: 4524: 4493: 3665: 3161: 3086: 3022: 2924: 2735:

origins, and they maintained their own temple, functioning alongside that of the local deity

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Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience

5012: 4236:

the protection of the Government of their nationality fall under the mandate of my office."

4148:, in which Egypt participated, difficulties multiplied for Egyptian Jews, most of whom were 2782:) The numbers that made their way to Egypt are subject to debate. In Egypt, they settled in 10816: 10766: 10636: 9740: 9730: 9331: 9213: 6700: 4840:

The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora

4669: 4487: 3769: 3718: 3499: 3165: 2417: 2369: 2109: 1967: 780: 645: 634: 592: 19: 7233: 7204:

The Dispersion Of Egyptian Jewry Culture, Politics, And The Formation Of A Modern Diaspora

7177:

Briefly Investigating the Origin of the Ancient Jewish Community at Elephantine: A Review

5737: 4313:

Zeh 'im ha-panim eleynu ('The one facing us') (novel of life in an Egyptian Jewish family)

3578: 8: 10927: 10907: 10727: 10675: 10670: 10609: 10511: 10194: 10125: 10120: 9839: 9543: 9218: 8967: 8261: 8020: 7693: 5325: 4520: 4353: 3932: 3922: 3320: 3187: 3059: 3018: 2920: 2902: 2879: 2724: 2470: 2165: 843: 710: 613: 606: 536: 424: 299: 4457:(oral history project based on interviews with more than two dozen exiled Egyptian Jews) 3624: 3593: 3463:

Towards the end of the 16th century, Talmudic studies in Egypt were greatly fostered by

10737: 10648: 10548: 10415: 10243: 10209: 10162: 10140: 10036: 9938: 9809: 9696: 9643: 9336: 9311: 9306: 6536: 6226: 5338: 5330:

Une Communité Judéo-Araméenne à Éléphantine, en Egypte, aux vi et v siècles avant J.-C,

4733: 4712: 4584: 4519:) settling in Egypt, with their descendants later forced into slavery. Eventually, the 4509: 4462: 4416: 4337: 4298: 4172:

and to end secret negotiations with Egypt being pursued by then Israeli prime minister

4169: 4000: 3865: 3776: 3544: 3365: 3220: 2600: 2321: 2271: 2218: 2213: 2127: 1997: 1265: 1094: 853: 773: 627: 193: 8373: 7223:

A Family's Exodus from Cairo to the New World. Lucette Lagnado remembers her childhood

2905:

of Alexandria translated the Old Testament into Greek. This translation is called the

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is mentioned, whose son Jacob, a prominent man, was put to death by the authorities.

3464: 3437: 3389: 3157: 3101: 3097: 3067: 2932: 2928: 2829: 2698: 2687: 2465: 2407: 2387: 2204: 1764: 1403: 863: 734: 664: 541: 454: 321: 10747: 4409:

Growing Up Jewish in Alexandria: The Story of a Sephardic Family's Exodus from Egypt

3263:(Head of the Nation or of the Faith), was bestowed upon him. In Fostat he wrote his 10846: 10803: 10773: 10621: 10403: 10332: 10274: 9989: 9984: 9964: 9886: 9701: 9602: 9533: 9516: 9457: 9346: 9278: 8904: 8532: 6520: 6067: 6032: 5633: 5450: 4532: 4431: 4297: in Alexandria was restored, and in April 2022, restoration work began on the 3958: 3589: 3449: 3445: 3252: 3010: 3003: 2962:. Philo of Alexandria describes an isolated Jewish monastic community known as the 2875: 2743: 2728: 2545: 2435: 2316: 2276: 2240: 1938: 1488: 999: 755: 659: 574: 464: 256: 10658: 6811:

Cairo Jews Protest at Egypt seizure of second Cairo Geniza accessed March 25, 2022

6576: 6331:

Jewish and Greek Communities in Egypt: Entrepreneurship and Business before Nasser

5890:"Q&A Wednesday: Maimonides, hiding in plain sight, with José Martínez Delgado" 5637: 5454: 3194:, p. 306). Abu al-Faḍa'il ibn al-Nakid (died 1189) was a celebrated oculist. 3160:

was in general favorable for the Jewish communities, except the latter portion of

10836: 10653: 10604: 10506: 10322: 10058: 10041: 9672: 9597: 9371: 9366: 9341: 9076: 9037: 8930: 8612: 8545: 8266: 8160: 7188: 7117: 6478: 6451: 6425: 6386: 6151: 6121: 5804: 5779: 5761: 5593: 5546: 5503: 5386: 5356: 5240: 5105: 4838: 4675: 4501: 4361: 3953: 3746:, 'The Sun'). The weekly was closed down by the Egyptian government in May 1948. 3739: 3710: 3685: 3671: 3638: 3585: 3347: 3301: 3296: 3172: 2974: 2959: 2936: 2845: 2672: 2549: 2541: 2397: 2356: 2351: 2331: 2253: 2247: 2180: 2132: 1972: 1953: 1104: 833: 745: 728: 272: 152: 127: 123: 7266: 5627: 5505:

La Bible grecque des Septante: du judaïsme hellénistique au christianisme ancien

5188:

Tribes of Yahweh: A Sociology of the Religion of Liberated Israel, 1250-1050 BCE

4301:, as part of government efforts to resurrect Egypt's dwindling Jewish heritage. 2898:, who managed community affairs and legal matters similarly to a head of state. 2671:

Marriage document of Ananiah and Tamut, written in Aramaic, July 3, 449 B.C.E.,

10985: 10939: 10793: 10732: 10516: 10317: 9829: 9757: 9616: 9550: 9396: 9283: 9208: 9071: 8599: 8570: 8560: 8479: 8130: 8121: 7085: 6725: 6561: 5754: 5538: 4557: 4536: 4505: 4476: 3838: 3574: 3511: 3421: 3385: 3308: 2775: 2751: 2727:, something which suggests to certain scholars that the community was of mixed 2581: 2565: 2497: 2296: 2151: 2031: 2010: 1987: 1982: 1960: 1948: 1543: 1024: 958: 923: 901: 838: 676: 654: 516: 495: 471: 237: 219: 177: 173: 7685: 7238: 7202: 6524: 6355:

Mizrahi, Maurice; Kramer, Gudrun; Shamir, Shimon; Mayer, Thomas (2019-09-10).

6036: 5014:

A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood

3551:, the Sabbatian prophet and physician, settled in 1703, becoming physician to 2771: 2588:'s Darb al-Barabira quarter, began to arrive in the aftermath of the waves of 11030: 10868: 10856: 10851: 10531: 9621: 9290: 9114: 9054: 9032: 8999: 8982: 8957: 8952: 8940: 8451: 8368: 8215: 8208: 8069: 7207:

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Amer Univ in Cairo Pr, 2005,

7080: 6927: 6680: 6532: 6222: 5688:

Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE)

5595:

Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE)

5489: 5033: 4596: 4192: 4173: 3848: 3536: 3265: 3219:

Halevi met his friend, the Spaniard Abu Sa'id ibn Ḥalfon ha-Levi. About 1160

3137: 3063: 3030: 2978: 2967: 2940: 2861: 2799: 2779: 2755: 2645: 2557: 2445: 2440: 1646: 1573: 1099: 948: 943: 938: 928: 906: 858: 620: 459: 364: 326: 277: 169: 5061: 3191: 10995: 10585: 9994: 9653: 9104: 9009: 8947: 8793: 8577: 7109:, Book 12, chapters 1 and 2, pp. 308–9. Earlier edition available at: 6061: 5542: 5352: 4742: 4571: 4321: 4287: 4283: 4211: 4161: 4149: 3843: 3722: 3620:

holding the Egyptian flag with Crescent, the Cross and Star of David on it.

3597: 3453: 3212: 3141: 3121: 3079: 3014: 2916: 2883: 2637: 2604: 2577: 2475: 2301: 2142: 2137: 2095: 2048: 1142: 1009: 994: 953: 918: 531: 373: 165: 6948:"On Rosh Hashanah In Cairo, Egypt, A New Leader Rallies A Dying Community" 6071: 5447:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

3350:. This was an anti-rabbinical movement that rejected the teachings of the 3343:

and it would eventually spark a massive movement amongst the Mamluk Jews.

3211:

reports of certain Jewish scholars and travelers who visited the country.

