History of the Philippines (1565–1898)

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society, even becoming tulisanes 'bandits' who in the late 18th century "infested" Cavite and led peasant revolts (Medina 2002: 66). Meanwhile, in the Spanish garrisons, Spanish was used among administrators and priests. Nonetheless, there is not enough historical information on the social role of these men. In fact some of the few references point to a quick integration into the local society: "los hombres del pueblo, los soldados y marinos, anónimos, olvidados, absorbidos en su totalidad por la población Filipina." (Bernal 1964: 188). In addition to the Manila-Acapulco galleon, a complex commercial maritime system circulated European and Asian commodities including slaves. During the 17th century, Portuguese vessels traded with the ports of Manila and Cavite, even after the prohibition of 1644 (Seijas 2008: 21). Crucially, the commercial activities included the smuggling and trade of slaves: "from the Moluccas, and Malacca, and India… with the monsoon winds" carrying "clove spice, cinnamon, and pepper and black slaves, and Kafir " (Antonio de Morga cf Seijas 2008: 21)." Though there is no data on the numbers of slaves in Cavite, the numbers in Manila suggest a significant fraction of the population had been brought in as slaves by the Portuguese vessels. By 1621, slaves in Manila numbered 1,970 out of a population of 6,110. This influx of slaves continued until late in the 17th century; according to contemporary cargo records in 1690, 200 slaves departed from Malacca to Manila (Seijas 2008: 21). Different ethnicities were favored for different labor; Africans were brought to work on the agricultural production, and skilled slaves from India served as caulkers and carpenters.

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Basque peoples into a single political unit: Spain. In precolonial times, the Philippine islands were a divided and unspecified part of the Malay archipelago, one inhabited by dozens of ethnolinguistic groups, residing in countless independent villages, strewn across thousands of islands. By the end of the seventeenth century, however, a dramatic change had happened in the archipelago. A multiethnic community had come together to form the colonial beginnings of a someday nation: the Philippines. The powerful influence of Christian-Moro antagonisms on the formation of the early Philippines remains evident more than four hundred years later, as the Philippine national government continues to grapple with Moro separatists groups, even in 2013.

1532: 1337: 2523: 1609:. Administration of the Philippine islands were considered a drain on the economy of Spain, and there were debates about abandoning it or trading it for some other territory. However, this was opposed for a number of reasons, including economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the islands and the surrounding region. The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy provided by the Spanish Crown, which averaged 250,000 pesos and was usually paid through the provision of 75 tons of silver bullion being sent from 2006: 1032: 2037: 2627: 6949: 965: 1822: 6960: 1686:. The decree was published in Manila on August 5, 1598. King Philip died on September 13, just forty days after the publication of the decree, but his death was not known in the Philippines until middle of 1599, by which time a referendum by which indigenous Filipinos would acknowledge Spanish rule was underway. With the completion of the Philippine referendum of 1599, Spain could be said to have established legitimate sovereignty over the Philippines. 1690: 1405:. More than 15,000 soldiers arrived from New Spain as new migrants during the 17th century, far outnumbering civilian arrivals. Most of these soldiers were criminals and young boys rather than men of character. Hardship for the colonizing soldiers contributed to looting and enslavement, despite the entreaties of representatives of the church who accompanied them. In 1568, the Spanish Crown permitted the establishment of the 2235: 3458: 2351: 1651:. Later, increasing imports of silver from New World sources resulted in Japanese exports to the Philippines shifting from silver to consumer goods. In the 1570s, the Spanish traders were troubled to some extent by Japanese pirates, but peaceful trading relations were established between the Philippines and Japan by 1590. Japan's 1715:. Spanish forces included soldiers from elsewhere in New Spain, many of whom deserted and intermingled with the wider population. Though they collectively had significant impact on Filipino society, assimilation erased prior caste differences between them and, in time, the importance of their national origin. 3896:

Tomás de Comyn, general manager of the Compañia Real de Filipinas, in 1810 estimated that out of a total population of 2,515,406, "the European Spaniards, and Spanish creoles and mestizos do not exceed 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages, and the distinct castes or modifications known in America

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Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or "arrabales," all occupied by Spaniards ("todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles"). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or

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The development of the Philippines as a source of raw materials and as a market for European manufactures created much local wealth. Many Filipinos prospered. Everyday Filipinos also benefited from the new economy with the rapid increase in demand for labor and availability of business opportunities.

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To pursue their mission of conquest, the Spaniards dealt individually with each settlement or village and with each province or island until the entire Philippine archipelago was brought under imperial control. They saw to it that the people remained divided or compartmentalized and with the minimum

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While the revolution spread throughout the provinces, Aguinaldo's Katipuneros declared the existence of an insurgent government in October regardless of Bonifacio's Katipunan, which he had already converted into an insurgent government with him as president in August. Bonifacio was invited to Cavite

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did not initially favor an armed revolution. José Rizal himself, whom the rebels took inspiration from and had consulted beforehand, disapproved of a premature revolution. He was arrested, tried and executed for treason, sedition and conspiracy on December 30, 1896. Before his arrest he had issued a

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Following the opening of Philippine ports to world trade in 1834, shifts started occurring within Filipino society. The decline of the Manila Galleon trade contributed to shifts in the domestic economy. Communal land became privatized to meet international demand for agricultural products, which led

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signed on February 10, 1763. At the time of signing the treaty, the signatories were not aware that Manila was under British occupation and was being administered as a British colony. Consequently, no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that

1989:. Anda intercepted and redirected the Manila galleon trade to prevent further captures by the British. The failure of the British to consolidate their position led to troop desertions and a breakdown of command unity which left the British forces paralysed and in an increasingly precarious position. 4848:

The cultural identity of the mestizos was challenged as they became increasingly aware that they were true members of neither the indio nor the Chinese community. Increasingly powerful but adrift, they linked with the Spanish mestizos, who were also being challenged because after the Latin American

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The galleon activities also attracted a great number of Mexican men that arrived from the Mexican Pacific coast as ships' crewmembers (Grant 2009: 230). Mexicans were administrators, priests and soldiers (guachinangos or hombres de pueblo) (Bernal 1964: 188) many though, integrated into the peasant

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and bring the reform movement to Philippine soil. He was arrested just a few days after founding the league. Rizal was eventually executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion. This radicalized many who had previously been loyal to Spain. As attempts at reform met with resistance, in 1892,

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in 1648. That year the Dutch promised the natives of Mindanao that they would return in 1649 with aid in support of a revolt against the Spanish. Several revolts did break out, the most serious being in the village of Lindáo. There most of the Spaniards were killed, and the survivors were forced to

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However, according to genetic studies, the Philippines remained largely unaffected by admixture with Europeans. Latin Americans outnumbered Europeans, the Spanish in general, and the Chinese outnumbered the Europeans as well, as the majority of Filipinos are native Austronesians. Spain maintained a

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Reforms under General Arandía.—The demoralization and misery with which Obando's rule closed were relieved somewhat by the capable government of Arandía, who succeeded him. Arandía was one of the few men of talent, energy, and integrity who stood at the head of affairs in these islands during two

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The military organization of Manila might have depended to some degree on non-European groups, but colonial authorities measured a successful imperial policy of defense on the amount of European and American recruits that could be accounted for in the military forces.~CSIC ser. Consultas riel 301

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The early modern revival of the Reconquista in the Philippines had a profound effect on the islands, one that is still being felt today. As described above, the Spanish Reconquista served to unify Christians against a common Moro enemy, helping to bring together Castilian, Catalan, Galician, and

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On June 12, the armada attacked the Spanish port of Cavite. The battle lasted eight hours, and the Spanish believed they had done much damage to the enemy flagship and the other vessels. The Spanish ships were not badly damaged and casualties were low. However, nearly every roof in the Spanish

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As industrialization spread throughout Europe and North America in the 19th century, demands for raw materials increased. Although the Philippines had been prohibited from trading with nations other than Spain, the demand led Spain, under Governor-General José Basco, to open the ports to

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was sent to the Philippines to serve as governor-general (1869–1871). He was one of the most loved governors-general in the Philippines because of the reforms he implemented. At one time, his supporters, including Padre Burgos and Joaquín Pardo de Tavera, serenaded him in front of the

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with crews composed mainly of Filipino volunteers, against three separate Dutch squadrons, totaling eighteen ships, the Dutch squadrons were severely defeated in all fronts by the Spanish-Filipino forces, forcing the Dutch to abandon their plans for an invasion of the Philippines.

