History of the Jews in Iraq

4908:

the influence of further pressures including the property-freezing law, and continued anti-Jewish disturbances which raised the fear of large-scale pogroms. In addition, it is highly unlikely the Israelis would have taken such measures to accelerate the Jewish evacuation given that they were already struggling to cope with the existing level of Jewish immigration. Gat also raises serious doubts about the guilt of the alleged Jewish bombthrowers. Firstly, a Christian officer in the Iraqi army known for his anti-Jewish views, was arrested, but apparently not charged, with the offences. A number of explosive devices similar to those used in the attack on the Jewish synagogue were found in his home. In addition, there was a long history of anti-Jewish bomb-throwing incidents in Iraq. Secondly, the prosecution was not able to produce even one eyewitness who had seen the bombs thrown. Thirdly, the Jewish defendant Shalom Salah indicated in court that he had been severely tortured in order to procure a confession. It therefore remains an open question as to who was responsible for the bombings, although Gat argues that the most likely perpetrators were members of the anti-Jewish Istiqlal Party. Certainly memories and interpretations of the events have further been influenced and distorted by the unfortunate discrimination which many Iraqi Jews experienced on their arrival in Israel.

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thanks to a $ 1-million grant from the U.S. and local authorities, as well as private donations. In 2020, the synagogue beside Ezekiel's Tomb was converted into a mosque. On March 15, 2021, one of the last Jews in Iraq, Dr. Dhafer Fouad Eliyahu, died. In November 2021, Israeli police recovered a Baghdad Torah scroll from an Arab village. In December 2021, Iraqi Jews received Hanukkah kits. On May 27, 2022, Iraq passed a law making contact with Israel a capital offense. By 2022, the number of living Jews in Iraq had dwindled to three. However, many sources have different data of the Jewish population. According to the Chaldaean News, around 100 Jews live in Iraq today. A large number of Kurdish Jews have been living in the Kurdistan Region, since the region has been stablised. In 2018,

4712:, Iraq was placed under martial law. Courts martial were used to intimidate wealthy Jews, Jews were again dismissed from civil service, quotas were placed on university positions, and Jewish businesses were boycotted. In sweeps throughout urban areas, the Iraqi authorities searched thousands of Jewish homes for secret caches of money they were presumed to be sending to Israel. Walls were frequently demolished in these searches. Hundreds of Jews were arrested on suspicion of Zionist activity, tortured into confessing, and subjected to heavy fines and lengthy prison sentences. In one case, a Jewish man was sentenced to five years' hard labor for possessing a Biblical Hebrew inscription which was presumed to be a coded Zionist message. 4749: 4933: 7148:, p. 29: "The government – particularly after Nuri as-Said came to power in October 1941 – took swift action to suppress pro-Nazi elements and other supporters of Rashid Ali. They were placed on trial, many of them were exiled, hundreds were incarcerated in concentration camps and a very small minority were even executed. In parallel, the government acted swiftly to defend Jewish quarters and was resolved to prevent any similar events from occurring in the future. On the decision of the Iraqi government, a committee of enquiry was set up on 7 June a few days after the pogrom, to examine the facts and find who was culpable." 3338:, fell into the hands of the Parthians, who, according to their custom, cut off his ears in order to render him unfit for rulership. The Jews of Babylonia, it seems, had the intention of founding a high-priesthood for the exiled Hyrcanus, which they would have made quite independent of Judea. But the reverse was to come about: the Judeans received a Babylonian, Ananel by name, as their high priest which indicates the importance enjoyed by the Jews of Babylonia. Philo speaks of the large number of Jews resident in that country, a population which was no doubt considerably swelled by new immigrants after the 5244:. He compared the Jewish experience in Iraq to "living in a prison," reporting that most Jews stayed in their homes "out of fear of kidnapping or execution" amid ongoing sectarian violence. Despite numerous death threats, Levy remained in Iraq for four more years. He moved to Israel in 2010, subsequently marrying and starting a family. Levy was the last Iraqi Jew to emigrate. Nonetheless, he stayed in contact with Iraq's remaining Jewish community. In a 2018 interview, he said that there were five Jews still in the country, with a woman serving as the community director. 8000: 4705:"With very few exceptions, only Jews wore watches. On spotting one that looked expensive, a policeman had approached the owner as if to ask the hour. Once assured the man was Jewish, he relieved him of the timepiece and took him into custody. The watch, he told the judge, contained tiny wireless; he'd caught the Jew, he claimed, sending military secrets to the Zionists in Palestine. Without examining the "evidence" or asking any questions, the judge pronounced his sentence. The "traitor" went to prison, the watch to the policeman as a reward." 2764:, persecution against Jews culminated in increased government oppression and cultural discrimination. The Iraqi government, while maintaining a public policy of discrimination against Iraqi Jews, simultaneously forbade Jews from emigrating to Israel out of concern for strengthening the nascent Israeli state. In 1950, the Iraqi government reversed course and permitted Jews to emigrate in exchange for renouncing their Iraqi citizenship. From 1950 to 1952, nearly the entire Iraqi Jewish population emptied out from Iraq to Israel through 4945: 4194: 4211: 7397:

observation by Mr. de Boisanger, who wondered whether Tel Aviv was interested in the fate of the Jews of Iraq, the Prime Minister explained that he was not thinking in terms of persecution; he did not wish the Commission to receive a false impression with regard to his personal sentiments towards the Jews. But if the Jews continued to show the bad faith that they had demonstrated until the present moment, events might take place. (The Prime Minister did not clarify this warning)

4238:, was a Jew, and Jews were important in developing the judicial and postal systems. Records from the Baghdad Chamber of Commerce show that 10 out of its 19 members in 1947 were Jews and the first musical band formed for Baghdad's nascent radio in the 1930s consisted mainly of Jews. Jews were represented in the Iraqi parliament, and many Jews held significant positions in the bureaucracy. Between 1924 and 1928, some Jews fled persecution in Russia, arriving in Iraq as refugees. 4346:

deteriorate. There are more Jews in the Arab world outside of Palestine than there are in Palestine. In Iraq alone, we have about one hundred and fifty thousand Jews who share with Muslims and Christians all the advantages of political and economic rights. Harmony prevails among Muslims, Christians and Jews. But any injustice imposed upon the Arabs of Palestine will disturb the harmony among Jews and non-Jews in Iraq; it will breed inter-religious prejudice and hatred.

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unresolved: Iraqi activists still regularly charge that Israel used violence to engineer the exodus, while Israeli officials of the time vehemently deny it. Historian Moshe Gat reports that "the belief that the bombs had been thrown by Zionist agents was shared by those Iraqi Jews who had just reached Israel". Sociologist Phillip Mendes backs Gat's claims, and further attributes the allegations to have been influenced and distorted by feelings of discrimination.

12464: 10968: 4371: 3571:, where he and his family already owned property, and which was known as a Jewish city. Rav's move created an environment in which Babylon had two contemporary leading academies that competed with one another, yet were so far removed from one another that they could never interfere with each other's operations. Since Rav and Samuel were acknowledged peers in position and learning, their academies likewise were considered of equal rank and influence. 5252:, the Vicar of St. George's Church in Baghdad, urged the remaining Jews to flee. White also requested help saving the few Torah scrolls that remained in Iraq. In 2014, around 100 Jews remained in the country. The hope of return of the Jews to Iraq came after the downfall of Saddam. During the 2013–2017 Iraqi Civil War, large swaths of the country fell to extremists, prompting another Jewish exodus. Few Jews have returned since the end of the war. 12474: 10978: 4829: 40: 4053:

in the Far East. The still small and reemerging Jewish community of Baghdad became a migration destination with Jewish families settling in Baghdad from Istanbul, Aleppo, Damascus, Ana and Basra. A key driver of this was decline of the old caravan route running between these cities. There was also migration from the communities of Palestine, the villages of Kurdistan, and it is said that a handful of Jews settled in Baghdad from Germany.

5121: 4267: 88: 5225: 3920: 5536: 4757: 9848: 5550: 3395:, the Jews had every reason to hate the Romans, the destroyers of their sanctuary, and to side with the Parthians, their protectors. Possibly it was recognition of services thus rendered by the Jews of Babylonia, and by the Davidic house especially, that induced the Parthian kings to elevate the princes of the Exile, who until then had been little more than mere collectors of revenue, to the dignity of real princes, called 3142: 106: 6058:'What lends our story some broader interest is the fact that we belonged to a branch of the global Jewish community that is now almost extinct. We were Arab-Jews. We lived in Baghdad and we were well-integrated into Iraqi society. We spoke Arabic at home, our social customs were Arab, our lifestyle was Arab, our cuisine was exquisitely Middle Eastern and my parents' music was an attractive blend of Arabic and Jewish'. 10988: 10998: 4175:

over a quarter of the city's total population. Large-scale Jewish immigration from Kurdistan to Baghdad continued throughout this period. By the mid-19th century, the religious infrastructure of Baghdad grew to include a large yeshiva which trained up to sixty rabbis at time. Religious scholarship flourished in Baghdad, which produced great rabbis, such as Joseph Hayyim ben Eliahu Mazal-Tov, known as the

4868:, Said had attempted to justify allowing the exodus by explaining to him that: "The Jews have always been a source of evil and harm to Iraq. They are spies. They have sold their property in Iraq, they have no land among us that they can cultivate. How therefore can they live? What will they do if they stay in Iraq? No, no my friend, it is better for us to be rid of them as long as we are able to do so." 6674:. One reason for this is the immigration of Bedouins to Lower Mesopotamia after the Mongol invasion, which changed the cultural, ethnic and linguistic landscape of the region. The old Judeo-Arabic dialect of Lower Mesopotamia in cities such as Fallujah, Baghdad, Karbala, Basra and Ramadi, and to a lesser extent, the dialect of Iraqi Christians, preserve features of the older medieval language of Iraq. 5060:. In the early 1970s, facing mounting international pressure and recognizing that the ban was ineffective, the government legalized Jewish emigration. Most of the country's Jews fled shortly thereafter; those who stayed were typically elderly. The community was subsequently pressured to cede $ 200 million worth of Jewish property to the government without compensation. 3793:(a Buddhist), the destroyer of the Caliphate (1258) and the conqueror of Palestine (1260), was tolerant toward Muslims, Jews and Christians; but there can be no doubt that in those days of terrible warfare the Jews must have suffered much with others. Under the Mongolian rulers, the priests of all religions were exempt from the poll-tax. Hulagu's second son, 4995:, Jewish property was expropriated, bank accounts were frozen, Jews were dismissed from public posts, their businesses were closed, trading permits owned by Jews were cancelled, they were not allowed to use telephones, they were placed under house arrest for extended periods of time, and were under constant surveillance and restricted to the cities. 4719:, a Jewish automobile importer who was the single wealthiest Jew in the country. Ades, who had displayed no interest in Zionism, was arrested on charges of sending military equipment to Israel and convicted by a military tribunal. He was fined $ 20 million and sentenced to death. His entire estate was liquidated and he was publicly hanged in 7075:

appealed a Manifesto by the Arab Revolutionary Committee in 1915, two years before the Balfour Declaration, 'join ranks with your Moslem brethren. Do not listen to those who say that they prefer the Turks without religion to Arabs of different beliefs; they are ignorant people who have no understanding of the vital interests of the race.'

4040:

rulings and practices were held in higher esteem. The historian Zvi Yehuda says the period saw the wheels turn in the relationship between the Babylonian Jewish communities and those of Iraq and Persia: "Before the 18th century, the Baghdadi Community needed the support of those communities; now the Baghdadi Community influenced them."

4924:

draws on the recollections given to Shlaim by an elderly former member of the Zionist undergroundi. The other is a contempèorary Baghdad police report on the incident, which contains Basri's confession. He believed these actions were intended to quicken the transfer of 110,000 Jews in Iraq to the then-newly created state of Israel.

4667:, and the Jewish population there fled to Baghdad. Large Jewish "donations" for the Palestinian Arab cause were regularly extorted, with the names of "donors" read out on the radio to encourage more. In spite of this, Iraqi Jews still mostly continued to view themselves as loyal Iraqis and believed that the hardship would pass. The 3828:"These events which befell the Jews after they had attained a high standing in the state caused them to lower their voices. we have not heard from them anything worthy of recording because they were prevented from participation in its government and politics. They were neglected and their voice was only heard after a long time." 3897:

surroundings, in Basra, Hilla, Kifil, ‘Ana, Kurdistan, even in Persia and the Persian Gulf. The organized Jewish community of Iraq appears to have disappeared in this period for more than four generations. This is behind the discontinuity between the present traditions of Iraqi Jewry and the Babylonian traditions of

5196:, or kosher slaughterer, emigrated in 2002. At this point, around 200 Jews remained, most of whom lived in Baghdad, with few in Basra and Mosul. In 2003, Emad Levy emerged as the leader of the Iraqi Jewish community. He functioned as the country's sole rabbi, kosher slaughterer, and advisor regarding Jewish issues. 3578:, albeit Rav and Samuel agreed with each other far more often than did the houses of Hillel and Shammai. Thus, both Babylonian rabbinical schools opened a new era for diaspora Judaism, and the ensuing discussions in their classes furnished the earliest stratum and style of the scholarly material deposited in the 4853:

the airport. Jews were allowed to bring out a maximum of five pounds weight in property, which was to consist of personal effects only, as well as a small amount of cash. At the airport, Iraqi officials body searched every emigrant for cash or jewelry, and they also beat and spat on the departing Jews.

3716:(717–720), issued orders to his governors: "Tear down no church, synagogue, or fire-temple; but permit no new ones to be built". Isaac Iskawi II (about 800) received from Harun al-Rashid (786–809) confirmation of the right to carry a seal of office. At the court of the Harun an embassy from the emperor 4923:

unveils what he argues is "undeniable proof of Zionist involvement in the terrorist attacks" which prompted a mass exodus of Jews from Iraq between 1950 and 1951. The historian based his conclusion that most of the bombings against Jews in Iraq were the work of Mossad on two piedces of evidence: one

4856:

Overall, between 1948 and 1951, 121,633 Iraqi Jews were airlifted, bused, or smuggled out of the country, including 119,788 between January 1950 and December 1951. About 15,000 Jews remained in Iraq. In 1952, emigration to Israel was again banned, and the Iraqi government publicly hanged two Jews who

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In Baghdad, the daily spectacle of Jews carrying nothing but their clothes and a bag of their remaining possessions being loaded onto trucks for transport to the airport caused public jubilation. Jews were mocked every step of the way during their departure and crowds stoned the trucks taking Jews to

4844:

In March 1951, he engineered a law which would permanently freeze all assets of denaturalized Jews. Officially, the assets were merely frozen and not confiscated; under international law assets can theoretically remain frozen for perpetuity, making it impossible for them to ever be reclaimed. The law

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informed British diplomat Douglas Busk "that he had nothing against Iraqi Jews who were a long established and useful community. He felt bound to tell me, however, that the Arab League meeting might decide that if a satisfactory solution of the Palestine case was not reached severe measures should be

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This was not the revival of a community so much as the establishment of a new one. According to the historian Zvi Yehuda, an analysis of the tens of thousands of Iraqi Jewish family trees stored at the Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center have indicate that families of Baghdadi Jews do not possess family

5212:

attempted to locate all remaining Iraqi Jews and offer them the opportunity to emigrate to Israel. The agency identified 34 Jews in Baghdad, half of whom were over the age of 70. While generally impoverished, some of the community members were middle class, such as two doctors. Ultimately, six Iraqi

4907:

Historian Moshe Gat argues that there was little direct connection between the bombings and exodus. He demonstrates that the frantic and massive Jewish registration for denaturalization and departure was driven by knowledge that the denaturalisation law was due to expire in March 1951. He also notes

4728:

states, Iraq forbade any legal emigration of its Jews on the grounds that they might go to Israel and could strengthen that state. At the same time, increasing government oppression of the Jews fueled by anti-Israeli sentiment together with public expressions of antisemitism created an atmosphere of

4345:

Partition imposed against the will of the majority of the people will jeopardize peace and harmony in the Middle East. Not only the uprising of the Arabs of Palestine is to be expected, but the masses in the Arab world cannot be restrained. The Arab-Jewish relationship in the Arab world will greatly

4174:

During the 19th century, the influence of the Jewish families of Aleppo of the previous century faded as Baghdad emerged as a strong Jewish and economic center in its own right. The Jewish population has grown so rapidly that by 1884, there were 30,000 Jews in Baghdad and by 1900, 50,000, comprising

4052:

As this process of cultural assimilation saw the Jews of Baghdad come to more closely resemble the Jews of Aleppo, economic decline in Syria, Kurdistan and Persia worsened. The 18th century saw a growing number of Jews leave from there to Baghdad, Basra or the Baghdadi-led outposts being established

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family who were frustrated with the dimming prospects of Aleppo and attracted to Baghdad and Basra's booming trade with India. This process saw the leading Jewish families of Baghdad, Basra and Aleppo grow to be heavily interlinked through marriages, religious life, partnership and trade in the 18th

3987:

This period of Mameluk rule in Iraq, under the aegis of the Ottoman Empire, united most of the future territory of Iraq into a single unit for the first time. As it ceased to be a warring frontier, opportunities for trade increased, especially due to the growing European presence on the ocean routes

3824:

also became a Muslim, and made the Jews second class citizens. The Egyptian sultan Naṣr, who also ruled over Iraq, reestablished the same law in 1330, and saddled it with new limitations. During this period attacks on Jews greatly increased. The situation grew dire for the Jewish community as Muslim

3808:

It proved a false dawn. The power of Sa’ad al-Dawla was so vexatious to the Muslim population the churchman Bar Hebraeus wrote so "were the Muslims reduced to having a Jew in the place of honor." This was exacerbated by Sa’d al-Dawla, who ordered no Muslim be employed by the official bureaucracy. He

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in 1975, under the supervision of Saddam and with donations from the Jews. Jews were now allowed to practice their religion freely; however, they were still barred from employment in state enterprises and the army. But later they were also allowed to hold jobs in the government and the military, as

5080:

in 1973. Few synagogues continued to operate, which were protected. In 1971, the Grand Rabbi of Iraq, the late Sassoon Khdouri, issued a statement declaring that Iraqi Jews enjoy “full civil and citizenship rights” and appealed to Israel to allow Iraqi Jews in Palestine to return to their homeland.