2644:(the ancient Semitic-speaking people from whom Jews originate) settled in 10014: 9745: 9735: 9528: 9391: 9316: 8322: 8090: 8079: 7198: 5484:

Life after death: a history of the afterlife in the religions of the West

5037: 4917:"Only 5 Jews left in Cairo following death of Jewish community president" 4865:"Egypt's Jewish community diminished to 6 women after death of Lucy Saul" 4638: 4244: 4195:

and Shmuel Azzar, were sentenced to death. In 1953, a cousin of Marzouk,

4181: 4138: 3963: 3875: 3870: 3657: 3472: 3287: 2963: 2951: 2823: 2694: 2657: 2608: 2460: 2402: 2067: 973: 968: 963: 933: 181: 9161: 8187: 7147:

Bassatine News: The only Jewish newsletter reporting directly from Egypt

7079: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 6823:"How Egypt's last Jews will mark Hanukkah, and keep their culture alive" 6230: 6206: 6123:

Jews and Muslims: Images of Sephardi and Eastern Jewries in Modern Times

4463:"Revisiting Tolerance. Lessons Drawn from Egypt's Cosmopolitan Heritage" 3440:

to be master of the mint. It was during the reign of Selim's successor,

2852:, he led some 120,000 Jewish captives to Egypt from the areas of Judea, 2536:

Egyptian Jews constitute both one of the oldest and one of the youngest

10063: 10021: 9004: 8587: 8307: 8201: 7246: 6540: 6508: 6097:

Jewish questions: responsa on Sephardic life in the early modern period

5104:

Levy, Thomas E.; Propp, William H. C.; Schneider, Thomas, eds. (2015).

4134: 3818: 3752: 3729: 3702: 3393: 3244: 3148:

At this time, Jews from North Africa came to settle in Egypt after the

3125: 2907: 2833: 2709: 2661: 2641: 2619: 2576:

started to settle in the main cities of Egypt, where they thrived (see

2561: 2118: 1132: 1061: 1019: 848: 828: 387: 294: 214: 8762: 5358:

The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt: The Struggle for Equal Rights

3315:, rose up and slaughtered all the Ayyubid heirs and the Mamluk leader 10902: 10374: 9273: 9059: 8962: 8180: 3429: 3359: 3334:

In all the religious fervor of the period the Mamluks began to adopt

3323:

in 1260 and consolidating the remnants of the Ayyubid Syria in 1299.

3153:

sources held the information about the society of the Egyptian Jews.

2887: 2853: 2787: 2746:

in 597 BCE, and the subsequent assassination of the Jewish governor,

2716: 2705: 2682:(c. 500 – 300 BCE), caches of legal documents and letters written in 2281: 2266: 1356: 1304: 1066: 1014: 1004: 685: 681: 671: 586: 346: 9124: 6304:

Histories of the Jews of Egypt: An Imagined Bourgeoisie, 1880s-1950s

5665: 2758:) On hearing of the appointment, the Jewish population that fled to 1034: 9575: 9081: 8173: 8139: 5766:

Cyril of Alexandria, Against Julian: Critical edition of books 1-10

5664:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from 5401: 5270:(8th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 33. 4737: 4207: 3569:

mentions a severe trial which came upon the Jews, due to a certain

3524:. The rabbi accepted the documents, enabling the women to remarry. 3507: 3409: 3276: 3216: 3105: 3071: 2895: 2865: 2841: 2837: 2815: 2747: 2450: 2060: 1992: 823: 331: 282: 148: 49: 7048:"In Egypt, an effort to restore the country's historic synagogues" 6759:"The Egyptian Man Who Was Persecuted as a Jew, Buried as a Muslim" 5625: 3775:

The situation worsened in the late 1930s, with the growth of what

3362:

began to make many Egyptian Jews long to adopt something similar.

9321: 9119: 8565: 8194: 6763: 4177: 3855: 3661: 3556: 3540: 3506:

forced local Jews to flee to Ottoman lands, including Egypt. The

3425: 3355: 3240: 3229: 2982: 2950:

During the period of Roman occupation, there is evidence that at

2857: 2795: 2732: 2683: 2552:. Though Egypt had its own community of Egyptian Jews, after the 2426: 2392: 2261: 2055: 1044: 1039: 911: 802: 697: 693: 689: 438: 433: 410: 392: 267: 262: 252: 230: 205: 144: 7162:

A Jewish Refugee Answers... Middle East Times, October 30, 2004.

5579:

trans. Errol F. Rhodes, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. Eerdmans, 1995.

4168:

designed to discredit and overthrow the then Egyptian president

3694:(Jerusalemica, 1923), defends the right of the Jews to a State. 3116: 9607: 9565: 9412: 8719:

Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture

5537: 4497:) portrays the life of an Egyptian boy, son of a Jewish mother. 4061: 3896: 3714: 3515: 3351: 3335: 3312: 3248: 3225: 3184: 2955: 2947:

stood, and where the translation was said to have taken place.

2915:, but in time elsewhere as well. It became the source for the 2891: 2828:

Further waves of Jewish immigrants settled in Egypt during the

2783: 2720: 2653: 2593: 2589: 2086: 2081: 2041: 2026: 1137: 1029: 449: 415: 401: 336: 90: 59: 6552: 6550: 6099:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. pp. 66–67. 4304: 4243:, who served from 1960 until he left Egypt in 1972. After the 4137:

in 1955 for their Confirmation service, a ritual similar to a

3547:

naturally created a great stir in Egypt. It was in Cairo that

3520:

due to the chaos, faced challenges with the validity of their

9638: 9443: 8489: 7250: 7232:

Jewish Writer Reviews His Diary And a Wonderful Book Is Born

6916:"For Egypt, TV Show's Shocking Twist Is Its Sympathetic Jews" 6274:

Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England

4601: 4512: 4229: 3532: 3408:

Per Fenton, the influence of Sufism is still present in many

3377: 3373: 3327: 3316: 3235: 2849: 2819: 2763: 2736: 2649: 2585: 1049: 478: 382: 351: 108: 55: 7172:

Jews expelled from Egypt left behind a piece of their hearts

6669:"Private Motive for Egypt's Public Embrace of a Jewish Past" 6436:

Mangoubi, Rami, "A Jewish Refugee Answers Youssef Ibrahim",

5864:

Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict

5781:

Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict

5502:

Dorival, Gilles; Harl, Marguerite; Munnich, Olivier (1988).

3111: 3096:

Of the fortunes of the Jewish population of Egypt under the

10051: 9150: 8652: 7146: 7111:

https://www.scribd.com/doc/27097614/Josephus-COMPLETE-WORKS

6547: 4966: 4144:

After the foundation of Israel in 1948, and the subsequent

3709:

from exile. This was one of the first magazines written in

3457: 3090: 3009:

The greatest blow Alexandrian Jews received was during the

2791: 2767: 2759: 2537: 201: 7194:

Guernica Magazine (guernica.com) on the last Jews of Cairo

6891:"New head of Egyptian Jewish community: Zionism is racism" 6358:

The Jews Of Egypt: A Mediterranean Society In Modern Times

6027:

Fenton, Paul B. (2017). "Sufis and Jews in Mamluk Egypt".

7217: 6289:

the worst antiJewish pogrom in Cairo's history took place

4970:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East

4528: 4110: 3178:

In the beginning of the 12th century, a Jewish man named

6354: 6207:"National Socialism and Anti-Semitism in the Arab World" 5161:

The New Blackwell Companion to the Sociology of Religion

5039:

Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel

4394:

A Cairo Jewish boyhood during and after the Six-Day War.

4388:

Mangoubi, Rami (May 31, 2007). "My Longest 10 Minutes".

4352:

Teboul, Victor (2002). Éditions les Intouchables (ed.).

3782:

The Jewish quarter of Cairo was severely damaged in the

3108:(863-905), the Karaite community enjoyed robust growth. 2564:

in 1869. As a result, Jews from many territories of the

7156: 4117:

20th century departures of foreign nationals from Egypt

3346:

Now most Egyptian Jews of the time were members of the

3093:

that there were 40,000 Jews in Alexandria at the time.

3027:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

2613:

20th century departures of foreign nationals from Egypt

3460:

is still celebrated in commemoration of their escape.

3171:

The caliph al-Hakim (996–1020) vigorously applied the

6453:

In Ishmael's House: A History of Jews in Muslim Lands

5010: 4263:

The last Jewish wedding in Egypt took place in 1984.