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and an election in which Bonifacio lost his position and Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as the new leader of the revolution. On March 22, 1897, the convention established the Tejeros Revolutionary Government. Bonifacio refused to recognize this and, with others, concluded the

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forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764, however they were unable to extend their conquest outside of Manila as the Filipinos stayed loyal to the remaining Spanish community outside Manila. Spanish colonial forces kept the British confined to Manila. Catholic Archbishop

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and prominent figure in the rise of Filipino nationalism. Their scions studied in the best universities of Europe where they learned the ideals of liberty from the French and American Revolutions. The new economy gave rise to a new middle class in the Philippines.

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In Governor Anda y Salazar's opinion, an important part of the problem of vagrancy was the fact that Mexicans and Spanish disbanded after finishing their military or prison terms "all over the islands, even the most distant, looking for subsistence.~CSIC riel 208

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in July. The Dutch had formed an alliance with an anti-Spanish king, Salicala. The Spanish garrison on the island was small, but survived a Dutch bombardment. The Dutch finally withdrew, and the Spanish made peace with the Joloans, and then also withdrew.

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establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.

46: 1849:. The second battle is the most famous and celebrated of the three, with nearly even forces (10 ships vs 10 ships), resulting in the Dutch losing their flagship and retreating. Only the third battle of 1624 resulted in a Dutch naval victory. 2573:

On May 19, Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy ship, and on May 24, took command of Filipino forces. Filipino forces had liberated much of the country from the Spanish. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo issued the

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Because local resources did not yield enough money to maintain the colonial administration, the government was constantly running a deficit and had to be supported with an annual subsidy from the Spanish government in Mexico, the

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to a term encompassing all people in the archipelago. This identity shift was driven by wealthy families of mixed ancestry, for which it developed into a national identity. This was compounded by a Mexican of Filipino descent,

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Among the reformers was José Rizal, who wrote two novels while in Europe. His novels were considered the most influential of the Illustrados' writings, causing further unrest in the islands, particularly the founding of the

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The Philippine Islands: A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, Embracing the Whole Period of Spanish Rule, with an Account of the Succeeding American Insular

1593:. The missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity. They also founded schools, a university, hospitals, and churches. To defend their settlements, the Spaniards constructed and manned a network of 3459:"The Philippines. A mountain of difference: The Lumad in early colonial Mindanao By Oona Paredes Ithaca: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University, 2013. Pp. 195. Maps, Appendices, Notes, Bibliography, Index" 1600:

Spanish rule brought most of what is now the Philippines into a single unified administration. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as part of the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain, later administered from

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revolutions broke the Spanish Empire, many of the settlers from the New World, Caucasian Creoles born in Mexico or Peru, became suspect in the eyes of the Iberian Spanish. The Spanish Empire had lost its universality.

2507:. The conditions of the armistice included the self-exile of Aguinaldo and his officers in exchange for $ MXN 800,000 (about $ US 14,400,000 today) to be paid by the colonial government. Aguinaldo then sailed to 1886:, where they captured the fortified monastery, taking prisoners and executing almost 200 Filipino defenders. The governor ordered solemn funeral rites for the dead and payments to their widows and orphans. 1878:

settlement was damaged by cannon fire, which particularly concentrated on the cathedral. On June 19, the armada was split, with six ships sailing for the shipyard of Mindoro and the other six remaining in

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Philip II, whose name has remained attached to the islands, ordered and oversaw the conquest and colonization of the Philippines. On November 19 or 20, 1564, a Spanish expedition of a mere 500 men led by

2570:, decisively defeated the Spanish naval forces in the Philippines. With the loss of its naval forces and of control of Manila Bay, Spain lost the ability to defend Manila and therefore the Philippines. 1782:

and other agricultural exports. In this later period, agriculture was finally opened to the European population, which before was reserved only for indigenous Filipinos. During its rule, Spain quelled

2479:, both chapters of the Katipunan. There he became embroiled in discussions whether to replace the Katipunan with an insurgent government of the Cavite rebels' design. This internal dispute led to the 1570:. With time, Cebu's importance fell as power shifted north to Luzon.In the late 16th century the population of Manila grew even as the population of Spanish settlements in the Visayas decreased. 1316:

at the time and his return to Spain was delayed until 1559 because of European politics and wars in northern Europe. Shortly after his return to Spain, Philip ordered an expedition mounted to the

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By 1896, the Katipunan had a membership by the thousands. That same year, the existence of the Katipunan was discovered by the colonial authorities. In late August, Katipuneros gathered in

2136:, and Joaquín Pardo de Tavera who fought for retention of government positions by natives, regardless of race. In retaliation to the rise of Filipino nationalism, the friars called the 1906:. However, Dutch aid did not materialize or have objects to provide them. The authorities from Manila issued a general pardon, and many of the Filipinos in the mountains surrendered. 791: 2290:

The mass deportation of nationalists to the Marianas and Europe in 1872 led to a Filipino expatriate community of reformers in Europe. The community grew with the next generation of

4289:. He also formed a corps of artillerists composed of Filipinos. These were regular troops, who received from Arandía sufficient pay to enable them to live decently and like an army. 3897:

under the name of mulatto, quarteroons, etc., although found in the Philippine Islands, are generally confounded in the three classes of pure Indians, Chinese mestizos and Chinese."

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In August 1898, the Spanish governor-general covertly agreed with American commanders to surrender Manila to the Americans following a mock battle. On August 13, 1898, during the

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The opening of Philippine trade to the world gave rise to business and imposing edifices that made Manila the 'Paris of Asia'. La Insular Cigar Factory is one of the most popular.

1917: 3911: 2375:, due to conflicting historical traditions and official government positions. Andrés Bonifacio called for a general offensive on Manila and was defeated in battle at the town of 3765: 1620: 9234: 4090:

Doctrina Christiana, en lengua española y tagala, corregida por los Religiosos de las ordenes Impresa con licencia, en S. Gabriel de la Orden de S. Domĩgo. En Manila, 1593

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from the west, in the 17th century, together with conflict with the Muslims in the south nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. Moros from western Mindanao and the

1248: 2207:), whose executions would influence the subversive activities of the next generation of Filipino nationalists, among them José Rizal, who then dedicated his novel 633: 1617:. Financial constraints meant the 200-year-old fortifications in Manila did not see significant change after being first built by the early Spanish colonizers. 3972: 750: 8364: 704: 2294:

studying in European universities. They allied themselves with Spanish liberals, notably Spanish senator Miguel Morayta Sagrario, and founded the newspaper

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against Filipinos, adding flame to the call of revolution, as indigenous Filipinos were taken by the Spanish and displayed as animals for white audiences.

993: 9386: 7373: 73: 9421: 8384: 7299: 2690: 2132:, who fought for the secularization of Philippine churches and expulsion of the friars, Padre José Burgos whose execution influenced the national hero 1139: 855: 1320:, stating that its purpose was "to discover the islands of the west". In reality its task was to conquer the Philippines for Spain. The population of 9302: 4862: 890: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 6898: 4248: 3394: 2217: 1985:. He led Spanish-Filipino forces that kept the British confined to Manila and sabotaged or crushed British-fomented revolts, such as the revolt by 1211:

left modern Mexico and began the Spanish conquest of the Philippines. Legazpi's expedition arrived in the Philippines in 1565, during the reign of

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Early Mapping of Southeast Asia: The Epic Story of Seafarers, Adventurers, and Cartographers Who First Mapped the Regions Between China and India

1974:, who had been captured by the British, executed a document of surrender on October 30, 1762, giving the British confidence in eventual victory. 950: 8344: 5951: 1185: 6541: 6529: 3435: 1189: 2794: 9391: 9307: 8394: 6286: 6094: 2435:

were the most successful of the rebels and they controlled most of their province by September–October. They defended their territories with

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When Britain ruled the Philippines, 1762-1764: the story of the 18th century British invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years' War

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force, taking a month to bring these forces to bear due to slow speed of local ships. This large force caused the surrender of neighboring

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Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three activist Catholic priests were executed on weak pretences. This would inspire a

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Limos, M. A. (2020). The Story Behind Spain's Infamous Zoo That Featured Philippine Animals... And Then Filipinos. Esquire Publications.

4628: 4303:(Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from 6329: 6191: 6089: 6084: 6069: 4301:"SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" 3843: 1868:

On June 6, 1647, Dutch vessels were sighted near Mariveles Island. In spite of the preparations, the Spanish had only one galleon (the

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across the archipelago. Slavery was also abolished. As a result of these policies the Philippine population increased exponentially.

