History of the Philippines (1898–1946)

3596: 3032: 2766: 3028:, who had been commissioned by the Philippine revolutionary government as minister plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign governments, filed a request in Washington for an interview with the president to discuss affairs in the Philippines. At the same time Aguinaldo protested against General Otis styling himself "Military Governor of the Philippines", and Agoncillo, along with Filipino committees in London, Paris, and Madrid, issued statements to the United States noting a refusal for the Philippines to come under American sovereignty. Filipino forces were ready to assume the offensive, but instead sought to provoke the Americans into firing the first shot. On January 31, 1899, The Minister of Interior of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic, Teodoro Sandiko, signed a decree saying that President Aguinaldo had directed that all idle lands be planted to provide food for the people, in view of impending war with the Americans. 55: 3291:. It also disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion. The U.S. government, in an effort to resolve the status of the friars, negotiated with the Vatican. The church agreed to sell the friars' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars. It refused, however, to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately, partly to avoid offending Spain. In 1904, the administration bought for $ 7.2 million the major part of the friars' holdings, amounting to some 166,000 hectares (410,000 acres), of which one-half was in the vicinity of Manila. The land was eventually resold to Filipinos, some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners. Under the Treaty of Paris, the U.S. agreed to respect existing property rights. They introduced a 3101:, was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers. On September 1, the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions. Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws, established a judicial system, including a supreme court, drew up a legal code, and organized a civil service. The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects; they also elected provincial governors. During these period, U.S., Spanish, and Mexican monies were all in local circulation. Commonwealth Act No. 1045 was promulgated in order to provide parity between these. 2820:. Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo, requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces. Aguinaldo responded, thanking General Anderson, but saying nothing about military cooperation. General Anderson did not renew the request. American generals suspected Aguinaldo was attempting to take Manila without American assistance, had restricted supplies to American forces, and was secretly negotiating with Spanish authorities while informing them of American troop movements. Aguinaldo warned that American troops should not disembark in places conquered by the Filipinos without first communicating in writing, and did not offer his full service to arriving American forces. By June, U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands, except for the walled city of 3373: 3545:, and land reform mooted. The new government embarked on an ambitious agenda of establishing the basis for national defense, greater control over the economy, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the colonization of the island of Mindanao, and the promotion of local capital and industrialization. The commonwealth however, was also faced with agrarian unrest, an uncertain diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia, and uncertainty about the level of United States commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines. Amid growing landless peasant unrest in the late 1930s, the Commonwealth opened public lands in Mindanao and northeastern Luzon for resettlement. 2985: 3110: 1037: 3781: 3360:

inflexible desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign. A Commission of Independence was created to study ways and means of attaining liberation ideal. This commission recommended the sending of an independence mission to the United States. The "Declaration of Purposes" referred to the Jones Law as a veritable pact, or covenant, between the American and Filipino peoples whereby the United States promised to recognize the independence of the Philippines as soon as a stable government should be established. U.S. Governor-General of the Philippines

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disposition, and government of the Philippines." General Merritt received news of the peace protocol on August 16, three days after the surrender of Manila. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the president of the United States had directed that the United States should have full control over Manila, with no joint occupation permissible. After further negotiations, insurgent forces withdrew from the city on September 15. The Battle of Manila marked the end of Filipino-American collaboration.

2684: 3673: 3864: 3356:, served as the new organic act (or constitution) for the Philippines. Its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy, subject to the establishment of a stable government. The law maintained the governor-general of the Philippines, appointed by the president of the United States, but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly (lower house); it replaced the appointive Philippine Commission (upper house) with an elected senate. 9075: 973: 3735:, a communist guerilla movement formed by peasant farmers in Central Luzon, did most of the fighting. The Hukbalahap, also known as Huks, resisted invaders and punished the people who collaborated with the Japanese, but did not have a well-disciplined organization, and were later seen as a threat to the Manila government. Before MacArthur came back, the effectiveness of the guerilla movement had decimated Japanese control, limiting it to only 12 out of the 48 provinces. 9086: 2445: 2406: 2455: 2846: 3764:, which was founded to fight the Japanese Occupation. The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high-ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party. While these incidents happened, there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and, despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huk, they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese. 3040:

do well in the field. Aguinaldo and his provisional government escaped after the capture of Malolos on March 31, 1899, and were driven into northern Luzon. Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo's cabinet failed in May when the American commander, General Ewell Otis, demanded an unconditional surrender. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States, marking one end to the war.

3492: 2900:, the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian. The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902, after which the civil governor-general became the sole executive authority in the Philippines. 2999:. General Otis delayed its publication until January 4, 1899, then publishing an amended version edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms "sovereignty", "protection", and "right of cessation" which were present in the unabridged version. Meanwhile, on December 26, 1898, the Spanish yielded 3422:

After the first independence mission, public funding of such missions was ruled illegal. Subsequent independence missions in 1922, 1923, 1930, 1931, 1932, and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions. Numerous independence bills were submitted to the U.S. Congress, which passed the

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arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet, returning Mabini and his cabinet to power. After this, the commission concluded that "... The Filipinos are wholly unprepared for independence ... there being no Philippine nation, but only a collection of different peoples." Specific recommendations included

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Under the military government, an American-style school system was introduced, initially with soldiers as teachers; civil and criminal courts were reestablished, including a supreme court; and local governments were established in towns and provinces. The first local election was conducted by General

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During World War II, over 200,000 Filipinos fought in defense of the United States against the Japanese in the Pacific theater of military operations, where more than half died. As a commonwealth of the United States before and during the war, Filipinos were legally American nationals. With American

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was observed on July 4. On May 12, 1962, President Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, proclaiming Tuesday, June 12, 1962, as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines. In 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the

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From 1940 to 1941, Philippine authorities, with the support of American officials, removed from office several mayors in Pampanga who were in favor of land reform. Following the 1946 election, some legislators who opposed giving the United States special economic treatment were prevented from taking

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enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912, which provided for Philippine independence after eight years, but later changed their views, opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence. The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be

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by capturing Spanish positions in the city. While the plan was for a mock battle and simple surrender, the insurgents made an independent attack of their own, which led to confrontations with the Spanish in which some American soldiers were killed and wounded. The Spanish formally surrendered Manila

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After meetings in April with revolutionary representatives, the commission requested authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan. McKinley authorized an offer of a government consisting of "a Governor-General appointed by the President; cabinet appointed by the Governor-General; a general

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An outbreak of gunfire between an insurgent patrol and an American outpost on February 4 set off open hostilities between the two forces. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic issued a declaration of war on the United States. As before when fighting the Spanish, the Filipino rebels did not

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was signed in Washington between the U.S. and Spain. The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5, but Article III read: "The United States will occupy and hold the City, Bay, and Harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace, which shall determine the control,

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Since the passage of the Rescission Act, many Filipino veterans have traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for the benefits promised to them for their service and sacrifice. Over 30,000 of such veterans live in the United States today, with most being United States citizens. Sociologists

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in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated that over a million Filipinos (including regular and constable soldiers, recognized guerrillas and non-combatant civilians) died during the war. The 1947 final report of the High Commissioner to the Philippines documents massive damage to most coconut

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Some sources have suggested that the war unofficially continued for nearly a decade, since bands of guerrillas, quasi-religious armed groups and other resistance groups continued to roam the countryside, still clashing with American Army or Philippine Constabulary patrols. American troops and the

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A highly centralized public school system was installed in 1901, using English as the medium of instruction. This created a heavy shortage of teachers, and the Philippine Commission authorized the secretary of public instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the U.S.—the so-called

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The Filipinos suspended their independence campaign during the First World War and supported the United States against Germany. After the war they resumed their independence drive with great vigor. On March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature passed a "Declaration of Purposes", which stated the

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provided for free trade with the Philippines. Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895, 13% of which was with the United States. By 1920, it had increased to 601 million pesos, 66% of which was with the United States. A health care system was established which, by 1930, reduced the

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version had been sent to Aguinaldo, published it in both Spanish and Tagalog. Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy he had received from Otis, he was upset that Otis had altered his own title to "Military Governor of the Philippines" from "...

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to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo back to the Philippines. Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and, after a brief meeting with Dewey, resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish. On May 24, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his

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On January 5, Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation summarizing American violations of the ethics of friendship, and stated that a takeover of the Visayas by the Americans would lead to hostilities. Within the same day Aguinaldo replaced this proclamation with another that directly protested

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Casualties during the war were much greater among Filipinos than among Americans. Almost 4,000 American soldiers died, out of about 125,000 that fought on the island. About 20,000 Filipino soldiers combatants died, as well as 250,000 to a million non-combatants. Causes of non-combatant deaths

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which provided the president with legislative authority to establish of a civil government in the Philippines. Up until this time, the president been administering the Philippines by virtue of his war powers. On July 1, 1901, civil government was inaugurated with William H. Taft as the civil

3153:. Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of President McKinley. Also, the Catholic Church was disestablished, and a considerable amount of church land was purchased and redistributed. 3510:

It was planned that the period 1935–1946 would be devoted to the final adjustments required for a peaceful transition to full independence, a great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime. Instead there was war with Japan, which postponed any plans for Philippine independence.

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Treaty of General Relations and Protocol with the Republic of the Philippines: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting the Treaty of General Relations and Protocol Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines, Signed at Manila on July 4,

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guaranteed by the United States, since they feared that too-rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands. The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence.

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The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the McKinley administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish. While awaiting the arrival of troops from the Eighth Corps, Dewey dispatched the

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with regards to the Philippines. This was announced in the Philippines on January 4, 1899. Under this policy, the Philippines was to come under the sovereignty of the United States, with American forces instructed to declare themselves as friends rather than invaders.

3411:, in his 1921 farewell message to Congress, certified that the Filipino people had performed the condition imposed on them as a prerequisite to independence, declaring that, this having been done, the duty of the U.S. was to grant the Philippines independence. The 3299:

of the United States, and allowed individuals to claim land on the basis of a five-year residency. Both of these systems benefited larger landowners who were more able to take advantage of the bureaucracy, and only one tenth of homestead claims were ever approved.

3855:, serving since 2008, introduced a bill seeking to make Filipino World War II veterans eligible for the same benefits available to U.S. veterans. In a news conference to outline the bill, Speier estimated that approximately 50,000 Filipino veterans were alive. 3757:, occurred when Allied forces began liberating the Philippines from the Japanese Empire. Battles on the islands entailed long fierce fighting and some of the Japanese continued to fight after the official surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2, 1945. 3183:

On July 2, 1902, the secretary of war telegraphed that the insurrection against the sovereign authority of the U.S. having come to an end, and provincial civil governments having been established, the office of military governor was terminated. On July 4,

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mills and sugar mills; inter-island shipping had all been destroyed or removed; concrete highways had been broken up for use on military airports; railways were inoperative; Manila was 80 percent destroyed, Cebu 90 percent, and Zamboanga 95 percent.

3646:. In March 1942, General MacArthur and President Quezon fled the country. Guerrilla units harassed the Japanese when they could, and on Luzon native resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island. 54: 5090: 3303:

While Philippine ports remained open to Spanish ships for a decade following the war, the U.S. began to integrate the Philippine economy with its own. In socio-economic terms, the Philippines made solid progress in this period. The 1909 U.S.