3656:

Individual Jews played an important role in Egyptian

7218:

Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa

6029:

Muslim-Jewish Relations in the Middle Islamic Period

4547: 4527:

free the Israelites. The pharaoh only relents after

3232:, east of the Nile, 300 persons; and at Damira 700. 3089:, the Arab commander, claimed in a letter to Caliph 2868:

was discovered in the 19th century near Alexandria.

2065: 2046: 469: 7234:

Victor Teboul - About my novel on our Second Exodus

6867:"Only 12 Jews left in Egypt, community leader says" 6701:"Egypt International Religious Freedom Report 2007" 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5238: 4857: 4330:

Les juifs en Egypte: Aperçu sur 3000 ans d'histoire

2996: 2894:reported that the Jews of Alexandria had their own 7245:, including photos taken of Jewish communities in 5501: 5443:"The legal status of the Jews in the Roman Empire" 5239:Greenspahn, Frederick E.; Rendsburg, Gary (2008). 5103: 4365: 3717:, poking fun at the British as well as the ruling 2981:and spread to Egypt, was largely motivated by the 2648:, were enslaved, and were ultimately liberated by 18:"Jews of Egypt" redirects here. For the film, see 7296: 6602:"Egypt's Dwindling Jews Celebrate a Rare Wedding" 6509:"Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime, 1956-70" 5921:The Jews of Arab lands: a history and source book 5822:Skizzen und Vorarbeiten IV = Medina vor dem Islam 5301:. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. 3664:and wrote a note on 'The Jewish Question' to the 2739:. The documents cover the period 495 to 399 BCE. 2640:describes a long period of time during which the 11028: 7167:The International Association of Jews from Egypt 6786:"BDE: One Of The Last Jews In Egypt Passes Away" 6380: 6378: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5612: 5287: 4882: 4793:"BDE: One Of The Last Jews In Egypt Passes Away" 4785: 4523:Moses demands, multiple times, that the unnamed 3510:of Hakham Mordecai ha-Levi document how several 3436:at the head of that of Cairo. He also appointed 2723:. Their religious system shows strong traces of 7715: 6654:"Egypt's Jewish community buries deputy leader" 6502: 6500: 6250:. Indiana University Press. pp. 271, 355. 6200: 6198: 6126:. University of Washington Press. p. 163. 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 5598:. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. pp. 118, 424. 5587: 5585: 5531: 5099: 5097: 5071: 4360: 4286:(born 1952) is the community leader, who is an 3701:Another famous Egyptian Jew of this period was 3392:massacres in North Africa, and the collapse of 7103:The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged 6483:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–64. 6391:. Yale University Press. pp. 67–70, 412. 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5410:The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged 5388:A History of Egypt Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty 5242:The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship 5075:Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People 4891:"Egypt's last Jews aim to keep heritage alive" 4470: 3721:, seen as puppets of the British. Another was 3415: 2840:of Jews in many Egyptian towns and cities. In 2805: 9428: 9177: 8778: 8106: 7701: 7282: 7126:Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1989 6648: 6646: 6388:1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war 6375: 6063:Ahmed Pacha et les juifs du Caire (1523-1524) 5906: 5887: 5441:Linder, Amnon (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4091: 2517: 8895:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 8523:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 6841:"Chehata Haroun; Egyptian Jewish Politician" 6705:BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR 6497: 6384: 6195: 5755:http://www.research-projects.uzh.ch/p498.htm 5582: 5508:(in French). Editions du Cerf. p. 111. 5421: 5094: 3608: 3291:Cairo Genizah fragment by Abraham ibn Maymun 3228:there were 20 families; at Damietta 200; at 34: 7084: 6913: 6247:Jews in Arab Countries: The Great Uprooting 5993: 5078:. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–22. 4305:Works by Egyptian Jews on their communities 3358:(Sufi schools), and its doctrinal focus on 3326:In this period of aggressive posturing the 3013:rule and the rise of a new state religion: 761:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 9435: 9421: 9184: 9170: 8785: 8771: 8120: 8113: 8099: 7708: 7694: 7289: 7275: 7257:Digital Heritage Archive of Egyptian Jewry 6643: 6243: 5265: 4988: 4811: 4659:1956–1957 exodus and expulsions from Egypt 4421:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4342:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4098: 4084: 3535:of Egypt and rich friend and protector of 3282: 3236:From Saladin and Maimonides (1169 to 1250) 3046: 2524: 2510: 48: 9191: 5654: 5569: 4460: 4324:), Yahudiya (1974) . in the Hebrew trans. 3112:Rule of the Fatimid Caliphs (969 to 1169) 2878:dates from the foundation of the city by 7182:Egyptian Jews look back with anger, love 6726:"Egypt's Jewish community's lost future" 6666: 6574: 6476: 6456:. McClelland & Stewart. p. xi. 6327: 6277:. Oxford University Press. p. 481. 6149: 6119: 6059: 5917: 5840:. Harvard University Press. p. 27. 5833: 5690:. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 81. 5184: 5178: 5134:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 5017:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–. 4696:Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East 4515:and his twelve sons (progenitors of the 4387: 4332:(Editions de l'Avenir ed.). Geneva. 4247:in 1967, more confiscations took place. 4128: 4120: 3670: 3623: 3612: 3286: 3131: 3115: 2770:and other countries returned to Judah. ( 2666: 2596:in the latter part of the 19th century. 8792: 7253:in 1976 openly available to view online 7045: 6506: 6449: 6300: 6204: 6094: 5685: 5591: 5381: 5211: 4991:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 4940: 4888: 4450: 4438: 4429: 4406: 4320:Misriya (pseudonym of Giselle Littman, 3514:women, who arrived in Egypt and became 11042:History of the Jews in the Middle East 11029: 6756: 6334:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 169. 6270: 6176: 6138:quoting a document by S.Somekh of 1895 6026: 5440: 5351: 5215:The Military History of Ancient Israel 5157: 5130: 4973:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 337–. 4836: 4397: 4351: 4111:After the foundation of Israel in 1948 3307:In 1250 following the death of Sultan 3255:, and Saladin's successors. The title 3104:(641–868), little is known. Under the 2844:'s history, it is claimed that, after 2701:'s reign, these soldiers assisted the 10461: 10272: 10095: 9936: 9455: 9416: 9165: 8900:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 8766: 8508:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 8094: 7689: 7270: 7157:Historical Society of Jews from Egypt 7131:The Karaite Jews of Egypt, 1882–1986, 7046:Procter, Rebecca Anne (2 June 2022). 6620:"Anti-Semitism in the Egyptian Media" 6179:The Jews in modern Egypt, 1914 - 1952 5888:Schmierer-Lee, Melonie (2022-10-12). 5391:. Methuen & Company. p. 192. 5032: 4914: 4629:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 3834:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 3628:Former Jewish school, Abbasyia, Cairo 11011: 7124:The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952, 6914:Kirkpatrick, David D. (2015-06-23). 6153:The Karaite Jews of Egypt, 1882-1986 5860: 5777: 4993:. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 36. 4967:Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). 4763:"Jews, by Country of Origin and Age" 4354:"La Lente découverte de l'étrangeté" 77:Regions with significant populations 11001: 8707:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies 6718: 6181:. London: Tauris. pp. 8, 158. 5522: 5361:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 107, 108. 4941:Shawkat, Ahmed (15 December 2022). 4889:Parisse, Emmanuel (26 March 2017). 4771:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics 4654:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 4368:The Man in the White Sharkskin Suit 4310: 4166:state-sponsored terrorist operation 3811:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 3743: 2632:Sources and parallels of the Exodus 35: 13: 8658:Sephardim and Oriental Communities 7261:Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library 7022:"Egypt's Jews bury veteran leader" 6244:Bensoussan, Georges (2019-03-04). 5867:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5488:, Anchor Bible Reference Library, 5212:Gabriel, Richard A. (2003-10-30). 4843:. University of California Press. 