945: 880: 445: 178: 385: 9214: 8318: 6996: 6324: 5954:– a historical account written by a Spanish lawyer who lived in the Philippines during the 19th century (archived 23 November 2009) 3255: 986: 4728: 1852:

In 1646, a series of five naval actions known as the Battles of La Naval de Manila was fought between the forces of Spain and the

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of 1580-1640 helped make permanent the mutual recognition of Spanish claim to the Philippines as well as Portugal's claim to the

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Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China, compuesta por los padres ministros de los Sangleyes, de la Orden de Sancto Domingo

3490:"The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines" 2575: 1132: 925: 638: 520: 88: 7436: 4412: 9072: 7183: 6778: 6636: 6512: 6127: 5957: 5895: 5874: 5849: 5824: 5782: 5761: 5740: 5721: 5682: 5663: 5627: 5578: 5525: 5488: 5454: 5156: 5129: 4981: 4945: 4841: 4799: 4704: 4395: 4368: 4228: 3649: 3562: 3322: 2851: 2093: 1759: 1712: 1101: 8034: 7903: 7530: 7526: 9167: 9162: 8530: 7936: 7579: 7032: 6835: 6818: 6670: 6653: 6517: 6264: 6186: 6033: 4285:

centuries. He reformed the greatly disorganized military force, establishing what was known as the "Regiment of the King,"

2068: 1394: 1165: 1041: 940: 885: 850: 831: 673: 425: 160: 4578: 9229: 8349: 6850: 6607: 6560: 6373: 6317: 6028: 6023: 3409: 1679: 979: 930: 905: 860: 658: 26: 7218: 8996: 8313: 8249: 7971: 7951: 7426: 7158: 7121: 6813: 6658: 6174: 2387:. Spanish counterattacks drove him back and he retreated to the heights of Balara and Morong and from there engaged in 2229: 9361: 8465: 2264: 9062: 8971: 8369: 7913: 7466: 7096: 6619: 6536: 6208: 6164: 6142: 5926: 5803: 5700: 5674: 5602: 5557: 5420: 5334: 5217: 5042: 5015: 4896: 4772: 4738: 4677: 3863: 3783: 3612: 3265: 3210: 3030: 2995: 2902: 2763: 2045:

Some Europeans immigrated to the Philippines to join the wealth wagon, among them Jacobo Zobel, patriarch of today's

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introduced economic reforms that gave the colony its first significant internal source income from the production of

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Though the fledgling Legazpi-led administration was initially small and vulnerable to elimination by Portuguese and

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González Davíla Amado. Geografía del Estado de Guerrero y síntesis histórica 1959. México D.F.; ed. Quetzalcóatl.

2892: 2336:(KKK), called simply the Katipunan, which had the objective of the Philippines seceding from the Spanish Empire. 628: 9117: 8633: 8077: 7961: 1971: 1675: 1328:

at the time of the first Spanish missions is estimated as between 1 and 1.5 million, overall density being low.

1216: 9219: 9157: 8956: 8374: 8087: 8067: 8039: 7956: 7931: 7791: 7599: 7506: 7446: 7413: 6665: 6467: 6442: 6274: 6043: 6018: 2263:

in Spain and the removal of the Liberals from power, de la Torre was recalled and replaced by Governor-General

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As it became increasingly clear that the United States would not recognize the First Philippine Republic, the

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he wrote that dying in battle for the sake of one's country was just as patriotic as his own impending death.

1051: 9396: 9334: 9312: 9267: 9209: 9187: 9001: 8773: 8455: 8244: 8229: 7314: 7178: 7131: 6888: 6793: 6582: 6577: 6301: 6159: 6051: 2680: 2489: 2476: 1834: 1798: 1586: 1531: 1309: 1046: 1011: 455: 65: 8563: 4413:""The Centre of a Circle": Manila's Trade with East and Southeast Asia at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century" 3200: 9204: 9172: 8703: 8568: 8004: 7384: 7193: 6989: 6715: 6710: 6680: 6643: 6602: 6546: 6363: 6339: 6259: 6110: 2260: 1942: 1402: 1061: 920: 910: 460: 306: 9192: 8525: 1056: 9177: 9077: 8708: 8160: 8092: 7061: 6705: 6700: 6572: 6507: 6462: 6346: 6237: 6218: 6147: 5971: 4579:

Maarten Gerritszoon Vries; Cornelis Janszoon Coen; Pieter Arend Leupe; Philipp Franz von Siebold (1858).

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By December 1897, the revolution had resulted in a stalemate between the colonial government and rebels.

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to fulfill the laws of tributes and to provide for restitution of ill-gotten taxes taken from indigenous

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Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories

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of contact or communication. The Spaniards adopted the policy of divide et impera (divide and conquer).

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declaring independence from Spain. Filipino forces then laid siege to Manila, as had American forces.

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and the reform movement in Europe. Majority of the expatriates supported the leadership of del Pilar.

1978: 1833:, which were hastily converted to warships to meet the superior Dutch armada of 18 vessels during the 1762:

and immigrant Spaniards along with Latin Americans eventually caused the formation of a new language,

1711:, at the Visayas, the settlement received a total of 2,100 soldier-settlers from New Spain, beginning 1536: 1366: 1281: 1208: 9031: 8981: 8839: 8738: 8234: 8107: 8072: 8024: 7926: 7538: 7422: 7111: 7081: 7076: 6830: 6753: 6648: 6502: 6472: 6457: 6351: 4552: 4514: 3990: 2597: 1934: 1490: 1096: 535: 450: 204: 7656: 2384: 8976: 8859: 8819: 8758: 8753: 8693: 8112: 8102: 7888: 7591: 7502: 7203: 6808: 6798: 6768: 6720: 6685: 6587: 4145: 2726:

The Mexican dollar at the time was worth about 50 US cents, equivalent to about $ 18.31 today. The

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navigator in charge of a Spanish expedition to circumnavigate the globe, was killed by warriors of

1223: 623: 505: 500: 336: 264: 9356: 8435: 7668: 7188: 3152: 9026: 8884: 8728: 8668: 8618: 8520: 8117: 8082: 8029: 7664: 7534: 7498: 7228: 7101: 7086: 6982: 6873: 6748: 6405: 4560: 4528: 4271: 3884:"Filipino-Mexican-Central-and-South American Connection, Tales of Two Sisters: Manila and Mexico" 3724: 3346: 2612: 2589:

was signed, ending the Spanish–American War and selling the Philippines to the United States for

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international trade as both as a source of raw materials and as a market for manufactured goods.

1076: 760: 699: 618: 525: 405: 249: 103: 8219: 5695:, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, vol. 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, 4447:"Reviving the Reconquista in Southeast Asia: Moros and the Making of the Philippines, 1565–1662" 2714: 1805:

also raided the coastal Christian areas of Luzon and the Visayas. Settlers had to fight off the

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During the initial period of colonialization, Manila was settled by 1,200 Spanish families. In

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pirates who had been plundering Panay villages. Salcedo also destroyed forts on the islands of

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Maximilian Larena; Federico Sanchez-Quinto; Per Sjödin; Mattias Jakobsson (March 22, 2021).

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How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century

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of a rural parish in colonial Philippines, joining the Holy Week procession. Illustration,

1567: 1020: 719: 709: 668: 648: 515: 113: 108: 8798: 8588: 8510: 5753:

The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration

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1719:

presence in towns and cities. At the immediate south of Manila, Mexicans were present at

1566:. When the Spanish arrived in the area, they subjugated the settlement, resulting in the 1502: 1200: 1169: 1086: 811: 557: 465: 420: 410: 356: 269: 9087: 8788: 4163: 2325: 2256: 2057:

was opened which made the Philippines easier to reach from Spain. The small increase of

1909:

The demands of these wars has been regarded as a potential cause of population decline.