2941:, signed in December 1898, formally ended the Spanish–American War. Its provisions included the cession of the archipelago to the United States, for which $ 20 million would be paid as compensation. This agreement was clarified through the 3192:, proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict. An estimated 250,000 to 1 million civilians died during the war, mostly due to famine and disease. 3431:

became U.S. law. The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years, but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. The law also required the

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On the evening of August 12, the Americans notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila without American permission. On August 13, unaware of the peace protocol signing, U.S. forces began the

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to the Philippines Republic. A 1907 law prohibited the display of flags and other symbols "used during the late insurrection in the Philippine Islands". Some historians consider these unofficial extensions to be part of the war.

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on September 1, 1900. In his instructions to the commission, President McKinley made it clear that the commission had the authority to exercise civil authority and to determine at what point civil administration could safely be

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AN ACT CHANGING THE DATE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE DAY FROM JULY FOUR TO JUNE TWELVE, AND DECLARING JULY FOUR AS PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC DAY, FURTHER AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE SECTION TWENTY-NINE OF THE REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE

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of 1934 which was very similar to the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act except in minor details. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was ratified by the Philippine Senate. The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946.

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Two years after completion and publication of a census, a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly. An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a

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designated July 10 as the election date, and the convention held its inaugural session on July 30. The completed draft constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935, approved by U.S. President

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by Lt. Col. Jose Bañuelo. On June 18, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government. On June 23, Aguinaldo issued another decree, this time replacing the dictatorial government with

3653:, commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), was forced to retreat to Bataan. Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. The fall of Bataan was on April 9, 1942, with 6849: 3337:, with the Philippine Commission as the upper house. Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence. 5097: 4360: 3884:

in the Philippines since the passing of the Military Bases Agreement act in 1947. In addition to this, the U.S. has used the Philippines as landing area for intervention in wars in Asia such as the

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were suppressed but not entirely extinguished. Cultural developments strengthened the continuing development of a national identity, and Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages.

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American infringement on "the sovereignty of these islands". Otis took these two proclamations as a call to arms, and as tensions increased 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within 15 days. Meanwhile,

4306: 3804:. The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands. From 1946 to 1961, 7968:

Gates, John M. (Summer 1985), "The Official Historian and the Well-Placed Critic: James A. LeRoy's Assessment of John R. M. Taylor's "The Philippine Insurrection against the United States"",

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The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government, as the U.S. civil administration was known. This was a form of territorial government that reported to the

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In 1939–1940, the Philippine Constitution was amended to restore a bicameral Congress, and permit the re-election of President Quezon, previously restricted to a single, six-year term.

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on March 23, and ratified by popular vote on May 14. The first election under the constitution was held on September 17, and on November 15, 1935, the commonwealth was put into place.

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urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill, which it did. Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act. The result was the

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on December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched air raids in several cities and U.S. military installations in the Philippines on December 8, and on December 10, the first Japanese troops

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The Philippine legislature funded an independence mission to the U.S. in 1919. The mission departed Manila on February 28 and met in the U.S. with and presented their case to U.S.

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the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible (the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor), including establishment of a

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arriving in Iloilo were refused permission to land by the insurgents, who stated that landing required "express orders from the central government of Luzon". Unknown to Otis, the

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President McKinley had appointed a five-person group on January 20, 1899, to investigate conditions in the islands and make recommendations. The three civilian members of the

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advisory council elected by the people." The Revolutionary Congress voted unanimously to cease fighting and accept peace and, on May 8, the revolutionary cabinet headed by

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The Abridgment: Containing Messages of the President of the United States to the Two Houses of Congress with Reports of Departments and Selections from Accompanying Papers

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with himself as dictator, saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president. Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo's return. Many Filipino enlisted men

6994: 4918: 3623:"Peashooter" fighters of the 6th Pursuit Squadron, distinguished himself by attacking two enemy formations of 27 planes each and downing a much-superior Japanese 2945:, which stated that Spanish territories in the archipelago which lay outside the geographical boundaries noted in the Treaty of Paris were also ceded to the U.S. 6855: 3901: 3590: 3031: 2888:

acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as

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included a cholera epidemic as well as killings by the United States military, including specific attacks on civilians and the creation of concentration camps.

1607: 1464: 758: 17: 2828:, staging a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces, but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city. 2035: 712: 6968: 2762:

local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo's command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed, capturing many cities and some entire provinces.

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of July 1902 approved, ratified, and confirmed McKinley's executive order establishing the Philippine Commission, and also stipulated that the bicameral

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to Washington, DC, upon the invitation of President Roosevelt; however many politicians stayed behind and collaborated with the occupying Japanese. The

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nationality, Filipinos were promised all the benefits afforded to those serving in the armed forces of the United States. In 1946, Congress passed the

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arrived in Manila on March 4, 1899, a month after the Battle of Manila which had begun armed conflict between U.S. and revolutionary Filipino forces.

8078: 2937:, which could serve as harbours and communication links, President McKinley later wired instructions to demand the entire archipelago. The resultant 2409: 898: 6484: 5514: 4861:"Annual report of Maj. Gen. E.S. Otis, U.S.V., commanding Department of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps, military governor in the Philippine Islands" 9024: 3880:

and the U.S. military remains the only chance to lift the quality of life for Filipinos in poverty. There have been no-less than twenty three U.S.

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to U.S. forces. Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of the city, however U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila.

1737: 7403:(Note: 1. The book cover incorrectly lists author as "Maximo M Lalaw", 2. Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co., Manila) 3537:

Quezon's priorities were defense, social justice, inequality and economic diversification, and national character. Tagalog was designated the

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A heavy presence of American soldiers is still present in the Philippines in modern times. Many argue that a good relationship between the

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the Philippines". Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration, which Otis had made without authorization from Washington.

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Philippine Independence, July 4, 1946. The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised.

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TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946

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began to be introduced in Congress to return the benefits taken away from these veterans, but the bills only died in committee. The

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went on active service under the Philippine Commonwealth Army on October 28, 1944, during liberation under the commonwealth regime.

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introduced the phrase "Second Class Veterans" to describe the plight of these Filipino Americans. In 1993, numerous bills titled

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were held by the revolutionary government between June and September 10, resulting in the seating of a legislature known as the

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was signed by 98 natives on June 12, 1898, thereat. The only copy thereof, "The Birth Certificate of the Filipino Nation" is

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war and were considered auxiliary units of the U.S. Army. Several Philippine Commonwealth military awards, such as the

2607: 2599: 2431: 1988: 1756: 1617: 1489: 8745: 8662: 8334: 8290: 8268: 8011: 7959: 7941: 7923: 7905: 7887: 7840: 7813: 7789: 7765: 7677: 7389: 7259: 7168: 5978:. Studies in history, economics and public law. Vol. 106 (2 ed.). Columbia University. pp. 192 of 232. 5033: 4100: 3189: 2705:

issued an ultimatum to Spain on April 19, 1898. Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe, but nevertheless

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While the initial instructions of the American commission undertaking peace negotiators with Spain was to seek only

2824:. Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless secret agreement with acting governor-general 9120: 8757: 8750: 8608: 8603: 8494: 8307: 8295: 8104: 4104: 3416: 3412: 1949: 1724: 1363: 908: 903: 448: 4769:"Protocol of Peace : Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries" 4074: 3603:, with representatives of 26 United Nations at Flag day ceremonies in the White House to reaffirm their pact 1942. 9065: 8994: 8869: 8821: 8718: 8613: 8511: 8395: 8380: 8248: 7545: 3681: 3515: 3486: 3461: 3372: 3083:, autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels, and a system of free public elementary schools. 3008: 2714: 2589: 2142: 1884: 1835: 636: 5683: 5203: 4841: 4797: 4755: 4436: 3904:

permitted American forces in the Philippines for training exercises and returned former U.S. Army bases such as

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Little brown brother: how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century's turn

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The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900, and headed by

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Annual Report of the Philippine Civil Service Board to the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, Issue 5

7105: 7101: 7083: 7079: 7061: 7057: 5723: 3912:, and other smaller outposts under U.S. jurisdiction. The VFA legally protects American soldiers who commit 3011:

had also sent a copy of McKinley's proclamation to General Miller in Iloilo who, unaware that a politically

8841: 8836: 8806: 8769: 8728: 8672: 8489: 8465: 8385: 8236: 7676:, Combined Arms Research Library, originally from War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs, archived from 3693: 3503: 3305: 2585: 1934: 1908: 1894: 1864: 1854: 1805: 1731: 1264: 1024: 928: 918: 468: 314: 6718:

State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism

6316:

Mining and Natural Hazard Vulnerability in the Philippines: Digging to Development or Digging to Disaster?

3287:. The act provided for a governor-general appointed by the U.S. president and an elected lower house, the 8831: 8826: 8698: 8633: 8588: 8472: 8363: 8344: 8273: 8097: 7351:

The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico

7337:

The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico

7323:

The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico

7309:

The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico

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Burns, Adam D. "Adapting to Empire: William H. Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Philippines, 1900-08,"

6903: 4881: 2614:

and spent nearly a year dealing with Japanese troops who were not aware of the war's end, leading up to

9060: 8861: 8816: 8723: 8650: 8556: 8460: 8438: 8263: 8258: 8129: 7623: 3716: 3584: 3465: 3199:

proclaimed that the Philippine–American War had ended on April 16, 1902, with the surrender of General

2893: 2498: 1954: 1939: 1799: 661: 262: 207: 43: 4813: 4711: 4707: 4281: 3176:, and the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house. The act also provided for extending the 8956: 8879: 8774: 8628: 8598: 8583: 8477: 3986: 3905: 3284: 2923: 2694: 2363: 2292: 2257: 1830: 1319: 543: 458: 212: 5891: 5139:

José Roca de Togores y Saravia; Remigio Garcia; National Historical Institute (Philippines) (2003).