4271:According to a 2009 report by the 4239:The last chief Rabbi of Egypt was 3295:In the mid thirteenth century the 14: 11063: 10382:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces 9065:Bukharian (Judeo-Persian dialect) 7140: 7088:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 6060:Lellouch, Benjamin (2024-01-01). 4230:UN High Commissioner for Refugees 3649:, and the latter in the adjacent 3033:describes the Alexandria pogrom: 552:Historical population comparisons 11010: 11000: 10990: 10981: 10980: 10239:Refugees of the Syrian civil war 9442: 9300:Minorities and Foreign nationals 8074: 8065: 8064: 7597:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 7367:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7098:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 7074: 6757:Aderet, Ofer (26 October 2021). 6667:Slackman, Michael (2009-09-07). 5778:Haas, Christopher (2006-11-15). 4564: 4550: 4348:the author is called Bat-Ye’or). 3817: 3144:. Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris 2997:Late Roman and Byzantine periods 2991:destruction of the Second Temple 2625: 1196:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1110:Historical population by country 101: 83: 10723:Identification card controversy 8724:Institute for Sephardic Studies 7068: 7039: 7014: 6990: 6965: 6940: 6907: 6883: 6864: 6858: 6833: 6815: 6804: 6778: 6750: 6732: 6693: 6660: 6612: 6594: 6575:Mangoubi, Rami (May 31, 2007). 6568: 6470: 6443: 6430: 6412: 6348: 6321: 6294: 6264: 6237: 6211:Jewish Political Studies Review 6170: 6143: 6113: 6088: 6053: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5938: 5881: 5854: 5827: 5814: 5798: 5771: 5748: 5730: 5704: 5679: 5495: 5476: 5434: 5415: 5395: 5375: 5345: 5319: 5266:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012). 5259: 5232: 5205: 5185:Gottwald, Norman (1999-10-01). 5158:Turner, Bryan S. (2010-03-02). 5151: 5124: 4989:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). 4439:Mizrahi, Dr Maurice M. (2012). 4430:Mizrahi, Dr Maurice M. (2004). 4266: 4200: 4057:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews 3637:During British rule, and under 3434:David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra 2985:, aggravation after the failed 2652:, who led them out of Egypt to 9629:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt 8915:Antisemitism in the Arab world 8513:Antisemitism in the Arab world 8032:British Indian Ocean Territory 7298:History of the Jews in Africa 7259:on the Digital collections of 6973:"Just 12 Jews Remain in Egypt" 6477:Shindler, Colin (2013-03-25). 6450:Gilbert, Martin (2011-09-20). 6328:Abdulhaq, Najat (2016-02-18). 6271:Julius, Anthony (2012-02-09). 5629:The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period 5577:The Text of the Old Testament, 5131:Coogan, Michael David (2001). 5011:Raymond P. Scheindlin (1998). 4959: 4934: 4908: 4767:Statistical Abstract of Israel 4755: 4614:Antisemitism in the Arab world 4441:"History of the Jews of Egypt" 3887:Antisemitism in the Arab world 3618:Demonstration in Egypt in 1919 3128:. Cambridge University Library 2680:Elephantine papyri and ostraca 2584:community, mainly confined to 1: 11047:History of the Jews in Africa 9937: 6301:Miccoli, Dario (2015-03-24). 6120:Rodrigue, Aron (2015-07-27). 5638:10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.004 5455:10.1017/chol9780521772488.007 5342:, vol.5, (1939) 1964 p125 n.1 5245:. NYU Press. pp. 11–12. 4748: 4624:History of the Jews in Africa 4295:Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue 4191:Two members of the ring, Dr. 3760:nationalistic societies like 3632: 3247:went to Egypt and settled in 2973:The Roman suppression of the 2712:in his campaigns against the 767:Christianity and Judaism 10256:Twin towns and sister cities 10096: 9768:Assassination of Anwar Sadat 8674:American Sephardi Federation 8667:Major communal organizations 7243:American Sephardi Federation 6744:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 6557:Who are the Jewish refugees? 6507:Laskier, Michael M. (1995). 5918:Stillman, Norman A. (2010). 5686:Barclay, John M. G. (1998). 5592:Barclay, John M. G. (1998). 5548:Invitation to the Septuagint 5044:University of Michigan Press 4915:Oster, Marcy (9 July 2019). 4686:Racism in Muslim communities 4590:Jewish temple at Elephantine 4067:Historical Jewish population 3675:Synagogue in Abbasyia, Cairo 2903:Hellenistic Jewish community 2714:Twenty-fifth Dynasty pharaoh 2703:Twenty-sixth Dynasty pharaoh 2660:of the Israelites– known as 7: 10784:Vehicle registration plates 10462: 10438:Water supply and sanitation 10273: 9456: 8389:Western Europe and overseas 7716:History of the Jews in Asia 5424:"Alexandria, Ancient Egypt" 5137:. Oxford University Press. 4837:Beinin, Joel (2023-11-15). 4725:Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue 4708:List of synagogues in Egypt 4543: 4471:Egyptian Jews in literature 4390:The Jerusalem Post Magazine 3416:Ottoman rule (1517 to 1914) 3272:The Guide for the Perplexed 2806:Ptolemaic and Roman periods 2554:Jewish expulsion from Spain 2066: 2047: 1774:Latin America and Caribbean 470: 10: 11068: 10443:Water resources management 8679:Sephardi Community Council 7133:Lyons, NY: Wilprint, 1987. 6656:. Al Jazeera. 12 Mar 2014. 6480:A History of Modern Israel 6205:Küntzel, Matthias (2005). 5861:Haas, Christopher (2006). 5837:Cairo: Histories of a City 4432:"Growing Up Under Pharaoh" 4407:Carasso, Lucienne (2014). 4114: 3766:Society of Muslim Brothers 3713:, and mostly consisted of 3180:Abu al-Munajja ibn Sha'yah 2939:versions of the Christian 2809: 2629: 2379:Jewish political movements 2076:Conversion to Judaism 17: 11052:Jews and Judaism in Egypt 10976: 10802: 10474: 10470: 10457: 10338:Impact on the environment 10328:Entrepreneurship policies 10281: 10268: 10104: 10091: 9945: 9932: 9900: 9802: 9468: 9464: 9451: 9299: 9266: 9199: 9133: 9110:Sephardic law and customs 9092: 9025: 8923: 8887: 8801: 8732: 8699: 8684:World Sephardi Federation 8666: 8638: 8598: 8531: 8500: 8225: 8129: 8060: 8019: 7979: 7721: 7610: 7585: 7304: 6525:10.1080/00263209508701070 6361:. Routledge. p. 59. 6150:El-Kodsi, Mourad (1987). 6037:10.14220/9783737007924.41 5809:A History of the Crusades 5311:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5164:. John Wiley & Sons. 4769:(in English and Hebrew). 4644:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 4451:Dammond, Liliane (2007). 3647:harat al-yahud al-qara’in 3609:Modern times (since 1919) 3601:population of 9,734,405. 3489:Joseph ben Moses di Trani 3420:On January 22, 1517, the 3150:Fatimid conquest of Egypt 782:Hinduism and Judaism 164: 159: 143: 138: 122: 117: 99: 81: 76: 71: 66: 47: 40: 10109:Administrative divisions 9785:2011 Egyptian revolution 9726:1952 Egyptian revolution 9522:Lighthouse of Alexandria 9100:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah 7781:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7352:Central African Republic 7239:Zeva Oelbaum Photographs 6424:31 December 2013 at the 5834:AlSayyad, Nezar (2013). 5406:Antiquities of the Jews, 5072:Harry Ostrer MD (2012). 4719:Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue 4681:Racism in the Arab world 4634:Islamic–Jewish relations 4482:Diary of a Jewish Muslim 4072:Islamic–Jewish relations 3750:immunity from taxation ( 3567:Joseph ben Isaac Sambari 3561:Moses ben Elijah ha-Levi 3471:. Among his pupils were 3442:Suleiman the Magnificent 3053:Muslim conquest of Egypt 2945:Lighthouse of Alexandria 2812:Leontopolis (Heliopolis) 2697:in about 650 BCE during 2599:In the aftermath of the 608:Temple in Jerusalem 301:Bar and bat mitzvah 11037:Jewish Egyptian history 10313:Egyptian stock exchange 8973:Jewish tribes of Arabia 8168:Expulsion from Portugal 8042:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7107:Antiquities of the Jews 7095:The Jewish Encyclopedia 6577:"My Longest 10 Minutes" 6177:Krämer, Gudrun (1989). 5945:Jewish Quarterly Review 5218:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4517:Twelve Tribes of Israel 4461:Teboul, Ph.D., Victor. 3283:Mameluks (1250 to 1517) 3057:Patriarch of Alexandria 3047:Arab rule (641 to 1250) 570:Twelve Tribes of Israel 10644:International rankings 9649:Egyptian–Ethiopian War 7152:Jewish Virtual Library 6513:Middle Eastern Studies 6095:Goldish, Matt (2008). 5383:Mahaffy, John Pentland 4664:Mizrahi Jews in Israel 4649:Egypt–Israel relations 4398:Aciman, Andre (1994). 4273:Anti-Defamation League 4141: 4126: 4040:The Forgotten Refugees 3788:Partition of Palestine 3676: 3629: 3621: 3584:In consequence of the 3549:Abraham Miguel Cardoso 3292: 3145: 3129: 3040: 2675: 10249:Terrorism and tourism 9707:1948 Arab–Israeli War 9539:Library of Alexandria 9193:Demographics of Egypt 8910:Antisemitism in Islam 8518:Antisemitism in Islam 8236:Eastern Mediterranean 7512:São Tomé and Príncipe 7372:Republic of the Congo 7263:, University of Haifa 6895:www.timesofisrael.com 6871:www.timesofisrael.com 6385:Benny Morris (2008). 