4898:

Iraqi authorities eventually charged three members of the Zionist underground with perpetrating some of the explosions. Two of those charged, Shalom Salah Shalom and Yosef Ibrahim Basri, were subsequently found guilty and executed, whilst the third was sentenced to a lengthy jail term. Salah Shalom

4840:

Israel's fragile infrastructure, which already had to accommodate a mass influx of Jewish immigration from war-ravaged Europe and other Arab and Muslim countries, was heavily strained, and the Israeli government was not certain that it had enough permanent housing units and tents to accommodate the

4820:

and renounced all property, were now stateless and destitute, and many were now homeless and sleeping on the streets. The Iraqi government announced that if the Jews were not removed more swiftly, they would be placed in concentration camps. As a result, more airlines were chartered to speed up the

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Jewish communities of Asia between 1845 and 1859, wrote of Baghdad that "in no other place in the east have I found my Israelitish brothers in such perfectly happy circumstances." One distinguishing feature of the communities of Baghdad and Basra remarked upon by Ashkenazi travelers was the extreme

3663:

The two academies among others, and the Jewish community they led, lasted until the middle of the 11th century. Pumbedita faded after its chief rabbi was murdered in 1038, and Sura faded soon after. Which ended the centuries-long great scholarly reputation given to Babylonian Jews, as the center of

3192:

According to the biblical account, the Persian emperor Cyrus the Great was "God's anointed", having freed the Jews from Babylonian rule. After the conquest of Babylonia by the Persian Achaemenid Empire Cyrus granted all the Jews citizenship and by decree allowed the Jews to return to Israel (around

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It is not without significance that, in their earliest phase and when they were still under the influence of racial theories, Arab nationalists or, at least some of them, considered the Jews of the Arab countries as an indivisible part of the Arab "race." 'Arabs of the Christian and Jewish faith,'

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Talmud Yerushalmi, vol. 1, B’rachot, Friedman’s Oz ve-Hadar edition, New-York 2010, Introduction, p. 17; Geonic Responsa from the Geniza (Simha Assaf), pp. 125–126. The original Hebrew and Aramaic: ומילתא דפסיקא בתלמוד דילנא לא סמכינן בה על תלמודא דבני ארץ ישראל הואיל ושנים רבות איפסיקא הוראה מתמן

5783:

Estimate based on the 1947 census, amounting to 2.6% of the total population. Ben-Yaacob et al. note that some studies suggest that the total population of Iraqi Jews "in the late 1940s" could have been as high as 135,000, given that 123,500 were estimated to have immigrated to Israel between 1948

4824:

On September 18, 1950, Nuri al-Said summoned a representative of the Jewish community and claimed Israel was behind the emigration delay, threatening to "take them to the borders" and forcibly expel the Jews. The law expired in March 1951 but was later extended after the Iraqi government froze the

4784:

Hoping to stem the flow of assets from the country, in March 1950 Iraq passed a law of one-year duration allowing Jews to emigrate on condition of relinquishing their Iraqi citizenship. They were motivated, according to Ian Black, by "economic considerations, chief of which was that almost all the

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on June 1, in which approximately 200 Iraqi Jews were murdered (some sources put the number higher), and up to 2,000 injured – damages to Jewish-owned property were estimated at $ 3 million (US$ 62 million in 2024). There were also instances of looting of Jewish properties in many other cities at

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Organized Zionist activity began in Iraq in the 1920s. The Jewish population was generally sympathetic toward the movement, although not at that time as a solution for Iraqi Jews. The Zionist organization in Baghdad was initially granted a permit by the British, in March 1921, but in the following

4061:

By the early 19th century, Baghdad had been reestablished as a leading Jewish center in the Middle East. There were over 6,000 Jews in city, two synagogues and strong community institutions. This was not a golden age, however. Over time, the centralized Ottoman control over the region deteriorated

3628:

The three centuries in the course of which the Babylonian Talmud was developed in the academies founded by Rav and Samuel were followed by five centuries during which it was intensely preserved, studied, expounded in the schools, and, through their influence, discipline and work, recognized by the

3515:, and Raba's friendship with Shapur II enabled him to secure a relaxation of the oppressive laws enacted against the Jews in the Persian Empire. In addition, Raba sometimes referred to his top student Abaye with the term Shvur Malka meaning "Shapur King" because of his bright and quick intellect. 3404:

In religious matters the Babylonians, like the whole diaspora, were in many regards dependent upon Judea. They went on pilgrimages to Jerusalem for the festivals, and were dependent on Judean authorities to fix the calendar. The early rabbis took for granted that their rulings would be followed in

4902:

Gat reports that much of the previous literature "reflects the universal conviction that the bombings had a tremendous impact on the large-scale exodus of the Jews... To be more precise it is suggested that the Zionist emissaries committed these brutal acts in order to uproot the prosperous Iraqi

4848:

With Iraq's Jews effectively stripped of their assets permanently, Said demanded Israel accept 10,000 Iraqi Jewish refugees per month. He threatened to prohibit Jewish emigration from May 31, 1951, and to set up concentration camps for stateless Jews still in Iraq. Israel attempted to negotiate a

5259:

to the Iraqi government instead of the Iraqi Jewish community. This archive was digitized and can be viewed online.Later it came to known that, the Jews agreed with Saddam to keep the archive with them, as it was more secure. In Al-Qosh, the Jewish prophet Nahum's tomb was being restored in 2020

5247:

There are numerous estimates for the number of Jews living in Baghdad. They include thirty-four (2003) (of whom six went to Israel), eight (2007), seven (2008), ten (2008), five (2013), eight (2016), five (2018), or ten (2018). In 2020–2021, the Jewish population in Iraq was reported to be four.

4039:

Further driving this process was the high esteem in which Rabbi Sadka Bekhor Hussein was held as a halakhic authority. This saw him accepted as a halakhic authority by the Jews of Persia, Kurdistan and the fledgling Baghdadi trading outposts being established in India. Sephardic Rabbis and their

3488:

Although there were some tensions between the Jewish community and Zoroastrian priests who sought to unify the entire empire under one religion and were less tolerant than their forebears during the early Sasanian era, the Jewish community's stature and their religious and communal autonomy were

4803:

From the start of the emigration law in March 1950 until the end of the year, 60,000 Jews registered to leave Iraq. In addition to continuing arrests and the dismissal of Jews from their jobs, this exodus was encouraged by a series of bombings starting in April 1950 that resulted in a number of

3428:

The Jews of northern Babylonia appear to have suffered severely from the Roman-Parthian and Roman-Sasanian wars; this, and possibly the growing power of Christianity in the area, appear to have led to a weakening of the Jewish community in northern Mesopotamia while the center of Jewish culture

4262:

as the new minister of economics and communications, tens of Jews were dismissed from their posts in that ministry; and, subsequently, there were unofficial quotas of Jews that could be appointed in the civil service or admitted to secondary schools and colleges. Zionist activity had continued

4226:

Early Labor Zionism mostly concentrated on the Jews of Europe, skipping Iraqi Jews because of their lack of interest in agriculture. The result was that "Until World War II, Zionism made little headway because few Iraqi Jews were interested in the socialist ideal of manual labor in Palestine."

4043:

The 18th century saw the Jewish community of Aleppo exert a significant influence over the Jewish communities of Baghdad and Basra not only culturally but economically. Syrian Jewish families establishing themselves in Iraq were often formerly Spanish Sephardic families from Aleppo. These were

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neighborhood, which had once been Baghdad's main Jewish neighborhood. The synagogue was further restored by the government. It was also further expanded and upgraded. Before its restoration, the synagogue's large library was raided by the secret police and all Jewish archive were confiscated.

3896:

The cumulative effect of the Mongol rampage and the social collapse that followed was that of the pre-existing Jewish community of Baghdad either died or fled. Jewish life entered a Dark Age. According to historian Zvi Yehuda, the fifteenth century sees no reports on Jews in Baghdad or in its

3659:

are designated according to the titles of the teachers at Sura and Pumbedita; thus we have the time of the Geonim and that of the Saboraim. The Saboraim were the scholars whose diligent hands completed the Talmud and the first great Talmudic commentaries in the first third of the 6th century.

7396:

It would also be necessary to put an end to the bad treatment that the Jews had been victims of in Iraq during the recent months. The Prime Minister referred to the increasing difficulty of assuring the protection of the Jews resident in Iraq, under the present circumstances. In answer to an

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are a subject of controversy. A secret Israeli inquiry in 1960 found no evidence that they were ordered by Israel or any motive that would have explained the attack, though it did find out that most of the witnesses believed that Jews had been responsible for the bombings. The issue remains

4732:

The Iraqi Jewish community gradually became impoverished because of persecution. Jewish businesses were forced to close in the face of boycotts and arrests of Jewish businessmen. After Jews were prohibited from working in the civil service, skilled and formerly well-paid Jewish civil service

4776:

and from there proceeded to Israel. By 1949, the Iraqi Zionist underground had become well-established (despite many arrests), and they were smuggling Iraqi Jews out of the country illegally at a rate of 1,000 a month. The fleeing Jews took money and some possessions with them, and this

3493:, which led to a large Jewish migration from Roman-controlled territory into the only Roman-independent region, the Sasanian Empire. While occasionally there were disputes between Jews and the authorities, the Talmudic texts mainly show respect for the Sasanian government, and the Amora 3647:

and were considered the highest authorities on religious matters in the Jewish world. Their decisions were sought from all sides and were accepted wherever diaspora Jewish communal life existed. They even successfully competed against the learning coming from the Land of Israel itself.

4785:

property of departing Jews reverted to the state treasury" and also that "Jews were seen as a restive and potentially troublesome minority that the country was best rid of." Iraqi politicians candidly admitted that they wanted to expel their Jewish population for reasons of their own.

3473:. During the 3rd to 7th centuries, the Babylonian Jewish community is estimated to have reached about one million, potentially making it the largest Jewish diaspora population of the time and possibly surpassing the Jewish population in the Land of Israel during the same period. The 3992:

trees tracing their lineage prior to the end of the 17th century. They were migrants from smaller Mesopotamian communities and from across the Middle East. Yehuda calls the Jewish community that reestablished itself in Baghdad, Basra and other cities the "new Babylonian Diaspora".

4662:

In the months leading up to the November 1947 Partition vote, violence against Iraqi Jews increased. In May 1947, a Jewish man in Baghdad was lynched by an angry mob after being accused of giving poisoned candy to Arab children. Rioters ransacked homes in the Jewish Quarter of

4967:, the military coup, overthrew the Hashemite monarchy and installed a republican government in Iraq. During the time of coup, tensions were high among Iraqis, regardless of any religion. Most of the 15,000 Jews remaining after Operation Ezra and Nehemiah stayed through the 4845:

was prepared in secret, as it was being ratified, Baghdad's telephone network suspended operations to prevent Jews from learning of it and attempt to transfer or withdraw their money. Iraq's Banks were closed for three days to ensure that Jews could not access their funds.

3383:

Accustomed in Jerusalem from early times to look to the east for help, and aware, as the Roman procurator Petronius was, that the Jews of Babylon could render effectual assistance, Babylonia became with the fall of Jerusalem the very bulwark of Judaism. The collapse of the

4825:

assets of departing Jews, including those who had already left. During the next few months, all but a few thousand of the remaining Jews registered for emigration, spurred on by a sequence of further bombings that caused few casualties but had great psychological impact.

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was also known as a fearsome tax collection and rumours swirled he was planning to create a new religion of which Arghun was supposed to be the prophet. Sa’d al-Dawla was murdered two days before the death of his Arghun, then stricken by illness, by his enemies in court.

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young age of marriage: between eight and twelve years old for girls to men usually eighteen to twenty. Another was the traditional face veils and long flowing garments wore by Jewish women who were not expected to show their face in public like their Muslim neighbors.

3939:

During Ottoman rule (1534–1917) Jewish life prospered in Iraq. Jews were afforded religious liberties, enabling them to administer their own affairs in Jewish education. Tolerance towards Jews and Jewish customs, however, depended on local rulers. Ottoman ruler Sultan

3040:

has become a valuable source in reconstructing Babylonian history within recent times. The inscriptions of Nebuchadnezzar are almost exclusively devoted to building operations; and but for the Book of Jeremiah, little would be known of his campaign against Jerusalem.

3238:, or in Jewish sources "minyan sheṭarot" (era of contracts), which was also officially adopted by the Parthians. Nicator's foundation of a city, Seleucia, on the Tigris is mentioned by the Rabbis; both the "Large" and the "Small Chronicle" contain references to him. 4841:

Iraqi Jews. When Israel attempted to negotiate a more gradual influx of Iraqi Jews, Said realized that the Jews could be turned into a demographic weapon against Israel. He hoped that a rapid influx of totally penniless Jews would collapse Israel's infrastructure.

2792:. According to government data as of 2014, there were 227,900 Jews of Iraqi descent in Israel, with other estimates as high as 600,000 Israelis having some Iraqi ancestry. Smaller communities upholding Iraqi Jewish traditions in the Jewish diaspora exist in the 4678:

In July 1948, the government passed a law making Zionism a capital offense, with a minimum sentence of seven years imprisonment. Any Jew could be convicted of Zionism-based only on the sworn testimony of two Muslim witnesses, with virtually no avenue of appeal

3983:

led to a much worse situation, so that the re-conquest of Iraq by the Turks in 1638 included an army with a large population of Jews. Some sources say they made up 10% of the army. The day of the reconquest was even given a holiday, "Yom Nes" (day of miracle).

5140:

and pressured Saddam to adopt further measures to protect the remaining community. A department within the Ministry of National Security was set up to ensure their safety. In 1985, one synagogue in Baghdad continued to function as Iraq's main synagogue, the

4253:

In the 1930s, the situation of the Jews in Iraq deteriorated. Previously, the growing Iraqi Arab nationalist sentiment included Iraqi Jews as fellow Arabs, but these views changed with the ongoing conflict in the Palestinian Mandate and the introduction of

3113:

of the Judaeans took place, perhaps encouraged by the close proximity of the Egyptian army. The city was razed to the ground, and a further deportation ensued. Five years later, Jeremiah records a third captivity. After the overthrow of Babylonia by the

5713:

Not shown on the map as maritime borders are not displayed "The situation of the remaining 6,000 Jews became increasingly precarious. Many were arrested on charges of spying for Israel, nine being sentenced to death and hanged publicly for this alleged

7453:

At times, Iraqi politicians candidly acknowledged that they wanted to expel their Jewish population for reasons of their own, having nothing to do with the palestinian exodus...Nuri Said described a plan to expel Jews from Iraq ...head of Jordanian

4008:

to send them a new Chief Rabbi, leading to the appointment of Rabbi Sadka Bekhor Hussein. Culturally, it would prove a decisive moment when Chief Rabbi Shmuel Laniyado of Aleppo picked his protege for Baghdad. It is said he was accompanied by fifty

12039: 5007:

of 14 men, 9 of them Jews, who were accused of spying for Israel. Other suspected spies for Israel died under torture. After Baghdad Radio invited Iraqi citizens to "come and enjoy the feast", half a million people paraded and danced past the

4849:

compromise to enable the Iraqi Jews to leave gradually in a way that did not put as much pressure on Israel's absorptive capacity, but Said was adamant that the Jews had to leave as fast as possible. As a result, Israel increased the flights.

5174:, was restricted, as was contact with Jewish groups abroad. The Tweig Synagogue in Basra was preserved by the government until 1991, when situation deteriorated. It became in poor condition after the war and the uprisings in southern Iraq. 2680:

in the 3rd century CE. Estimates often place the Babylonian Jewish population of the third to seventh centuries at around one million, making it the largest Jewish diaspora community of that period. The area became home to many important

4723:

in September 1948. The Jewish community's general sentiment was that if an assimilated and non-Zionist Jew as powerful and well-connected as Ades could be eliminated, other Jews would not be protected any longer. Additionally, like most

3859:, after obstinate resistance. Many Jews who had fled to Baghdad were slaughtered. Others escaped the city to Kurdistan and Syria. Many were not so fortunate, with one report mentioning 10,000 Jews killed in Mosul, Basra, and Husun Kifa. 12429: 4812:

was determined to drive the Jews out of his country as quickly as possible, and on August 21, 1950, he threatened to revoke the license of the company transporting the Jewish exodus if it did not fulfill its daily quota of 500 Jews.

3542:

The Sasanian period witnessed the flourishing of Jewish culture in Babylonia, and the beginning of a long period in which Babylonian Jewry took the lead in Jewish culture worldwide. A landmark in this process was the emigration of

3226:'s campaign, some accurate information concerning the Jews in the East reached the western world. Alexander's army contained numerous Jews who refused, from religious scruples, to take part in the reconstruction of the destroyed 3831:

Baghdad, reduced in importance, ravaged by wars and invasions, was eclipsed as the commercial and political centre of the Arab world. The Jewish community, shuttered out of political life, were reduced too and the status of the

5067:

assumed more power. In 1974, about 400 to 1,000 Jews still lived in Iraq. Most of them were living in Baghdad, with few in Basra, Mosul, Kirkuk and the Kurdistan Region. The remaining Jews were mostly notable figures such as

4971:

era when conditions improved and began to return to normal. As Qasim took power, the Jews were re-integrated into the society. Though Qasim, likewise other Arab leaders, maintained anti-Zionist and anti-Imperial stance.

12439: 3866:: "Baghdad is in ruins. It has no mosque, no congregation of believers, no call to prayer and no markets. Most of the date palms have withered. Most of the irrigation canals are blocked. It cannot be called a city." 2772:. The remainder of the Jewish population continued to dwindle in the ensuing decades; as of the 2020s, less than a handful of Jews still reside in Iraq.As of 2024 the total number of living Jews in Iraq number three 8674: 4570: 2736:

The Iraqi Jewish community formed a homogeneous group, maintaining communal Jewish identity, culture and traditions. The Jews in Iraq distinguished themselves by the way they spoke in their old Arabic dialect,

12009: 3720:

included which a Jew, Isaac, took part. Like the Arabs, the Jews were zealous promoters of knowledge, and by translating Greek and Latin The caliph Al-Mu'tadhel (892–902) ranked the Jews as "state servants".

5097:. Though few of Jews returned to the country. However, the decree couldn't attracted large swath of Jews and became a failure. Few Jews also returned to Iraq from Israel, as their was discrimination against 6519: 5939: 8768: 4263:

covertly even after 1929, but in 1935 the last two Palestinian Jewish teachers were deported, and the president of the Zionist organization was put on trial and ultimately required to leave the country.

2717:, the Jews of Iraq fared better. The community established modern schools in the second half of the 19th century. Driven by persecution, which saw many of the leading Jewish families of Baghdad flee for 4308:

monarchist regime quickly implemented measures to prevent the outbreak of similar anti-Jewish violence and established a committee of enquiry on 7 June "to examine the facts and find who was culpable."

5248:

Among the American forces stationed in Iraq, there were only three Jewish chaplains. In 2011, a leaked US embassy cable named eight Jews left in Baghdad, one of whom, Emhad Levy, emigrated to Israel.

4816:

The available planes initially did not match the demand, and as a result many Jews had to wait for extended periods of time in Iraq while awaiting transport to Israel. These Jews, having already been

3372:. These events caused a wide dispersion of Jews in which many probably ended up in Babylonia. The Jews of Babylon would for the first time write prayers in a language other than Hebrew, such as the 12434: 5213:

Jews chose to emigrate; among them was Ezra Levy, Emad Levy's father. After the Ba'athist regime fell, the process of establishing a new democratic government began. During deliberations over the

11720: 4772:

With Iraqi Jews enduring oppression and being driven into destitution, the Iraqi Zionist underground began smuggling Jews out of Iraq to Israel starting in November 1948. Jews were smuggled into

4740:

acknowledged the bad treatment that the Jews had been victims of in Iraq during the recent months. He warned that unless Israel behaved itself, events might take place concerning the Iraqi Jews.

8587: 5214: 9470: 4156:. These were all led by leading Iraqi Jewish families such as the Sassoons, Ezras, Eliases, Gubbays and Judahs. These families were active sponsors of religious life and charity back in Iraq. 4685:

In September 1948, Jews were dismissed from the railways, the post office, the telegraph department, and the Finance Ministry on the ground that they were suspected of "sabotage and treason".