8934: 8924: 8894: 8846: 8811: 8713: 3701: 3441: 3122: 2861: 2698: 2631: 2573: 2506: 2332: 2237: 2197: 1792: 631: 513: 508: 344: 272: 8003:

American Military History, Volume I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917

7499:"Appendix C. Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 23, 1898, Establishing the Revolutionary Government" 6002:"The Role of José Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What language did his silent film speaks?" 6001: 3800:

between the governments of the United States and the Philippine islands, during the presidency of

3243:

continued hostilities against such resistance groups until 1913. Some of this resistance was from

2816:

The first contingent of American troops arrived on June 30 under the command of Brigadier General

8999: 8874: 8531: 7826: 7799: 7775: 7751: 6930: 6435: 4919:"Proclamation 483—Granting Pardon and Amnesty to Participants in Insurrection in the Philippines" 3797: 3747: 3381: 3361: 3353: 3240: 3196: 3128:

On March 3, 1901, the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing (along with the

3109: 2996: 2984: 2979: 2949: 2833: 2773: 2615: 2517: 2297: 2287: 2282: 2262: 768: 707: 626: 533: 413: 257: 111: 6876: 3526:), and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles superficially similar to the 9029: 8538: 8407: 6761: 6376: 6194: 5091:"Treaty Between Spain and the United States for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines" 4361:"How Leon Gallery got a hold of the copy of declaration of Philippine independence for auction" 3819: 3684:, and Homma Masaharu, a General Lieutenant of the Imperial Japanese Army on February, 20th 1943 3620: 3608: 3223: 3169: 2938: 2857: 2611: 2566: 2528: 2399: 2378: 2212: 2127: 2071: 1143: 804: 518: 7345: 7331: 7317: 7303: 7160: 7152: 6636: 6548: 6458: 6320: 6167: 5821: 5629: 5023: 4673: 4653: 4200: 3723:, was established as a puppet state. From 1942 the Japanese occupation of the Philippines was 8914: 7822: 7692: 6716: 6274: 6221: 6021: 6015: 5863: 5543: 5057: 3947: 3600: 3474: 3295:

system to track ownership in 1902, and in 1903 passed the Public Lands Act which modeled the

3059: 2637: 2627: 2247: 2242: 2117: 1843: 1407: 1352: 1330: 722: 606: 498: 403: 6525: 4968: 1036: 9089: 8929: 8516: 8504: 6051:

Wong Kwok Chu, "The Jones Bills 1912–16: A Reappraisal of Filipino Views on Independence,"

3754: 3738:

In October 1944, MacArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the

2919: 2825: 2748: 2734: 2687: 2641: 2458: 2337: 2302: 2207: 2182: 1879: 1869: 1176: 1165: 1110: 727: 717: 676: 656: 523: 121: 116: 3760:

After their landing, Filipino and American forces also undertook measures to suppress the

3616: 3156:

An anti-sedition law was established in 1901, followed by an anti-brigandage law in 1902.

8: 9039: 8951: 6489: 4856: 3658: 3599:

Exiled Philippine president Quezon sitting (second from the right) beside U.S. president

3530:. The commonwealth as established in 1935 featured a very strong executive, a unicameral 3288: 3244: 3177: 3173: 3118: 3114: 3098: 3053: 2656:

that was signed on December 15, 1897. The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and his

2554: 2510: 2322: 2272: 2227: 2217: 2202: 2192: 2177: 2157: 2132: 2122: 2112: 1874: 1699: 1689: 1099: 819: 565: 473: 428: 418: 364: 277: 9079: 8801: 7985: 7271:

The Philippines: To the End of the Commission Government, a Study in Tropical Democracy

7247: 6796: 5773: 5576: 5137:

The text of the amended version published by General Otis is quoted in its entirety in

3942: 3780: 3662: 3523: 3427:

vetoed the bill on January 13, 1933. Congress overrode the veto on January 17, and the

3262: 3185: 2988: 2889: 2817: 2726: 2710: 2706: 2342: 2317: 2222: 2162: 2137: 2107: 2097: 1709: 1704: 1694: 1684: 1220: 1198: 977: 601: 503: 493: 478: 126: 101: 5474: 2737:

took place on May 1, 1898, with American victory being achieved in a matter of hours.

9019: 8057: 8037: 8007: 7955: 7937: 7919: 7901: 7883: 7856: 7836: 7809: 7785: 7761: 7732: 7711: 7664: 7651: 7609: 7589: 7569: 7385: 7365: 7285: 7255: 7227: 7204: 7184: 7164: 7148: 6767: 6722: 6642: 6579: 6554: 6464: 6411: 6324: 6280: 6227: 6200: 6173: 6025: 5937: 5871: 5827: 5703: 5657: 5637: 5160:

s:Letter from E.S. Otis to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, January 4, 1899

5146: 5063: 5029: 4921:. United States Government. July 4, 1902 – via The American Presidency Project. 4206: 4110: 4041: 3937: 3697: 3654: 3650: 3538: 3527: 3433: 3364:

had concurred in the report of the Philippine legislature as to a stable government.

3227: 3216: 3133: 3067: 2683: 2549:

Beginning in 1906, the military government was replaced by a civilian government—the

2454: 2277: 2232: 2172: 2147: 2102: 2045: 1064: 309: 287: 8017: 3672: 3534:, and a supreme court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901. 8989: 8884: 7977: 7053: 6698: 6378:

Japanese War Crimes and Related Topics: A Guide to Records at the National Archives

5799: 5115: 3992: 3519: 3495: 3437: 3341: 3314: 3025: 3004: 2915: 2905: 2849: 2785: 2769: 2722: 2702: 2653: 2581: 2307: 2187: 2152: 2050: 1973: 1968: 1450: 1275: 651: 596: 538: 483: 438: 408: 369: 6827: 5604: 4598: 4575: 3863: 3743: 3514:

On May 14, 1935, an election to fill the newly created office of president of the

3345: 3137:

governor. Later, on February 3, 1903, the U.S. Congress would change the title of

9009: 9004: 8984: 8966: 8618: 8526: 8521: 8051: 7877: 7850: 7726: 7645: 7603: 7583: 7563: 7379: 7359: 7349: 7335: 7321: 7307: 7279: 7269: 7221: 7198: 7178: 6743: 6401: 6381:. United States: National Archives and Records Administration. pp. 1031–1037 6314: 6276:

Struggling With Development: The Politics Of Hunger And Gender In The Philippines

5931: 5697: 5173: 5140: 4238:, Department of the Navy — Naval Historical Center. Retrieved on October 10, 2007 4235: 4011: 3827: 3739: 3677: 3666: 3404: 3129: 3092: 2673: 2368: 2312: 2267: 2167: 1242: 829: 319: 252: 86: 7632:(4th ed.), Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress 4337: 7299: 6431: 4772: 4228: 4046: 3909: 3793: 3720: 3424: 3408: 3385: 3377: 3310: 3296: 3212: 2968: 2885: 2055: 1132: 814: 616: 443: 339: 5864:"Splintering Identity: Modes of Filipino Resistance Under Colonial Repression" 4725:"WAR SUSPENDED, PEACE ASSURED; President Proclaims a Cessation of Hostilities" 9104: 5992:, p.152. University of California Press, 1987. Retrieved on October 30, 2020. 3881: 3846: 3292: 3275: 3208: 3200: 3071: 2672:

by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government agreed to

2514: 943: 753: 163: 8001: 7605:

Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903

7476:"Appendix A. Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People" 5738: 3632: 3188:, who had succeeded to the U.S. presidency on September 14, 1901, after the 7217: 6223:

Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives

4248: 3913: 3801: 3469: 3352:

The law, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the

3334: 3317:, to a level similar to that of the United States itself. The practices of 3267: 3080: 3075: 2755: 2742: 2718: 2596: 354: 334: 153: 7719: 7627: 7125:

The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899.

5476:

Chronology for the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish–American War

3753:

The largest naval battle in history, according to gross tonnage sunk, the

8120: 7830: 7803: 7779: 7755: 6064: 4927:"GENERAL AMNESTY FOR THE FILIPINOS; Proclamation Issued by the President" 4365: 4312:

The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899

4252: 4202:

Theodore Roosevelt and his times: a chronicle of the progressive movement

3917: 3885: 3830:), which stripped Filipinos of the benefits that they had been promised. 3564: 3326: 3012: 2810: 2801: 2693:

Concurrently, the failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in

2542:

experienced a period of great political turbulence, characterized by the

2521: 575: 560: 6763:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

6196:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

5956:

Stanley D. Solvick, "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff."

5798:, Philippine Department of Interior and Local Government, archived from 5777: 4042:"Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898" 2792:. The "Acta de la Proclamacion de Independencia del Pueblo Filipino" in 2697:

as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the

8089: 7989: 5976:

Legislative history of America's economic policy toward the Philippines

5961: 5761: 4867:. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 146. 3889: 3761: 3732: 3643: 3642:

to prevent it from destruction, meanwhile, the government was moved to

3448:

The Tydings–McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of a

3150: 2821: 2797: 2730: 2606:, the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military completed the 2562: 1385: 1231: 834: 671: 349: 7542:"Appendix F: President McKinley's Instructions to the Taft Commission" 7128:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972) 5515:"The Philippine Bill of 1902: Turning Point in Philippine Legislation" 4315:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972) 3712:, were awarded to both the United States and Philippine Armed Forces. 3270: 2809:(and naming himself as president). On July 15, Aguinaldo issued three 7696: 6926: 3639: 3502:(and the first to hold that office), was elected to become the first 2873: 2759: 2677: 2669: 2661: 2645: 2621: 488: 423: 91: 7981: 6823:

Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day

3657:, at the mouth of Manila Bay, surrendering on May 6. Atrocities and 8085:. History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives. 2018. 7519:"Appendix D. The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic" 7200:

The War of 1898, and U.S. interventions, 1898–1934: an encyclopedia

6995:"How the Philippines Were Crucial to the Making of American Empire" 6004:. Stockholm University Publications. Retrieved on October 30, 2020. 5699:

Filipinos in the U.S. Navy & Coast Guard During the Vietnam War

5517:. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Archived from 3624: 3570: 3204: 2880:

On August 14, 1898, two days after the capture of Manila, the U.S.

2845: 2588:

on November 15, 1935. The Insular Government was dissolved and the

809: 324: 299: 267: 247: 202: 138: 7020:"Duterte's back-down on US forces in Philippines | Lowy Institute" 6641:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 318. 2922:

was adopted. It was promulgated on January 21, 1899, creating the

5096:. University of the Philippines. November 7, 1900. Archived from 3415:

then controlled Congress, and the recommendation of the outgoing

3318: 3035:

Philippines, Manila, 1899– U.S. soldiers and insurrecto prisoners

2709:; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war. 2665: 2657: 2535: 398: 359: 217: 8049: 7954:(Fourth, enlarged ed.), Atoneo De Mamila University Press, 6947:"Speier Seeks To Extend Military Benefits To Filipino WWII Vets" 4114: 3555:

During the commonwealth years, the Philippines sent one elected

2948:

On December 21, 1898, President McKinley proclaimed a policy of

7882:, Philippines: Anvil Publishing, U.S.: Rowman and Littlefield, 7700: 6851:

President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12

5762:"The Igorot as Other: Four Discourses from the Colonial Period" 5025:

The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government

3393: 3322: 3000: 2918:. In a session between September 15 and November 13, 1898, the 242: 237: 227: 3924:

of a Filipino woman. The guilty Marine was transferred to the

2509:

in April 1898, when the Philippines was still a colony of the

9034: 8851: 7281:

Face of empire: United States-Philippine relations, 1898–1946

6313:

Holden, William N.; Jacobson, R. Daniel (February 15, 2012).

6249:"Celebrating 83 years of women's suffrage in the Philippines" 3423:

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill on December 30, 1932. U.S. President

3389: 3251: 3172:

would be established composed of an elected lower house, the

2930: 2853: 2789: 2532: 329: 7936:, vol. II, Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 6169:

Regional Community Building in East Asia: Countries in Focus

5634:

Regional Community Building in East Asia: Countries in Focus

3858: 3631:. The two other planes in that flight, flown by Lieutenants 2840: 2776:

was raised during the declaration of independence from Spain

7918:, vol. I, Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 7159:(Eighth ed.), University of the Philippines, pp. 5600:

Historical Perspective of the Philippine Educational System

4888:, President McKinley's Instructions to the Taft Commission) 3921: 2934: 232: 6463:(Second ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 160. 5113: 4286: 3279:

houses. Calle San Sebastian, present-day Felix Hidalgo St.