6072:10.1163/9789004688391 5422:Emil Schürer (1906). 4619:Antisemitism in Islam 4494:Menorahs and Minarets 4146:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4132: 4124: 3861:Arab–Israeli conflict 3674: 3666:World Jewish Congress 3627: 3616: 3290: 3162:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 3135: 3119: 3070:. The letter sent by 3035: 3023:Socrates Scholasticus 2670: 2630:Further information: 1316:São Tomé and Príncipe 1311:Republic of the Congo 705:Second Temple Judaism 576:Kingdom of Judah 547:Modern historiography 160:Related ethnic groups 132:Judeo-Egyptian Arabic 10960:World Heritage Sites 10779:Units of measurement 10234:Proposed new capital 9980:Environmental issues 9741:United Arab Republic 9634:Muhammad Ali dynasty 9093:Religion and culture 8623:Sephardi chief rabbi 8600:Religion and culture 8156:Expulsion from Spain 7956:United Arab Emirates 6829:. December 15, 2022. 5742:www.sacred-texts.com 5299:www.ancientsudan.org 5268:Western civilization 4670:Jews of Egypt (film) 4488:Days in the Diaspora 3770:Haj Amin al-Husseini 3719:Muhammad Ali dynasty 3559:. A second Karaite, 3500:Khmelnytsky Uprising 3481:Ishmael Kohen Tanuji 3370:Treatise of the Pool 3062:, notorious for his 2832:, especially around 2418:World Agudath Israel 1559:United Arab Emirates 646:Second Temple period 636:Babylonian captivity 10632:Freedom of religion 10527:Mass sexual assault 9892:Timekeeping devices 9790:2013 Rabaa massacre 9763:Egyptian–Libyan War 8979:North African Jews 7983:limited recognition 7587:States with limited 6979:. 23 September 2014 6728:. BBC. 18 Sep 2014. 6440:, October 30, 2004. 5947:ix. 29, x., p.430; 5824:, Berlin 1889.p.119 5820:Julius Wellhausen, 5811:1951 vol.1 pp.18-19 5712:"THE "I" OF CHRIST" 5662:"The Jews of Egypt" 5428:Jewish Encyclopedia 5332:London 1915 cited, 5326:Albin van Hoonacker 4895:The Times of Israel 4773:. 26 September 2011 3410:Kabbalistic rituals 3321:Battle of Ain Jalut 3060:Cyrus of Alexandria 2880:Alexander the Great 2874:The history of the 2725:Babylonian religion 711:Hellenistic Judaism 289:Land of Israel 248:Principles of faith 113:less than 20 (2021) 44: 10822:Art (contemporary) 10502:Capital punishment 10392:Telecommunications 10069:Towns and villages 10037:Qattara Depression 9850:Muslim Brotherhood 9820:Cigarette industry 9680:British occupation 9591:Crusader invasions 9561:Rashidun Caliphate 7187:2011-09-28 at the 7116:2012-06-05 at the 6920:The New York Times 6792:. 17 November 2021 6673:The New York Times 6606:The New York Times 6581:The Jerusalem Post 5760:2019-05-28 at the 5339:A Study of History 4921:The Jerusalem Post 4799:. 17 November 2021 4734:Yaakov Abuhatzeira 4713:Ben Ezra Synagogue 4585:Elephantine papyri 4479:'s Gamal trilogy ( 4372:. Harper Collins. 4299:Ben Ezra Synagogue 4170:Gamal Abdel Nasser 4142: 4133:Jewish girls from 4127: 4001:Hurum air disaster 3777:Georges Bensoussan 3732:founded newspaper 3677: 3630: 3622: 3581:in Egypt in 1671. 3545:Sabbatian movement 3487:in Egypt in 1543. 3469:Shiṭṭah Mequbbeṣet 3366:Abraham Maimonides 3311:, slave soldiers, 3293: 3221:Benjamin of Tudela 3146: 3136:Commentary on the 3130: 3102:Abbasid Caliphates 2676: 2601:1948 Palestine War 2272:Jewish Koine Greek 1814:Dominican Republic 1095:Judaism by country 774:Jews and Christmas 629:Assyrian captivity 31: 11024: 11023: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10896:Football stadiums 10827:Botanical gardens 10706:Catholic dioceses 10598:Gender inequality 10522:Human trafficking 10453: 10452: 10387:Tallest buildings 10348:Military industry 10264: 10263: 10205:Political parties 10158:Islamic extremism 10146:Foreign relations 10087: 10086: 9928: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9668:French occupation 9586:Fatimid Caliphate 9581:Ikhshidid dynasty 9410: 9409: 9284:Coptic Christians 9236:Oriental Orthodox 9159: 9158: 8760: 8759: 8556:Judaeo-Portuguese 8088: 8087: 8025:other territories 7683: 7682: 7614:other territories 7387:Equatorial Guinea 7129:Mourad El-Kodsi, 7002:www.aljazeera.com 6845:Los Angeles Times 6790:The Yeshiva World 6490:978-1-107-31121-3 6463:978-0-7710-3569-2 6438:Middle East Times 6368:978-1-000-23090-1 6341:978-0-85772-795-4 6314:978-1-317-62421-9 6284:978-0-19-960072-4 6257:978-0-253-03858-6 6188:978-1-85043-100-8 6163:978-0-9620052-0-6 6133:978-0-295-99780-3 6106:978-0-691-12264-9 6081:978-90-04-68839-1 6046:978-3-8471-0792-7 5969:B.A. ibid. § 155) 5931:978-0-8276-0198-7 5894:www.lib.cam.ac.uk 5874:978-0-8018-8541-9 5847:978-0-674-07245-9 5791:978-0-8018-8541-9 5697:978-0-567-08651-8 5647:978-0-521-77248-8 5605:978-0-567-08651-8 5575:Ernst Würthwein, 5553:Paternoster Press 5515:978-2-204-02821-9 5464:978-0-521-77248-8 5368:978-3-16-144829-4 5334:Arnold J. Toynbee 5277:978-0-495-91324-5 5252:978-0-8147-3188-8 5225:978-0-275-97798-6 5198:978-1-84127-026-5 5191:. A&C Black. 5171:978-1-4443-2079-4 5144:978-0-19-513937-2 5117:978-3-319-04768-3 5085:978-0-19-997638-6 5024:978-0-19-513941-9 4980:978-1-4381-2676-0 4869:Egypt Independent 4850:978-0-520-92021-7 4797:The Yeshiva World 4691:Religion in Egypt 4537:they then conquer 4326:Yehudei mitzrayim 4241:Haim Moussa Douek 4201:1947 Company Laws 4108: 4107: 3941:Exodus by country 3784:1945 Cairo pogrom 3707:Abu Naddara 'Azra 3553:Kara Mehmed Pasha 3522:divorce documents 3485:Sefer ha-Zikkaron 3465:Bezalel Ashkenazi 3438:Abraham de Castro 3188:Al-Malik al-Afḍal 3166:Ya'qub ibn Killis 3158:Fatimid Caliphate 3068:Arabian Peninsula 3002:immigration from 2966:, who lived near 2830:Ptolemaic dynasty 2772:Jeremiah 40:11–12 2688:Achaemenid Empire 2605:1954 Lavon Affair 2534: 2533: 2483: 2482: 2231: 2230: 1978:Reconstructionist 1922: 1921: 1074: 1073: 881: 880: 718:Jewish–Roman wars 666:Hasmonean dynasty 582:Kingdom of Israel 486: 485: 187: 186: 11059: 11014: 11013: 11004: 11003: 10994: 10984: 10983: 10789:Waste management 10554:Academic grading 10472: 10471: 10459: 10458: 10431:Railway stations 10409:Cultural tourism 10308:Economic regions 10270: 10269: 10093: 10092: 9934: 9933: 9603:Mamluk Sultanate 9534:Diocese of Egypt 9517:Battle of Actium 9466: 9465: 9453: 9452: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9414: 9413: 9241:Eastern Orthodox 9186: 9179: 9172: 9163: 9162: 9060:Juhuri/Judeo-Tat 8988:Alexandrian Jews 8968:Musta'arabi Jews 8905:Palestinian Jews 8787: 8780: 8773: 8764: 8763: 8748: 8715: 8692: 8618:Rite and customs 8591: 8474:Crypto-Sephardim 8115: 8108: 8101: 8092: 8091: 8078: 8068: 8067: 8037:Christmas Island 7723:Sovereign states 7710: 7703: 7696: 7687: 7686: 7675: 7674:(United Kingdom) 7670:Tristan da Cunha 7666:Ascension Island 7658: 7645: 7636: 7612:Dependencies and 7305:Sovereign states 7291: 7284: 7277: 7268: 7267: 7099: 7078: 7077: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6819: 6813: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6650: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6631: 6625:. Archived from 6624: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6572: 6566: 6554: 6545: 6544: 6504: 6495: 6494: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6428: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6382: 6373: 6372: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6202: 6193: 6192: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6024: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5952: 5949:Zionist D. M. G. 5942: 5936: 5935: 5915: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5831: 5825: 5818: 5812: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5775: 5769: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5623: 5610: 5609: 5589: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5499: 5493: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5419: 5413: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5349: 5343: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5310: 5302: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5101: 5092: 5089: 5068: 5028: 5007: 4984: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4834: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4759: 4574: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4466: 4456: 4447: 4445: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4403: 4393: 4383: 4371: 4357: 4347: 4341: 4333: 4316: 4311:Matalon, Ronit. 