9102: 9092: 9067: 9021: 8986: 8844: 8553: 8430: 8303: 7801: 7781: 7441: 7329: 7056: 6953: 6675: 5588: 5088: 4466: 4331: 4195: 4182: 4147: 4126: 4064: 4006: 3978: 3848:

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2522: 1663:, demanded unsuccessfully on several occasions that the Philippines submit to Japan's 1478: 9282: 9224: 9057: 8829: 8803: 8793: 8783: 8718: 8673: 8603: 8583: 8558: 8505: 8480: 7745: 7272: 7213: 7168: 7027: 6893: 5922: 5891: 5870: 5845: 5820: 5799: 5778: 5757: 5736: 5717: 5696: 5678: 5670: 5659: 5623: 5598: 5574: 5553: 5546: 5521: 5484: 5450: 5416: 5330: 5213: 5152: 5125: 5038: 5011: 4977: 4941: 4892: 4837: 4795: 4768: 4734: 4700: 4673: 4470: 4446: 4427: 4391: 4364: 4224: 4199: 4187: 4084: 4036: 3859: 3779: 3645: 3608: 3558: 3513: 3388: 3318: 3261: 3206: 3026: 2898: 2847: 2759: 2710: 2564: 2508: 2492:

for treason in May 1897. On November 1, the Tejeros government was supplanted by the

2457: 2412: 2388: 2367: 2209: 2179:

of 1872, which resulted in the deportation of prominent Filipino nationalists to the

2064: 2009:

The visit of Gov.-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua at Nueva Caceres on Feb. 16, 1845

1956: 1643:

Some Japanese ships visited the Philippines in the 1570s in order to export Japanese

1435: 1266: 301: 279: 7303: 5690: 3131: 2960:"Convicts or "Conquistadores?" Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeent2h-Century Pacific" 8914: 8909: 8874: 8854: 8613: 8490: 8389: 8293: 7755: 7595: 6863: 6758: 4829: 4548: 4524: 4510: 4458: 4177: 4167: 4098: 3851: 3817: 3771: 3501: 3470: 2967: 2660: 2640: 2552: 2428: 2354: 2329: 2320: 2148: 2110: 2073: 2005: 1869: 1802: 1494: 1439: 1370: 1349: 1345: 1277: 1204: 643: 588: 530: 475: 430: 400: 361: 9292: 7324: 4585:. The Hague: Instituut voor de taal-, land- en volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië. 3952: 2966:(232). Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society: 87–125. 2152:

as well) indolent and unfit for government and church positions. In response, the

2036: 9357:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

9107: 9047: 8961: 8869: 8743: 8723: 8688: 8470: 8440: 8379: 7989: 7979: 7875: 7760: 7652: 7609: 7369: 7277: 7148: 6883: 6878: 6858: 6840: 6492: 6400: 6395: 5942: 5906: 5885: 5864: 5839: 5814: 5793: 5772: 5751: 5653: 5617: 5592: 5568: 5515: 5207: 5034:

Revolutionary Clergy: The Filipino Clergy and the Nationalist Movement, 1850–1903

5032: 5005: 4823: 4762: 4621: 4580: 4338: 4327: 4218: 4102: 3998: 3855: 3775: 2868: 2841: 2753: 2180: 1874:) and two galleys ready to engage the enemy. The Dutch had twelve major vessels. 1767: 1614: 1610: 1574: 1555: 1451: 1091: 821: 311: 244: 78: 9016: 5643:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from 3883: 2129: 8951: 8864: 8748: 8500: 8323: 8308: 8209: 8183: 8168: 8049: 7644: 7638: 7542: 7309: 7223: 7173: 7051: 7005: 3806:"Grupos éthnicos y Clases sociales en las Filipinas de Finales del Siglo XVIII" 3380: 2675: 2593:

20 million. With this treaty, Spanish rule in the Philippines formally ended.

2436: 2296: 2200: 2101: 1966: 1853: 1790: 1771: 1732: 1628: 1418: 1413:, effectively legalizing a more oppressive conquest. Although slavery had been 1386: 1195:

The first documented European contact with the Philippines was made in 1521 by

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Reize van Maarten Gerritsz: Vries in 1643 naar het noorden en oosten van Japan

3529:"Dissolution of Manila-Mexico Architectural Connections between 1784 and 1810" 3505: 3474: 3413: 3366: 2350: 2196: 1501:, and declared it the capital of the Philippines, and thus of the rest of the 1485:. Legazpi followed with a larger fleet comprising both Spanish and a majority 1308:

on January 16, 1556, when his father, Charles I of Spain (who also reigned as

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all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Crown.

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4191: 3821: 3174: 3071: 2972: 2959: 2560: 2453: 2059: 1986: 1921: 1842: 1747: 1727:, where they were stationed as sentries. In addition, men conscripted from 1624: 1590: 1397:. Some of the Tlaxcallans settled permanently on the islands, and numerous 346: 326: 145: 8598: 4833: 4822:

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as the capital city of the Philippine islands, located in Manila at the

9052: 7786: 7066: 5963: 5065:. : National Media Production Center. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from 2379:. He regrouped his forces and was able to briefly capture the towns of 2291: 2100:

shifting from referring to Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula and

2054: 1879: 1774:

for a living. In the later years of the 18th century, Governor-General

1664: 1582: 1573:

In time, the Spanish successfully took over the different local states

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1786:, as well as defending against external military challenges. 1497:, to defeat the Spanish was repelled. Legazpi renamed Maynila 9329: 7603: 7267: 6908: 6725: 3023:

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3644:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 20. 2931:"When Tlaxcalan Natives Went to War in the Philippines" 2270: 2187:, who would continue the fight for liberty through the 2120:

had become increasingly Filipino and called themselves

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were more easily able to convert the inhabitants to

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opposition. Approximately 200-400 of these men were