3593:, two successive leaders of the Babylonian Jewish community, around the year 520, though rougher copies had already been circulated to the Jews of the Byzantine Empire. Editorial work by the 12268: 12027: 5268:, seeking votes on Iraqi Jewish right of return to Iraq. Around 72% voted in favor. Most comments supported the return of Iraq's Jews in exchange for Palestinian refugees' right of return. 3477:

was written during this time and is a source of information for the political, religious, social, and linguistic facets of the empire. Under the Sasanians, Babylonia became the province of

4258:

propaganda. Despite protestations of their loyalty to Iraq, Iraqi Jews were increasingly subject to discrimination and anti-Jewish actions. In September 1934, following the appointment of

3210:

The continuity of Jewish culture in Babylonia across the centuries is indicated by certain names which appear among Babylonian Jews in Ezra-Nehemiah and centuries later among Babylonian

8177: 3357:

to Judaism. These instances show not only the tolerance, but the weakness of the Parthian kings. The Babylonian Jews wanted to fight in common cause with their Judean brethren against

2886:

and the country of Babylonia are not always clearly distinguished; in most cases, the same word is used in reference to both places. In some passages, the land of Babylonia is called

4792:" to bring as many of the Iraqi Jews as possible to Israel, and sent agents to Iraq to urge the Jews to register for immigration as soon as possible. Iraqi Jews mainly left Iraq for 3905:

times. It remains the case that most Jewish Iraqis are of indigenous Middle Eastern ancestry rather than migrants from Spain, as in the case of parts of North Africa and the Levant.

12044: 3257:. The last-named settled a large number of Babylonian Jews as colonists in his western dominions, with the view of checking certain revolutionary tendencies disturbing those lands. 3157:) shed light into the social lives of the deportees; certain sources seek to supply this deficiency from the realms of legend and tradition. Thus, the so-called "Small Chronicle" ( 4671:'s emissary to Iraq reported that "No attention is paid to the frightful manifestations of hostility around them, which place all Jews on the verge of a volcano about to erupt." 3511:'s mother was Jewish, and this gave the Jewish community a relative freedom of religion and many advantages. Shapur was also the friend of a Babylonian rabbi in the Talmud called 4028:. This brought the leading Jewish families of Baghdad, and with it, their Jewish practice into the network of Sephardic scribes and later printing presses established in Aleppo, 12158: 12153: 4871:

Iraqi Jews left behind them extensive property, often located in the heart of Iraq's major cities. A relatively high number found themselves in refugee camps in Israel known as

3651:

According to the rabbis, God created these two academies in order to ensure the fulfillment of the Biblical promise that the word of God would never depart from Israel's mouth (

3234:, 312 BCE, to whose extensive empire Babylonia belonged, was accepted by the Jews and Syrians for many centuries as the commencement of a new era for reckoning time, called the 12449: 8846: 8460: 5072:, who died in 1973 in Iraq. Though most had already fled, the remaining Jews were granted protection. Their religious and historic sites, synagogues, were likewise protected. 4698:

estimated that as a result of arrests, trials, and sequestration of property, the Iraqi treasury collected some 20 million dinars or the equivalent of 80 million U.S. dollars.

6460: 4649: 8678: 7380:

UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE, A/AC.25/SR/G/9, 19 February 1949, MEETING BETWEEN THE CONCILIATION COMMISSION AND NURI ES SAID, PRIME MINISTER OF IRAQ

10230: 6788: 6687: 6605: 9494:, Iraqi Jews who were stripped of their citizenship and their homes over the past half century may finally get a chance to reclaim them, By Sarah Sennott, Newsweek, MSNBC 3951:

After Dauod's death in 1851, Jewish involvement in commerce and politics increased, with religious influence also transforming. The Iraqi Jewish community introduced the

12004: 8769:

https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-12-17/ty-article/.premium/decades-after-fleeing-iraqi-jews-plan-to-return-to-their-homeland/0000017f-f968-dcea-a7ff-fdfa60530000

5137: 1207: 4916:, later smaller attacks were staged by Yosef Beit-Halahmi, on his own initiative, in an attempt to make it seem as if the activists on trial were not the perpetrators. 4234:, beginning in 1920, and in the early days after independence in 1932, well-educated Jews played an important role in civic life. Iraq's first minister of finance, Sir 3365:

that they made their hatred felt; so that it was in a great measure owing to the revolt of the Babylonian Jews that the Romans did not become masters of Babylonia too.

6840: 3559:), to Babylonia in 219 CE. The Jewish community of Babylonia was already learned, but Rav focused and organised their study. Leaving an existing Babylonian academy at 9527: 2953:), though the lack of a clear distinction between the city and the country is sometimes puzzling. Allusions to it are confined to the points of contact between the 5178:, a British-Iraqi Jewish entreprenuer, donated a large amount of money for the needies, when Iraq faced international sanctions, during the Gulf War. In 1997, the 3153:

The earliest accounts of the Jews exiled to Babylonia are furnished only by scanty biblical details, although a number of archaeological discoveries (such as the

11488: 6654:

For example, Iraqi Jews use the Tiberian vowel symbols and a form of the Sephardic pronunciation of Hebrew, somewhat influenced by the local Arabic dialect: see

4991:

to power in 1963, restrictions were placed on the remaining Iraqi Jews. Sale of property was banned, and Jews had to carry yellow identity cards. After the 1967

4250:

during anti-Zionist demonstrations, Zionist activities were banned and teachers from Palestine, who had taught Hebrew and Jewish history, were forced to leave.

3836:

and the Rabbis of the city diminished. Great numbers of Jews began to depart, seeking tranquility elsewhere in the Middle East beyond a now troubled frontier.

3490: 1785: 7366:

the general sentiment was chat if a man as well connected and powerful as Adas could he eliminated by the state, other Jews would not be protected any longer.

3812:

After the death of the great khan and the murder of his Jewish favorite, the Muslims fell upon the Jews, and Baghdad witnessed a regular battle between them.

3781:, or Rabbinic academies. Jews participated in commerce, artisanal labor and medicine. Under Mongol rule (1258–1335) Jewish physician Sa’ad Al-Dawla served as 6789:"The Jewish Community in Baghdad in the Eighteenth Century, Zvi Yehuda, Nehardea, Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center, 2003. - Center for Online Judaic Studies" 6688:"The Jewish Community in Baghdad in the Eighteenth Century, Zvi Yehuda, Nehardea, Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center, 2003. - Center for Online Judaic Studies" 3489:

generally maintained. The Jewish communities in Mesopotamia flourished, particularly in the fourth century CE, as a result of Shapur's tolerant rule and the

1440: 1135: 5217:, lawmakers debated whether Jews should be considered a minority group or left out of the constitution altogether. During the process, Iraqi-Israeli author 7709: 4804:

injuries and a few deaths. Two months before the expiration of the law, by which time about 85,000 Jews had registered, another bomb at the Masuda Shemtov

7685:, notes that Gat "argues that the attacks, which he presumes were the work of Iraqis of extreme nationalist persuasion, did not spur the exodus" (p. 67). 3959:

leading the community. The chief rabbi was also president of the community and was assisted by a lay council, a religious court, and a schools committee.

3401:. Thus, then, the numerous Jewish subjects were provided with a central authority which assured an undisturbed development of their own internal affairs. 1327: 11943: 10259: 4575: 6889: 5024:

to become increasingly prevalent in the Jewish community. Between 1970 and 1972, 18 Jews were hanged in secret. In April 1973, five members of a single

3461:

A new ruling family from an ancient dynasty of Iranian priests took control of the region around 223 CE and imposed a new system of government based on

3203:

During the Second Temple period two large Jewish communities developed in Mesopotamia: one in northern Mesopotamia who attributed their ancestry to the

10529: 2535: 9464: 9458: 12060: 6158: 4642: 3817: 299: 3885:

filled the vacuum, rendering the caravan trade all but impossible. Denied authority of any kind and severed from its historic trading ties with the

12072: 10143: 8025: 5159:

well. The Jews had their old businesses back, mainly in the import �export trade and hold jobs as teachers, doctors, enginners and civil servants.

1322: 7378: 7185: 4062:

and the situation of the Jews worsened, but the population continued to grow very rapidly. An example of this deterioration is the persecution of

3585:

The key work of these semi-competing academies was the compilation of the Babylonian Talmud (the discussions from these two cities), completed by

12508: 12353: 11433: 11128: 6180: 4733:

employees were driven into poverty and forced to become street peddlers to avoid being arrested for vagrancy. Jewish home values dropped by 80%.

1570: 8744: 8073: 5898: 9602: 4585: 4534: 2676:

The Jewish community of Babylonia rose to prominence as the center of Jewish scholarship following the decline of the Jewish population in the

5012:

where the men were hanged, which resulted in international criticism. An Iraqi Jew who later left wrote that the stress of persecution caused

3281:(174–136 BCE) subjugated, about the year 160, the province of Babylonia, and thus the Jews for four centuries came under Parthian domination. 12398: 11567: 11034: 5723:"In 1969, Saddam and his mentor, al-Bakr, staged a show-trial of nine Jewish Iraqis who were later hanged in public for 'spying for Israel'". 3380:– a harbinger of the many languages in which Jewish prayers in the diaspora would come to be written in, such as Greek, Arabic, and Turkish. 1824: 12032: 3701:

Ali made Kufa, in Iraq, his capital, and it was there that Jews expelled from the Arabian Peninsula went (about 641). The capture by Ali of

11843: 11144: 8528: 7505:

in mid September 1950, Nuri al-Said replaced...as prime minister. Nuri was determined to drive the Jews out of his country as quickly as...

6127: 5980: 5800: 5033: 4635: 4354: 9046: 6751: 4318: 809: 772: 5264:

welcomed and favored a Jewish "right of return" to Iraq. Following Sadr's remarks, an online poll was conducted on an Iraqi platform in

4903:

Jewish community and bring it to Israel". However, Gat argues that both claims are contrary to the evidence. As summarized by Mendes:

7753: 5184:

reported that in the previous five years, some 75 Jews had fled Iraq, of whom about 20 moved to Israel and the rest mostly went to the

4464: 3732:. This in turn led to greater wealth and international influence, as well as a more cosmopolitan outlook from Jewish thinkers such as 11903: 11623: 10147: 9515:, a documentary showing the history of Iraqi Jews from the 1940s to the 1960s as remembered by Iraqi Jews who lived there at the time 8819: 5855: 1748: 4674:

In 1948, the year of Israel's independence, there were about 150,000 Jews in Iraq. Persecution of Jews greatly increased that year:

12188: 10519: 7732: 5668: 1771: 8890: 12378: 11715: 11466: 4539: 3980: 1121: 9476: 4166:

Jewish traveller and scholar from Moldova, who conducted extensive journeys to visit even the most furthest flung Sephardic and

12393: 12298: 11762: 11611: 4469: 2528: 1698: 1633: 1515: 8728: 6713: 4004:

in which many of the Jews of Baghdad, including all the rabbis, died. The remaining Baghdad community asked the community of

3345:

How free a hand the Parthians permitted the Jews is perhaps best illustrated by the rise of the little Jewish robber-state in

11828: 11471: 11149: 9835: 9060: 8493: 8087:"In Iraq, respect for the Jews Baghdad: A tiny minority that has seen good days and bad is treated well under Saddam Hussein" 7841: 7528: 7498: 7446: 7359: 7314: 7169: 6539: 6418: 6358: 6076: 5998: 5959: 5776: 5732:"."A show trial culminated in the public hanging of twelve Jews on fabricated charges of spying for Israel in January 1969" 5598: 4912:

Many years later, the widow of the Zionist emissary Yehuda Tager stated that while the main bombings were carried out by the

4385: 3405:

Babylonia as well as locally. That said, the influence was to some extent mutual: a number of early notable rabbis including

819: 9813: 7234: 6844: 3979:

and Baghdad from the Persians, leading to an improvement in the life of the Jews. The Persian reconquest in 1623 during the

3288:

influence; the very name "Parthian" does not occur, unless "Parthian" is meant by "Persian", which occurs now and then. The

12403: 12105: 10271: 10178: 8662: 7057: 6212: 5382: 4701:

On December 2, 1948, the Iraq government suggested to oil companies operating in Iraq that no Jewish employees be accepted.

4580: 4500: 3465:

and local Iranian identity, which often suppressed dissident factions and heterodox views. It dominated the area until the

1257: 8716: 3988:

to India. Following this uptick in trade and security, Jewish communities began to be reestablished in Baghdad and Basra.

3497:'s remark – "dina demalchuta dina" (The law of the kingdom, the governing empire, must be upheld) reflects this attitude. 12348: 12313: 11658: 11426: 11113: 10173: 8806: 7831: 7678: 5623: 4362: 1525: 1342: 1332: 572: 6312: 5643: 3036:

stands preeminent in the Hebrew literature. With numerous important allusions to events in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar,

12238: 12233: 12128: 11978: 11752: 11058: 10524: 10440: 10163: 10128: 9595: 8872: 7781: 6899: 5170:

noted that there was no recent evidence of overt persecution of Jews. That said, international travel, particularly to

5150:

However, later the Jews agreed with Saddam, to keep the archive within the authority's protection, to preserve it. The

4895:, which was settled in an out-of-court compromise with an apology of the journalist who described the charges as true. 3705:, where 90,000 Jews are said to have dwelt, is mentioned by the Jewish chroniclers. Mar Isaac, chief of the academy of 1921: 1871: 1836: 1530: 1395: 1262: 8973: 5208:. The coalition forces bombed intelligence headquarters and founded Iraqi Jewish Archive. In the war's aftermath, the 4800:, from where they were airlifted to Israel, though for a time direct flights between Israel and Baghdad were allowed. 4748: 12358: 12333: 12248: 12228: 12178: 12148: 12138: 11725: 11599: 11314: 11237: 11027: 10568: 9281: 9239: 9186: 9160: 9108: 9082: 9050: 9033: 8444: 8387: 8121: 7555: 7265: 7067: 6926: 6869: 6824: 6723: 6639: 6382: 6043: 5167: 4691:

On October 19, 1948, the discharge of all Jewish officials and workers from all governmental departments was ordered.

4136:

speaking communities, following mostly Iraqi Jewish customs, would be formed along the so-called opium route between

3200:(fl. 480–440 BCE) returned from Babylonian exile and reintroduced the Torah in Jerusalem (Ezra 7–10 and Nehemiah 8). 2521: 1613: 1575: 1550: 1470: 1455: 1302: 1242: 1197: 11735: 6814: 5063:

Despite reports of persecution, by the 1970s, situation of the remaining Jews living in Iraq improved gradually, as

3601:(post-Talmudic rabbis), continued on this text's grammar for the next 250 years; much of the text did not reach its 12444: 12323: 12318: 12198: 11679: 11264: 11185: 10656: 10641: 10237: 10225: 9548: 4858: 4454: 3923: 1906: 1888: 1794: 1688: 1540: 1535: 1460: 1425: 1292: 3944:

appointed 10,000 Jewish officers in his government, as he valued the Baghdadi Jews. In contrast, Murad's governor

3787:, or assistant director of the financial administration of Baghdad, as well as Chief Vizier of the Mongol Empire. 2753:. In the 20th century, Iraqi Jews played an important role in the early days of Iraq's independence. According to 12388: 12338: 12293: 12273: 12263: 12163: 11805: 11757: 11745: 11740: 11616: 11572: 11547: 11103: 10514: 10500: 10252: 9902: 7282:

The Arab refugee problem: How it can be solved; proposals submitted to the General Assembly of the United Nations

5827: 4608: 3438: 2841: 2833: 2682: 2424: 2323: 1878: 1861: 1814: 1713: 1623: 1560: 1510: 1490: 1485: 1405: 1379: 1354: 1232: 1222: 1212: 1192: 1187: 7706: 4899:

claimed in his trial that he was tortured into confessing, and Yosef Basri maintained his innocence throughout.

3641:

were considered the seats of diaspora learning; and the heads of these authorities were referred to later on as

3311:

Not long after this, the Partho-Babylonian country was trodden by the army of a Jewish prince. The Syrian king,

3180:

occupied an exalted position among their brethren in Babylonia, as they did at that period in Judea. During the

2649:, significant changes in Jewish religious tradition were made, and the Judeans were led by individuals who made 12523: 12363: 12278: 12258: 12143: 12133: 11833: 11784: 11701: 11674: 11577: 11562: 11419: 11164: 11093: 11063: 10118: 9479:

Iraq's recent hatred for Jews makes it an odd place to celebrate Passover for American GIs, By T. Trent Gegax,

8920:"Sadr welcomes return of Iraqi Jews - Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012" 7159: 6916: 6859: 6063: 5564: 4524: 4479: 4459: 4438: 1897: 1883: 1851: 1831: 1799: 1743: 1718: 1693: 1673: 1663: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1618: 1608: 1603: 1580: 1495: 1480: 1400: 1359: 1312: 1307: 1227: 1172: 8919: 7087: 3764:

remarks, these Mongol tribes knew no distinction between heathens, Jews, and Christians; and their Great Khan

2776:

The religious and cultural traditions of Iraqi Jews are kept alive today in strong communities established by

12503: 12498: 12408: 12343: 12308: 12243: 12223: 12213: 12173: 11928: 11653: 11648: 11638: 11088: 11083: 9588: 8074:

https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/12/archives/iraqi-offer-to-let-jews-return-fails-to-stir-much-enthusiasm.html

5886: 3914: 3362: 2939: 2318: 1856: 1841: 1804: 1766: 1738: 1728: 1723: 1708: 1703: 1683: 1668: 1653: 1628: 1594: 1565: 1465: 1450: 1374: 1364: 1282: 1252: 1177: 1163: 9440: 9001: 8086: 7690: 4300:

around the same time, with the pogrom lasting for two days until June 2. Afterwards, Jewish emissaries from

3246: 12368: 12328: 12303: 12283: 12218: 12193: 12183: 12168: 11994: 11730: 11684: 11594: 11476: 11123: 11118: 11108: 11068: 11020: 10264: 9564: 9501: 6141: 5663: 5613: 5151: 4623: 4618: 3575: 3074: 1926: 1846: 1809: 1733: 1678: 1545: 1520: 1445: 1420: 1410: 1349: 1272: 1267: 1247: 1237: 1217: 1202: 1095: 799: 563: 558: 4788:

Israel was initially reluctant to absorb so many immigrants, but mounted an airlift in March 1951 called "

4286: 12288: 12253: 12203: 11709: 11098: 11073: 10578: 10541: 10473: 10242: 9396: 8264: 5678: 5653: 5101:. However, those Jews went back to Israel and were arrested by the Israeli authorities. According to the 4789: 4529: 3602: 3082: 2868: 2765: 1916: 1911: 1866: 1819: 1505: 1475: 1430: 1287: 593: 144: 7384: 7191: 6715:

The New Babylonian Diaspora: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Community in Iraq, 16th-20th Centuries C.E.

6631:

The New Babylonian Diaspora: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Community in Iraq, 16th-20th Centuries C.E.

6035:

The New Babylonian Diaspora: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Community in Iraq, 16th-20th Centuries C.E.