4100: 4093: 4086: 3959:Operation Yachin 3913:Oujda and Jerada 3821: 3798: 3797: 3745: 3689: 3594:Adolphe Crémieux 3590:Moses Montefiore 3467:, author of the 3450:Viceroy of Egypt 3446:Hain Ahmed Pasha 3253:al-Qadi al-Fadil 3156:The rule of the 3011:Byzantine Empire 3004:Syria Palaestina 2876:Alexandrian Jews 2752:2 Kings 25:22–24 2744:Kingdom of Judah 2526: 2519: 2512: 2375: 2374: 2256: 2077: 2071: 2052: 2016: 2015: 1963: 1910:New Zealand 1862: 1825:El Salvador 1815: 1747:Northern America 1739: 1333: 1089: 1088: 1000:Crimean Karaites 896: 895: 874: 872: 793: 791: 783: 777: 768: 756:Rabbinic Judaism 737: 731: 725: 713: 701: 667: 660:Maccabean Revolt 637: 630: 624: 616: 609: 603: 595: 577: 501: 500: 475: 370: 369: 302: 290: 189: 188: 107: 105: 104: 89: 87: 86: 67:Total population 54:The location of 52: 45: 42: 38: 37: 30: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11057: 11056: 11027: 11026: 11025: 11020: 10964: 10955:Public holidays 10945:National anthem 10798: 10711:Coptic Churches 10654:Egyptian Arabic 10564:Medical schools 10466: 10449: 10365:Nuclear program 10277: 10260: 10190:Nationality law 10183:Supreme Council 10168:Law enforcement 10100: 10083: 10059:Sinai Peninsula 10042:Red Sea Riviera 9941: 9920: 9896: 9798: 9685:1919 revolution 9673:Revolt of Cairo 9598:Ayyubid dynasty 9576:Tulunid dynasty 9460: 9447: 9441: 9411: 9406: 9295: 9262: 9195: 9190: 9160: 9155: 9129: 9088: 9021: 8931:Babylonian Jews 8919: 8883: 8797: 8791: 8761: 8756: 8742: 8740:Philosephardism 8728: 8709: 8695: 8686: 8662: 8634: 8594: 8585: 8546:Sephardi Hebrew 8527: 8496: 8221: 8161:Alhambra Decree 8125: 8122:Sephardi Jewish 8119: 8089: 8084: 8056: 8024: 8015: 7996:Northern Cyprus 7982: 7975: 7717: 7714: 7684: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7656: 7643: 7634: 7615: 7613: 7606: 7590: 7588: 7581: 7300: 7295: 7189:Wayback Machine 7143: 7122:Gudrun Krämer, 7118:Wayback Machine 7086:Singer, Isidore 7075: 7071: 7066: 7065: 7056: 7054: 7044: 7040: 7031: 7029: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7006: 7004: 6998:"Egyptian Jews" 6996: 6995: 6991: 6982: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6957: 6955: 6952:Tablet Magazine 6946: 6945: 6941: 6932: 6930: 6912: 6908: 6899: 6897: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6875: 6873: 6863: 6859: 6850: 6848: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6755: 6751: 6740:"Jews of Egypt" 6738: 6737: 6733: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6685: 6683: 6665: 6661: 6652: 6651: 6644: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6585: 6583: 6573: 6569: 6555: 6548: 6505: 6498: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6435: 6431: 6426:Wayback Machine 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6217:(1/2): 99–118. 6203: 6196: 6189: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6025: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5896: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5819: 5815: 5805:Steven Runciman 5803: 5799: 5792: 5776: 5772: 5762:Wayback Machine 5753: 5749: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5684: 5680: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5624: 5613: 5606: 5590: 5583: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5439: 5435: 5420: 5416: 5400: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5350: 5346: 5324: 5320: 5304: 5303: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5102: 5095: 5086: 5054: 5025: 5001: 4981: 4964: 4960: 4951: 4949: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4887: 4883: 4874: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4835: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4676:Pallache family 4579:Ancient history 4570: 4565: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4502:Book of Genesis 4473: 4443: 4414: 4413: 4380: 4362:Lucette Lagnado 4335: 4334: 4307: 4269: 4164:was an Israeli 4119: 4113: 4104: 3954:Operation Mural 3711:Egyptian Arabic 3683: 3635: 3611: 3586:Damascus affair 3571:qāḍī al-ʿasākir 3418: 3348:Karaite Judaism 3285: 3238: 3114: 3087:'Amr ibn al-'As 3049: 2999: 2975:Diaspora Revolt 2960:Egyptian temple 2846:Ptolemy I Soter 2826: 2808: 2780:Jeremiah 43:5–7 2756:Jeremiah 40:6–8 2693:Established at 2673:Brooklyn Museum 2634: 2628: 2542:Egyptian Arabic 2530: 2485: 2484: 2372: 2362: 2361: 2352:Judeo-Malayalam 2332:Judaeo-Georgian 2252: 2243: 2233: 2232: 2133:Yiddish theatre 2075: 2013: 2003: 2002: 1961: 1934: 1924: 1923: 1860: 1813: 1737: 1331: 1115:Genetic studies 1086: 1076: 1075: 893: 883: 882: 870: 869: 789: 788: 781: 771: 766: 748:and Middle Ages 746:Rabbinic period 733: 727: 720: 708: 679: 665: 635: 628: 619: 611: 607: 598: 593:in Judaism 590: 575: 498: 488: 487: 367: 357: 356: 300: 288: 233: 128:Egyptian Arabic 102: 100: 84: 82: 62: 39: 36:اليهود المصريون 33: 29: 26: 12: 11: 5: 11065: 11055: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11018: 11008: 10998: 10988: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10931: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10905: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10893: 10891:Football clubs 10883: 10882: 10881: 10876: 10866: 10861: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10808: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10698: 10693: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10646: 10641: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10624: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10487:Animal welfare 10484: 10478: 10476: 10468: 10467: 10455: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10370:Power stations 10367: 10362: 10361: 10360: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10318:Egyptian pound 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10288: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10258: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10222:Prime Minister 10219: 10218: 10217: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10089: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10055: 10054: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10027:Northern coast 10024: 10019: 10018: 10017: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9930: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9902: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9806: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9777: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9758:Yom Kippur War 9750: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9651: 9641: 9636: 9626: 9625: 9624: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9600: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9553: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9502: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9480: 9474: 9472: 9462: 9461: 9449: 9448: 9440: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9417: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9303: 9301: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9293: 9288: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9205: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9189: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9166: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9141:Black Panthers 9137: 9135: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9096: 9094: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9072:Judaeo-Spanish 9069: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9033:Israeli Hebrew 9029: 9027: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9007: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8993:Sephardic Jews 8990: 8985: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8963:Jews in Arabia 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8891: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8802:By nationality 8799: 8798: 8790: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8767: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8754: 8752:Sephardization 8749: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8681: 8676: 8670: 8668: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8648:Black Panthers 8644: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8615: 8610: 8604: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8580: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8571:Tetuani Ladino 8568: 8561:Judaeo-Spanish 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8504: 8502: 8501:Modern history 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8456: 8455: 8454: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8402: 8397: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8335: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8288: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8231: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8135: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8118: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8095: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8072: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8028: 8026: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7985: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7713: 7712: 7705: 7698: 7690: 7681: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7659: 7646: 7637: 7623:Canary Islands 7619: 7618: 7616: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7591: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7254: 7236: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7196: 7191: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7142: 7141:External links 7139: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7127: 7120: 7100: 7070: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7052:Jewish Insider 7038: 7013: 6989: 6964: 6939: 6906: 6882: 6857: 6832: 6814: 6803: 6777: 6749: 6731: 6717: 6692: 6659: 6642: 6611: 6608:. 