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Algora Publishing. p. 83. 4620:(F.R.G.S.), John Foreman (1906). 4557:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 4520:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 4109:from the original on May 12, 2024 3457:Llobet, Ruth de (June 23, 2015). 3347:"Christianity in the Philippines" 3070:Fernando A. Santiago Jr. (2006). 386:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi 99:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens 9335:Criollos in the colonial society 9263:Spanish missions in the Americas 8385:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 6959: 6958: 6947: 5919:The Philippines: A Unique Nation 5637:Dolan, Ronald E. (Ed.). (1991). 5504: 5470: 5436: 5402: 5367: 5343: 5304: 5253: 4727:Bacareza, Hermógenes E. (2003). 4359:De la Torre, Visitacion (2006). 2720: 2646:Philippine revolts against Spain 2625: 2357:, the first Philippine president 1816: 1631:, Native Filipinos (Indios) and 1577:. Under Spanish rule, disparate 1217:remained attached to the country 1082:Spanish missions in the Americas 1030: 963: 9362:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 7246: 5750:Schottenhammer, Angela (2008), 5199: 5184: 5138: 5099: 5072: 5024: 4997: 4961: 4927: 4911: 4902: 4885: 4854: 4815: 4781: 4720: 4686: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4613: 4589: 4481: 4438: 4404: 4343: 4330:. Retrieved July 25, 2014 from 4314: 4294: 4263: 4237: 4220:Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico 4206: 4139: 3946: 3931: 3902: 3835: 3796: 3757: 3753:. philippine-history.org. 2005. 3743: 3716: 3701: 3685: 3670: 3633: 3621: 3594: 3582: 3520: 3481: 3428: 3372: 3360: 3338: 3304: 3285: 3247: 3235: 3232:Borao, José Eugenio (2005), p.2 3226: 3192: 3167: 3144: 3094: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3002: 2703: 1562:Tay Fusa state in non-colonial 7691: 7414:Captaincy General of Guatemala 7122:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 5819:, University of Exeter Press, 5716:, University of Hawaii Press, 5548:History of the Filipino People 5544:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990), 5299:Guerrero & Schumacher 1998 5295:Guerrero & Schumacher 1998 5236:Guerrero & Schumacher 1998 4863:"Filipinos in Mexican history" 4276:Guttenburg Free Online E-books 4272:"A History of the Philippines" 3770:. Cambridge University Press. 3729:Guttenburg Free Online E-books 3725:"A History of the Philippines" 3379:Javellana, Rene, S.J. (1997). 3153:"A History of the Philippines" 2923: 2897:. University of Nevada Press. 2891:de Borja, Marciano R. (2005). 2860: 2846:. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2814: 2799: 2784: 2772: 2745: 2547:began. On May 1, 1898, in the 1902:flee in a small river boat to 1261:since the early 16th century. 792:2000 campaign against the MILF 297:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 151:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery 1: 9313:General Archive of the Indies 8574:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 8245:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 8230:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 7179:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 7132:War of the Spanish Succession 7097:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 5771:Scott, William Henry (1985), 5517:The Philippine War, 1899–1902 5409:Draper, Andrew Sloan (1899). 4057:Biblioteca Nacional de España 3989:on July 19, 2024 – via 3317:. NYU Press. pp. 58–59. 2994:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 2739: 2681:Philippine Revolutionary Army 2053:In the mid-19th century, the 1837:in 1646 (artist's conception) 1835:battles of La Naval de Manila 1698: 1401:words were absorbed into the 1344:, an early Christian book in 1310:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1242: 1047:Spanish conquest of Guatemala 456:Battles of La Naval de Manila 8271: 7385:Captaincy General of Yucatan 7315:Union with Holy Roman Empire 7294:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 7209:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 6453:Business process outsourcing 5756:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 5731:Quibuyen, Floro C. (2008) , 5640:Philippines: A Country Study 5573:, Rowman & Littlefield, 5031:Schumacher, John N. (1998). 5004:Schumacher, John N. (1997). 3856:10.1017/CBO9781316480120.007 3776:10.1017/CBO9781316480120.007 3314:A History of the Philippines 3254:Guillermo, Artemio (2012) . 3140:. Columbia University Press. 2026:Rise of Filipino nationalism 1943:British occupation of Manila 1913:British occupation of Manila 1676:Francisco de Tello de Guzmán 1062:Spanish conquest of the Maya 307:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik 7: 8149: 7865:Administrative subdivisions 7062:War of the League of Cognac 5905:Zaide, Gregorio F. (1939), 5394:Abinales & Amoroso 2005 4761:Cullinane, Michael (2003). 4307:, as he made his voyage to 3938:Abinales & Amoroso 2005 3292:Abinales & Amoroso 2005 2618: 2246:After the Liberals won the 1825:The two merchant galleons, 1731:, were also sent to settle 1607:Mexican War of Independence 1201:circumnavigation expedition 1114:Mexican War of Independence 1052:Spanish conquest of Yucatán 797:2nd People Power Revolution 787:1997 Asian financial crisis 521:Declaration of Independence 10: 9438: 8579:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 8564:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 8466:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 7628: 7364:), Western United States ( 7257: 7127:Portuguese Restoration War 5911:, Philippine Education Co. 5884:Yu-Jose, Lydia N. (1999), 5859:Williams, Patrick (2009), 5834:Villarroel, Fidel (2009), 5645:Country Studies US Website 5537: 5121:Rizal Without the Overcoat 4696:History of South East Asia 4553:Robertson, James Alexander 4515:Robertson, James Alexander 4055:– via Catálogo BNE ( 3557:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1077. 3516:– via Springer Link. 2894:Basques In The Philippines 2532: 2343: 2248:Spanish Revolution of 1868 2227: 2224:Rise of Spanish liberalism 2029: 1940: 1882:. The Dutch next attacked 1784:various indigenous revolts 1395:Spanish conquest of Mexico 1284:arrived at the islands of 1246: 1154:history of the Philippines 526:American capture of Manila 9347:Slavery in Spanish Empire 9258: 9247: 9153: 9142: 9040: 8934: 8927: 8812: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8634:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 8544: 8413: 8375:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 8337: 8281: 8277: 8266: 8235:Barcelona Trading Company 8202: 8159: 8155: 8144: 8048: 8000:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 7970: 7912: 7874: 7870: 7859: 7810: 7769: 7733: 7729: 7718: 7697: 7634: 7575: 7507:Venezuela, part of Guyana 7486: 7409: 7360:, Central United States ( 7349: 7263: 7252: 7241: 7092:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 7077:Expulsion of the Moriscos 7023: 7012: 6930: 6849: 6734: 6568: 6559: 6438: 6429: 6245: 6236: 6118: 6109: 6042: 6011: 6002: 5960:(archived 14 August 2009) 5323:Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). 4828:. Routledge. p. 47. 4794:. Routledge. p. 71. 3640:Cole, Jeffrey A. (1985). 3527:Gutierrez, Pedro Luengo. 3506:10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9 3475:10.1017/S0022463415000211 3222:– via Google Books. 2598:First Philippine Republic 1434:Due to conflict with the 1373:(modern Mexican state of 1057:Spanish conquest of Petén 406:Spanish capture of Manila 9288:Quito painting tradition 9278:Cusco painting tradition 8639:García López de Cárdenas 8629:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 8536:Felipe González de Ahedo 8456:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 7033:Conquest of the Americas 6357:House of Representatives 6250:Administrative divisions 5813:Tracy, Nicholas (1995), 5612:Cummins, Joseph (2006), 5443:Fantina, Robert (2006). 4492:The Early Spanish Period 4451:Journal of World History 4337:October 9, 2014, at the 4326:October 9, 2014, at the 3997:, as digitized from the 3969:Benavides, Fr. Miguel de 3910:Pérez, Marilola (2015). 3842:Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). 3021:Seijas, Tatiana (2014). 2696: 2494:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 2252:Carlos María de la Torre 2220:was introduced in 1863. 2163:The tension between the 2089:regarded as foreigners. 2071:. In state affairs, the 1526:Spice Islands (Moluccas) 1425:due to the pre-colonial 1377:) in the Viceroyalty of 1332:Conquest under Philip II 866:Administrative divisions 581:American colonial period 501:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 337:Butuan Silver Paleograph 322:Batanes Ijang fortresses 265:Sultanate of Maguindanao 136:Cordillera Rice Terraces 9073:Comuneros (New Granada) 8850:Balearic Islands (1558) 8569:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 8496:Ruy López de Villalobos 8451:Miguel López de Legazpi 8365:García de Toledo Osorio 7229:Western Sahara conflict 7219:Independence of Morocco 7159:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 7102:Piracy in the Caribbean 7087:French Wars of Religion 5917:Zaide, Sonia M (2006), 4561:Arthur H. Clark Company 4529:Arthur H. Clark Company 4445:Hawkley, Ethan (2014). 4270:Barrows, David (2014). 4213:Tatiana Seijas (2014). 4173:10.1073/pnas.2026132118 3993:Digital Library of the 3723:Barrows, David (2014). 2752:Suaraz, Thomas (1999). 2609:Philippine–American War 2543:On April 25, 1898, the 2539:Philippine–American War 2486:Naic Military Agreement 2475:, and their rivals the 2431:and the Katipuneros of 2279:in Spain, organized by 2140:(possibly referring to 1979:Simón de Anda y Salazar 1770:. They depended on the 1758:. Interactions between 1583:consolidated into towns 1537:Miguel López de Legazpi 1454:, who had arrived from 1367:Miguel López de Legazpi 1282:Ruy López de Villalobos 1257:had been exploring the 1234:of Philippine history. 1209:Miguel López de Legazpi 1158:Spanish colonial period 1077:Piracy in the Caribbean 761:People Power Revolution 541:Philippine–American War 375:Spanish colonial period 9318:Colonial Spanish Horse 8992:Colonia del Sacramento 8215:Spanish treasure fleet 7792:Royal Decree of Graces 6954:Philippines portal 6498:Science and technology 5952:De las islas filipinas 5777:, New Day Publishers, 5652:Fish, Shirley (2003), 5512:Linn, Brian McAllister 5329:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 5191:Salazar, Zeus (1994). 