7536:(English translation by the author. Original in Spanish.) 7493:(English translation by the author. Original in Spanish.) 7454:"VII. The Opposition to American Sovereignty (1898–1901)" 6826:, Philippine History Group of Los Angeles, archived from 6680:

J. L. Vellut, "Japanese reparations to the Philippines,"

5759: 5496: 4831: 4010:

held governmental authority until the appointment of the

3920:

was sentenced to 40 years in Philippine prison after the

3746:

who had assumed the presidency after Quezon's death. The

3491: 7608:(4th edition, reprint ed.), Yale University Press, 5171: 4591: 3638:

As the Japanese forces advanced, Manila was declared an

7744:

Decolonizing the History of the Philippine–American War

7410:"V. The Katipunan revolt under Bonifacio and Aguinaldo" 6638:

World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study

6616: 6356: 6165: 6135: 6123: 6081: 5870:. The University of the Philippines Press. p. 90. 5849:

General Macario L. Sakay: Was He a Bandit or a Patriot?

5195: 5193: 3788:

On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became one of the

3591:

Military history of the Philippines during World War II

2852:

was the Filipino representative to the negotiations in

7223:

Bound to empire: the United States and the Philippines

6932:

U.S. to pay 'forgotten' Filipino World War II veterans

4865:

Annual Report of the Major-General Commanding the Army

4683: 4681: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4447: 4445: 3480: 2956: 2565:

governments that lacked significant international and

6293: 6098: 6096: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 3850: 7932:

Alcantra, Teresita A. (2002), Arcella, Lydia (ed.),

7914:

Alcantra, Teresita A. (2002), Arcella, Lydia (ed.),

5673: 5190: 4787: 4745: 4643: 4426: 3104: 2882:

established a military government in the Philippines

8034:

Philippine History and Government Through the Years

6108: 6069: 5533: 5296: 5268: 4803: 4697: 4678: 4535: 4507: 4491: 4476: 4461: 4442: 8006:, Center of Military History, United States Army, 7995: 7624:"The First Phase of United States Rule, 1898–1935" 7346:"XXVIII. Battles with the Filipinos before Manila" 6969:"H.R.210 - Filipino Veterans Fairness Act of 2011" 6344: 6093: 5868:Philippine Studies: Have We Gone Beyond St. Louis? 5421: 5145:. National Historical Institute. pp. 148–50. 3953:List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines 2995:On December 21, 1898, President McKinley issued a 2622:Philippine Revolution and the Spanish–American War 2540:U.S. military government of the Philippine Islands 2538:the Philippines to the United States. The interim 7876:Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005), 6847: 6735: 6457:Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2017). 6403:Japanese War Crimes : The Search for Justice 5982: 5548: 5455: 5439: 5324: 4999: 4942: 4556: 3003:to the insurgents. American forces under General 9102: 8032:Zuleta, Francisco M.; Nebres, Abriel M. (2007), 5933:Elections and Democratization in the Philippines 5409: 5114:President William McKinley (December 21, 1898), 3971:Unrecognized insurgent governments (1898–1904): 3871: 3812: 3571:Japanese occupation and World War II (1941–1945) 3070:was replaced by a new "peace" cabinet headed by 7875: 7832:The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2) 7805:The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2) 7781:The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2) 7757:The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2) 7304:"X. Official History of the Conquest of Manila" 6813: 6721:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 38–41. 6456: 6013: 5851:. J. B. Feliciano and Sons Printers-Publishers. 5178:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1001 5117:McKinley's Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation 3086: 6819: 6430: 6312: 5846: 5566: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4523: 4224: 4222: 4152: 4140: 4128: 3840:American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 3047: 2782:proclaimed the independence of the Philippines 2648:between the Spanish colonial governor-general 8105: 7713:A history of the Spanish–American War of 1898 6592: 6226:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 27–29. 5208: 5059:Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006 4987: 4975: 4395: 3661:were committed during the war, including the 2813:assuming civil authority of the Philippines. 2478: 995: 8031: 7998:"16. Change, and the Road to war, 1902–1917" 7709: 7137:. (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara.) 6550:World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia 5840: 5623: 5621: 5603:, RP Department of education, archived from 5506: 5397: 5312: 4277: 4072: 3895: 3273:line in Manila during the American Era with 3258:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands 2551:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands 7746:, by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8, 2005) 7670:Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records 7246: 6898: 6896: 6741: 6272: 6065:Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 (Jones Law) 6014:Abinales, P. N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). 5912: 5724:"Presidential Proclamation No. 173 S. 2002" 4903: 4851: 4849: 4600:The World of 1898: the Spanish–American War 4577:The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War 4219: 4192: 3981:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines 3809:July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day. 3376:Urban design plans were made for Manila by 2616:U.S. recognition of Philippine independence 8112: 8098: 7318:"XI. The Administration of General Merrit" 6710: 6708: 6553:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 819–825. 3500:president of the Senate of the Philippines 3159: 2973: 2584:was elected and inaugurated as the second 2485: 2471: 1002: 988: 8426: 8050:Philippines. Civil Service Board (1906). 7895: 7702:Theodore Roosevelt; an intimate biography 7581: 7381:The Present Government of the Philippines 7332:"XV. Events of the Spanish-American War." 7176: 7107:True Version of the Philippine Revolution 7085:True Version of the Philippine Revolution 7063:True Version of the Philippine Revolution 6925: 6020:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 53, 6007: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5627: 5618: 5467: 5262: 5250: 4825: 4098: 4034: 3975:Dictatorial Government of the Philippines 3859:The U.S Military in the Philippines Today 2841:Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain 454:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization 8119: 7931: 7913: 7710:Titherington, Richard Handfield (1900), 7357: 7080:"Chapter II. The Treaty of Biak-na-bató" 6893: 6882:, Chanrobles Law Library, August 4, 1964 6854:, .positivenewsmedia.net, archived from 6628: 6598: 6303:. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010.Print. 6301:Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform 6246: 6219: 5539: 5512: 4846: 4307:"Philippine Declaration of Independence" 3862: 3852:California's 12th congressional district 3779: 3688:The commonwealth government by then had 3671: 3594: 3490: 3371: 3367: 3261: 3233: 3108: 3030: 2983: 2844: 2764: 2682: 7949: 7800:"IV. The Premeditated Insurgent Attack" 7621: 7550:, Oriental commercial, pp. 452–459 7527:, Oriental commercial, pp. 430–445 7505:, Oriental commercial, pp. 423–429 7484:, Oriental commercial, pp. 413–417 7267: 7183:, University of the Philippines Press, 7121: 6869: 6705: 6634: 6546: 5866:. In Patajo-Legasto, Priscelina (ed.). 5861: 5695: 5662:, Chan Robles law library, July 1, 1902 5632:. In Lee Lai To; Zarina Othman (eds.). 5497:Commonwealth Act No. 1045 (n.d.), 5434: 5290: 5055: 4897: 4417: 4386: 4304: 4241: 4198: 3195:On April 9, 2002, Philippine President 2997:proclamation of benevolent assimilation 1018:This article is part of a series on the 193:Historically documented states/polities 14: 9111:History of the Philippines (1898–1946) 9103: 7731:, History Book Club (published 2005), 7691: 7663: 7601: 7561: 7547:The development of Philippine politics 7524:The Development of Philippine Politics 7503:The Development of Philippine Politics 7481:The Development of Philippine Politics 7462:, Oriental commercial, pp. 99–163 7459:The Development of Philippine Politics 7440:, Oriental commercial, pp. 99–163 7437:The Development of Philippine Politics 7415:The Development of Philippine Politics 7216: 7147: 6780: 6714: 6477: 6153: 5990:"Third World Film Making and the West" 5929: 5918: 5630:"The Philippines: Everything in place" 5384:Santa Clara University Scholar Commons 5318: 5238: 5214: 5021: 4993: 4981: 4964:The Development of Philippine Politics 4819: 4665: 4562: 4529: 4292: 3867:A U.S. Marine color guard at Subic Bay 3775: 3581:Japanese occupation of the Philippines 3561:United States House of Representatives 18:History of the Philippines (1898-1946) 9126:Aftermath of the Spanish–American War 8093: 7967: 7952:An introduction to Philippine history 7848: 7821: 7797: 7773: 7749: 7724: 7643: 7418:, Oriental commercial, pp. 69–98 7343: 7329: 7315: 7298: 7284:, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 7277: 7196: 6668: 6622: 6362: 6350: 6247:Gonzales, Cathrine (April 30, 2020). 6172:. Taylor & Francis. p. 145. 6141: 6129: 6102: 6087: 6075: 5973: 5730: 5679: 5636:. Taylor & Francis. p. 144. 5569:"The Pacification of the Philippines" 5560: 5554: 5461: 5415: 5403: 5373: 5371: 5345: 5343: 5302: 5274: 5226: 5199: 5028:. Silver, Burdett. pp. 170–172. 4960: 4948: 4877: 4837: 4809: 4793: 4751: 4703: 4687: 4669: 4649: 4546: 4513: 4497: 4482: 4467: 4451: 4432: 4326: 4247: 4186: 4174: 4066: 3696:continued to fight the Japanese in a 2505:, and began with the outbreak of the 9116:History of the Philippines by period 7879:State and Society in the Philippines 7141: 7099: 7077: 7052: 6573: 6460:State and Society in the Philippines 6017:State and Society in the Philippines 5958:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5819: 5813: 5377: 4855: 4622:"Our flag is now waving over Manila" 4146: 4134: 3635:and Geronimo Aclan, were shot down. 3627:, for which he was awarded the U.S. 2926:with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. 2904:Harold W. Lawton on May 7, 1899, in 2569:also existed between 1898 and 1904. 2518:formally recognized the independence 7180:Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic 7058:"Chapter I. The Revolution of 1896" 6759: 6192: 5628:Hernandez, Jose Rhommel B. (2016). 5573:The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare 4891: 4358: 4109:. United States Army. p. 465. 4081:, Manila, Philippines: Corpus Juris 3989:(January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901) 3481:Philippine Commonwealth (1935–1946) 3384:. They sought inspiration from the 3313:from all causes, including various 3190:assassination of President McKinley 2957:Philippine–American War (1899–1902) 2866:outstanding first Filipino diplomat 24: 7869: 7582:Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (2006), 7539: 7516: 7496: 7473: 7432:"VI. The Revolutionary Government" 7046: 6749:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 6519: 6406:. Transaction Publishers. p. 6166:Lee Lai To; Zarina Othman (2016). 6053:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 5760:Aguilar-Cariño, Ma. Luisa (1994). 5726:. Official Gazette. April 9, 2002. 5445: 5368: 5351:"US War Crimes in the Philippines" 5340: 5005: 4401: 3983:(June 23, 1898 – January 23, 1899) 2864:. He has been referred to as the " 2501:from 1898 to 1946 is known as the 1428: Modern Era 53: 25: 9137: 7896:Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal (1974), 7602:Miller, Stuart Creighton (1984), 7585:Philippine history and government 7451: 7429: 7407: 7252:The Philippines: A Past Revisited 7177:Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal (1997), 7153:"11. The Revolution Second Phase" 6374: 5330: 5172:United States. President (1900). 5062:. Algora Publishing. p. 83. 4771:. August 12, 1898. Archived from 4158: 3928:then released three years after. 3105:Establishment of civil government 394:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi 107:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens 9085: 9084: 9073: 7996:Richard W. Stewart, ed. (2005), 7898:Introduction to Filipino History 7852:The Philippines: A Unique Nation 7752:"II. Was independence promised?" 7650:, University of Nebraska Press, 7110:, Authorama: Public Domain Books 7088:, Authorama: Public Domain Books 7066:, Authorama: Public Domain Books 7012: 6987: 6961: 6939: 6919: 6841: 6795:, United Nations, archived from 6753: 6697:. United Nations. Archived from 6687: 6674: 6662: 6607: 6567: 6540: 6513: 6450: 6424: 6393: 6368: 6306: 6266: 6240: 6213: 6186: 6159: 6147: 6058: 6045: 5995: 5967: 5847:Kabigting Abad, Antonio (1955). 5659:The Philippine Bill of July 1902 5567:Gates, John M. (November 2002). 4359:Yap, Jade (September 11, 2024). 4229:Battle of Manila Bay, 1 May 1898 3849:(D-CA), U.S. Representative for 3577:Philippines campaign (1941–1942) 3252:"Insular Government" (1900–1935) 2733:on the evening of April 30. The 2578:Philippine presidential election 2453: 2444: 2443: 2405: 2404: 1035: 971: 7835:, Macmillan, pp. 168–184, 7798:Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), 7774:Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), 7750:Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), 7517:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), 7497:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), 7474:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), 7452:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), 7430:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), 7408:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927), 7378:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1921), 7268:Elliott, Charles Burke (1917), 5950: 5906: 5894:. Government of the Philippines 5884: 5855: 5784: 5753: 5736: 5716: 5689: 5650: 5591: 5513:Piedad-Pugay, Chris Antonette. 5490: 5284: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5220: 5165: 5131: 5107: 5083: 5049: 5015: 4967:. Oriental commercial. p. 4961:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927). 4954: 4871: 4761: 4717: 4659: 4614: 4568: 4411: 4380: 4352: 4305:Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (2005), 4298: 4271: 4000: 3916:of Philippine soil. In 2006, a 3682:Philippine Executive Commission 3607:A few hours after the Japanese 3543:women's suffrage was introduced 3516:Commonwealth of the Philippines 3487:Commonwealth of the Philippines 3462:Commonwealth of the Philippines 3340:Philippine nationalists led by 3117:addressing the audience at the 2715:Assistant Secretary of the Navy 2590:Commonwealth of the Philippines 7934:Views on Philippine Revolution 7916:Views on Philippine Revolution 7855:, All-Nations Publishing Co., 7776:"III. Insurgent "Coöperation"" 7377: 7157:History of the Filipino People 7122:Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005), 7100:Aguinaldo, Don Emilio y Famy, 7078:Aguinaldo, Don Emilio y Famy, 6905:The Filipino Veterans Movement 6399: 6114: 4180: 4168: 4092: 3977:(May 24, 1898 – June 23, 1898) 3965: 3836:Filipino Veterans Fairness Act 3729:underground guerrilla activity 800:2000 campaign against the MILF 305:Laguna Copperplate Inscription 159:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery 13: 1: 7808:, Macmillan, pp. 75–89, 7784:, Macmillan, pp. 43–74, 7760:, Macmillan, pp. 39–43, 7626:, in Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.), 7358:Jernegan, Prescott F (2009), 6524:. Maranao.Com. Archived from 5022:Draper, Andrew Sloan (1899). 4336:. DLSU-Manila. Archived from 4022: 3872:Presence of the U.S. military 3813:World War II veteran benefits 2896:. After the appointment of a 2652:and the revolutionary leader 2604:occupation of the Philippines 2572:Following the passage of the 464:Battles of La Naval de Manila 8579:Business process outsourcing 8079:"The Philippines, 1898-1946" 7827:"IX, The conduct of the war" 7629:Philippines: A Country Study 7588:, Phoenix Publishing House, 7241:Comparative American Studies 7054:Aguinaldo, Don Emilio y Famy 6949:. CBS News. January 10, 2011 5862:Lumbera, Bienvenido (2008). 