21 Aug 1984. 6593: 6567: 6562:Jerusalem Post 6546: 6519:(3): 573–619. 6496: 6489: 6469: 6462: 6442: 6429: 6411: 6397: 6374: 6367: 6347: 6340: 6320: 6313: 6293: 6283: 6263: 6256: 6236: 6194: 6187: 6169: 6162: 6142: 6132: 6112: 6105: 6087: 6080: 6052: 6045: 5992: 5980: 5971: 5962: 5953: 5937: 5930: 5905: 5880: 5873: 5853: 5846: 5826: 5813: 5797: 5790: 5770: 5747: 5729: 5703: 5696: 5678: 5653: 5646: 5611: 5604: 5581: 5568: 5561: 5539:Karen H. Jobes 5530: 5521: 5514: 5494: 5475: 5463: 5433: 5414: 5394: 5374: 5367: 5344: 5318: 5286: 5276: 5258: 5251: 5231: 5224: 5204: 5197: 5177: 5170: 5150: 5143: 5123: 5116: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5084: 5069: 5052: 5046:. p. 33. 5034:Cline, Eric H. 5030: 5023: 5008: 4999: 4979: 4958: 4933: 4907: 4881: 4871:. 30 July 2016 4856: 4849: 4810: 4784: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4732:Tomb of rabbi 4730: 4729: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4608:Modern history 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4561: 4558:Judaism portal 4545: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4506:Book of Exodus 4498: 4477:Kamal Ruhayyim 4472: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4458: 4448: 4436: 4427: 4404: 4395: 4385: 4378: 4358: 4349: 4317: 4306: 4303: 4268: 4265: 4186:Fu’ad al-Digwi 4115:Main article: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4051: 4050: 4049:Related topics 4046: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3890: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3651:harat al-yahud 3634: 3631: 3610: 3607: 3575:David Conforte 3498:The 1648–1657 3477:Abraham Monson 3417: 3414: 3386:Eighth Crusade 3309:As-Salih Ayyub 3297:Ayyubid empire 3284: 3281: 3237: 3234: 3140:, Maimonides, 3113: 3110: 3074:to the Jewish 3048: 3045: 2998: 2995: 2807: 2804: 2627: 2624: 2566:Ottoman Empire 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2413:Territorialism 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2297:Judaeo-Spanish 2294: 2292:Judaeo-Iranian 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2014: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1738:United Kingdom 1734: 1729: 1724: 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982:Related groups 979: 978: 977: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 915: 914: 909: 894: 889: 888: 885: 884: 879: 878: 877: 876: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 839:Jewish atheism 836: 831: 826: 818: 817: 813: 812: 811: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790:Islamic–Jewish 785: 778: 763: 758: 750: 749: 742: 741: 740: 739: 715: 702: 674: 669: 662: 657: 655:Yehud Medinata 649: 648: 642: 641: 640: 639: 632: 625: 617: 604: 596: 584: 579: 572: 564: 563: 561:Ancient Israel 557: 556: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 517:Land of Israel 514: 506: 505: 499: 494: 493: 490: 489: 484: 483: 482: 481: 476: 472:Shulchan Aruch 467: 462: 457: 452: 444: 443: 442: 441: 436: 428: 427: 421: 420: 419: 418: 413: 405: 404: 398: 397: 396: 395: 390: 385: 377: 376: 368: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 297: 292: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 250: 245: 238:God in Judaism 234: 229: 228: 225: 224: 223: 222: 217: 209: 208: 198: 197: 185: 184: 178:Ethiopian Jews 174:Ashkenazi Jews 162: 161: 157: 156: 141: 140: 136: 135: 120: 119: 115: 114: 111: 97: 96: 93: 79: 78: 74: 73: 69: 68: 64: 63: 53: 32:Egyptian Jews 27: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11064: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11017: 11009: 11007: 10999: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10987: 10979: 10978: 10975: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10817:Art (ancient) 10815: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10696:Blasphemy law 10694: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10665: 10664:Sign Language 10662: 10660: 10659:Saʽidi Arabic 10657: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10460: 10456: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10414: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10376: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10296:National Bank 10294: 10293: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10280: 10276: 10271: 10267: 10257: 10254: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10103: 10099: 10094: 10090: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 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9596: 9592: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9513: 9510: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9496: 9493: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9450: 9445: 9438: 9433: 9431: 9426: 9424: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9387:Syro-Lebanese 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9377:Roma (Romani) 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9298: 9292: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9187: 9182: 9180: 9175: 9173: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9115:Mizrahi music 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9055:Judeo-Persian 9053: 9051: 9050:Judeo-Aramaic 9048: 9046: 9043: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9024: 9016: 9015:Hadhrami Jews 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9001: 9000:Yemenite Jews 8998: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8983:Maghrebi Jews 8981: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8958:Bukharan Jews 8956: 8954: 8953:Mountain Jews 8951: 8949: 8946: 8942: 8941:Baghdadi Jews 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8795: 8788: 8783: 8781: 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8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8237: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8216:New Christian 8213: 8211: 8210: 8209:Maghrebi Jews 8206: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8116: 8111: 8109: 8104: 8102: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8071: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8006:South Ossetia 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 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7430: 7428: 7427:Guinea-Bissau 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7287: 7285: 7280: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7213:977-424-890-2 7210: 7206: 7205: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7081:public domain 7073: 7072: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7027: 7023: 7017: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6807: 6791: 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Routledge. 6306: 6305: 6297: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6267: 6259: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6199: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6116: 6108: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6056: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5989: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5857: 5849: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5793: 5787: 5784:. JHU Press. 