5057:Nuguid, Nati. (1972). 4666:Wataru Kusaka (2017). 4085:Plasencia, Fr. Juan de 3822:10.3406/arch.1999.3515 3551:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). 3533:Transpacific Exchanges 3438:. Voz de Galicia. 1898 3408:Lahmeyer, Jan (1996). 2651:Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas 2530: 2358: 2243: 2041: 2010: 1938: 1847:Battles of Playa Honda 1838: 1704: 1647:and import Philippine 1640: 1551: 1440:blockaded Cebu in 1568 1361: 1186:direct Spanish control 970:Philippines portal 946:Science and technology 563:UST Baybayin Documents 511:Treaty of Paris (1898) 89:Austronesian expansion 74:Early hominin activity 50: 8476:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 8436:Juan Sebastián Elcano 7751:Council of the Indies 7112:Spanish–Moro conflict 7082:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 7042:Treaty of Tordesillas 6909:Sport and martial art 6325:Executive departments 5692:Reform and Revolution 5067:StuartXchange Website 4834:10.4324/9780429494383 4463:10.1353/jwh.2014.0014 3923:on January 14, 2021. 3344:Russell, S.D. (1999) 2686:Ferdinand Blumentritt 2656:Luis Pérez Dasmariñas 2525: 2446:Many of the educated 2441:Edilberto Evangelista 2403:. These were Manila, 2353: 2346:Philippine Revolution 2340:Philippine Revolution 2237: 2107:Isidoro Montes de Oca 2047:Zobel de Ayala family 2039: 2008: 1983:Council of the Indies 1920: 1824: 1799:War against the Dutch 1692: 1623: 1587:Catholic missionaries 1534: 1462:to punish the Muslim 1360:suyat scripts. (1593) 1352:. The book contained 1339: 1232:American colonial era 1097:Spanish–Moro conflict 891:Cultural achievements 715:Filipino First policy 705:Mutual Defense Treaty 659:Philippine resistance 491:Philippine Revolution 451:Spanish–Moro conflict 441:Revolts and uprisings 327:Golden Tara of Agusan 49: 9397:History of New Spain 9273:Mesoamerican Codices 8997:Comuneros (Paraguay) 8835:Siege of Castelnuovo 8421:Christopher Columbus 8240:Consulate of the Sea 8220:Casa de Contratación 7811:Titles and positions 7204:Spanish–American War 7194:Liberal constitution 7037:Asia and the Pacific 6774:Fashion and clothing 6615:Environmental issues 6542:Water and sanitation 6379:Regional Trial Court 6224:World Heritage Sites 5658:, 1stBooks Library, 5326:Struggle for Freedom 5061:. in Mary R. Tagle. 4095:Early Modern Spanish 4041:Early Modern Spanish 3983:Early Modern Spanish 3979:Early Manila Hokkien 3381:"Fortress of Empire" 3179:Sillok.history.go.kr 2973:10.1093/pastj/gtw008 2715:Diego Fajardo Chacón 2549:Battle of Manila Bay 2545:Spanish–American War 2535:Spanish–American War 2528:Battle of Manila Bay 2518:Spanish–American War 2505:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 2407:, Cavite, Pampanga, 2281:Marcelo H. del Pilar 2218:public school system 2032:Filipino nationalism 1793:an extension of the 1760:indigenous Filipinos 1568:1582 Cagayan battles 1238:Spanish colonization 1224:Spanish–American War 951:World Heritage Sites 817:Territorial disputes 720:North Borneo dispute 710:Hukbalahap Rebellion 674:Philippines campaign 669:Battle of Leyte Gulf 649:Battle of Corregidor 624:Tydings–McDuffie Act 516:Battle of Manila Bay 506:Spanish–American War 114:Precolonial barangay 9002:Cartagena de Indias 8624:Diego de Mazariegos 8594:Pere Fages i Beleta 8461:Sebastián de Ocampo 7942:Provincias Internas 7914:Captaincies General 7828:Municipal president 7797:School of Salamanca 7568:Spanish East Indies 7547:Misiones Orientales 7419:Spanish West Indies 7383:, Central America ( 7330:Pyrénées-Orientales 7283:Union with Portugal 7174:Napoleonic invasion 7154:War of Jenkins' Ear 6764:Cultural properties 6530:Tourist attractions 6077:Japanese occupation 5589:Constantino, Renato 5364:, pp. 180–181. 5301:, pp. 175–176. 5238:, pp. 175–176. 5059:"The Cavite Mutiny" 4873:on December 9, 2012 4527:. Cleveland, Ohio: 4426:. OSTASIEN Verlag. 4361:The Ilocos Heritage 4311:from that kingdom." 4251:on December 6, 2016 4164:2021PNAS..11826132L 4119:Library of Congress 3677:Schottenhammer 2008 2559:, led by Commodore 2277:propaganda movement 2261:Bourbon Restoration 2189:Propaganda Movement 2077:, known locally as 2069:Philippine churches 1924:(吕宋国) delegates in 1595:military fortresses 1503:Spanish East Indies 1342:Doctrina Christiana 1294:Las Islas Filipinas 1170:Spanish East Indies 1160:, during which the 812:Philippine drug war 774:Contemporary period 741:Communist rebellion 639:Japanese occupation 604:Military Government 558:Doctrina Christiana 466:Propaganda Movement 421:Spanish East Indies 411:Battle of Bangkusay 357:Magellan expedition 275:Sultanates of Lanao 270:Sultanate of Buayan 9298:Academia Antártica 9253:Other civil topics 8619:Pánfilo de Narváez 8521:Sebastián Vizcaíno 8486:Andrés de Urdaneta 8446:Juan Ponce de León 8431:Ferdinand Magellan 8405:Bernardo de Gálvez 8304:Indian auxiliaries 7802:Trial of residence 7782:Laws of the Indies 7566:Asia and Oceania ( 7427:Dominican Republic 6779:Historical markers 6637:Indigenous peoples 6513:Telecommunications 6287:Political families 6128:Biosphere reserves 5297:, pp. 166–167 5285:, pp. 178–181 5148:Philippine History 5081:Philippine Studies 4627:. Unwin. pp. 4531:. pp. 126 ff. 4387:Philippine History 3151:Barrows, David P. 2964:Past & Present 2935:LATINO BOOK REVIEW 2843:Philippine History 2633:Philippines portal 2531: 2488:. This led to his 2481:Tejeros Convention 2377:San Juan del Monte 2373:Cry of Pugad Lawin 2359: 2283:, José Rizal, and 2244: 2213:to these priests. 2122:Los hijos del país 2102:in the Philippines 2042: 2011: 1939: 1839: 1746:that developed in 1705: 1661:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1641: 1581:were deliberately 1552: 1545:San Agustin Church 1403:Filipino languages 1362: 1302:Prince of Asturias 1298:Philip II of Spain 1263:Ferdinand Magellan 1213:Philip II of Spain 1197:Ferdinand Magellan 1164:were ruled as the 1162:Philippine Islands 1067:Columbian exchange 614:Insular Government 599:Zamboanga Republic 496:Tejeros Convention 486:Cry of Pugad Lawin 471:1872 Cavite mutiny 179:Precolonial period 119:Maritime Silk Road 94:Angono Petroglyphs 66:Prehistoric period 51: 9374: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9243: 9242: 9148:Spanish conquests 9138: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9125: 8923: 8922: 8604:Pedro de Alvarado 8589:Gaspar de Portolà 8584:Pedro de Valdivia 8559:Francisco Pizarro 8511:Nicolás de Ovando 8506:Alonso de Ercilla 8481:Alonso de Salazar 8314:Ships of the line 8262: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7686: 7685: 7643:Northern Africa ( 7639:Equatorial Guinea 7623: 7622: 7560: 7559: 7475: 7474: 7398: 7397: 7389:Spanish Caribbean 7362:Spanish Louisiana 7338: 7337: 7273:Crown of Castille 7237: 7236: 7214:Spanish Civil War 7189:Adams–Onís Treaty 7169:Nootka Convention 7117:Thirty Years' War 7107:Eighty Years' War 7028:Catholic Monarchs 7018:Timeline–immersed 6972: 6971: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6836:Traditional games 6671:Income inequality 6654:Human trafficking 6555: 6554: 6518:Telephone numbers 6425: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6292:Political parties 6265:Foreign relations 6232: 6231: 6105: 6104: 6090:Marcos presidency 6081:Postcolonial era 5897:978-971-550-281-8 5876:978-971-550-556-7 5851:978-971-550-556-7 5826:978-0-85989-426-5 5784:978-971-10-0074-5 5763:978-3-447-05809-4 5742:978-971-550-574-1 5723:978-0-8248-6197-1 5683:978-1-4107-1069-7 5665:978-1-4107-1069-7 5629:978-1-74045-808-5 5580:978-0-7425-1024-1 5527:978-0-7006-1225-3 5490:978-962-209-201-3 5456:978-0-87586-454-9 5158:978-971-23-3934-9 5131:978-971-27-0920-3 4983:978-1-136-49835-0 4947:978-1-85359-420-5 4843:978-0-8133-3755-5 4801:978-1-134-75421-2 4706:978-1-349-16521-6 4549:Blair, Emma Helen 4511:Blair, Emma Helen 4397:978-971-23-3934-9 4370:978-971-91030-9-7 4230:978-1-107-06312-9 4037:Classical Chinese 3667:, pp. 12, 55 3651:978-0-8047-1256-9 3564:978-1-57607-770-2 3324:978-0-85345-394-9 2911:on March 26, 2022 2853:978-971-23-3934-9 2711:Fernando de Silva 2458:Apolinario Mabini 2389:guerrilla warfare 2368:Cry of Balintawak 2210:El filibusterismo 2158:Indios agraviados 2065:Iberian Peninsula 1858:Eighty Years' War 1856:, as part of the 1215:, whose name has 1150: 1149: 1004: 1003: 851:Ancient religions 832:COVID-19 pandemic 687:Post-independence 426:Captaincy General 302:Butuan Ivory Seal 280:Sultanate of Sulu 161:Prehistoric beads 9429: 9249: 9248: 9215:Chibchan Nations 9144: 9143: 9113:Santiago de Cuba 8972:Guadalupe Island 8932: 8931: 8659: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8614:Diego de Almagro 8491:Antonio de Ulloa 8395:Ambrosio Spinola 8390:Pedro de Zubiaur 8360:Alfonso d'Avalos 8350:Antonio de Leyva 8294:Army of Flanders 8279: 8278: 8268: 8267: 8157: 8156: 8146: 8145: 7872: 7871: 7861: 7860: 7731: 7730: 7720: 7719: 7688: 7687: 7661:Peñón of Algiers 7625: 7624: 7562: 7561: 7477: 7476: 7400: 7399: 7382: 7340: 7339: 7254: 7253: 7243: 7242: 7164:Seven Years' War 7137:Queen Anne's War 7014: 7013: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6962: 6961: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6732: 6731: 6686:Overseas workers 6608:Higher education 6566: 6565: 6436: 6435: 6374:Court of Appeals 6330:Executive office 6298: 6297: 6243: 6242: 6116: 6115: 6057:Pre-colonial era 6009: 6008: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5931: 5912: 5900: 5879: 5854: 5829: 5808: 5795:The Spanish Lake 5787: 5766: 5745: 5726: 5705: 5668: 5648: 5632: 5607: 5583: 5562: 5551: 5532: 5531: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5406: 5400: 5391: 5382: 5381: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5350:Constantino 1975 5347: 5341: 5340: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5292: 5286: 5283:Constantino 1975 5280: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5260:Constantino 1975 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5076: 5070: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4970:"5; Philippines" 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4931: 4925: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4900: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4869:. Archived from 4858: 4852: 4851: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4565: 4564: 4544: 4533: 4532: 4525:Henry B. Lathrop 4506: 4495: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4417: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4318: 