11999: 11960: 10991: 10666: 10646: 10488: 10478: 10468: 10168: 10158: 9937: 9654: 9649: 9321: 9100: 6103: 5593: 5233: 4884: 4198: 3801:(1284–1291), hated the Muslims and was friendly to Jews and Christians; his chief counselor was a Jew, 3369: 3339: 3293: 2966: 2626:", traces its origins to the early sixth century BCE, when a large number of Judeans from the defeated 2390: 2235: 1943: 1337: 533: 523: 259: 49: 8797:"Iraq's Jews fled long ago, heritage struggles on," AFP, (September 6, 2020). (Jewish Virtual Library) 8240: 4246:, was unable to renew it. Nevertheless, its activities were tolerated until 1929. In that year, after 3775:

Iraq's Jewish community reached an apex in the 12th century, with 40,000 Jews, 28 synagogues, and ten

2931: 11938: 11633: 11606: 11359: 10618: 10463: 10033: 9828: 9387: 9332: 9178: 9152: 8567: 8549: 7635: 6667: 6526:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 805, 5946:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 805, 5618: 5508: 5049: 4932: 4412: 4338: 4125: 4071: 4013:

families from Aleppo. Many of them were Rabbis who were to sit on the Beth Din of Baghdad and Basra.

3534:, were not exposed to such general discrimination as broke out against the more isolated Christians. 3466: 3110: 3006: 2923: 2761: 2702: 2504: 2197: 2048: 1989: 880: 5052:, it helped them to emigrate. While many emigrated to Israel, others moved elsewhere, primarily the 4036:

shows a great number of books purchased from Sephardic scribes and some even originally from Spain.

3102: 2994: 12120: 12098: 11349: 10705: 10676: 10320: 9303: 7664:(London: Frank Cass, 1997), p. 187f; and "Between Terror and Emigration: The Case of Iraqi Jewry," 5658: 5209: 5085:. It stated about allowing the expelled Jews returning to Iraq, who would enjoy full rights as the 4668: 4304:

were sent to teach Iraqi Jews self-defense, which they were eager to learn. The newly restored pro-

4045: 3972: 3503:(Shvor Malka, which is the Aramaic form of the name) was a friend to the Jews. His friendship with 3278: 3126:(537 BCE), and more than forty thousand are said to have availed themselves of the privilege. (See 3029: 3025: 3013: 2970: 2768:. Historians estimate that 120,000–130,000 Iraqi Jews (around 75% of the entire community) reached 2207: 2187: 1297: 777: 318: 11779: 7890: 6748: 3241:

The important victory which the Jews are said to have gained over the Galatians in Babylonia (see

12518: 11968: 11767: 11668: 11390: 11299: 11242: 11222: 10933: 10681: 10345: 10078: 9429: 9411: 7951: 7737: 4688:

On October 8, 1948, the issuance of export and import licenses to Jewish merchants was forbidden.

3377: 2945:

In the historical books, Babylonia is frequently referred to (there are no fewer than thirty-one

2348: 2338: 2303: 2182: 2172: 1955: 1126: 1068: 902: 581: 538: 253: 8536: 6313:"52 Iraqi Jews Were Killed By The Secret Police. 50 Years Later, Their Descendants Come Forward" 5984: 3264:(168 BCE) appear to have been limited to Judea, and likely were not imposed on Babylonian Jews. 3222:

Information regarding the early period of Jewish history in Iraq is extremely limited. But with

11871: 11395: 11294: 10636: 10495: 10365: 10340: 10210: 9962: 9536: 9005: 6238: 5102: 4591: 4544: 4305: 4159: 4133: 4129: 4063: 3945: 3392: 3002: 2467: 2202: 2116: 1182: 734: 353: 323: 8949: 8434: 8377: 8111: 7436: 7304: 7255: 6033: 4682:

On August 28, 1948, Jews were forbidden to engage in banking or foreign currency transactions.

11861: 11838: 11794: 11159: 11001: 10740: 10608: 10220: 10093: 10072: 9992: 9952: 9843: 9446: 9273: 9025: 8627: 8343: 7545: 7011: 6263: 6068: 5767: 5574: 5569: 5249: 5205: 5142: 5125: 5032:, ostensibly in retaliation for an Israeli assassination of a Palestinian leader. In 1970, a 5004: 5003:

In late 1968, scores of Jews were jailed on charges of spying for Israel, culminating in the

4957: 4715:

The greatest shock to the Jewish community came with the arrest and execution of businessman

4709: 4708:

Following the Israeli Declaration of Independence and Iraq's subsequent participation in the

4279: 4089:

was said to be entirely in the hands of the Jewish community. Though Jewish traders from the

3748:

region, contributing to the spread of Babylonian Jewish customs throughout the Jewish world.

3728:

land tax, which led to mass migration of Babylonian Jews from the countryside to cities like

3414: 3312: 3300:) of Alexander. Among other Asiatic princes, the Roman rescript in favor of the Jews reached 3064: 2962: 2829: 2635: 2358: 2353: 2298: 2086: 1001: 729: 716: 611: 328: 8379:

They Say We Are Infidels: On the Run from ISIS with Persecuted Christians in the Middle East

7976: 6585: 5040:

and Kurds, granting autonomy to them. As a result, Jews escaped the country by traveling to

3881:

systems collapsed, seeing precious farmland in the delta region sink below water. Rapacious

3862:

The ruins of Baghdad after Timur's conquests was described in 1437 by the Muslim chronicler

10835: 10717: 10651: 10613: 10509: 10435: 10430: 10355: 10203: 9821: 9797: 9644: 9611: 9210: 8729:

https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/vicar-s-plea-to-save-torah-scroll-of-iraq-s-last-jews-1.33767

6335: 5608: 5603: 5352: 5256: 5094: 4247: 4066:, which began in 1814 and lasted until 1831. Many leaders of the Jewish community, such as 3713: 3094: 3050: 2777: 2757:, they were deeply integrated into the wider Iraqi society, culturally and linguistically. 2666: 2631: 2602: 2429: 2381: 2121: 1979: 792: 657: 646: 604: 61: 9497: 6573: 8: 12513: 12418: 12091: 11582: 11217: 10777: 10735: 10661: 10536: 10458: 9987: 9957: 9942: 9734: 9632: 9451: 8824: 8592: 7239: 5860: 5029: 4892: 4484: 4474: 4326:

taken against all Jews in Arab countries. He would be unable to resist such a proposal."

4301: 3422: 3250: 3223: 3090: 2643: 2482: 2177: 855: 722: 625: 618: 548: 436: 311: 130: 9435: 3319:, against the Parthians. When the allied armies defeated the Parthians (129 BCE) at the 10908: 10903: 10888: 10850: 10825: 10762: 10623: 10558: 10193: 10002: 9917: 9637: 9417: 9267: 9225: 9074: 8572: 8178:"New report urges 'urgent' action to preserve remaining Jewish sites in Syria and Iraq" 8029: 7187:

U.N General Assembly, A/PV.126,28 November 1947, discussion on the Palestinian question

6663: 5628: 5514: 5376: 5295: 5180: 5090: 4968: 4964: 4913: 4761: 4552: 4417: 3564: 3504: 3494: 2978: 2333: 2283: 2230: 2225: 2139: 2009: 1277: 1106: 865: 785: 639: 205: 139: 11694: 10750: 9512: 7042:

Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther (2009). "Jews in Iraq and Zionism." In M. A. Ehrlich (Ed.),

3873:

tribesmen who were unable to establish a government of any kind. Ravaged by conquest,

3839:

Mongolian fury once again devastated the localities inhabited by Jews, when, in 1393,

3032:). In the number and importance of its references to Babylonian life and history, the 2824:

What Jewish sources called "Babylon" and "Babylonia" may refer to the ancient city of

12473: 12065: 11950: 11876: 11556: 10977: 10928: 10893: 10730: 10671: 10573: 10483: 10453: 10448: 10315: 10310: 10294: 10183: 10123: 10043: 10038: 9947: 9729: 9724: 9573: 9277: 9235: 9182: 9156: 9122: 9104: 9078: 9056: 9029: 8440: 8383: 8117: 7837: 7733:"Avi Shlaim says he has 'proof of Zionist involvement' in 1950s attack on Iraqi Jews" 7636:

The Forgotten Refugees: the Causes of the Post-1948 Jewish Exodus from Arab Countries

7551: 7524: 7494: 7442: 7355: 7310: 7261: 7165: 7063: 6922: 6895: 6865: 6820: 6719: 6635: 6535: 6414: 6378: 6354: 6188: 6150: 6089: 6072: 6039: 5955: 5772: 5758: 5133: 5086: 4984: 4215: 4067: 4033: 4021: 4017: 3802: 3737: 3618: 3617:(the "Babylonian Talmud"). Jewish tradition to this day overwhelmingly relies on the 3610: 3579: 3574:

Their relationship can be compared to that between the Jerusalemite academies of the

3474: 3442: 3385: 3350: 3154: 3146: 3115: 3054: 2698: 2690: 2477: 2419: 2399: 2216: 1776: 1415: 875: 746: 676: 553: 466: 333: 8645: 3877:

fell into lawlessness and became close to uninhabitable. Roads became dangerous and

2611:. Iraqi Jews constitute one of the world's oldest and most historically significant 11853: 11154: 10820: 10755: 10745: 10419: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10330: 10305: 9619: 6971: 6942: 6527: 6471: 5947: 5673: 5416: 5370: 5358: 5037: 4980: 4817: 4510: 4243: 4075: 4010: 4001: 3622: 3406: 3231: 3227: 3181: 3158: 3078: 3070: 3033: 2986: 2958: 2722: 2686: 2627: 2447: 2328: 2288: 2252: 1950: 1500: 1011: 767: 671: 586: 476: 268: 9491: 8675:"The Last Four Jews of Iraq the last representatives of a community 30 March 2021" 8501: 6531: 6006: 5951: 4944: 3526:

and Jews at first seemed at a disadvantage, especially under Sasanian high-priest

11933: 11866: 11587: 11481: 11326: 11287: 11180: 10918: 10883: 10772: 10767: 10686: 10597: 10335: 10188: 10100: 10088: 10012: 10007: 9997: 9932: 9907: 9892: 9879: 9867: 9802: 9659: 9552: 9391: 9287: 9245: 8608: 7713: 7638:." Paper presented at the 14th Jewish Studies Conference, Melbourne, March 2002. 7518: 7488: 7349: 6755: 6629: 6348: 5638: 5496: 5492: 5456: 5436: 5335: 5261: 5221:, a supporter of Saddam, was also invited to write the new constitution of Iraq. 5041: 4988: 4833: 4505: 4334: 4259: 4180: 4128:

and many of the other leading Jewish families in Baghdad fled the persecution of

3470: 3448: 3273: 3204: 3119: 3012:

In the poetical literature of Israel, Babylonia plays an insignificant part (see

2990: 2899: 2864: 2746: 2673:, scholars believe the community was still thriving and prospering at that time. 2588: 2556: 2409: 2368: 2363: 2343: 2265: 2259: 2192: 2144: 1984: 1965: 1116: 845: 757: 740: 284: 53: 11920: 11891: 11881: 11800: 11451: 11442: 11321: 10898: 10873: 10153: 10083: 9406: 8588:"The Iraqi Jewish archive: Should the U.S. send it back? - The Washington Post" 8554: 8241:"U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 1993 - Iraq" 8043: 6671: 6655: 6410:

Judeans in Babylonia: A Study of Deportees in the Sixth and Fifth Centuries BCE

5683: 5541: 5331: 5229: 5185: 5106: 5073: 5064: 5053: 4778: 4390: 4235: 4231: 4120:

This was the beginning of primarily Iraqi Jewish diaspora in Asia known as the

4105:

saw many Jews from Iraq establish themselves permanently in India, at first in

4098: 3531: 3462: 3410: 3328: 3324: 3123: 3098: 3058: 3021: 2998: 2974: 2950: 2927: 2872: 2793: 2714: 2677: 2639: 2509: 2308: 2163: 2043: 2022: 1999: 1994: 1972: 1960: 1555: 1036: 970: 935: 913: 850: 688: 666: 528: 507: 483: 249: 231: 177: 173: 45: 12083: 3736:, who now deeply engaged with Western philosophy for the first time. When the 3652: 12492: 12467: 11772: 11689: 11536: 11529: 11364: 11304: 11282: 11249: 11232: 11207: 11202: 11190: 10971: 10923: 10913: 10878: 10830: 10807: 10782: 10546: 10375: 10370: 10247: 10048: 9897: 9781: 9744: 9627: 9473:

The story of the Iraqi Jews told through the life of the author's grandmother

9263: 9022:

The Sephardim of Sydney: Coping with Political Processes and Social Pressures

8408: 7758: 6659: 6658:. The previous Babylonian system was quite different, being more akin to the 6601: 6520:"The Political, Social, and Economic History of Babylonian Jewry, 224–638 CE" 6192: 6154: 5940:"The Political, Social, and Economic History of Babylonian Jewry, 224–638 CE" 5648: 5579: 5480: 5450: 5422: 5364: 5048:

with the help of Kurdish smugglers. Since Iraqi Kurds was given autonomy and

5045: 5025: 5017: 4976: 4400: 4330: 4193: 4121: 3757: 3745: 3254: 2813: 2730: 2646: 2457: 2452: 1658: 1585: 1111: 960: 955: 950: 940: 918: 870: 632: 471: 376: 338: 289: 57: 9507: 7891:"Baghdad hangings: When Jews were snatched and accused of spying for Israel" 6746:. Issue 73, p. 11. Abridged from Zvi Yehuda's article of the same title, in 6181:"Iraq-born refugee could become first Arabic speaker to head Britain's Jews" 4210: 3161:) endeavors to preserve historic continuity by providing a genealogy of the 2721:, and expanding trade with British colonies, the Jews of Iraq established a 11898: 11354: 11259: 11197: 11043: 10797: 10563: 10360: 10068: 10063: 10053: 9887: 9771: 9739: 9291: 9249: 6606:

Baghdad in the West: Migration and the Making of Medieval Jewish Traditions

6444: 5784:

and 1951, and that 6,000 still remained in Iraq after the mass immigration.

5762: 5633: 5520: 5486: 5468: 5462: 5444: 5410: 5394: 5388: 5218: 5175: 5077: 5069: 4872: 4865: 4857:

had been falsely charged with throwing a bomb at the Baghdad office of the

4809: 4765: 4737: 4395: 4322: 4176: 4167: 4094: 3956: 3768:

showed himself just toward the Jews who served in his army, as reported by

3761: 3733: 3702: 3687: 3568: 3552: 3512: 3261: 3242: 3235: 3184:, these Judean descendants of the royal house had immigrated to Babylonia. 3177: 2982: 2911: 2840:(the region between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers) where a number of 2738: 2694: 2487: 2313: 2154: 2149: 2107: 2060: 1154: 1021: 1006: 965: 930: 543: 385: 189: 185: 181: 6524:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

6483: 5944:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

3919: 12477: 11643: 11411: 10981: 10943: 10792: 10628: 10553: 10350: 9912: 9717: 9702: 9401: 9231: 9144: 8703: 8322: 8305: 8288: 8218: 8201: 8159: 8137: 6739: 5771:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 16. 5555: 5474: 5400: 5340: 5189: 4992: 4725: 4716: 4515: 4427: 4422: 4283: 4102: 4090: 3968: 3886: 3765: 3717: 3706: 3630: 3544: 3421:("Netzivin") was such a center of rabbinic scholarship that figures like 3397: 3335: 3305: 3176:

returned to Judea in the Greek period. Certainly, the descendants of the

2891: 2837: 2710: 2619: 2472: 2414: 2079: 985: 980: 975: 945: 193: 11508: 6494: 6408: 3655:). The periods of Jewish history immediately following the close of the 3196:

Subsequently, successive waves of Babylonian Jews emigrated to Israel.

2741:; the way they dressed; observation of Jewish rituals, for example, the 11908: 11628: 11522: 11254: 10058: 9580: 9556: 9543: 8820:"On Passover 2021, Iraq's Jewish community dwindles to fewer than five" 8433:

Hann, Geoff; Dabrowska, Karen; Townsend-Greaves, Tina (7 August 2015).

7547:

Living the Luxe Life: The Secrets of Building a Successful Hotel Empire

6059: 5856:"On Passover 2021, Iraq's Jewish community dwindles to fewer than five" 5502: 5428: 5346: 5306: 5288: 5110: 5021: 4920: 4370: 3878: 3863: 3769: 3683: 3519: 3316: 3173: 3086: 2954: 2918:

are located – cities that are declared to have formed the beginning of

2789: 2754: 2665:. Though not much is known about the community in Babylonia during the 2654: 2130: 1144: 1073: 1031: 860: 840: 399: 306: 226: 39: 11012: 7866: 7111:

Cohen, Hayyim J. (1966). "The Anti-Jewish 'Farhud' in Baghdad, 1941."

5240:

In October 2006, Rabbi Emad Levy announced that he planned to move to

3869:

After the death of Timur, the region fell into the hands of marauding

3621:, composed by Babylonian scholars during this period, rather than the 11501: 11309: 11212: 10868: 10840: 10787: 10325: 10017: 9977: 9686: 9681: 9676: 8907: 8780: 8468: 7702: 5693: 5155: 5114: 5098: 5057: 5009: 4949: 4828: 4805: 4752:

Iraqi Jews arriving in Israel on a flight from Cyprus, September 1950

4163: 4149: 4145: 4070:, were forced to flee. One of the foremost leaders of the community, 4020:

mode of observance. Jewish culture revived, with communal leaders as

3948:

was cruel and was responsible for the emigration of many Iraqi Jews.

3638: 3590: 3523: 3508: 3482: 3478: 3358: 3320: 3127: 3017: 2805: 2801: 2785: 2781: 2706: 2623: 2293: 2278: 1368: 1316: 1078: 1026: 1016: 697: 693: 683: 598: 358: 11374: 9498:

Guide to the Robert Shasha Collection of Iraqi Jewish Oral Histories

6592:. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. Online version. Retrieved 2015-05-17. 5120: 4266: 3207:, and one in central Mesopotamia associated with the Judean exiles. 3077:

in three waves. These three separate occasions are mentioned in the

1046: 11494: 11460: 11331: 10385: 10215: 10198: 9972: 9967: 9671: 9481: 9364: 9127: 8001:"واشنطن "تتلاعب" بموعد تسليم "الكنز".. أين أرشيف العراقيين اليهود؟" 7091: 7090:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from 5587: 5323: 5317: 5301: 5265: 5224: 5163: 5146: 4664: 4153: 3941: 3927: 3890: 3870: 3833: 3813: 3777: 3744:

declined in the 10th century, many Babylonian Jews migrated to the

3634: 3594: 3586: 3560: 3500: 3456: 3354: 3346: 3297: 3166: 3162: 3135: 3106: 3089:

in 597 BCE, when, in retaliation for a refusal to pay tribute, the

3037: 2946: 2935: 2662: 2462: 2072: 2004: 835: 343: 294: 7952:"Few Remain of Iraq's Once-Thriving Jewish Community - 2003-05-07" 5443:

channel by the same name. The Klein family is of mixed Libyan and

4756: 4337:, New York, on Friday, 28 November 1947, Iraq's Foreign Minister, 4032:

and Salonica. Surviving records of the contents of the library of

3613:(the discussions at and around these academies) together form the 3296:, is mentioned in the "Small Chronicle" as one of the successors ( 3141: 11886: 11515: 11369: 10845: 10802: 9982: 9927: 9776: 9759: 9754: 9712: 9173:

Simon, Reeva S.; Laskier, Michael Menachem; Reguer, Sara (2013).