5142:Blockade and siege of Manila 4257:Archives:Eyewitness Accounts 4106:Reports of General MacArthur 4027: 3694:Philippine Commonwealth Army 3619:, leading a flight of three 3506:during the Commonwealth era. 3504:president of the Philippines 3087:Second Philippine Commission 2943:Treaty of Washington of 1900 2780:On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo 2586:president of the Philippines 1903:Hispanic and Latino American 315:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik 7: 7622:Seekins, Donald M. (1993), 7226:, Oxford University Press, 7197:Beede, Benjamin R. (1994), 7102:"Chapter III. Negotiations" 6635:Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). 6578:. Oxford University Press. 6220:Thompson, Roger M. (2003). 5702:. AuthorHouse. p. 14. 4099:MacArthur, Douglas (1994). 4052:Lillian Goldman Law Library 3931: 3740:retaking of the Philippines 3629:Distinguished Service Cross 3048:First Philippine Commission 2794:Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista 2662:Other revolutionary leaders 2574:Philippine Independence Act 2522:Republic of the Philippines 805:2nd People Power Revolution 795:1997 Asian financial crisis 529:Declaration of Independence 10: 9142: 7705:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin 7647:The war with Spain in 1898 7041: 6766:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1152. 6715:Bühler, Konrad G. (2001). 6599:Woodward, C. Vann (1947). 6273:Kwiatkowski, Lynn (2019). 6199:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1117. 5796:Philippine National Police 5479:, U.S. Library of Congress 4603:, U.S. Library of Congress 4580:, U.S. Library of Congress 4253:"The Battle of Manila Bay" 4050:. New Haven, Connecticut: 3717:Second Philippine Republic 3588: 3585:Second Philippine Republic 3574: 3484: 3419:president was not heeded. 3255: 3090: 3051: 2977: 2966: 2960: 2894:United States Armed Forces 2807:a revolutionary government 2640:began in August 1896. The 2625: 2499:history of the Philippines 534:American capture of Manila 9056: 8975: 8860: 8694: 8685: 8564: 8555: 8371: 8362: 8244: 8235: 8168: 8137: 8128: 7950:Arcilla, José S. (1994), 7716:, D. Appleton and Company 7540:Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927), 6601:The Battle for Leyte Gulf 6547:Sandler, Stanley (2001). 6438:. Office of the Historian 6279:. Routledge. p. 41. 5930:Franco, Jennifer (2020). 5820:Duka, Cecilio D. (2008). 4234:January 14, 2009, at the 3987:First Philippine Republic 3902:Visiting Forces Agreement 3896:Visiting Forces Agreement 3615:. Filipino pilot Captain 3285:Bureau of Insular Affairs 3074:. At this point, General 2924:First Philippine Republic 2754:intention to establish a 2610:of the Philippines after 2513:, and concluded when the 414:Spanish capture of Manila 8483:House of Representatives 8376:Administrative divisions 7849:Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), 7644:Trask, David F. (1996), 7562:Karnow, Stanley (1990), 7344:Halstead, Murat (1898), 7330:Halstead, Murat (1898), 7316:Halstead, Murat (1898), 7278:Golay, Frank H. (1997), 7203:, Taylor & Francis, 7149:Agoncillo, Teodoro Andal 6695:"Founding Member States" 6319:. Anthem Press. p. 5696:Burdeos, Ray L. (2008). 5056:Fantina, Robert (2006). 4199:Howland, Harold (1921). 3958: 3702:Philippine Defense Medal 3613:landed in Northern Luzon 3306:Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act 3123:Manila Grand Opera House 2818:Thomas McArthur Anderson 2717:, had ordered Commodore 2650:Fernando Primo de Rivera 2527:With the signing of the 2503:American colonial period 1406: 1384: 1362: 1351: 1329: 1318: 1296: 1285: 1274: 1263: 1241: 1230: 1219: 1197: 1175: 1164: 1142: 1131: 1109: 1098: 874:Administrative divisions 589:American colonial period 509:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 345:Butuan Silver Paleograph 330:Batanes Ijang fortresses 273:Sultanate of Maguindanao 144:Cordillera Rice Terraces 9121:Former colonies in Asia 7900:, Garotech publishing, 7384:, Oriental commercial, 7243:11 (Dec. 2013), 418–33. 6848:Manuel S. Satorre Jr., 6684:3 (Oct. 1993): 496–506. 6522:"The Japanese Invasion" 6299:Manapat, Carlos, et al. 6090:, pp. 312–313Ch.24 5892:"Act No. 1696, s. 1907" 5380:"The Filipino Genocide" 5355:www.worldfuturefund.org 4626:San Francisco Chronicle 4259:. The War Times Journal 4054:, Yale Law School. 2008 3748:Philippine Constabulary 3466:Philippine independence 3464:before the granting of 3388:, the winding river of 3382:City Beautiful movement 3362:Francis Burton Harrison 3241:Philippine Constabulary 3197:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 3160:Official end to the war 2980:Battle of Manila (1899) 2974:Rising tensions and war 2963:Philippine–American War 2950:benevolent assimilation 2774:flag of the Philippines 2713:, who was at that time 2602:in 1941 and subsequent 2544:Philippine–American War 1924:Middle Eastern American 1746:Technology and industry 769:People Power Revolution 549:Philippine–American War 383:Spanish colonial period 9080:Philippines portal 8624:Science and technology 8036:, National Bookstore, 7823:Worcester, Dean Conant 7697:"VII. The Rough Rider" 7693:Thayer, William Roscoe 7361:The Philippine Citizen 7254:, Renato Constantino, 6760:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). 6625:, pp. 323–35Ch.25 6603:. New York: Macmillan. 6574:Hunt, Michael (2004). 6375:Jones, Jeffrey Frank. 6365:, pp. 329–31Ch.25 6193:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). 5826:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 5741:. PhilippineUpdate.com 4075:"Tydings-McDuffie Act" 3868: 3785: 3685: 3609:attack on Pearl Harbor 3604: 3567:currently does today. 3507: 3429:Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act 3397: 3380:, who was part of the 3280: 3170:Philippine Legislature 3166:Philippine Organic Act 3125: 3036: 2992: 2991:and his troops in 1898 2898:civil governor-general 2872:On August 12, 1898, a 2869: 2858:Treaty of Paris (1898) 2777: 2756:dictatorial government 2690: 2567:diplomatic recognition 2531:on December 10, 1898, 2036:Admission to the Union 978:Philippines portal 954:Science and technology 571:UST Baybayin Documents 519:Treaty of Paris (1898) 97:Austronesian expansion 82:Early hominin activity 58: 9035:Sport and martial art 8451:Executive departments 7364:, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 7218:Brands, Henry William 7024:www.lowyinstitute.org 6929:(February 23, 2009), 6701:on November 21, 2009. 6576:The World Transformed 6434:(November 25, 1943). 6144:, pp. 315–9Ch.24 6132:, pp. 314–5Ch.24 5960:50.3 (1963): 424-442 5378:Clem, Andrew (2016). 4914:Amnesty Proclamation 4073:Corpus Juris (2014), 3948:Republic of Zamboanga 3878:Philippine government 3866: 3783: 3769:defeated the Japanese 3675: 3598: 3557:resident commissioner 3494: 3375: 3368:Independence missions 3335:bicameral legislature 3265: 3234:Post-1902 hostilities 3207:and in the cities of 3112: 3081:bicameral legislature 3060:Philippine Commission 3034: 2987: 2848: 2768: 2686: 2638:Philippine Revolution 2628:Philippine Revolution 2557:serving as its first 2027:Territorial evolution 1320:Post-World War II Era 899:Cultural achievements 723:Filipino First policy 713:Mutual Defense Treaty 667:Philippine resistance 499:Philippine Revolution 459:Spanish–Moro conflict 449:Revolts and uprisings 335:Golden Tara of Agusan 57: 8900:Fashion and clothing 8741:Environmental issues 8668:Water and sanitation 8505:Regional Trial Court 8350:World Heritage Sites 8020:on December 27, 2011 7970:The Public Historian 7725:Wolff, Leon (2006), 6820:Diosdado Macapagal, 6742:Philippines (1946). 5974:Reyes, Jose (1923). 5823:Struggle for Freedom 4857:Otis, Elwell Stephen 4632:on December 24, 2008 4334:"Philippine History" 3755:Battle of Leyte Gulf 3442:Tydings–McDuffie Act 3392:, and the canals of 3180:to the Philippines. 2920:Malolos Constitution 2862:Spanish–American War 2735:Battle of Manila Bay 2699:Spanish–American War 2688:Battle of Manila Bay 2642:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 2632:Spanish–American War 2507:Spanish–American War 1950:Palestinian American 1166:Era of Good Feelings 1111:Confederation period 1048:Timeline and periods 959:World Heritage Sites 825:Territorial disputes 728:North Borneo dispute 718:Hukbalahap Rebellion 682:Philippines campaign 677:Battle of Leyte Gulf 657:Battle of Corregidor 632:Tydings–McDuffie Act 524:Battle of Manila Bay 514:Spanish–American War 122:Precolonial barangay 8890:Cultural properties 8656:Tourist attractions 8203:Japanese occupation 7248:Constantino, Renato 6501:on January 28, 2017 6490:American Experience 6485:"The Guerrilla War" 6055:1982 13(2): 252–269 4101:"Japan's Surrender" 4008:military government 3845:On January 6, 2011 3776:Independence (1946) 3456:transitional period 3436:to ratify the law. 3289:Philippine Assembly 3245:a claimed successor 3178:U.S. Bill of Rights 3174:Philippine Assembly 3119:Philippine Assembly 3115:William Howard Taft 3099:William Howard Taft 3054:Schurman Commission 2555:William Howard Taft 2511:Spanish East Indies 1885:Lithuanian American 1836:Vietnamese American 1100:American Revolution 820:Philippine drug war 782:Contemporary period 749:Communist rebellion 647:Japanese occupation 612:Military Government 566:Doctrina Christiana 474:Propaganda Movement 429:Spanish East Indies 419:Battle of Bangkusay 365:Magellan expedition 283:Sultanates of Lanao 278:Sultanate of Buayan 8905:Historical markers 8763:Indigenous peoples 8639:Telecommunications 8413:Political families 8254:Biosphere reserves 7680:on October 3, 2008 6353:, p. 325Ch.25 6156:, pp. 158–81. 6078:, p. 312Ch.24 5780:– via JSTOR. 5766:Philippine Studies 5739:"The Bates Treaty" 5557:, p. 281Ch.21 5464:, p. 280Ch.21 5103:on March 26, 2012. 4951:, p. 279Ch.21 4934:The New York Times 4732:The New York Times 4668:, pp. 123–4, 4340:on August 22, 2006 4047:The Avalon Project 3943:Republic of Negros 3869: 3786: 3706:Independence Medal 3686: 3663:Bataan Death March 3605: 3524:Nacionalista Party 3508: 3475:Franklin Roosevelt 3398: 3281: 3224:Kiram–Bates Treaty 3186:Theodore Roosevelt 3126: 3037: 2993: 2989:Gregorio del Pilar 2890:commander-in-chief 2870: 2778: 2727:United States Navy 2711:Theodore Roosevelt 2691: 2580:was held in 1935. 2005:Transgender people 1568:Capital punishment 1221:Reconstruction Era 622:Insular Government 607:Zamboanga Republic 504:Tejeros Convention 494:Cry of Pugad Lawin 479:1872 Cavite mutiny 187:Precolonial period 127:Maritime Silk Road 102:Angono Petroglyphs 74:Prehistoric period 59: 9098: 9097: 9052: 9051: 9048: 9047: 8962:Traditional games 8797:Income inequality 8780:Human trafficking 8681: 8680: 8644:Telephone numbers 8551: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8418:Political parties 8391:Foreign relations 8358: 8357: 8231: 8230: 8216:Marcos presidency 8207:Postcolonial era 8083:history.house.gov 8043:978-971-08-6344-0 7862:978-971-642-071-5 7738:978-1-58288-209-3 7665:Taylor, John R.M. 7657:978-0-8032-9429-5 7615:978-0-300-03081-5 7595:978-971-06-1894-1 7575:978-0-7126-3732-9 7404: 7371:978-1-115-97139-3 7291:978-971-550-254-2 7233:978-0-19-507104-7 7210:978-0-8240-5624-7 7190:978-971-542-096-9 7142:Secondary sources 6975:. January 6, 2011 6648:978-0-313-31395-0 6585:978-0-19-937102-0 6417:978-1-4128-2683-9 6330:978-1-84331-396-0 6031:978-0-7425-1024-1 5709:978-1-4343-6141-7 5579:on August 5, 2010 5418:, pp. 50–51. 5265:, pp. 357–8. 5152:978-971-538-167-3 5069:978-0-87586-454-9 4734:, August 12, 1898 4278:Titherington 1900 3938:Negros Revolution 3655:Corregidor Island 3651:Douglas MacArthur 3617:Jesús A. Villamor 3539:national language 3532:national assembly 3528:U.S. Constitution 3434:Philippine Senate 3407:. U.S. President 3315:tropical diseases 3228:Sultanate of Sulu 3134:Spooner Amendment 3113:Governor General 3068:Apolinario Mabini 2721:, commanding the 2618:on July 4, 1946. 2612:Japan's surrender 2600:Japanese invasion 2524:on July 4, 1946. 2495: 2494: 2417: 2416: 2046:American frontier 1945:Lebanese American 1930:Egyptian American 1860:Estonian American 1850:Albanian American 1844:European American 1821:Japanese American 1811:Filipino American 1435: 1434: 1408:Post-Cold War Era 1065:Pre-Columbian Era 1027: 1012: 1011: 859:Ancient religions 840:COVID-19 pandemic 695:Post-independence 434:Captaincy General 310:Butuan Ivory Seal 288:Sultanate of Sulu 169:Prehistoric beads 16:(Redirected from 9133: 9088: 9087: 9078: 9077: 9076: 8858: 8857: 8812:Overseas workers 8734:Higher education 8692: 8691: 8562: 8561: 8500:Court of Appeals 8456:Executive office 8424: 8423: 8369: 8368: 8242: 8241: 8183:Pre-colonial era 8135: 8134: 8114: 8107: 8100: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8046: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8016:, archived from 7992: 7964: 7946: 7928: 7910: 7892: 7865: 7845: 7818: 7794: 7770: 7741: 7718:(republished by 7717: 7706: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7675: 7660: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7618: 7598: 7578: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7374: 7354: 7340: 7326: 7312: 7294: 7274: 7264: 7236: 7213: 7193: 7173: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6900: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6858:on July 24, 2011 6845: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6802:on July 23, 2011 6801: 6794: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6712: 6703: 6702: 6691: 6685: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6528:on July 27, 2010 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6497:. 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Archived from 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5521:on July 10, 2013 5510: 5504: 5503: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5443: 5437: 5432: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5375: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5347: 5338: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5253:, pp. 356–7 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5169: 5163: 5156: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5019: 5013: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4931: 4922: 4912: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4807: 4801: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4765: 4759: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4729: 4721: 4715: 4701: 4695: 4685: 4676: 4663: 4657: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4628:, archived from 4618: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4511: 4505: 4495: 4489: 4480: 4474: 4465: 4459: 4449: 4440: 4430: 4424: 4415: 4409: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4302: 4296: 4295:, pp. 192–4 4290: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4245: 4239: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4177:, pp. 56–8. 