4312: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4247:. Archived from 4241: 4235: 4234: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4185: 4175: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4052: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4002: 3961: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3918: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3720: 3714: 3705: 3699: 3689: 3683: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3573: 3571: 3548: 3537: 3536: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3416:on March 3, 2016 3412:. Archived from 3405: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3308: 3302: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2985: 2975: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2907:. Archived from 2888: 2879: 2878: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2837: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2803: 2797: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2749: 2733: 2724: 2718: 2707: 2661:Santiago de Vera 2641:Antonio de Morga 2635: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2613:Battle of Manila 2583:Battle of Manila 2553:Asiatic Squadron 2429:Emilio Aguinaldo 2383:, San Mateo and 2355:Emilio Aguinaldo 2330:Deodato Arellano 2326:Andrés Bonifacio 2321:La Liga Filipina 2259:. Following the 2257:Malacañan Palace 2111:Vicente Guerrero 1961:Seven Years' War 1947:In August 1759, 1803:Sulu Archipelago 1703: 1700: 1495:Tondo Conspiracy 1371:Barra de Navidad 1304:. Philip became 1278:Battle of Mactan 1205:Battle of Mactan 1142: 1135: 1128: 1087:Queen Anne's War 1034: 1024: 1006: 1005: 996: 989: 982: 968: 967: 966: 700:Treaty of Manila 644:Battle of Bataan 589:Tagalog Republic 531:Malolos Congress 476:La Liga Filipina 461:British invasion 431:Tondo Conspiracy 401:Blockade of Cebu 362:Battle of Mactan 286:Events/Artifacts 189:(north to south) 125:Events/Artifacts 109:Sa Huỳnh culture 39: 21: 20: 9437: 9436: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9366: 9342:Old inquisition 9254: 9239: 9149: 9122: 9078:Trinidad (1797) 9048:La Noche Triste 9036: 9032:San Juan (1797) 8982:San Juan (1595) 8919: 8808: 8648:Notable battles 8643: 8609:Martín de Ursúa 8540: 8471:Alonso de Ojeda 8441:Juan de la Cosa 8426:Pinzón brothers 8409: 8380:John of Austria 8355:Martín de Goiti 8333: 8273: 8254: 8198: 8151: 8132: 8044: 8040:Terra Australis 8035:Río de la Plata 7980:Castilla de Oro 7966: 7908: 7904:Río de la Plata 7866: 7847: 7806: 7765: 7761:Santa Hermandad 7725: 7706: 7702:Terra Australis 7693: 7682: 7649:Spanish Morocco 7630: 7619: 7610:Northern Taiwan 7571: 7556: 7527:Río de la Plata 7482: 7471: 7405: 7404:Central America 7394: 7376: 7345: 7334: 7278:Crown of Aragon 7259: 7248: 7233: 7149:Bourbon Reforms 7019: 7008: 7003: 6973: 6968: 6948: 6946: 6918: 6845: 6814:Public holidays 6730: 6659:Sex trafficking 6551: 6417: 6335:Law enforcement 6296: 6228: 6192:Protected areas 6101: 6070:American period 6038: 5998: 5992: 5939: 5929: 5898: 5877: 5852: 5827: 5806: 5785: 5764: 5743: 5724: 5703: 5666: 5630: 5605: 5581: 5560: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5392: 5385: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5321: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5077: 5073: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4890: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4867:ezilon infobase 4859: 4855: 4844: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4577: 4568: 4545: 4536: 4507: 4498: 4486: 4482: 4443: 4439: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339:Wayback Machine 4328:Wayback Machine 4319: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4211: 4207: 4144: 4140: 4124: 4123: 4112: 4110: 4103:Dominican Order 4082: 4078: 4062: 4061: 4050: 4048: 4024: 4020: 4004: 4003: 3999:Vatican Library 3962: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3936: 3932: 3916: 3907: 3903: 3889: 3887: 3886:. June 21, 1997 3882: 3881: 3877: 3866: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3801: 3797: 3786: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3721: 3717: 3708:Villarroel 2009 3706: 3702: 3690: 3686: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3591:, pp. 7–8. 3587: 3583: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3549: 3540: 3525: 3521: 3486: 3482: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3406: 3402: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3290: 3286: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3155:. Gutenberg.org 3149: 3145: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3019: 3015: 3011:, pp. 5–7. 3007: 3003: 2987: 2986: 2956: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2905: 2889: 2882: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2838: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2804: 2800: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2725: 2721: 2713:and in 1650 by 2708: 2704: 2699: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2587:Treaty of Paris 2541: 2520: 2514: 2511:to self exile. 2464:Mi último adiós 2348: 2342: 2273: 2232: 2226: 2034: 2028: 2003: 1945: 1915: 1819: 1768:Mexican Spanish 1701: 1615:Manila galleons 1611:Spanish America 1479:Martín de Goiti 1452:Juan de Salcedo 1381:, arriving off 1334: 1292:and named them 1251: 1245: 1240: 1228:Treaty of Paris 1146: 1092:Bourbon Reforms 1022: 1015: 1000: 964: 962: 957: 956: 955: 896:Diet and health 845: 837: 836: 822:Siege of Marawi 777: 766: 765: 756:Fourth Republic 736: 725: 724: 690: 679: 678: 654:Second Republic 594:Negros Republic 584: 573: 572: 378: 367: 366: 312:Kabayan Mummies 182: 171: 170: 79:Homo luzonensis 69: 38:the Philippines 37: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9435: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9338: 9337: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9245: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9158:Canary Islands 9154: 9151: 9150: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9012:Túpac Amaru II 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8957:Bogotá savanna 8954: 8949: 8944: 8938: 8936: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8865:Spanish Armada 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8759:White Mountain 8756: 8754:Cape Celidonia 8751: 8749:English Armada 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8550: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8526:Juan Fernández 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8501:Diego Columbus 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8329:Army of Africa 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8309:Spanish Armada 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8285: 8283: 8275: 8274: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8210:Manila galleon 8206: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8165: 8163: 8153: 8152: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7918: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7868: 7867: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7737: 7735: 7727: 7726: 7724:Administration 7716: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7645:Western Sahara 7641: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7543:Banda Oriental 7524: 7510: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7416: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7358:Coastal Alaska 7350: 7347: 7346: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7249: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7030: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7010: 7009: 7006:Spanish Empire 7002: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6956: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6620:Climate change 6612: 6611: 6610: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6537:Transportation 6534: 6533: 6532: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6510: 6505: 6503:Stock exchange 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6306: 6304: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6197:National parks 6189: 6184: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6167: 6165:Extreme points 6162: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6143:Climate change 6135: 6130: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6095:Fifth Republic 6092: 6087: 6085:Third Republic 6079: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6065:Spanish period 6059: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: articles 5991: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5938: 5937:External links 5935: 5934: 5933: 5927: 5914: 5902: 5896: 5881: 5875: 5856: 5850: 5831: 5825: 5810: 5804: 5789: 5783: 5768: 5762: 5747: 5741: 5728: 5722: 5707: 5701: 5686: 5664: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5609: 5603: 5585: 5579: 5564: 5558: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5503: 5489: 5469: 5455: 5435: 5421: 5401: 5383: 5380:. p. 126. 5366: 5362:Agoncillo 1990 5354: 5342: 5335: 5315: 5311:Agoncillo 1990 5303: 5287: 5275: 5264: 5252: 5250:, p. 173. 5248:Agoncillo 1990 5240: 5225: 5218: 5198: 5183: 5179:Agoncillo 1990 5171: 5157: 5137: 5130: 5116:Ocampo, Ambeth 5107: 5098: 5087:(3): 358–373. 5071: 5050: 5043: 5023: 5016: 4996: 4982: 4960: 4946: 4926: 4910: 4901: 4884: 4853: 4842: 4814: 4800: 4780: 4773: 4753: 4739: 4719: 4705: 4685: 4678: 4658: 4646: 4634: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4566: 4563:. p. 267. 4534: 4496: 4480: 4437: 4403: 4396: 4376: 4369: 4351: 4342: 4313: 4293: 4262: 4236: 4229: 4205: 4138: 4076: 4027:Cobo, Fr. Juan 4018: 3965:Cobo, Fr. Juan 3956: 3945: 3930: 3901: 3875: 3864: 3834: 3795: 3784: 3756: 3742: 3715: 3700: 3684: 3669: 3657: 3650: 3632: 3620: 3613: 3593: 3581: 3563: 3538: 3519: 3480: 3469:(2): 332–334. 3449: 3427: 3400: 3371: 3359: 3337: 3323: 3303: 3284: 3266: 3246: 3244:, p. 120. 