9071:

Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems

8873:"Hundreds of Hanukkah kits sent to Jews living in Arab countries" 8704:"American Soldiers in Iraq Enlist in a Different Kind of Service" 8497: 7718: 7027:

Between Iran and Zion: Jewish Histories of Twentieth-Century Iran

6569: 6347:

Hasegawa, Shuichi; Levin, Christoph; Radner, Karen, eds. (2018).

5882: 5880: 5878: 5832: 5440: 5282: 5278: 5255:

Despite Jewish protests, the United States opted to transfer the

5193: 5192:. The community's only ordained rabbi died in 1996, and the last 4937: 4808:

killed 3 or 5 Jews and injured many others. Iraqi Prime Minister

4407: 4296: 4219: 4110: 4029: 3882: 3794: 3756:

The Caliphate hastened to its end before the rising power of the

3741: 3729: 3606: 3556: 3548: 3537: 3452: 3418: 3373: 3301: 3289: 3285: 3211: 2903: 2895: 2883: 2860: 2856: 2825: 2797: 2750: 2742: 2670: 2638:. A few decades later, some had returned to Judah, following the 2438: 2404: 2273: 2067: 1056: 1051: 923: 814: 709: 705: 701: 450: 445: 422: 404: 279: 274: 264: 242: 217: 161: 3609:, which had been completed in the early 3rd century CE, and the 12040:

Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture

10725: 10380: 9749: 9707: 7438:

No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation

7306:

No Return, No Refuge: Rites and Rights in Minority Repatriation

6740:

Ties between the Jews of Aleppo and of Iraq in the 18th century

5688: 5432: 5406: 5241: 5171: 5082: 5013: 4953: 4793: 4613: 4448: 4291: 4271: 4222:. The area was inhabited by Iraqi Jews who appear in the photo. 4114: 4025: 4005: 3976: 3971:

and Iraq came into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, when Sultan

3902: 3898: 3856: 3821: 3798: 3790: 3725: 3709:, paid homage to the caliph, and received privileges from him. 3695: 3691: 3673: 3656: 3643: 3530:; but the Jews, dwelling in more compact masses in cities like 3527: 3417:

had ancestry in Babylonia or further east. In the 2nd century,

3323:(Lycus), the king ordered a halt of two days on account of the 2919: 2915: 2887: 2845: 2809: 2769: 2650: 2612: 2098: 2093: 2053: 2038: 1149: 1041: 461: 427: 413: 348: 126: 93: 9097:

Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries

7754:"A shocking claim about the Baghdad bombings of 1950 and 1951" 7059:

The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq

6993: 6991: 5927:] (in Hebrew). הוצאת האוניברסיטה הפתוחה. pp. 176–179. 5875: 5828:"With Jews largely gone from Iraq, memories survive in Israel" 11810: 10938: 9922: 9486: 8461:"Satellite News and latest stories | The Jerusalem Post" 8432: 7235:"The expulsion that backfired: When Iraq kicked out its Jews" 6505: 5999:""Conference asks: Iraqi Israeli, Arab Jew or Mizrahi Jew?", 5583: 5311: 4720: 4141: 4137: 4106: 4086: 4079: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3679: 2907: 2879: 2718: 1061: 490: 394: 363: 9423: 9175:

The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times

8656: 7782:"Memories of the 1958 Iraqi revolution - Point of No Return" 7015:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2nd edition. p. 41. 6816:

Rites of Return: Diaspora Poetics and the Politics of Memory

6213:"Lost history: understanding the unseen story of Iraqi Jews" 4016:

This led to an assimilation of Iraqi Judaism to the general

3388:

no doubt added to the number of Jewish refugees in Babylon.

11973: 11400: 10133: 10110: 9853: 9847: 8891:"iraq-passes-law-contact-with-israel-punishable-with-death" 8847:"Israel Police Uncover Ancient Sefer Torah In Arab Village" 7434: 7402: 7302: 7046:(Vol. 2, pp. 771-776). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 771. 6988: 4891:

The affair has also been the subject of a libel lawsuit by

4797: 4773: 4255: 3874: 3197: 3131: 2997:), though the retrospect still deals with the conquests of 2726: 2658: 2551: 213: 111: 8974:"A Story of Successful Absorption : Aliyah from Iraq" 5403:, translator (best known for his translation of the Koran) 3353:). Still more remarkable is the conversion of the king of 3044: 9384: 8638: 8050:, Stanford University Press, pp. 183–228, 2020-12-31 6749:

Nehardea: Journal of the Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center

9459:

Iraqi Jews in Israel: Two Iraqi Jewish Museums in Israel

9347:

Last Days in Babylon: The History of the Jews of Baghdad

8113:

Iraq then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People

7932: 7486: 7430: 7428: 7426: 6841:"Religion ||| sotheby's n09239lot7p38xen" 5204:

The last active synagogue closed a few weeks before the

4024:

being renown for his work as an astronomer, library and

3724:

In the 7th century, the new Muslim rulers institute the

3028:), though at that time it still seemed a "far country" ( 3020:), but it fills a very large place in the Prophets. The 8877:

Israel365 News | Latest News. Biblical Perspective

7038: 7036: 6918:

Jewish Communities of India: Identity in a Colonial Era

5799:

Glanz, James; Garshowitz, Irit Pazner (27 April 2016).

3893:, the ancient city of Baghdad had become a minor town. 9402:

Iraqi Jews who left Baghdad during the 1960s and 1970s

8807:

Synagogue at Ezeliels Tomb dismantled October 20, 2020

8745:"The Jewish Community of Iraq - History and Influence" 5899:"The Jewish Community of Iraq - History and Influence" 5117:

created fear among the Jews, like rest of the Iraqis.

4998: 9528:

Forget Baghdad: Jews and Arabs – The Iraqi Connection

9329:

The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland

9149:

The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland

7490:

Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s

7423: 7296: 4085:

By the early 19th century, trade between Baghdad and

3308:

15:22); it is not, however, specified which Arsaces.

8619: 8044:"6. An End? Iraqi Jews and the Iraqi State, 1946–51" 7480: 7033: 5757:

Ben-Yaacob, Abraham; et al. (2007). "Iraq". In

5531: 4097:

since antiquity, the deteriorating situation in the

3782: 3690:

after the conquests of the 630s were the poll-tax ("

3069:

During the 6th century BCE, the Jews of the ancient

2596: 2565: 2077: 2058: 481: 6346: 6287: 5801:"In Israel, Iraqi Jews Reflect on Baghdad Heritage" 4312: 9465:A Story of Successful Absorption: Aliyah from Iraq 9172: 7408: 7371: 7029:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 34. 6997: 6140: 5847: 3469:in the seventh century CE and became known as the 3214:, but never in Judean sources, such as Shereviah. 9224:Haddad, Heskel M.; Rosenteur, Phyllis I. (1986). 7520:New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq 7351:New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq 7139: 6861:Almost Englishmen: Baghdadi Jews in British Burma 6813:Hirsch, Marianne; Miller, Nancy K. (2011-11-22). 6353:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1. 5050:Pahlavi Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel 3507:gained many advantages for the Jewish community. 2819: 12490: 7920: 7435:Howard Adelman; Elazar Barkan (13 August 2013). 7303:Howard Adelman; Elazar Barkan (13 August 2013). 6972:"EIGHT YEARSI NASIA AND AFRICAFROM 1846 TO 1855" 6943:"EIGHT YEARSI NASIA AND AFRICAFROM 1846 TO 1855" 6375:The Assyrian Exile: Israel's Legacy in Captivity 6178: 4979:increased during the rule of the Arif brothers ( 12113: 9223: 7510: 5798: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7473: 7471: 7341: 5822: 5820: 5582:(Jews of Iraqi origin who are now resident in 4743: 4295:("violent dispossession") pogrom broke out in 3538:Babylonian academies and the Babylonian Talmud 3370:Jerusalem and the Second Temple were destroyed 2902:, Babylonia is described as the land in which 12099: 11427: 11028: 9829: 9596: 9420:Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 9354:Baghdad, Yesterday: The Making of an Arab Jew 8663:Sitt Marcelle dies, leaving four Jews in Iraq 8109: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7229: 7227: 6518:Gafni, Isaiah (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 5938:Gafni, Isaiah (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 5028:were killed on the orders of the head of the 4927: 4878: 4643: 3292:prince Sanatroces, of the royal house of the 2529: 60:immediately to his left. The tycoon, Senator 11844:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 11145:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 9142: 8337: 8335: 7938: 7660:Mendes cites two references from Moshe Gat: 7516: 7441:. Columbia University Press. pp. 365–. 7347: 7309:. Columbia University Press. pp. 237–. 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7207: 6812: 4101:and the rise of commercial opportunities in 3625:composed in the same period in the Galilee. 28: 9471:The Last Days in Babylon by Marina Benjamin 8436:Iraq: The ancient sites and Iraqi Kurdistan 8323:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8306:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8289:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8219:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8202:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8160:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 8138:"The Scribe: The Babylonian Jewish Journal" 7543: 7468: 5817: 4319:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 3955:, or Chief Rabbinate, in 1849, with Hakham 2572: 773:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 12106: 12092: 11441: 11434: 11420: 11035: 11021: 9836: 9822: 9603: 9589: 8415: 7908: 7829: 7798: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7523:. Stanford University Press. p. 277. 7487:Esther Meir-Glitzenstein (2 August 2004). 7127: 5756: 5081:In November 1975, the government issued a 4650: 4636: 4044:typically high-class families such as the 3109:—who had been enthroned by Nebuchadnezzar— 2536: 2522: 38: 10144:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 9432:(mostly Hebrew, with links to recordings) 9068: 8950:"Iraqis want their Jewish neighbors back" 8625: 8606: 8341: 8332: 7926: 7630: 7628: 7601:Morris and Black, p. 93; Gat, p. 186–187. 7544:Bego, Mark; Harkham, Efrem (7 May 2019). 7354:. Stanford University Press. p. 90. 7204: 7080: 7024: 6449:The Jews of Babylonia in the Talmudic Era 4919:In Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew, 3425:could consider traveling there to study. 2851: 2713:eventually led to its decline. Under the 9968:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 9610: 8947: 8908:Point of No return Jewish population map 8628:"The last Jew who made aliyah from Iraq" 8568:"Baghdad Jews have become a fearful few" 8344:"The last Jew who made aliyah from Iraq" 8154: 8152: 8150: 7779: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6883: 6881: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6682: 6680: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 5669:Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East 5223: 5119: 4943: 4931: 4836:to help his Zacho, Iraq, community, 1951 4832:Rabbi Moshe Gabai petitioning President 4827: 4755: 4747: 4265: 4209: 4192: 3918: 3169:. Jeconiah himself is made an exilarch. 3140: 64:is seated on the far right of this shot. 11042: 9414:Thinktorah.org by Rabbi Menachem Levine 9372:When the Grey Beetles took over Baghdad 8084: 7751: 7634:Mendes, Philip (posted 5 March 2007). " 7564: 7253: 7157: 6887: 6744:The Scribe: Journal of Babylonian Jewry 6406: 6310: 6027: 6025: 6023: 5973: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5115:anti-Zionist and authoritarian policies 3962: 3816:also had a Jewish minister of finance, 3105:). After eleven years, in the reign of 3045:Babylonian captivity and return to Zion 3024:resounds with the "burden of Babylon" ( 12509:History of the Jews in the Middle East 12491: 9412:Babylonian Jewry and the Rise of Islam 9311:The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times 9272:. Translated by Ina Friedman. London: 9262: 9218:The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948–1951 9120: 9052:The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948–1951 8943: 8941: 8939: 8739: 8737: 8698: 8696: 8550:Baghdad Jews Have Become a Fearful Few 8488: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8421: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8110:Dabrowska, Karen; Hann, Geoff (2008). 8069: 8067: 8065: 8063: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7625: 7055: 6914: 6857: 6711: 6627: 6350:The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel 6031: 5385:, Lord Mayor of London and businessman 5343:, television executive and broadcaster 5093:panned the decree, by calling it as a 4875:before being given permanent housing. 3825:chronicler Abbas al-’Azzawi recorded: 3667: 3485:, becoming the capital of the Empire. 3095:number of the leading citizens removed 12087: 11829:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 11415: 11150:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 11016: 10703: 10595: 10417: 10292: 9865: 9817: 9584: 9123:"Iraq Jews' spiritual move to Israel" 9094: 8817: 8315: 8298: 8281: 8211: 8194: 8147: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7662:The Jewish Exodus from Iraq 1948–1951 7257:Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood 7133: 6959: 6878: 6762: 6677: 6610: 6517: 6427: 6236: 6138: 6090:"Israelis from Iraq remember Babylon" 6065:Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew, 5937: 5918: 5853: 5599:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 5294:Shmuel Yarchina'ah, "Mar Samuel", or 5199: 5109:in Iraq took place in 1978; the last 4386:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 4056: 3995: 3797:, embraced Islam, but his successor, 3284:Jewish sources contain no mention of 3217: 2705:and Islamic discrimination under the 2601:) is documented from the time of the 10997: 10939:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 9019: 8999: 8494:"Baghdad's last rabbi to leave Iraq" 8375: 8130: 7914: 7681:Iraqi Jews: A History of Mass Exodus 7581: 6261: 6128:Point of No return 28 Setpember 2024 6020: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5787: 5383:Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted 4864:According to Palestinian politician 4341:, included the following statement: 4331:United Nations General Assembly Hall 4205: 3491:Christianization of the Roman Empire 3230:temple in Babylon. The accession of 3187: 80:Regions with significant populations 12028:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies 10987: 9313:(Jewish Publication Society, 1991). 9045: 8936: 8734: 8693: 8626:Pohoryles, Yaniv (April 19, 2018). 8607:Rosenberg, David (March 13, 2016). 8475: 8396: 8360: 8228: 8060: 8026:"IRAQI JEWS LEAVE IN A STEADY FLOW" 7766: 7668:7(1), p. 1–24, specifically, p. 20. 7145: 7044:Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora 6292:Iraqi Jewish Association Of Ontario 6264:"Singapore, a tiny heaven for Jews" 6142:"Remembering the last Jews of Iraq" 6092:. May 7, 2007 – via BBC News. 5624:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 5505:, scholar, linguist, and researcher 4999:Ba'athism and Saddam-era: 1968–2003 4363:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 4248:conflict and bloodshed in Palestine 2863:, originated from Mesopotamia. The 2592: 2560: 29: 13: 11979:Sephardim and Oriental Communities 9508:Personal Stories of Jews from Iraq 9385:Iraqi Jews Community By Kobi Arami 9199: 8609:"Living in fear: Iraq's last Jews" 7850: 7517:Orit Bashkin (12 September 2012). 7348:Orit Bashkin (12 September 2012). 5511:, merchant, and the Sassoon family 5154:of Baghdad was built in Baghdad's 4270:Mass grave for the victims of the 3967:After various changes of fortune, 3432: 3334:In 40 BCE the Jewish puppet-king, 3267: 3172:The "Small Chronicle" states that 75:156,000 (residing in Iraq in 1947) 14: 12535: 11315:Bukharian (Judeo-Persian dialect) 9378: 8265:"basra synagogue - Google Search" 8175: 8085:LoLordo, Ann (13 November 1998). 7164:. Archive Editions. p. 591. 7158:Burdett, Anita L.P., ed. (1995). 5905: 5397:, entrepreneur and philanthropist 4956:to the nine Jews executed in the 3429:shifted to the center and south. 564:Historical population comparisons 12472: 12463: 12462: 10996: 10986: 10976: 10967: 10966: 10272:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 9846: 9407:Foundation for Sephardic Culture 9121:Murphy, Verity (July 29, 2003). 8966: 8912: 8901: 8883: 8865: 8839: 8811: 8800: 8791: 8773: 8762: 8721: 8710: 8667: 8600: 8580: 8560: 8543: 8521: 8515: 8453: 8426: 8257: 8169: 8103: 8078: 8036: 8018: 7993: 7969: 7944: 7833:The Left, the Right and the Jews 7830:Rubinstein, W. D. (2015-10-16). 7752:Marozzi, Justin (17 June 2023). 7409:Simon, Laskier & Reguer 2013 6998:Simon, Laskier & Reguer 2013 6793:Center for Online Judaic Studies 6692:Center for Online Judaic Studies 6262:Shay, Ayelet Mamo (2015-04-20). 6239:"Iraqi refugee's survival story" 5726: 5717: 5548: 5534: 4369: 4313:Persecution by Iraqi authorities 3751: 3085:). The first was in the time of 1208:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1122:Historical population by country 104: 86: 12045:Institute for Sephardic Studies 10751:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 10174:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 10164:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 9903:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 9418:The Jewish Community of Baghdad 8731:Vicar plea to save Torah scroll 8535:. July 27, 2007. Archived from 8342:Pohoryles, Yaniv (2018-04-19). 7883: 7745: 7725: 7696: 7689:, Democratiya 7, Winter issue, 7679:review of Abbas Shiblak's book 7671: 7654: 7645: 7616: 7604: 7595: 7586: 7537: 7459: 7414: 7332: 7323: 7287: 7274: 7254:Marozzi, Justin (29 May 2014). 7247: 7178: 7151: 7118: 7105: 7049: 7018: 7003: 6935: 6908: 6851: 6833: 6806: 6732: 6705: 6672:that of their Muslim neighbours 6648: 6595: 6578: 6563: 6553: 6511: 6499: 6488: 6477: 6465: 6454: 6400: 6387: 6367: 6340: 6329: 6304: 6280: 6255: 6230: 6205: 6179:Harriet Sherwood (2018-05-05). 6172: 6161:from the original on 2022-01-12 6132: 6121: 6096: 6082: 6052: 5991: 5887:Jewish Chronicle March 14, 2021 5739: 5707: 4936:Children in a Jewish school in 4694:In October, the Egyptian paper 4609:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews 3981:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) 3908: 3694:"), the tax upon real estate (" 3439:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 2989:the interest is transferred to 2934:); and it was also the seat of 2832:; or, very often, it means the 12430:British Indian Ocean Territory 11834:Antisemitism in the Arab world 11165:Antisemitism in the Arab world 10034:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 8948:Rapoport, Meron (2018-08-30). 8818:Faraj, Salam (28 March 2021). 7677:Rayyan Al-Shawaf (2006), in a 7088:"The Jews of Babylon and Iraq" 6915:Roland, Joan G. (2018-01-16). 6560:בשמאדא והכא הוא דאיתבררי מסקני 5931: 5925:Gateway to Rabbinic literature 5891: 5854:Faraj, Salam (28 March 2021). 5750: 5700: 5565:Antisemitism in the Arab world 5168:United States State Department 4439:Antisemitism in the Arab world 4242:year, under the government of 4186: 4074:, was forced to flee first to 3678:The first legal expression of 3165:("Reshe Galuta") back to King 3124:to return to their native land 3093:was partially despoiled and a 2848:period (6th–11th century CE). 2622:, known in Jewish sources as " 1: 10293: 9349:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007) 8634:– via www.ynetnews.com. 8376:Belz, Mindy (18 April 2017). 6858:Cernea, Ruth Fredman (2007). 6819:. Columbia University Press. 6532:10.1017/chol9780521772488.033 5952:10.1017/chol9780521772488.033 5271: 5113:took place in 1984. Although 4760:Jewish refugees from Iraq at 3915:History of the Jews in Turkey 2605: 779:Christianity and Judaism 11995:American Sephardi Federation 11988:Major communal organizations 10530:in ISIL-controlled territory 10418: 9502:American Sephardi Federation 8650:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 5664:Racism in Muslim communities 5465:, astronaut and physiologist 5138:United States supported Iraq 4619:Historical Jewish population 4321:vote, Iraq's prime minister 3576:Houses of Hillel and Shammai 3551:, where he had studied with 7: 12114:History of the Jews in Asia 11710:Western Europe and overseas 10704: 10596: 10441:Council of Representatives 10179:Weapons of mass destruction 9866: 9568:. Directed by Nissim Dayan. 9430:Tradition of the Iraqi Jews 7062:. Saqi Books. p. 258. 7025:Sternfeld, Lior B. (2019). 6311:Feldman, Ari (2019-02-06). 5679:Freedom of religion in Iraq 5654:Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 5527: 5409:Yosef Chayyim of Baghdad, " 5152:Al-Habibiya Jewish Cemetery 4790:Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 4744:Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 3934: 3783: 3315:, marched, in company with 3249:) must have happened under 2766:Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 2597: 2566: 2078: 2059: 1786:Latin America and Caribbean 482: 10: 12540: 12000:Sephardi Community Council 10169:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 9782:Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks) 9322:Cambridge University Press 9101:Greenwood Publishing Group 8529:"The Last Jews of Baghdad" 8409:"Struggle for the Scrolls" 7493:. Routledge. p. 205. 7161:The Arab League: 1946-1947 6712:Yehuda, Zvi (2017-08-28). 6032:Yehuda, Zvi (2017-08-28). 5594:Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic 4928:Republican Iraq: 1958–1968 4885:1950-1951 Baghdad bombings 4879:1950-1951 Baghdad bombings 4781:harmed the Iraqi economy. 4278:Following the collapse of 4199:Great Synagogue of Baghdad 3912: 3805:, a physician of Baghdad. 3671: 3605:until around 600–700. The 3446: 3436: 3368:At the height of the war, 3363:Trajan's Parthian campaign 3271: 3073:were exiled to Babylon by 3062: 3048: 2842:Jewish religious academies 2391:Jewish political movements 2088:Conversion to Judaism 44:Seated in the centre: Sir 12458: 12417: 12377: 12119: 12053: 12020: 12005:World Sephardi Federation 11987: 11959: 11919: 11852: 11821: 11546: 11450: 11383: 11360:Sephardic law and customs 11342: 11275: 11173: 11137: 11051: 10962: 10861: 10716: 10712: 10699: 10604: 10591: 10426: 10413: 10301: 10288: 10109: 10026: 9878: 9874: 9861: 9790: 9695: 9618: 9374:(Halban Publishers, 2003) 9333:University of Texas Press 9304:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 9179:Columbia University Press 9153:University of Texas Press 7786:www.jewishrefugees.org.uk 7115:, 3(1), 2-17; here: p. 5. 6894:. Yale University Press. 6139:Shute, Joe (2017-11-22). 5619:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic 5379:, statesman and financier 5367:, diplomat and politician 5162:Immediately prior to the 4764:preparing to leave for a 4339:Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali 3122:gave the Jews permission 3091:First Temple in Jerusalem 2894:literature, it is called 794:Hinduism and Judaism 172: 167: 160: 155: 125: 120: 102: 84: 79: 74: 69: 37: 26: 12179:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 11350:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah 10520:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 10431:Administrative divisions 9577:. Directed by Duki Dror. 9519: 9069:Kalpakian, Jack (2004). 7939:Rejwan & Beinin 2010 7693:. Retrieved 15 May 2015. 7642:. Retrieved 15 May 2015. 7280:Anderson, H. D. (1951). 6888:Gilbert, Martin (2010). 6397:, (1964) 1972 pp. 344–45 6079:'Chapter One:Arab Jews.' 5659:Racism in the Arab world 5614:Islamic–Jewish relations 5499:, advertising executives 5234:finance minister of Iraq 5056:, the United States and 4987:). With the rise of the 4624:Islamic–Jewish relations 4201:circa early 20th century 3973:Suleiman the Magnificent 2701:was compiled there. The 2653:from Babylonia, such as 2642:. During this time, the 2634:in several waves by the 2618:The Jewish community in 620:Temple in Jerusalem 313:Bar and bat mitzvah 12440:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 11489:Expulsion from Portugal 11223:Jewish tribes of Arabia 10079:Mandate for Mesopotamia 9953:First Babylonian Empire 9513:Remember Baghdad (2016) 9356:, Ibis, Jerusalem, 2007 9000:Bard, Mitchell (2013). 8439:. Bradt Travel Guides. 8005:الترا عراق | Ultra Iraq 7780:bataween (2022-08-03). 7738:Middle East News Agency 7610:Morris and Black; Gat; 7592:A. al-Arif, p. 893 7009:Tripp, Charles (2002). 5439:, best known for their 5044:and then slipping into 5036:was signed between the 4859:U.S. Information Agency 3361:; but it was not until 2859:, the patriarch of the 2550:history of the Jews in 582:Twelve Tribes of Israel 10238:Insurgency (2011–2013) 10159:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 9963:Middle Assyrian Empire 9537:The Forgotten Refugees 9441:Jewish Virtual Library 9342:(Souvenir Press, 2007) 9095:Levin, Itamar (2001). 9006:Jewish Virtual Library 8539:on September 30, 2007. 7977:"Iraqi Jewish Archive" 7113:Middle Eastern Studies 7056:Batatu, Hanna (2004). 6759:, no. 12, autumn 1999. 6407:Alstola, Tero (2019). 5644:List of Jews from Iraq 5425:, painter and sculptor 5237: 5129: 5103:Jewish Virtual Library 4960: 4941: 4910: 4883:The agents behind the 4837: 4769: 4753: 4729:fear and uncertainty. 4592:The Forgotten Refugees 4348: 4275: 4223: 4202: 4160:Israel Joseph Benjamin 4093:had been crossing the 3931: 3481:, with its main city, 3340:First Jewish-Roman War 3150: 2852:Early Biblical history 2844:functioned during the 2598:al-Yahūd al-ʿIrāqiyyūn 12524:Ethnic groups in Iraq 11839:Antisemitism in Islam 11557:Eastern Mediterranean 11160:Antisemitism in Islam 10525:in post-invasion Iraq 10231:U.S. troop withdrawal 9993:Neo-Babylonian Empire 9772:Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati 9026:Sussex Academic Press 7981:exhibit.ijarchive.org 7477:Anderson, 1951 p. 100 7329:E. Black, p. 347 7124:Cohen (1966), p. 4-5. 6461:Sefaria Search: שרביה 6243:ajn.timesofisrael.com 6104:"משרד העלייה והקליטה" 6069:Oneworld Publications 5987:on November 21, 2008. 5768:Encyclopaedia Judaica 5575:Baghdad Jewish Arabic 5570:Antisemitism in Islam 5477:, wealthy businessman 5435:husband and wife duo 5431:, member of American- 5419:, rabbi and kabbalist 5227: 5206:2003 invasion of Iraq 5143:Meir Taweig Synagogue 5126:Meir Taweig Synagogue 5123: 4958:1969 Baghdad hangings 4947: 4935: 4905: 4831: 4759: 4751: 4736:On 19 February 1949, 4710:1948 Arab-Israeli War 4413:Arab–Israeli conflict 4343: 4280:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 4269: 4213: 4196: 4179:(1834–1909) or Rabbi 4109:, then especially in 4000:In 1743, there was a 3930:, northern Iraq, 1905 3922: 3672:Further information: 3447:Further information: 3415:Nathan the Babylonian 3313:Antiochus VII Sidetes 3272:Further information: 3144: 3065:Neo-Babylonian Empire 3063:Further information: 2965:(Berodach-baladan of 2830:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2762:1948 Arab-Israeli war 2636:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1328:São Tomé and Príncipe 1323:Republic of the Congo 717:Second Temple Judaism 588:Kingdom of Judah 559:Modern historiography 168:Related ethnic groups 12504:Jewish Iraqi history 12499:Jewish ethnic groups 12354:United Arab Emirates 11944:Sephardi chief rabbi 11921:Religion and culture 11477:Expulsion from Spain 11343:Religion and culture 10474:Council of Ministers 10356:Mesopotamian Marshes 9612:Demographics of Iraq 9531:. Directed by Samir. 9492:'It Is Now or Never' 9436:Iraqi Jews genealogy 9397:Iraqi Jews Worldwide 9020:Gale, Naomi (2005). 8781:"Point of No Return" 8613:Israel National News 8032:. December 12, 1971. 7640:Palestine Remembered 6628:Yehuda, Zvi (2017). 5919:בלברג, מירה (2013). 5609:Iraqi Jews in Israel 5604:Iraqi Jewish Archive 5353:Binyamin Ben-Eliezer 5257:Iraqi Jewish Archive 5095:political propaganda 3963:Early Ottoman period 3714:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 3712:The Umayyad caliph, 3567:, Rav founded a new 3260:The persecutions of 3051:Babylonian captivity 2865:Ten Israelite Tribes 2820:The term "Babylonia" 2778:Iraqi Jews in Israel 2603:Babylonian captivity 2430:World Agudath Israel 1571:United Arab Emirates 658:Second Temple period 648:Babylonian captivity 62:Menahem Saleh Daniel 12381:limited recognition 11229:North African Jews 10736:Mesopotamian Arabic 10542:Freedom of religion 9988:Neo-Assyrian Empire 9958:Old Assyrian Period 9943:Neo-Sumerian Empire 9452:Jewish Encyclopedia 9443:on the Jews of Iraq 9227:Flight from Babylon 9220:(Frank Cass, 1997). 9194:– Total pages: 432 9168:– Total pages: 242 9116:– Total pages: 265 9090:– Total pages: 213 9041:– Total pages: 188 8879:. December 2, 2021. 8825:The Times of Israel 8593:The Washington Post 7293:Haddad, p. 176 7240:The Times of Israel 6864:. Lexington Books. 6666:, also, is akin to 6590:Jewish Encyclopedia 5981:"Nehardea Magazine" 5861:The Times of Israel 5326:(Abana), rav, amora 5030:Iraqi secret police 5005:1969 public hanging 4893:Mordechai Ben Porat 4329:In a speech at the 4214:1932 photograph of 3698:") was instituted. 3668:Islamic Arab period 3423:Eleazar ben Shammua 3251:Seleucus Callinicus 3224:Alexander the Great 3005:is mentioned once ( 2993:(see, for example, 2644:Temple in Jerusalem 2561:יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים 723:Hellenistic Judaism 301:Land of Israel 260:Principles of faith 131:Mesopotamian Arabic 50:Minister of Finance 30:יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים 23: 10667:Telecommunications 10642:Foreign Investment 10579:Wars and conflicts 10515:in pre-Saddam Iraq 10479:Presidency Council 10265:2019–2021 protests 10194:Invasion of Kuwait 10018:Sassanid Asorestan 10013:Parthian Babylonia 10008:Seleucid Babylonia 10003:Achaemenid Assyria 9918:Jemdet Nasr period 9551:2017-07-21 at the 9390:2014-03-02 at the 9207:Banking on Baghdad 9075:Ashgate Publishing 9002:"The Jews of Iraq" 8924:www.al-monitor.com 8853:. 18 November 2021 8785:Point of No Return 8717:Canon Andrew White 8573:The New York Times 8411:. August 23, 2012. 8030:The New York Times 7895:The Jerusalem Post 7712:2008-05-04 at the 7707:Now it can be told 7387:on 20 October 2013 7284:. n.p. pgs 101–102 7194:on 16 October 2013 6891:In Ishmael's House 6754:2014-08-04 at the 6237:Desiatnik, Shane. 