4172: 4166: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4038: 4016: 4004: 3998: 3993:Tagalog Republic 3969: 3926:American Embassy 3854: 3806:Independence Day 3798:Treaty of Manila 3790:founding members 3710:Liberation Medal 3520:Manuel L. Quezon 3496:Manuel L. Quezon 3452:, for a 10-year 3438:Manuel L. Quezon 3413:Republican Party 3402:Secretary of War 3342:Manuel L. Quezon 3143:Governor-General 3026:Felipe Agoncillo 3005:Marcus P. Miller 2916:Malolos Congress 2906:Baliuag, Bulacan 2856:that led to the 2850:Felipe Agoncillo 2834:Battle of Manila 2770:Aguinaldo Shrine 2723:Asiatic Squadron 2703:William McKinley 2654:Emilio Aguinaldo 2582:Manuel L. Quezon 2559:governor-general 2487: 2480: 2473: 2457: 2447: 2446: 2408: 2407: 2051:Manifest destiny 2041:Historic regions 2023: 2022: 1963:Native Americans 1935:Iranian American 1909:Mexican American 1895:Serbian American 1880:Italian American 1865:Finnish American 1855:English American 1806:Chinese American 1793:African American 1593:Direct democracy 1583:The Constitution 1542:Higher education 1451:American Century 1353:Civil Rights Era 1331:Civil Rights Era 1287:Great Depression 1276:Roaring Twenties 1144:Jeffersonian Era 1054: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1025: 1014: 1013: 1004: 997: 990: 976: 975: 974: 708:Treaty of Manila 652:Battle of Bataan 597:Tagalog Republic 539:Malolos Congress 484:La Liga Filipina 469:British invasion 439:Tondo Conspiracy 409:Blockade of Cebu 370:Battle of Mactan 294:Events/Artifacts 197:(north to south) 133:Events/Artifacts 117:Sa Huỳnh culture 47: 29: 28: 21: 9141: 9140: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9094: 9074: 9072: 9044: 8971: 8940:Public holidays 8856: 8785:Sex trafficking 8677: 8543: 8461:Law enforcement 8422: 8354: 8318:Protected areas 8227: 8196:American period 8164: 8124: 8118: 8077: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8044: 8023: 8021: 8014: 7982:10.2307/3377127 7962: 7944: 7926: 7908: 7890: 7872: 7870:Further reading 7863: 7843: 7816: 7792: 7768: 7742:(Introduction, 7739: 7683: 7681: 7673: 7658: 7635: 7633: 7616: 7596: 7576: 7553: 7551: 7530: 7528: 7508: 7506: 7487: 7485: 7465: 7463: 7443: 7441: 7421: 7419: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7372: 7300:Halstead, Murat 7292: 7262: 7234: 7211: 7191: 7171: 7144: 7131: 7129: 7113: 7111: 7091: 7089: 7069: 7067: 7049: 7047:Primary sources 7044: 7039: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7003: 7001: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6911: 6909: 6902: 6901: 6894: 6885: 6883: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6861: 6859: 6846: 6842: 6833: 6831: 6830:on May 12, 2009 6818: 6814: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6713: 6706: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6545: 6541: 6531: 6529: 6520:Jubair, Salah. 6518: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6429: 6425: 6418: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6311: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5987: 5983: 5972: 5968: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5928: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5860: 5856: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5805: 5803: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5735: 5731: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5694: 5690: 5678: 5674: 5665: 5663: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5608: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5511: 5507: 5495: 5491: 5482: 5480: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5376: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5198: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5170: 5166: 5157: 5153: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5020: 5016: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4936:. July 4, 1902. 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4876: 4872: 4854: 4847: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4808: 4804: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4775:on July 6, 2022 4767: 4766: 4762: 4750: 4746: 4737: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4702: 4698: 4686: 4679: 4664: 4660: 4648: 4644: 4635: 4633: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4581: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4545: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4512: 4508: 4496: 4492: 4481: 4477: 4466: 4462: 4450: 4443: 4431: 4427: 4416: 4412: 4400: 4396: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4318: 4316: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4246: 4242: 4236:Wayback Machine 4227: 4220: 4213: 4205:. p. 245. 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4082: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4019: 4012:Taft Commission 4005: 4001: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3934: 3898: 3874: 3861: 3815: 3778: 3742:, landing with 3727:by large-scale 3680:, chair of the 3678:Jorge B. Vargas 3667:Manila massacre 3593: 3587: 3575:Main articles: 3573: 3489: 3483: 3405:Newton D. Baker 3370: 3260: 3254: 3236: 3162: 3130:Platt Amendment 3107: 3095: 3093:Taft Commission 3089: 3056: 3050: 2982: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2939:Treaty of Paris 2884:, with General 2843: 2826:Fermín Jáudenes 2811:organic decrees 2790:Cavite El Viejo 2668:and a monetary 2634: 2626:Main articles: 2624: 2529:Treaty of Paris 2491: 2419: 2418: 2020: 2012: 2011: 1917:Jewish American 1890:Polish American 1870:German American 1826:Korean American 1816:Indian American 1787: 1779: 1778: 1633:Merchant Marine 1603:Law enforcement 1471:Racial violence 1445: 1437: 1436: 1243:Progressive Era 1051: 1047: 1028: 1026:History of the 1008: 972: 970: 965: 964: 963: 904:Diet and health 853: 845: 844: 830:Siege of Marawi 785: 774: 773: 764:Fourth Republic 744: 733: 732: 698: 687: 686: 662:Second Republic 602:Negros Republic 592: 581: 580: 386: 375: 374: 320:Kabayan Mummies 190: 179: 178: 87:Homo luzonensis 77: 46:the Philippines 45: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9139: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9092: 9082: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8981: 8979: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8866: 8864: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8746:Climate change 8738: 8737: 8736: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8663:Transportation 8660: 8659: 8658: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8636: 8631: 8629:Stock exchange 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8432: 8430: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8323:National parks 8315: 8310: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8293: 8291:Extreme points 8288: 8283: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8269:Climate change 8261: 8256: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8221:Fifth Republic 8218: 8213: 8211:Third Republic 8205: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8191:Spanish period 8185: 8180: 8174: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8123: articles 8117: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8075: 8062: 8047: 8042: 8029: 8012: 7993: 7965: 7960: 7947: 7942: 7929: 7924: 7911: 7906: 7893: 7888: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7846: 7841: 7819: 7814: 7795: 7790: 7771: 7766: 7747: 7737: 7722: 7707: 7689: 7667:, ed. (1907), 7661: 7656: 7641: 7619: 7614: 7599: 7594: 7579: 7574: 7559: 7537: 7514: 7494: 7471: 7449: 7427: 7405: 7390: 7375: 7370: 7355: 7341: 7327: 7313: 7296: 7290: 7275: 7265: 7260: 7244: 7237: 7232: 7214: 7209: 7194: 7189: 7174: 7169: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7119: 7097: 7075: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7011: 6986: 6960: 6938: 6918: 6892: 6868: 6840: 6812: 6779: 6773:978-1576077702 6772: 6752: 6734: 6728:978-9041115539 6727: 6704: 6686: 6673: 6661: 6647: 6627: 6615: 6606: 6591: 6584: 6566: 6560:978-0815318835 6559: 6539: 6512: 6476: 6470:978-1538103951 6469: 6449: 6432:Karl L. Rankin 6423: 6416: 6392: 6367: 6355: 6343: 6329: 6305: 6292: 6286:978-0429965623 6285: 6265: 6239: 6233:978-9027248916 6232: 6212: 6206:978-1576077702 6205: 6185: 6179:978-1317265566 6178: 6158: 6146: 6134: 6122: 6107: 6092: 6080: 6068: 6057: 6044: 6030: 6006: 5994: 5981: 5966: 5949: 5943:978-1136541919 5942: 5917: 5905: 5883: 5877:978-9715425919 5876: 5854: 5839: 5833:978-9712350450 5832: 5812: 5783: 5772:(2): 194–209. 5752: 5729: 5715: 5708: 5688: 5680:Worcester 1914 5672: 5649: 5643:978-1317265566 5642: 5617: 5590: 5559: 5547: 5532: 5505: 5489: 5466: 5454: 5438: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5367: 5339: 5323: 5311: 5303:Worcester 1914 5295: 5283: 5275:Worcester 1914 5267: 5263:Agoncillo 1997 5255: 5251:Agoncillo 1997 5243: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5189: 5164: 5151: 5130: 5106: 5082: 5068: 5048: 5034: 5014: 4998: 4986: 4974: 4953: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4923: 4902: 4900:, p. 509. 4890: 4870: 4845: 4830: 4828:, p. 126. 4826:Lacsamana 2006 4818: 4810:Wrocester 1914 4802: 4786: 4760: 4744: 4716: 4704:Wrocester 1914 4696: 4688:Worcester 1914 4677: 4658: 4642: 4613: 4590: 4567: 4563:Agoncillo 1990 4555: 4547:Worcester 1914 4534: 4522: 4506: 4498:Worcester 1914 4490: 4483:Worcester 1914 4475: 4468:Worcester 1914 4460: 4452:Worcester 1914 4441: 4433:Worcester 1914 4425: 4410: 4394: 4379: 4351: 4325: 4297: 4293:Agoncillo 1990 4285: 4270: 4240: 4218: 4212:978-1279815199 4211: 4191: 4189:, p. 148. 4179: 4167: 4151: 4147:Aguinaldo 1899 4139: 4135:Aguinaldo 1899 4127: 4091: 4065: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4017: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3897: 3894: 3882:military bases 3873: 3870: 3860: 3857: 3824:38 U.S.C. 3820:Rescission Act 3814: 3811: 3794:United Nations 3777: 3774: 3767:Allied troops 3721:Jose P. Laurel 3572: 3569: 3485:Main article: 3482: 3479: 3425:Herbert Hoover 3409:Woodrow Wilson 3378:Daniel Burnham 3369: 3366: 3311:mortality rate 3297:Homestead Acts 3256:Main article: 3253: 3250: 3235: 3232: 3161: 3158: 3139:Civil Governor 3106: 3103: 3091:Main article: 3088: 3085: 3052:Main article: 3049: 3046: 3009:War Department 2978:Main article: 2975: 2972: 2969:Moro Rebellion 2961:Main article: 2958: 2955: 2874:peace protocol 2842: 2839: 2660:to surrender. 2623: 2620: 2561:. A series of 2493: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2482: 2475: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2451: 2440: 2439: 2437:Historiography 2434: 2429: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2082:The West Coast 2079: 2074: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2056:Indian removal 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1985: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1955:Saudi American 1952: 1947: 1942: 1940:Iraqi American 1937: 1932: 1920: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1875:Irish American 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1800:Asian American 1796: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1738:Sexual slavery 1728: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1608:Postal service 1605: 1600: 1598:Foreign policy 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1553: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1461: 1454: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1194: 1193: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1177:Jacksonian Era 1172: 1171: 1168: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1139: 1138: 1135: 1133:Federalist Era 1128: 1127: 1125: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1052: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1031: 1021: 1020: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1006: 999: 992: 984: 981: 980: 967: 966: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 924:Historiography 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 889:Communications 886: 881: 876: 871: 869:Queen consorts 866: 861: 855: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 815:Oakwood mutiny 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 790:Fifth Republic 786: 784:(1986–present) 780: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 745: 739: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 703:Third Republic 699: 693: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 617:Moro Rebellion 614: 609: 604: 599: 593: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 552: 551: 546: 544:First Republic 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 444:Manila galleon 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 404:Treaty of Cebu 401: 396: 387: 381: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 340:Monreal Stones 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 291: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 191: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 130: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 72: 71: 68: 67: 61: 60: 50: 49: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9138: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9091: 9083: 9081: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9055: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9030:Sign language 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8758:Ethnic groups 8756: 8752: 8751:Deforestation 8749: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8609:National debt 8607: 8605: 8604:Fiscal policy 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8540: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8495:Supreme Court 8493: 8492: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8361: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8296:Island groups 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8187:Colonial era 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8115: 8110: 8108: 