5783: 5782: 5774: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5718:. August 2005 5717: 5713: 5707: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5668:on 2020-09-21 5667: 5663: 5657: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5572: 5564: 5562:1-84227-061-3 5558: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5525: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5498: 5491: 5490:Alan F. Segal 5487: 5485: 5479: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5353:Kasher, Aryeh 5348: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5314: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5235: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5208: 5200: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5181: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5154: 5146: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5127: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5098: 5087: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5053:0-472-11313-5 5049: 5045: 5042:. Ann Arbor: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5002: 5000:9780495502883 4996: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4962: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4922: 4918: 4911: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4852: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4723: 4721:in Alexandria 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4597:Land of Onias 4595: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4562: 4559: 4548: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4379:9780060822187 4375: 4370: 4369: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4293:In 2020, the 4291: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4249:Rami Mangoubi 4246: 4242: 4237: 4234: 4233:Auguste Lindt 4231: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4197:Kamal Massuda 4194: 4193:Moshe Marzouk 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174:Moshe Sharett 4171: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4123: 4118: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4019:Awareness day 4017: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 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2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776:2 Kings 25:26 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2658:founding myth 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646:ancient Egypt 2643: 2639: 2633: 2626:Ancient Egypt 2623: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2609:1956 Suez War 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2337:Judeo-Aramaic 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2327:Judeo-Italian 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2307:Ghardaïa Sign 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932:Denominations 1928: 1927: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1760:United States 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246:Guinea-Bissau 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1100:Lists of Jews 1098: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1079: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 986: 985: 981: 980: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 903: 900: 899: 898: 897: 892: 887: 886: 875: 867: 865: 862: 860: 859:The Holocaust 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 820: 819: 815: 814: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 786: 784: 779: 775: 769: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 752: 751: 747: 744: 743: 736: 730: 724: 719: 716: 712: 706: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 651: 650: 647: 644: 643: 638: 633: 631: 626: 622: 618: 615: 610: 605: 601: 597: 594: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 573: 571: 568: 567: 566: 565: 562: 559: 558: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 508: 507: 503: 502: 497: 492: 491: 480: 477: 474: 473: 468: 466: 463: 461: 460:Mishneh Torah 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 446: 445: 440: 437: 435: 432: 431: 430: 429: 426: 423: 422: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 407: 406: 403: 400: 399: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 379: 378: 375: 372: 371: 366: 361: 360: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 298: 296: 293: 291: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 258: 254: 251: 249: 246: 243: 239: 236: 235: 232: 227: 226: 221: 220:Who is a Jew? 218: 216: 213: 212: 211: 210: 207: 203: 200: 199: 195: 191: 190: 183: 179: 175: 171: 170:Sephardi Jews 167: 163: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 116: 112: 110: 98: 94: 92: 80: 75: 70: 65: 61: 57: 51: 46: 24: 22: 21:Jews of Egypt 16: 10842:Coat of arms 10812:Architecture 10754: 10701:Christianity 10681:Prostitution 10627:Human rights 10586:Abaza family 10574:Universities 10539:Demographics 10492:Billionaires 10136:Constitution 10131:Conscription 10114:Governorates 9995:Halfaya Pass 9865:1954–present 9844: 9825:Constitution 9780:2010s Crisis 9692:World War II 9654:Urabi revolt 9571:Islamization 9505:31st Dynasty 9500:27th Dynasty 9402:Palestinians 9257: 9231:Christianity 9105:Ovadia Yosef 9045:Judeo-Arabic 9010:Habbani Jews 8948:Persian Jews 8936:Kurdish Jews 8924:By community 8864:Saudi Arabia 8818: 8794:Mizrahi Jews 8578:Judeo-Gascon 8551:Judeo-Arabic 8541:Judeo-Berber 8472: 8387: 8359:Gibraltarian 8348:North Africa 8346: 8338:Thessalonian 8273: 8234: 8214: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8146:Roman Empire 8138: 8021:Dependencies 7951:Turkmenistan 7916:Saudi Arabia 7785: 7662:Saint Helena 7633: 7537:South Africa 7527:Sierra Leone 7381: 7332:Burkina Faso 7228:Out of Egypt 7203: 7199:Beinin, Joel 7130: 7123: 7106: 7102: 7093: 7069:Bibliography 7055:. Retrieved 7051: 7041: 7030:. Retrieved 7028:. 2013-04-18 7025: 7016: 7005:. Retrieved 7001: 6992: 6981:. Retrieved 6976: 6967: 6956:. Retrieved 6954:. 2013-09-10 6951: 6942: 6931:. Retrieved 6919: 6909: 6898:. Retrieved 6894: 6885: 6874:. Retrieved 6870: 6860: 6849:. Retrieved 6847:. 2001-03-20 6844: 6835: 6826: 6817: 6806: 6794:. Retrieved 6789: 6780: 6768:. Retrieved 6762: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6720: 6708:. Retrieved 6704: 6695: 6684:. Retrieved 6672: 6662: 6634:. Retrieved 6627:the original 6614: 6605: 6596: 6584:. Retrieved 6580: 6570: 6560: 6516: 6512: 6479: 6472: 6452: 6445: 6437: 6432: 6414: 6402:. Retrieved 6387: 6357: 6350: 6330: 6323: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6273: 6266: 6246: 6239: 6214: 6210: 6178: 6172: 6156:. Wilprint. 6152: 6145: 6137: 6122: 6115: 6096: 6090: 6062: 6055: 6028: 5987: 5983: 5974: 5965: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5920: 5897:. Retrieved 5893: 5883: 5863: 5856: 5836: 5829: 5821: 5816: 5808: 5800: 5780: 5773: 5765: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5720:. Retrieved 5716:First Things 5715: 5706: 5687: 5681: 5670:. Retrieved 5666:the original 5656: 5628: 5594: 5576: 5571: 5547: 5543:Moises Silva 5533: 5524: 5504: 5497: 5483: 5478: 5468:, retrieved 5446: 5436: 5427: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5387: 5377: 5357: 5347: 5337: 5329: 5321: 5298: 5289: 5281: 5267: 5261: 5241: 5234: 5214: 5207: 5187: 5180: 5160: 5153: 5133: 5126: 5106: 5074: 5065: 5038: 5013: 5004: 4990: 4969: 4961: 4950:. Retrieved 4946: 4936: 4924:. Retrieved 4920: 4910: 4898:. Retrieved 4894: 4884: 4873:. Retrieved 4868: 4859: 4839: 4801:. Retrieved 4796: 4787: 4775:. Retrieved 4766: 4757: 4743:Cairo Geniza 4702:Institutions 4668: 4572:Egypt portal 4492: 4486: 4480: 4452: 4408: 4400:Out of Egypt 4399: 4389: 4367: 4329: 4325: 4312: 4292: 4288:anti-Zionist 4284:Magda Haroun 4281: 4277: 4270: 4267:21st century 4262: 4253:Abou Za'abal 4238: 4228: 4224: 4219:Rene Qattawi 4216: 4212:fifth column 4205: 4190: 4162:Lavon Affair 4159: 4154:Egyptianized 4153: 4150:Mutamassirun 4143: 4038: 3964: 3918:Tripolitania 3895: 3793: 3781: 3774: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3751: 3748: 3733: 3727: 3723:Henri Curiel 3700: 3696:al-Qudsiyyat 3695: 3692:al-Qudsiyyat 3691: 3681:Mourad Farag 3678: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3636: 3603: 3598:Salomon Munk 3583: 3570: 3565: 3528: 3526: 3516: 3497: 3493:Joseph Ṭabul 3484: 3468: 3462: 3419: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3382: 3369: 3364: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3325: 3306: 3294: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3239: 3213:Judah Halevi 3209: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3177: 3173:Pact of Umar 3170: 3155: 3147: 3142:12th century 3122:Cairo Geniza 3095: 3084: 3080:Cairo Geniza 3075: 3064:Monotheletic 3050: 3041: 3036: 3015:Christianity 3008: 3000: 2987:Great Revolt 2972: 2949: 2906: 2900: 2884:Roman Empire 2873: 2870: 2827: 2741: 2692: 2677: 2638:Hebrew Bible 2635: 2617: 2598: 2578:Mutammasirun 2535: 2476:Post-Zionism 2347:Judeo-Berber 2342:Judeo-Arabic 2302:Judeo-Gascon 2049:Pidyon haben 1968:Conservative 1514:Saudi Arabia 1332:South Africa 1321:Sierra Leone 1205: 1143:Israeli Jews 1057:Mosaic Arabs 1010:Kaifeng Jews 871:Arab–Israeli 844:Emancipation 723:Great Revolt 532:Anti-Judaism 527:Antisemitism 522:Name "Judea" 317:Baal teshuva 166:Mizrahi Jews 28:Ethnic group 20: 15: 11006:WikiProject 10767:Scientology 10637:LGBT rights 10559:Law schools 10343:Lighthouses 10286:Agriculture 10015:Mount Sinai 9975:Earthquakes 9775:Mubarak era 9746:Six-Day War 9736:Suez Crisis 9731:Land reform 9478:Prehistoric 9332:Circassians 9267:Main groups 9246:Catholicism 8809:Afghanistan 8743: [ 8710: [ 8687: [ 8586: [ 8308:Palestinian 8080:Asia portal 7981:States with 7901:Philippines 7841:South Korea 7836:North Korea 7731:Afghanistan 7589:recognition 7542:South Sudan 7432:Ivory Coast 6977:The Forward 5722:16 December 4900:1 September 4777:19 December 4639:Suez Crisis 4533:ten plagues 4531:sends down 4411:. New York. 4356:. Montreal. 4258:Dr. E. 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Knowledge

History of the Jews in Egypt

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