6217:The Irish Catholic 5805:The New York Times 5759:Berenbaum, Michael 5629:Judeo-Iraqi Arabic 5515:Yaakov Chaim Sofer 5377:Sir Sassoon Eskell 5349:, Oxford Professor 5296:Samuel of Nehardea 5238: 5215:Iraqi constitution 5200:Post-Saddam period 5130: 5091:Israeli government 4969:Abdul Karim Qassim 4965:14 July Revolution 4961: 4942: 4914:Muslim Brotherhood 4838: 4770: 4754: 4553:Hurum air disaster 4276: 4224: 4203: 4057:Nineteenth century 3996:Eighteenth century 3932: 3843:captured Baghdad, 3563:for his colleague 3495:Samuel of Nehardea 3393:Roman–Persian Wars 3391:In the continuous 3218:Hellenistic period 3151: 3145:Jewish scribes at 2867:from the northern 2284:Jewish Koine Greek 1826:Dominican Republic 1107:Judaism by country 786:Jews and Christmas 641:Assyrian captivity 140:Judeo-Iraqi Arabic 21: 12486: 12485: 12423:other territories 12081: 12080: 11877:Judaeo-Portuguese 11409: 11408: 11010: 11009: 10958: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10944:Mandaean New Year 10695: 10694: 10587: 10586: 10569:Political parties 10464:Foreign relations 10409: 10408: 10316:Lower Mesopotamia 10311:Upper Mesopotamia 10284: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10044:Abbasid Caliphate 10039:Umayyad Caliphate 9948:Isin-Larsa period 9811: 9810: 9791:Foreign nationals 9660:Roman Catholicism 9655:Oriental Orthodox 9574:Shadow in Baghdad 9365:Halban Publishers 9345:Marina Benjamin, 9318:A History of Iraq 9269:Operation Babylon 9195: 9177:(2013 ed.). 9169: 9151:(2010 ed.). 9117: 9099:(2001 ed.). 9091: 9073:(2004 ed.). 9062:978-0-7146-4689-3 9042: 9024:(2005 ed.). 8851:The Yeshiva World 8681:on 27 August 2021 8471:on July 13, 2011. 8091:The Baltimore Sun 7843:978-1-317-38624-7 7530:978-0-8047-8201-2 7500:978-1-135-76862-1 7448:978-0-231-52690-6 7361:978-0-8047-8201-2 7316:978-0-231-52690-6 7171:978-1-85207-610-8 7012:A History of Iraq 6664:dialect of Arabic 6541:978-0-521-77248-8 6420:978-90-04-36542-1 6360:978-3-11-056660-4 6077:978-0-861-54464-6 5961:978-0-521-77248-8 5778:978-0-02-866097-4 5166:(1990–1991), the 4985:Abdul Rahman Arif 4660: 4659: 4493:Exodus by country 4206:The state of Iraq 3738:Abbasid Caliphate 3682:toward the Jews, 3619:Babylonian Talmud 3611:Babylonian Gemara 3599:Rabbanan Savoraei 3580:Babylonian Talmud 3475:Babylonian Talmud 3443:Babylonian Talmud 3386:Bar Kochba revolt 3351:Anilai and Asinai 3188:Achaemenid period 3155:Al-Yahudu Tablets 3055:Al-Yahudu Tablets 3016:, and especially 2873:exiled to Assyria 2869:Kingdom of Israel 2699:Babylonian Talmud 2683:Talmudic yeshivas 2632:exiled to Babylon 2546: 2545: 2495: 2494: 2243: 2242: 1990:Reconstructionist 1934: 1933: 1086: 1085: 893: 892: 730:Jewish–Roman wars 678:Hasmonean dynasty 594:Kingdom of Israel 498: 497: 199: 198: 151: 12531: 12476: 12466: 12465: 12435:Christmas Island 12121:Sovereign states 12108: 12101: 12094: 12085: 12084: 12069: 12036: 12013: 11939:Rite and customs 11912: 11795:Crypto-Sephardim 11436: 11429: 11422: 11413: 11412: 11310:Juhuri/Judeo-Tat 11238:Alexandrian Jews 11218:Musta'arabi Jews 11155:Palestinian Jews 11037: 11030: 11023: 11014: 11013: 11000: 10999: 10990: 10989: 10980: 10970: 10969: 10714: 10713: 10701: 10700: 10632: 10593: 10592: 10444: 10415: 10414: 10401:Sinjar Mountains 10391:Zagros Mountains 10331:Hamrin Mountains 10290: 10289: 10253:Mosul liberation 10226:Iraqi insurgency 10148:National Command 10137: 9973:Simurrum culture 9876: 9875: 9863: 9862: 9852: 9851: 9850: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9815: 9814: 9605: 9598: 9591: 9582: 9581: 9565:Farewell Baghdad 9477:Aiding the Enemy 9340:Farewell Babylon 9300:The Jews of Iraq 9295: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9193: 9192: 9167: 9166: 9143:Rejwan, Nissim; 9139: 9137: 9135: 9115: 9114: 9089: 9088: 9065: 9040: 9039: 9016: 9014: 9012: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8984: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8945: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8916: 8910: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8815: 8809: 8804: 8798: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8777: 8771: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8741: 8732: 8725: 8719: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8700: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8677:. Archived from 8671: 8665: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8564: 8558: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8500:. Archived from 8490: 8473: 8472: 8467:. Archived from 8457: 8451: 8450: 8430: 8424: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8405: 8394: 8393: 8373: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8339: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8237: 8226: 8225: 8223: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8156: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8082: 8076: 8071: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8012: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7956:Voice of America 7948: 7942: 7941:, p. p. xix 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7871:Remember Baghdad 7863: 7848: 7847: 7827: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7792: 7777: 7764: 7763: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7729: 7723: 7722:, April 6, 2006. 7700: 7694: 7675: 7669: 7658: 7652: 7649: 7643: 7632: 7623: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7584: 7579: 7562: 7561: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7466: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7432: 7421: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7383:, archived from 7375: 7369: 7368: 7345: 7339: 7336: 7330: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7300: 7294: 7291: 7285: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7231: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7190:, archived from 7182: 7176: 7175: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7122: 7116: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7053: 7047: 7040: 7031: 7030: 7022: 7016: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6982: 6968: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6885: 6876: 6875: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6843:. Archived from 6837: 6831: 6830: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6785: 6760: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6684: 6675: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6625: 6608: 6599: 6593: 6582: 6576: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6515: 6509: 6508:, Deuteronomy 80 6503: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6481: 6475: 6472:Midrash Tehillim 6469: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6442: 6425: 6424: 6404: 6398: 6391: 6385: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6344: 6338: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6144: 6136: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6080: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6029: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6005:. Archived from 5995: 5989: 5988: 5983:. Archived from 5977: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5916: 5903: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5884: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5796: 5785: 5782: 5754: 5733: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5674:Religion in Iraq 5558: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5417:Yitzchak Kadouri 5395:Sir Naim Dangoor 5359:Dodai ben Nahman 5128:in Baghdad, 2000 5087:citizens of Iraq 5038:Iraqi government 4981:Abdul Salam Arif 4652: 4645: 4638: 4511:Operation Yachin 4465:Oujda and Jerada 4373: 4350: 4349: 4011:Sephardic Jewish 3786: 3740:and the city of 3664:Jewish thought. 3629:whole diaspora. 3623:Jerusalem Talmud 3603:"perfected" form 3407:Hillel the Elder 3232:Seleucus Nicator 3182:Maccabean revolt 3159:Seder Olam Zutta 3079:Book of Jeremiah 3071:Kingdom of Judah 3034:Book of Jeremiah 2963:Merodach-baladan 2959:Babylonian kings 2957:and the various 2780:, especially in 2723:trading diaspora 2671:Mishnaic periods 2628:Kingdom of Judah 2610: 2607: 2600: 2594: 2593:اليهود العراقيون 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2387: 2386: 2268: 2089: 2083: 2064: 2028: 2027: 1975: 1922:New Zealand 1874: 1837:El Salvador 1827: 1759:Northern America 1751: 1345: 1101: 1100: 1012:Crimean Karaites 908: 907: 886: 884: 805: 803: 795: 789: 780: 768:Rabbinic Judaism 749: 743: 737: 725: 713: 679: 672:Maccabean Revolt 649: 642: 636: 628: 621: 615: 607: 589: 513: 512: 487: 382: 381: 314: 302: 201: 200: 134: 110: 108: 107: 92: 90: 89: 70:Total population 42: 32: 31: 24: 20: 12539: 12538: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12530: 12529: 12528: 12489: 12488: 12487: 12482: 12454: 12422: 12413: 12394:Northern Cyprus 12380: 12373: 12115: 12112: 12082: 12077: 12063: 12061:Philosephardism 12049: 12030: 12016: 12007: 11983: 11955: 11915: 11906: 11867:Sephardi Hebrew 11848: 11817: 11542: 11482:Alhambra Decree 11446: 11443:Sephardi Jewish 11440: 11410: 11405: 11379: 11338: 11271: 11181:Babylonian Jews 11169: 11133: 11047: 11041: 11011: 11006: 10950: 10934:Public holidays 10857: 10708: 10691: 10630: 10600: 10583: 10442: 10422: 10405: 10336:Iraqi Kurdistan 10326:Euphrates river 10297: 10276: 10243:War (2014–2017) 10189:Operation Opera 10135: 10105: 10101:Arab Federation 10089:Kingdom of Iraq 10022: 9998:Fall of Babylon 9933:Akkadian Empire 9908:Samarra culture 9893:Hassuna culture 9870: 9857: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9812: 9807: 9786: 9691: 9614: 9609: 9553:Wayback Machine 9522: 9485:Web Exclusive, 9426:at Iraqjews.org 9392:Wayback Machine 9381: 9352:Sasson Somekh, 9327:Nissim Rejwan, 9284: 9254: 9252: 9242: 9202: 9200:Further reading 9189: 9163: 9133: 9131: 9111: 9085: 9063: 9036: 9010: 9008: 8991: 8982: 8980: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8958: 8956: 8946: 8937: 8928: 8926: 8918: 8917: 8913: 8906: 8902: 8897:. May 27, 2022. 8895:Israel 365 News 8889: 8888: 8884: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8856: 8854: 8845: 8844: 8840: 8830: 8828: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8792: 8779: 8778: 8774: 8767: 8763: 8754: 8752: 8743: 8742: 8735: 8726: 8722: 8715: 8711: 8706:. 11 July 2008. 8702: 8701: 8694: 8684: 8682: 8673: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8657: 8644: 8643: 8639: 8624: 8620: 8605: 8601: 8586: 8585: 8581: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8548: 8544: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8507: 8505: 8492: 8491: 8476: 8459: 8458: 8454: 8447: 8431: 8427: 8420: 8416: 8407: 8406: 8397: 8390: 8374: 8361: 8352: 8350: 8340: 8333: 8328:. October 1988. 8325: 8321: 8320: 8316: 8311:. October 1988. 8308: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8294:. October 1988. 8291: 8287: 8286: 8282: 8273: 8271: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8249: 8247: 8239: 8238: 8229: 8224:. October 1988. 8221: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8207:. October 1988. 8204: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8186: 8184: 8174: 8170: 8165:. October 1988. 8162: 8158: 8157: 8148: 8143:. October 1988. 8140: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8108: 8104: 8095: 8093: 8083: 8079: 8072: 8061: 8053: 8051: 8048:New Babylonians 8042: 8041: 8037: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8010: 8008: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7985: 7983: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7961: 7959: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7913: 7909: 7900: 7898: 7889: 7888: 7884: 7875: 7873: 7865: 7864: 7851: 7844: 7828: 7799: 7790: 7788: 7778: 7767: 7750: 7746: 7741:. 17 June 2023. 7731: 7730: 7726: 7714:Wayback Machine 7701: 7697: 7676: 7672: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7633: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7565: 7558: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7501: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7449: 7433: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7390: 7388: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7333: 7328: 7324: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7288: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7252: 7248: 7233: 7232: 7205: 7197: 7195: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7110: 7106: 7097: 7095: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7041: 7034: 7023: 7019: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6989: 6980: 6978: 6970: 6969: 6960: 6951: 6949: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6798: 6796: 6787: 6786: 6763: 6756:Wayback Machine 6737: 6733: 6726: 6710: 6706: 6697: 6695: 6686: 6685: 6678: 6670:rather than to 6662:customs. Their 6653: 6649: 6642: 6626: 6611: 6600: 6596: 6583: 6579: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6489: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6455: 6443: 6428: 6421: 6405: 6401: 6392: 6388: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6330: 6321: 6319: 6309: 6305: 6296: 6294: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6272: 6270: 6260: 6256: 6247: 6245: 6235: 6231: 6222: 6220: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6197: 6195: 6177: 6173: 6164: 6162: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6030: 6021: 6012: 6010: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5936: 5932: 5921:פתח לספרות חז"ל 5917: 5906: 5901:. 30 June 2021. 5897: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5837: 5826: 5825: 5818: 5809: 5807: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5755: 5751: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5639:Lishanid Noshan 5554: 5549: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5497:Charles Saatchi 5457:Sylvia Kedourie 5437:h3h3Productions 5291:, "Rabh", amora 5274: 5262:Muqtada al-Sadr 5202: 5042:Iraqi Kurdistan 5001: 4930: 4881: 4746: 4656: 4506:Operation Mural 4335:Flushing Meadow 4315: 4260:Arshad al-Umari 4232:British Mandate 4208: 4189: 4181:Abdallah Somekh 4144:, including in 4059: 3998: 3965: 3937: 3917: 3911: 3818:Reshid al-Dawla 3754: 3676: 3670: 3569:academy at Sura 3555:(author of the 3540: 3471:Sasanian Empire 3467:Muslim conquest 3459: 3449:Sasanian Empire 3445: 3437:Main articles: 3435: 3433:Sasanian period 3276: 3274:Parthian Empire 3270: 3268:Parthian period 3220: 3205:Ten Lost Tribes 3190: 3067: 3061: 3049:Main articles: 3047: 2900:Book of Genesis 2890:, while in the 2854: 2822: 2775: 2703:Mongol invasion 2608: 2584: 2582:Babylonian Jews 2581: 2578: 2575: 2542: 2497: 2496: 2384: 2374: 2373: 2364:Judeo-Malayalam 2344:Judaeo-Georgian 2264: 2255: 2245: 2244: 2145:Yiddish theatre 2087: 2025: 2015: 2014: 1973: 1946: 1936: 1935: 1872: 1825: 1749: 1343: 1127:Genetic studies 1098: 1088: 1087: 905: 895: 894: 882: 881: 801: 800: 793: 783: 778: 760:and Middle Ages 758:Rabbinic period 745: 739: 732: 720: 691: 677: 647: 640: 631: 623: 619: 610: 605:in Judaism 602: 587: 510: 500: 499: 379: 369: 368: 312: 300: 245: 150: 133: 129: 105: 103: 87: 85: 65: 33: 19: 12: 11: 5: 12537: 12527: 12526: 12521: 12519:Iraqi diaspora 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12480: 12470: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12426: 12424: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12385: 12383: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12125: 12123: 12117: 12116: 12111: 12110: 12103: 12096: 12088: 12079: 12078: 12076: 12075: 12073:Sephardization 12070: 12057: 12055: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12002: 11997: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11969:Black Panthers 11965: 11963: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11953: 11948: 11947: 11946: 11936: 11931: 11925: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11913: 11901: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11892:Tetuani Ladino 11889: 11882:Judaeo-Spanish 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11858: 11856: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11825: 11823: 11822:Modern history 11819: 11818: 11816: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11791: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11787: 11777: 11776: 11775: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11723: 11718: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11699: 11698: 11697: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11661: 11656: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11609: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11552: 11550: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11533: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11491: 11486: 11485: 11484: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11456: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11439: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11416: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11391:Black Panthers 11387: 11385: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11322:Judaeo-Spanish 11319: 11318: 11317: 11312: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11283:Israeli Hebrew 11279: 11277: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11243:Sephardic Jews 11240: 11235: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11213:Jews in Arabia 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11141: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11055: 11053: 11052:By nationality 11049: 11048: 11040: 11039: 11032: 11025: 11017: 11008: 11007: 11005: 11004: 10994: 10984: 10974: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10949: 10948: 10947: 10946: 10941: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10855: 10854: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10823: 10818: 10817: 10816: 10811: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10760: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10710: 10709: 10697: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10672:Transportation 10669: 10664: 10662:Stock Exchange 10659: 10657:Reconstruction 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10637:Infrastructure 10634: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10522: 10517: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10504: 10503: 10496:Prime Minister 10493: 10492: 10491: 10481: 10476: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10438: 10433: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10411: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10286: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10257: 10256: 10255: 10250: 10240: 10235: 10234: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10213: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10204:1991 uprisings 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10154:Saddam Hussein 10151: 10140: 10139: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10115: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10086: 10084:Mandatory Iraq 10081: 10076: 10073:Mamluk dynasty 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10030: 10028: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9938:Gutian dynasty 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9884: 9882: 9872: 9871: 9859: 9858: 9841: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9818: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9715: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9624: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9608: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9569: 9560: 9555:. Directed by 9540: 9532: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9510: 9505: 9495: 9489: 9474: 9468: 9462: 9456: 9444: 9438: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9380: 9379:External links 9377: 9376: 9375: 9368: 9361:The Dove Flyer 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9325: 9314: 9307: 9296: 9282: 9264:Hillel, Shlomo 9260: 9240: 9221: 9214: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9187: 9170: 9161: 9140: 9118: 9109: 9092: 9083: 9066: 9061: 9049:(1 May 1997), 9043: 9034: 9017: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8989: 8978:www.wzo.org.il 8965: 8935: 8911: 8900: 8882: 8864: 8838: 8810: 8799: 8790: 8772: 8761: 8733: 8720: 8709: 8692: 8666: 8655: 8646:"Jews of Iraq" 8637: 8618: 8599: 8579: 8576:. 1 June 2008. 8559: 8555:New York Times 8542: 8520: 8514: 8474: 8452: 8445: 8425: 8414: 8395: 8388: 8359: 8331: 8314: 8297: 8280: 8269:www.google.com 8256: 8227: 8210: 8193: 8176:Judah, Jacob. 8168: 8146: 8129: 8122: 8102: 8077: 8059: 8035: 8017: 7992: 7968: 7943: 7931: 7927:Kalpakian 2004 7919: 7907: 7882: 7849: 7842: 7797: 7765: 7744: 7724: 7695: 7670: 7666:Israel Affairs 7653: 7644: 7624: 7615: 7603: 7594: 7585: 7563: 7556: 7536: 7529: 7509: 7499: 7479: 7467: 7458: 7447: 7422: 7413: 7401: 7370: 7360: 7340: 7331: 7322: 7315: 7295: 7286: 7273: 7266: 7260:. Penguin UK. 7246: 7203: 7177: 7170: 7150: 7138: 7126: 7117: 7104: 7079: 7068: 7048: 7032: 7017: 7002: 6987: 6958: 6934: 6927: 6907: 6901:978-0300170801 6900: 6877: 6870: 6850: 6847:on 2018-07-19. 6832: 6825: 6805: 6761: 6731: 6724: 6704: 6676: 6656:Mizrahi Hebrew 6647: 6640: 6609: 6594: 6577: 6562: 6552: 6540: 6510: 6498: 6487: 6476: 6464: 6453: 6426: 6419: 6399: 6393:Georges Roux, 6386: 6366: 6359: 6339: 6336:Genesis 12:4–6 6328: 6303: 6279: 6254: 6229: 6204: 6171: 6131: 6120: 6095: 6081: 6051: 6044: 6019: 5990: 5972: 5960: 5930: 5904: 5890: 5874: 5846: 5816: 5786: 5777: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5684:Sassoon family 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5545: 5542:Judaism portal 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5490: 5489:, entrepreneur 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332:Anan ben David 5329: 5328: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5292: 5273: 5270: 5230:Sassoon Eskell 5201: 5198: 5186:United Kingdom 5181:Jerusalem Post 5107:Jewish wedding 5074:Jewish schools 5065:Saddam Hussein 5054:United Kingdom 5000: 4997: 4929: 4926: 4880: 4877: 4779:capital flight 4745: 4742: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4603: 4602: 4601:Related topics 4598: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4442: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4366: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4314: 4311: 4236:Sassoon Eskell 4216:Ezekiel's Tomb 4207: 4204: 4188: 4185: 4099:Ottoman Empire 4068:Solomon Ma’tuk 4058: 4055: 4034:Solomon Ma’tuk 4022:Solomon Ma’tuk 3997: 3994: 3964: 3961: 3936: 3933: 3910: 3907: 3803:Sa'ad al-Dawla 3753: 3750: 3669: 3666: 3539: 3536: 3463:Zoroastrianism 3434: 3431: 3411:Nahum the Mede 3329:Feast of Weeks 3325:Jewish Sabbath 3269: 3266: 3219: 3216: 3189: 3186: 3147:Ezekiel's Tomb 3111:a fresh revolt 3099:Book of Daniel 3075:Nebuchadnezzar 3059:Return to Zion 3046: 3043: 3022:Book of Isaiah 2999:Nebuchadnezzar 2977:. In Books of 2975:Nebuchadnezzar 2951:Books of Kings 2928:Tower of Babel 2875:from 730 BCE. 2853: 2850: 2821: 2818: 2794:United Kingdom 2760:Following the 2715:Ottoman Empire 2695:Sura Academies 2678:Land of Israel 2640:edict of Cyrus 2609: 586 BCE 2567:Yehudim Bavlim 2544: 2543: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2442: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2425:Territorialism 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2309:Judaeo-Spanish 2306: 2304:Judaeo-Iranian 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2084: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1750:United Kingdom 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1598: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1183:Bilad-el-Sudan 1180: 1175: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1136:Land of Israel 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 996: 995: 994:Related groups 991: 990: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 927: 926: 921: 906: 901: 900: 897: 896: 891: 890: 889: 888: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 851:Jewish atheism 848: 843: 838: 830: 829: 825: 824: 823: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802:Islamic–Jewish 797: 790: 775: 770: 762: 761: 754: 753: 752: 751: 727: 714: 686: 681: 674: 669: 667:Yehud Medinata 661: 660: 654: 653: 652: 651: 644: 637: 629: 616: 608: 596: 591: 584: 576: 575: 573:Ancient Israel 569: 568: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 529:Land of Israel 526: 518: 517: 511: 506: 505: 502: 501: 496: 495: 494: 493: 488: 484:Shulchan Aruch 479: 474: 469: 464: 456: 455: 454: 453: 448: 440: 439: 433: 432: 431: 430: 425: 417: 416: 410: 409: 408: 407: 402: 397: 389: 388: 380: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 309: 304: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 262: 257: 250:God in Judaism 246: 241: 240: 237: 236: 235: 234: 229: 221: 220: 210: 209: 197: 196: 178:Sephardic Jews 174:Ashkenazi Jews 170: 169: 165: 164: 158: 157: 153: 152: 149: 148: 142: 135: 123: 122: 118: 117: 114: 100: 99: 96: 82: 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 67: 66: 46:Sassoon Eskell 43: 35: 34: 27: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12536: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12494: 12479: 12475: 12471: 12469: 12461: 12460: 12457: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12420: 