3234: 3225: 3211: 3191: 3166: 3143: 3128:Andrade, Tonio 3119: 3093: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3031: 3013: 3001: 2947: 2922: 2903: 2880: 2859: 2852: 2825: 2813: 2798: 2783: 2771: 2764: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2719: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2676:Rajah Sulayman 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2620: 2617: 2519: 2516: 2452:class such as 2344:Main article: 2341: 2338: 2332:, founded the 2314:La Solidaridad 2297:La Solidaridad 2272: 2269: 2225: 2222: 2201:Jacinto Zamora 2156:came out with 2030:Main article: 2027: 2024: 2002: 1999: 1994:Peace of Paris 1941:Main article: 1914: 1911: 1854:Dutch Republic 1818: 1815: 1791:Southeast Asia 1766:, a creole of 1733:Zamboanga City 1635:, detail from 1605:following the 1499:Nueva Castilla 1419:Spanish Empire 1333: 1330: 1300:, at the time 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1017: 1016: 1009: 1002: 1001: 999: 998: 991: 984: 976: 973: 972: 959: 958: 954: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 916:Historiography 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 881:Communications 878: 873: 868: 863: 861:Queen consorts 858: 853: 847: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 835: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 807:Oakwood mutiny 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 782:Fifth Republic 778: 776:(1986–present) 772: 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 737: 731: 730: 727: 726: 723: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 695:Third Republic 691: 685: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 609:Moro Rebellion 606: 601: 596: 591: 585: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 544: 543: 538: 536:First Republic 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 436:Manila galleon 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 396:Treaty of Cebu 393: 388: 379: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 332:Monreal Stones 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 183: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 70: 64: 63: 60: 59: 53: 52: 42: 41: 32: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9434: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9293:Tapada limeña 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9250: 9246: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9152: 9145: 9141: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8926: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8885:Montes Claros 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8825:Vienna (1529) 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8554:Hernán Cortés 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8546:Conquistadors 8543: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8516:Juan de Ayala 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8370:Duke of Savoy 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8269: 8265: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8169:Dollar (Peso) 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8147: 8143: 8129: 8128:Santo Domingo 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8005:New Andalusia 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7952:Santo Domingo 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7876:Viceroyalties 7873: 7869: 7862: 7858: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7717: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7689: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7626: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7569: 7563: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7481:South America 7478: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7401: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7366:Spanish Texas 7363: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7344:North America 7341: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7325:Franche-Comté 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6965: 6957: 6955: 6945: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6904:Sign language 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6632:Ethnic groups 6630: 6626: 6625:Deforestation 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483:National debt 6481: 6479: 6478:Fiscal policy 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6369:Supreme Court 6367: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6170:Island groups 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6108: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061:Colonial era 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5928:971-642-071-4 5924: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5805:1-920942-16-5 5801: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5702:962-258-228-1 5698: 5694: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5675:1-4107-1069-6 5672: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5604:971-8958-00-2 5600: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5565: 5561: 5559:971-8711-06-6 5555: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5541: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5473: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5439: 5424: 5422:9780722278932 5418: 5414: 5413: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5352:, p. 191 5351: 5346: 5338: 5336:9789712350450 5332: 5328: 5327: 5319: 5313:, p. 152 5312: 5307: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5272:Quibuyen 2008 5268: 5262:, p. 179 5261: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5221: 5219:9789715502788 5215: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5194: 5187: 5181:, p. 166 5180: 5175: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5141: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5044:9789715501217 5040: 5036: 5035: 5027: 5019: 5017:9789715502092 5013: 5009: 5008: 5000: 4985: 4979: 4976:. Routledge. 4975: 4971: 4964: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4930: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4905: 4898: 4897:970-26-0797-3 4894: 4888: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4818: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4776: 4774:9789715504393 4770: 4766: 4765: 4757: 4742: 4740:9789719309543 4736: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4679:9789814722384 4675: 4671: 4670: 4662: 4656:, p. 109 4655: 4650: 4644:, p. 158 4643: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4584: 4583: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4380: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4288: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4108: 4105:. p. 5. 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4072: 4066: 4058: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3915: 3914: 3905: 3898: 3885: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3865:9781316480120 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3838: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3785:9781316480120 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3616: 3614:9781409482420 3610: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3437: 3431: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3348: 3341: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3307: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3281: 3273:September 11, 3269: 3267:9780810875111 3263: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3229: 3214: 3212:9780595192618 3208: 3205:. iUniverse. 3204: 3203: 3195: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3060:, p. 20. 3059: 3054: 3048:, p. 61. 3047: 3042: 3034: 3032:9781107477841 3028: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2952: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2910: 2906: 2904:9780874175905 2900: 2896: 2895: 2887: 2885: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2863: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2807: 2806:Williams 2009 2802: 2796: 2792: 2791:Williams 2009 2787: 2781:, p. 51. 2780: 2775: 2767: 2765:9789625934709 2761: 2757: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2731: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2666:Pedro Chirino 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2524: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:Pedro Paterno 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425:Filipino flag 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2285:Mariano Ponce 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:Mariano Gomez 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177:Cavite mutiny 2174: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2038: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2015: 2007: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953:Great Britain 1950: 1944: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1817:Dutch attacks 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772:galleon trade 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539:, founder of 1538: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1522:Iberian Union 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340:Pages of the 1338: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:Spice Islands 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:King of Spain 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1007: 997: 992: 990: 985: 983: 978: 977: 975: 974: 971: 961: 960: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 841: 840: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 779: 775: 770: 769: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 746:Moro conflict 744: 742: 739: 738: 734: 729: 728: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 688: 683: 682: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 582: 577: 576: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 549: 548: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 382: 376: 371: 370: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 288: 287: 281: 278: 276: 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6012:Overviews 4922:Education 4642:Fish 2003 4471:143692647 4432:2190-8796 4255:April 22, 4200:232323746 4127:cite book 4065:cite book 4051:March 24, 4007:cite book 3514:147472482 2671:Lakandula 2565:USS 2557:U.S. Navy 2509:Hong Kong 2490:execution 2477:Magdiwang 2449:ilustrado 2385:Montalbán 2310:Katipunan 2265:Izquierdo 2238:Filipino 2165:Insulares 2154:Insulares 2143:Insulares 2126:Insulares 2118:Insulares 2087:Insulares 2079:Insulares 2063:from the 1899:Zamboanga 1871:San Diego 1764:Chavacano 1709:Cebu City 1684:Filipinos 1579:barangays 1477:In 1570, 1415:abolished 1411:New World 1379:New Spain 1369:departed 1255:Spaniards 1188:during a 1174:New Spain 1023:New Spain 921:Languages 911:Geography 901:Education 886:Conflicts 619:Jones Law 547:Artifacts 481:Katipunan 416:New Spain 84:Tabon Man 68:(pre-900) 9220:Colombia 9205:Honduras 9118:Asomante 9103:Ayacucho 9093:Carabobo 9068:Curalaba 8845:Ceresole 8739:Gembloux 8699:Mühlberg 8414:Mariners 8272:Military 8194:Doubloon 8179:Maravedí 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