12416: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12404:South Ossetia 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12382: 12376: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12122: 12118: 12109: 12104: 12102: 12097: 12095: 12090: 12089: 12086: 12074: 12071: 12067: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12056: 12052: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12034: 12029: 12026: 12025: 12023: 12019: 12011: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11962: 11958: 11952: 11949: 11945: 11942: 11941: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11910: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11824: 11820: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11806:Belmonte Jews 11804: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11797: 11796: 11792: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11781: 11778: 11774: 11773:Paradesi Jews 11771: 11770: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11747: 11746:New Amsterdam 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11711: 11707: 11703: 11700: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11666: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11559: 11558: 11554: 11553: 11551: 11549: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11537:New Christian 11534: 11532: 11531: 11530:Maghrebi Jews 11527: 11525: 11524: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11499: 11497: 11496: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11462: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11453: 11449: 11444: 11437: 11432: 11430: 11425: 11423: 11418: 11417: 11414: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11382: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11365:Mizrahi music 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11341: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11323: 11320: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11305:Judeo-Persian 11303: 11301: 11300:Judeo-Aramaic 11298: 11296: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11285: 11284: 11281: 11280: 11278: 11274: 11266: 11265:Hadhrami Jews 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11250:Yemenite Jews 11248: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11233:Maghrebi Jews 11231: 11230: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11208:Bukharan Jews 11206: 11204: 11203:Mountain Jews 11201: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11191:Baghdadi Jews 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11050: 11045: 11038: 11033: 11031: 11026: 11024: 11019: 11018: 11015: 11003: 10995: 10993: 10985: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10973: 10965: 10964: 10961: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10936: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10808:Iraqi Turkmen 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10702: 10698: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10599: 10594: 10590: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10497: 10494: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10443:(legislative) 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10412: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10376:Syrian Desert 10374: 10372: 10371:Shatt al-Arab 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10306:Faw peninsula 10304: 10303: 10300: 10296: 10291: 10287: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10248:Fall of Mosul 10246: 10245: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10221:U.S. invasion 10219: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10184:Iran–Iraq War 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10149: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10074: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10049:Buyid dynasty 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9898:Halaf culture 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9860: 9855: 9849: 9839: 9834: 9832: 9827: 9825: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9696:Ethnic groups 9694: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9643: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9601: 9599: 9594: 9592: 9587: 9586: 9583: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9545:Baghdad Twist 9541: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9523: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9503: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9469: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9425: 9424:Iraq Jews hub 9422: 9419: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9338:Naim Kattan, 9337: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9309:N. Stillman, 9308: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9283:0-00-217984-9 9279: 9275: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9261: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9241:9780070254183 9237: 9233: 9229: 9228: 9222: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9190: 9188:9780231507592 9184: 9180: 9176: 9171: 9164: 9162:9780292774421 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9141: 9134:September 10, 9130: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9112: 9110:9780275971342 9106: 9102: 9098: 9093: 9086: 9084:9780754633389 9080: 9076: 9072: 9067: 9064: 9058: 9055:, Routledge, 9054: 9053: 9048: 9044: 9037: 9035:9781845190354 9031: 9027: 9023: 9018: 9011:September 10, 9007: 9003: 8998: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8955: 8954:+972 Magazine 8951: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8814: 8808: 8803: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8770: 8765: 8750: 8749:Chaldean News 8746: 8740: 8738: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8713: 8705: 8699: 8697: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8659: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8633: 8629: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8603: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8583: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8504:on 2006-10-06 8503: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8456: 8448: 8446:9781841624884 8442: 8438: 8437: 8429: 8423: 8418: 8410: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8391: 8389:9781496425409 8385: 8381: 8380: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8349: 8345: 8338: 8336: 8324: 8318: 8307: 8301: 8290: 8284: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8220: 8214: 8203: 8197: 8183: 8182:www.thejc.com 8179: 8172: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8139: 8133: 8125: 8123:9781841622439 8119: 8115: 8114: 8106: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8075: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8021: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7940: 7935: 7929:, p. 134 7928: 7923: 7916: 7911: 7896: 7892: 7886: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7845: 7839: 7836:. Routledge. 7835: 7834: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7761: 7760: 7759:The Spectator 7755: 7748: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7728: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7683:(Saqui, 2005) 7682: 7674: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7648: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7629: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7598: 7589: 7583: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7559: 7557:9781510740877 7553: 7549: 7548: 7540: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7513: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7483: 7474: 7472: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7417: 7411:, p. 365 7410: 7405: 7398: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7344: 7335: 7326: 7318: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7299: 7290: 7283: 7277: 7269: 7267:9780141948041 7263: 7259: 7258: 7250: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7154: 7147: 7142: 7135: 7130: 7121: 7114: 7108: 7094:on 2018-06-19 7093: 7089: 7083: 7076: 7071: 7069:0-86356-520-4 7065: 7061: 7060: 7052: 7045: 7039: 7037: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7013: 7006: 7000:, p. 364 6999: 6994: 6992: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6930: 6928:9781351309820 6924: 6921:. Routledge. 6920: 6919: 6911: 6903: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6884: 6882: 6873: 6871:9780739116470 6867: 6863: 6862: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6836: 6828: 6826:9780231150903 6822: 6818: 6817: 6809: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6727: 6725:9789004354012 6721: 6717: 6716: 6708: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6668:that of Mosul 6665: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6643: 6641:9789004354005 6637: 6633: 6632: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6607: 6603: 6602:Marina Rustow 6598: 6591: 6588:" (1906). In 6587: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6556: 6543: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6484:Sanhedrin 11b 6480: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6403: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6383:1-60481-173-0 6380: 6376: 6370: 6362: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6343: 6337: 6332: 6318: 6314: 6307: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6147:The Telegraph 6143: 6135: 6129: 6124: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6091: 6085: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6047: 6045:9789004354012 6041: 6037: 6036: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6009:on 2008-05-20 6008: 6004: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5976: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5763:Skolnik, Fred 5760: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5729: 5720: 5710: 5706: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5649:Music of Iraq 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5580:Baghdadi Jews 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5546: 5543: 5532: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5509:David Sassoon 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5481:Samir Naqqash 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5451:Elie Kedourie 5449: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5423:Yitzhak Yamin 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5371:Ya'qub Bilbul 5369: 5366: 5365:Shlomo Hillel 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334:, founder of 5333: 5330: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5285:, including: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5210:Jewish Agency 5207: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5145:, located in 5144: 5139: 5135: 5134:Iran–Iraq War 5127: 5122: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5046:Imperial Iran 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5026:Jewish family 5023: 5019: 5018:heart attacks 5015: 5011: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4977:anti-Semitism 4973: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4818:denaturalized 4814: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4780: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4750: 4741: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669:Jewish Agency 4666: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571:Awareness day 4569: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4289:in 1941, the 4288: 4285: 4281: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4244:King Faisal I 4239: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4183:(1813–1889). 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4126:David Sassoon 4123: 4122:Baghdadi Jews 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4103:British India 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4072:David Sassoon 4069: 4065: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975:in 1534 took 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3758:Mongol Empire 3752:Mongol period 3749: 3747: 3746:Mediterranean 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3665: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3378:Judeo-Aramaic 3376:, written in 3375: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3280: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3255:Antiochus III 3252: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083:Jer. 52:28–30 3080: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:2 Kings 20:12 2964: 2961:, especially 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2938:'s dominion ( 2937: 2933: 2930:was located ( 2929: 2926:). Here, the 2925: 2924:Genesis 10:10 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2834:specific area 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2814:United States 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2731:Baghdadi Jews 2729:known as the 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2667:Second Temple 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2615:communities. 2614: 2604: 2599: 2590: 2570: 2568: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2349:Judeo-Aramaic 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2339:Judeo-Italian 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2319:Ghardaïa Sign 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1944:Denominations 1940: 1939: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1772:United States 1770: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 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656: 655: 650: 645: 643: 638: 634: 630: 627: 622: 617: 613: 609: 606: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 585: 583: 580: 579: 578: 577: 574: 571: 570: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 520: 519: 515: 514: 509: 504: 503: 492: 489: 486: 485: 480: 478: 475: 473: 472:Mishneh Torah 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 458: 457: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 442: 441: 438: 435: 434: 429: 426: 424: 421: 420: 419: 418: 415: 412: 411: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 391: 390: 387: 384: 383: 378: 373: 372: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 310: 308: 305: 303: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 270: 266: 263: 261: 258: 255: 251: 248: 247: 244: 239: 238: 233: 232:Who is a Jew? 230: 228: 225: 224: 223: 222: 219: 215: 212: 211: 207: 203: 202: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 166: 163: 159: 154: 146: 145:Judeo-Aramaic 143: 141: 137: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 115: 113: 101: 97: 95: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 59: 58:King Faisal I 55: 51: 47: 41: 36: 25: 16: 12419:Dependencies 12349:Turkmenistan 12314:Saudi Arabia 12208: 11899:Judeo-Gascon 11872:Judeo-Arabic 11862:Judeo-Berber 11793: 11708: 11680:Gibraltarian 11669:North Africa 11667: 11659:Thessalonian 11555: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11493: 11467:Roman Empire 11459: 11355:Ovadia Yosef 11295:Judeo-Arabic 11260:Habbani Jews 11198:Persian Jews 11186:Kurdish Jews 11174:By community 11114:Saudi Arabia 11078: 11044:Mizrahi Jews 10836:Christianity 10813: 10718:Demographics 10652:Oil reserves 10647:Oil Industry 10614:Central Bank 10510:Human rights 10436:Constitution 10381:Tigris river 10361:Persian Gulf 10069:Ottoman Iraq 10054:Qara Qoyunlu 9888:Ubaid period 9798:Palestinians 9766: 9666: 9645:Christianity 9572: 9563: 9544: 9535: 9526: 9480: 9450: 9371: 9370:Mona Yahia, 9360: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9328: 9317: 9310: 9299: 9268: 9253:. Retrieved 9226: 9217: 9206: 9174: 9148: 9145:Beinin, Joel 9132:. Retrieved 9126: 9096: 9070: 9051: 9021: 9009:. Retrieved 8981:. Retrieved 8977: 8968: 8957:. Retrieved 8953: 8927:. Retrieved 8923: 8914: 8903: 8894: 8885: 8876: 8867: 8855:. Retrieved 8850: 8841: 8829:. Retrieved 8823: 8813: 8802: 8793: 8784: 8775: 8764: 8753:. Retrieved 8751:. 2021-06-30 8748: 8723: 8712: 8683:. Retrieved 8679:the original 8669: 8658: 8649: 8640: 8631: 8621: 8612: 8602: 8591: 8582: 8571: 8562: 8553: 8545: 8537:the original 8532: 8523: 8517: 8506:. Retrieved 8502:the original 8469:the original 8465:fr.jpost.com 8464: 8455: 8435: 8428: 8417: 8382:. NavPress. 8378: 8351:. Retrieved 8347: 8317: 8300: 8283: 8272:. Retrieved 8268: 8259: 8248:. Retrieved 8244: 8213: 8196: 8185:. Retrieved 8181: 8171: 8132: 8112: 8105: 8094:. Retrieved 8090: 8080: 8052:, retrieved 8047: 8038: 8020: 8009:. Retrieved 8004: 7995: 7984:. Retrieved 7980: 7971: 7960:. 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Retrieved 6694:. 2007-11-08 6691: 6650: 6630: 6597: 6589: 6580: 6565: 6555: 6545:, retrieved 6523: 6513: 6501: 6490: 6479: 6467: 6456: 6448: 6445:Isaiah Gafni 6409: 6402: 6395:Ancient Iraq 6394: 6389: 6374: 6369: 6349: 6342: 6331: 6320:. Retrieved 6316: 6306: 6295:. Retrieved 6291: 6282: 6271:. Retrieved 6267: 6257: 6246:. Retrieved 6242: 6232: 6221:. Retrieved 6219:. 2019-06-27 6216: 6207: 6196:. Retrieved 6185:The Observer 6184: 6174: 6163:. Retrieved 6146: 6134: 6123: 6111:. Retrieved 6107: 6098: 6084: 6064: 6054: 6034: 6011:. Retrieved 6007:the original 6000: 5993: 5985:the original 5975: 5965:, retrieved 5943: 5933: 5924: 5920: 5893: 5865:. Retrieved 5859: 5849: 5838:. Retrieved 5836:. 2 May 2018 5831: 5808:. Retrieved 5804: 5766: 5752: 5740:Bibliography 5728: 5719: 5709: 5634:Lishana Deni 5521:Ovadia Yosef 5487:Selim Zilkha 5469:Sami Michael 5463:Jessica Meir 5445:Iraqi Jewish 5411:Ben Ish Chai 5389:Naeim Giladi 5355:, politician 5254: 5250:Andrew White 5246: 5239: 5236:, in Baghdad 5219:Sami Michael 5203: 5179: 5176:Naim Dangoor 5161: 5131: 5078:nationalized 5070:Salima Pasha 5062: 5034:peace treaty 5002: 4989:Ba'ath Party 4974: 4962: 4948:Memorial in 4918: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4882: 4870: 4866:Aref al-Aref 4863: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4823: 4815: 4810:Nuri al-Said 4802: 4787: 4783: 4771: 4738:Nuri al-Said 4735: 4731: 4714: 4707: 4704: 4695: 4673: 4661: 4590: 4516: 4470:Tripolitania 4447: 4344: 4328: 4323:Nuri al-Said 4316: 4290: 4277: 4252: 4240: 4229: 4225: 4190: 4177:Ben Ish Chai 4173: 4158: 4134:Judeo-Arabic 4119: 4095:Indian Ocean 4084: 4078:and then to 4060: 4051: 4042: 4038: 4015: 3999: 3990: 3986: 3966: 3957:Ezra Dangoor 3953:Hakham Bashi 3952: 3950: 3938: 3909:Ottoman rule 3895: 3868: 3861: 3838: 3830: 3827: 3811: 3807: 3789: 3776: 3774: 3762:Bar Hebraeus 3755: 3734:Saadiah Gaon 3723: 3711: 3703:Firuz Shabur 3700: 3688:Zoroastrians 3677: 3662: 3653:Isaiah 59:21 3650: 3642: 3627: 3615:Talmud Bavli 3614: 3598: 3584: 3573: 3553:Judah HaNasi 3541: 3518:Christians, 3517: 3499: 3487: 3460: 3427: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3382: 3367: 3344: 3342:(66–73 CE). 3333: 3310: 3283: 3277: 3262:Antiochus IV 3259: 3247:2 Macc. 8:20 3243:II Maccabees 3240: 3236:Seleucid era 3221: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3191: 3178:Davidic line 3171: 3152: 3103:Daniel 5:1–5 3068: 3011: 2944: 2940:Gen. 14:1, 9 2922:'s kingdom ( 2877: 2855: 2823: 2774: 2759: 2739:Judeo-Arabic 2735: 2685:such as the 2675: 2617: 2564: 2549: 2547: 2488:Post-Zionism 2359:Judeo-Berber 2354:Judeo-Arabic 2314:Judeo-Gascon 2061:Pidyon haben 1980:Conservative 1526:Saudi Arabia 1435: 1344:South Africa 1333:Sierra Leone 1155:Israeli Jews 1069:Mosaic Arabs 1022:Kaifeng Jews 883:Arab–Israeli 856:Emancipation 735:Great Revolt 544:Anti-Judaism 539:Antisemitism 534:Name "Judea" 329:Baal teshuva 190:Mizrahi Jews 186:Persian Jews 182:Kurdish Jews 18:Ethnic group 15: 12478:Asia portal 12379:States with 12299:Philippines 12239:South Korea 12234:North Korea 12129:Afghanistan 12064: [ 12031: [ 12008: [ 11907: [ 11629:Palestinian 11059:Afghanistan 10992:WikiProject 10793:Marsh Arabs 10778:Circassians 10459:Foreign aid 10351:Mesopotamia 9913:Uruk period 9735:Circassians 9718:Marsh Arabs 9703:Afro-Iraqis 9650:Evangelical 9298:N. Rejwan, 9232:McGraw-Hill 8857:22 November 8422:Murphy 2003 8007:(in Arabic) 7651:Gat, p. 179 7622:Gat, p. 177 7136:, p. 6 6495:Shabbat 26a 6113:20 February 5701:Annotations 5556:Iraq portal 5475:Shafiq Ades 5459:, historian 5453:, historian 5401:N.J. Dawood 5341:Alan Yentob 5190:Netherlands 5147:Al-Bataween 5132:During the 5105:, the last 4993:Six-Day War 4762:Lod Airport 4726:Arab League 4717:Shafiq Ades 4563:Remembrance 4428:Six-Day War 4423:Suez Crisis 4317:Before the 4287:coup d'état 4230:During the 4187:Modern Iraq 4130:Dawud Pasha 4124:, to which 4091:Middle East 4064:Dawud Pasha 3969:Mesopotamia 3946:Dauod Pasha 3887:Middle East 3820:. The khan 3766:Kublai Khan 3718:Charlemagne 3398:Resh Galuta 3336:Hyrcanus II 3279:Mithridates 3030:Isaiah 39:3 3026:Isaiah 13:1 2932:Gen. 11:1–9 2892:post-exilic 2838:Mesopotamia 2711:Middle Ages 2647:was rebuilt 2620:Mesopotamia 2483:Revisionist 2473:Neo-Zionism 2080:Zeved habat 1873:Puerto Rico 1699:Netherlands 1531:South Korea 1516:Philippines 1396:Afghanistan 1263:Ivory Coast 1037:Crypto-Jews 1002:Bnei Anusim 981:Bene Israel 946:Beta Israel 903:Communities 810:Middle Ages 549:Persecution 324:Bereavement 194:Syrian Jews 12514:Iraqi Jews 12493:Categories 12359:Uzbekistan 12334:Tajikistan 12249:Kyrgyzstan 12229:Kazakhstan 12149:Bangladesh 12139:Azerbaijan 11612:Macedonian 11600:Alexandria 11548:Dispersion 11523:Megorashim 11502:Degredados 11472:Golden Age 11255:Adeni Jews 10909:Television 10889:Literature 10851:Irreligion 10826:Secularism 10763:Minorities 10631:(currency) 10624:Corruption 10469:Government 10260:Insurgency 10059:Aq Qoyunlu 9880:Chronology 9557:Joe Balass 9455:, 1906 ed. 9359:Eli Amir, 9316:C. Tripp, 9255:2023-10-04 9205:E. Black, 9047:Gat, Moshe 8994:References 8983:2021-05-15 8959:2024-08-01 8929:2024-08-01 8755:2024-08-01 8508:2006-10-05 8353:2020-10-19 8274:2024-09-24 8250:2024-08-17 8187:2024-08-17 8096:2020-10-05 8054:2024-09-22 8011:2024-09-22 7986:2024-08-17 7962:2024-08-02 7901:2020-10-05 7876:2024-08-01 7791:2024-09-28 7454:government 7420:p. 91 7391:2013-10-15 7338:Tripp, 123 7198:2013-10-15 7134:Levin 2001 7098:2018-06-19 6981:2018-08-23 6952:2018-08-22 6799:2018-08-22 6742:" (2000). 6698:2018-08-23 6547:2024-09-10 6373:Rea, Cam. 6322:2020-01-20 6297:2020-01-20 6273:2020-01-20 6248:2020-01-20 6223:2020-01-20 6198:2020-01-20 6165:2020-01-20 6060:Avi Shlaim 6013:2008-06-24 5967:2024-09-10 5840:2019-12-10 5810:2018-08-22 5503:Yona Sabar 5483:, novelist 5429:Hila Klein 5347:Avi Shlaim 5307:Rav Chisda 5289:Abba Arika 5272:Iraqi Jews 5111:brit milah 5022:breakdowns 4921:Avi Shlaim 4768:, May 1951 4679:available. 4378:Background 3913:See also: 3879:irrigation 3864:Al-Maqrizi 3770:Marco Polo 3684:Christians 3520:Manicheans 3317:Hyrcanus I 3193:537 BCE). 3174:Zerubbabel 3087:Jehoiachin 3003:Artaxerxes 2979:Chronicles 2969:; compare 2955:Israelites 2812:, and the 2790:Kiryat Gat 2755:Avi Shlaim 2707:Caliphates 2697:, and the 2655:Zerubbabel 2468:Maximalism 2420:Secularism 2400:Autonomism 2217:Literature 2010:Humanistic 1614:Azerbaijan 1576:Uzbekistan 1551:Tajikistan 1471:Kyrgyzstan 1456:Kazakhstan 1303:Mozambique 1278:Madagascar 1198:Cape Verde 1150:New Yishuv 1145:Old Yishuv 1096:Population 1074:Subbotniks 1032:Samaritans 971:Romanyotim 914:Ashkenazim 861:Old Yishuv 841:Sabbateans 828:Modern era 820:Golden Age 747:Bar Kokhba 467:Beit Yosef 334:Philosophy 22:Iraqi Jews 12445:Hong Kong 12399:Palestine 12324:Sri Lanka 12319:Singapore 12199:Indonesia 11854:Languages 11801:Amazonian 11785:Livornese 11763:Hamburger 11607:Hungarian 11573:Bulgarian 11495:Conversos 11276:Languages 10929:Squatting 10894:Education 10841:Mandaeism 10810:/Turkoman 10788:Mandaeans 10773:Assyrians 10768:Armenians 10731:Languages 10619:Companies 10574:Judiciary 10484:President 10454:Elections 10449:Democracy 10295:Geography 10211:Sanctions 10129:2003–2011 10124:1968–2003 10119:1958–1968 9978:Babylonia 9730:Assyrians 9725:Armenians 9687:Shabakism 9682:Mandaeism 9677:Yarsanism 9620:Religions 9447:Babylonia 8685:27 August 7915:Gale 2005 7867:"History" 7703:Tom Segev 7582:Bard 2013 6586:Babylonia 6574:Noach 3:9 6451:, p.26-35 6413:. Brill. 6193:0029-7712 6155:0307-1235 5714:offense". 5694:Mandaeans 5361:, scholar 5232:, former 5228:House of 5156:Sadr City 5099:Arab Jews 5058:Australia 5010:scaffolds 4950:Or Yehuda 4873:Ma'abarot 4806:synagogue 4302:Palestine 4164:Ashkenazi 4150:Hong Kong 4146:Singapore 4049:century. 4018:Sephardic 3784:musharrif 3639:Pumbedita 3547:from the 3524:Buddhists 3509:Shapur II 3483:Ctesiphon 3479:Asoristan 3359:Vespasian 3321:Great Zab 3304:as well ( 3298:diadochoi 3294:Arsacides 3253:or under 3163:exilarchs 3128:Jehoiakim 3018:Psalm 137 3007:Neh. 13:6 2971:Isa. 34:1 2947:allusions 2898:. 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History of the Jews in Iraq

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