8103: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8065: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8048: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8030: 8019: 8015: 8013:0-16-072362-0 8009: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7963: 7961:971-550-261-X 7957: 7953: 7948: 7945: 7943:971-92410-1-2 7939: 7935: 7930: 7927: 7925:971-92410-1-2 7921: 7917: 7912: 7909: 7907:971-8711-05-8 7903: 7899: 7894: 7891: 7889:0-7425-1024-7 7885: 7881: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7864: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7842:1-4191-7715-X 7838: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7815:1-4191-7715-X 7811: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7793: 7791:1-4191-7715-X 7787: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7769: 7767:1-4191-7715-X 7763: 7759: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7745: 7740: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7715: 7714: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7679: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7659: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7642: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7617: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7600: 7597: 7591: 7587: 7586: 7580: 7577: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7560: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7461: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7393: 7391:1-4067-4636-3 7387: 7383: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7266: 7263: 7261:971-8958-00-2 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7172: 7170:971-8711-06-6 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7127: 7126: 7120: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6948: 6942: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6907: 6906: 6899: 6897: 6881: 6880: 6872: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6844: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6816: 6798: 6791: 6790: 6783: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6756: 6748: 6747: 6738: 6730: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6711: 6709: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6671:, p. 354 6670: 6665: 6650: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6631: 6624: 6619: 6610: 6602: 6595: 6587: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6543: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6453: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6419: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6396: 6380: 6379: 6371: 6364: 6359: 6352: 6347: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6309: 6302: 6296: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6269: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6189: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6162: 6155: 6150: 6143: 6138: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6105:, p. 313 6104: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6061: 6054: 6048: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5991: 5985: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5936:. Routledge. 5935: 5934: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5914: 5909: 5893: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5843: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5816: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5792:"PNP History" 5787: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5719: 5711: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5692: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5661: 5660: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5622: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5540:Jernegan 2009 5536: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5501: 5493: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5417: 5412: 5406:, p. 49. 5405: 5400: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5372: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5293:, p. 124 5292: 5287: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5229:, p. 200 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5200:Halstead 1898 5196: 5194: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5134: 5119: 5118: 5110: 5099: 5092: 5086: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5052: 5037: 5035:9780722278932 5031: 5027: 5026: 5018: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4935: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4843: 4839: 4838:Halstead 1898 4834: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4795: 4794:Halstead 1898 4790: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4757: 4753: 4752:Halstead 1898 4748: 4733: 4726: 4720: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4650:Halstead 1898 4646: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4565:, p. 196 4564: 4559: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4532:, p. 123 4531: 4526: 4519: 4515: 4514:Halstead 1898 4510: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4372:September 11, 4368: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4249:Dewey, George 4244: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4214: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4080: 4079:Constitutions 4076: 4069: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3900:In 1998, the 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3865: 3856: 3853: 3848: 3847:Jackie Speier 3843: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3810: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3744:Sergio Osmeña 3741: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690:exiled itself 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386:Bay of Naples 3383: 3379: 3374: 3365: 3363: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3346:Sergio Osmeña 3343: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3293:Torrens title 3290: 3286: 3278: 3277: 3276:bahay na bato 3272: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201:Miguel Malvar 3198: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132:on Cuba) the 3131: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3102: 3100: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3072:Pedro Paterno 3069: 3063: 3061: 3055: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2970: 2964: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2860:, ending the 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674:go into exile 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2515:United States 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2432:List of years 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2411: 2403: 2401: 2400:Urban history 2398: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2015: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1831:Thai American 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679:Party Systems 1676: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:Voting rights 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1199:Civil War Era 1196: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1108: 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Retrieved 8052: 8033: 8022:, retrieved 8018:the original 8002: 7976:(3): 57–67, 7973: 7969: 7951: 7933: 7915: 7897: 7878: 7851: 7831: 7804: 7780: 7756: 7743: 7727: 7712: 7701: 7684:September 7, 7682:, retrieved 7678:the original 7669: 7646: 7636:December 25, 7634:, retrieved 7628: 7604: 7584: 7565:In Our Image 7564: 7552:, retrieved 7546: 7529:, retrieved 7523: 7509:September 7, 7507:, retrieved 7502: 7486:, retrieved 7480: 7464:, retrieved 7458: 7442:, retrieved 7436: 7420:, retrieved 7414: 7395:, retrieved 7380: 7360: 7350: 7336: 7322: 7308: 7280: 7270: 7251: 7240: 7222: 7199: 7179: 7156: 7130:, retrieved 7124: 7112:, retrieved 7106: 7090:, retrieved 7084: 7068:, retrieved 7062: 7027:. Retrieved 7023: 7014: 7002:. Retrieved 6998: 6989: 6977:. Retrieved 6973:congress.gov 6972: 6963: 6951:. Retrieved 6941: 6931: 6921: 6912:November 14, 6910:, retrieved 6904: 6886:November 11, 6884:, retrieved 6877: 6871: 6862:December 10, 6860:, retrieved 6856:the original 6850: 6843: 6834:November 11, 6832:, retrieved 6828:the original 6822: 6815: 6806:December 10, 6804:, retrieved 6797:the original 6788: 6782: 6762: 6755: 6744: 6737: 6717: 6699:the original 6689: 6682:Asian Survey 6681: 6676: 6664: 6652:. Retrieved 6637: 6630: 6618: 6609: 6600: 6594: 6575: 6569: 6549: 6542: 6532:February 23, 6530:. Retrieved 6526:the original 6515: 6505:February 24, 6503:. Retrieved 6499:the original 6488: 6479: 6459: 6452: 6442:February 16, 6440:. Retrieved 6426: 6402: 6395: 6385:December 15, 6383:. Retrieved 6377: 6370: 6358: 6346: 6336:February 11, 6334:. Retrieved 6315: 6308: 6300: 6295: 6275: 6268: 6256:. Retrieved 6253:The Inquirer 6252: 6242: 6222: 6215: 6195: 6188: 6168: 6161: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6110: 6083: 6071: 6060: 6052: 6047: 6035:. Retrieved 6016: 6009: 5997: 5988:Armes, Roy. 5984: 5975: 5969: 5957: 5952: 5932: 5908: 5898:February 11, 5896:. Retrieved 5886: 5867: 5857: 5848: 5842: 5822: 5815: 5804:, retrieved 5800:the original 5795: 5786: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5743:. Retrieved 5737:Kho, Madge. 5732: 5718: 5698: 5691: 5675: 5664:, retrieved 5658: 5652: 5633: 5609:, retrieved 5605:the original 5599: 5593: 5583:February 20, 5581:. Retrieved 5577:the original 5572: 5562: 5550: 5535: 5523:. Retrieved 5519:the original 5508: 5500:Act No. 1045 5499: 5492: 5483:February 16, 5481:, retrieved 5475: 5469: 5457: 5441: 5435:Seekins 1993 5411: 5399: 5387:. Retrieved 5383: 5358:. Retrieved 5354: 5326: 5314: 5298: 5291:Guevara 1972 5286: 5270: 5258: 5246: 5241:, p. 52 5234: 5222: 5217:, p. 50 5210: 5180:. Retrieved 5174: 5167: 5141: 5133: 5124:February 10, 5122:, retrieved 5120:, msc.edu.ph 5116: 5109: 5098:the original 5085: 5073:. Retrieved 5058: 5051: 5039:. Retrieved 5024: 5017: 5001: 4996:, p. 24 4989: 4984:, p. 20 4977: 4963: 4956: 4944: 4933: 4898:Elliott 1917 4893: 4873: 4864: 4833: 4821: 4805: 4789: 4777:. Retrieved 4773:the original 4763: 4747: 4736:, retrieved 4731: 4719: 4699: 4661: 4645: 4636:December 20, 4634:, retrieved 4630:the original 4625: 4616: 4605:, retrieved 4599: 4593: 4582:, retrieved 4576: 4570: 4558: 4525: 4509: 4493: 4478: 4463: 4428: 4418:Guevara 1972 4413: 4397: 4387:Guevara 1972 4382: 4370:. Retrieved 4364: 4354: 4342:. Retrieved 4338:the original 4328: 4317:, retrieved 4311: 4300: 4288: 4273: 4261:. Retrieved 4256: 4243: 4201: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4105: 4094: 4083:, retrieved 4078: 4068: 4056:. Retrieved 4045: 4036: 4002: 3967: 3899: 3875: 3844: 3832: 3816: 3802:Manuel Roxas 3787: 3766: 3762:Huk movement 3759: 3752: 3737: 3714: 3687: 3648: 3637: 3606: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3536: 3513: 3509: 3470:Frank Murphy 3457: 3453: 3450:constitution 3447: 3421: 3399: 3358: 3351: 3339: 3331: 3302: 3282: 3274: 3268:World War II 3237: 3226:secured the 3221: 3194: 3182: 3163: 3155: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3127: 3096: 3076:Antonio Luna 3064: 3057: 3042: 3038: 3022: 3017: 2994: 2947: 2928: 2910: 2902: 2879: 2871: 2865: 2830: 2815: 2779: 2772:, where the 2749: 2739: 2719:George Dewey 2707:declared war 2701:. President 2692: 2635: 2597:World War II 2594: 2571: 2548: 2526: 2502: 2496: 1987: 1980: 1961: 1922: 1915: 1901: 1842: 1798: 1791: 1744: 1730: 1725:Social class 1723: 1716: 1677: 1651:Marine Corps 1638: 1631: 1624: 1588:Debt ceiling 1573:Civil rights 1555: 1548: 1534: 1520: 1506: 1477: 1465:Civil unrest 1463: 1458:Antisemitism 1456: 1449: 1431:2008–present 1419:2008–present 1417: 1395: 1373: 1340: 1307: 1298:World War II 1252: 1208: 1186: 1153: 1120: 1087: 1077:Colonial Era 1075: 1063: 1057: 1017: 642:World War II 637:Commonwealth 588: 554: 553: 388: 355:Barter rings 293: 292: 196: 195: 192: 154:Kalanay Cave 132: 131: 112:Jade culture 26: 8792:Immigration 8594:Child labor 8569:Agriculture 8539:Coast Guard 8473:Legislative 8408:Legal codes 8281:Earthquakes 8145:Archaeology 8121:Philippines 7568:, Century, 7554:January 21, 7531:February 7, 7488:February 7, 7466:February 7, 7444:February 7, 7422:February 7, 7114:February 7, 7092:February 7, 7070:February 7, 7029:January 13, 7004:January 13, 6999:jacobin.com 6400:Li, Peter. 6258:January 29, 6154:Brands 1992 6117:, pp. 6037:January 12, 5745:December 2, 5542:, pp. 5389:November 4, 5360:November 4, 5333:, pp. 5321:, p. 6 5319:Taylor 1907 5239:Miller 1984 5215:Miller 1984 5075:January 29, 5041:January 29, 5008:, pp. 4994:Miller 1984 4982:Miller 1984 4880:, pp. 4840:, pp. 4738:February 6, 4706:, pp. 4666:Karnow 1990 4607:October 10, 4530:Karnow 1990 4408:Appendix C. 4404:, pp. 4366:GMA Network 4280:, pp. 4161:, pp. 4015:undertaken. 3995:(1902–1904) 3918:U.S. Marine 3886:Vietnam War 3676:Meeting of 3565:Puerto Rico 3518:was won by 3498:, once the 3327:headhunting 3013:bowdlerized 2802:handwritten 2664:were given 2576:in 1934, a 2351:Territories 2072:New England 1752:Agriculture 1671:Coast Guard 1666:Space Force 1514:Immigration 1364:Vietnam War 1265:World War I 1059:Prehistoric 884:Archaeology 879:Agriculture 759:Martial law 743:(1965–1986) 697:(1946–1965) 591:(1898–1946) 576:Velarde map 561:Boxer Codex 385:(1565–1898) 174:Shell tools 149:Grave goods 44:History of 9105:Categories 9015:Great Seal 8952:Psychology 8915:Literature 8910:Inventions 8709:Corruption 8704:Censorship 8574:Automotive 8435:Executive 8428:Government 8286:Ecoregions 8178:Prehistory 8170:Chronology 8063:9715501680 8024:October 5, 6669:Zaide 1994 6623:Zaide 1994 6363:Zaide 1994 6351:Zaide 1994 6142:Zaide 1994 6130:Zaide 1994 6115:Kalaw 1921 6103:Zaide 1994 6088:Zaide 1994 6076:Zaide 1994 5806:August 29, 5682:, p. 5555:Zaide 1994 5462:Zaide 1994 5452:Appendix F 5448:, p. 5446:Kalaw 1927 5416:Golay 1997 5404:Golay 1997 5331:Kalaw 1927 5305:, p. 5277:, p. 5227:Wolff 2006 5202:, p. 5012:Appendix D 5006:Kalaw 1927 4949:Zaide 1994 4886:Appendix F 4878:Kalaw 1927 4812:, p. 4796:, p. 4754:, p. 4690:, p. 4672:, p. 4670:Wolff 2006 4652:, p. 4549:, p. 4516:, p. 4500:, p. 4485:, p. 4470:, p. 4454:, p. 4435:, p. 4420:, p. 4402:Kalaw 1927 4389:, p. 4344:August 21, 4319:January 2, 4187:Beede 1994 4175:Trask 1996 4159:Kalaw 1927 4120:August 15, 4023:References 3890:Korean War 3828:§ 107 3733:Hukbalahap 3659:war crimes 3644:Corregidor 3633:César Basa 3589:See also: 3417:Democratic 3151:Thomasites 2967:See also: 2822:Intramuros 2798:penmanship 2731:Manila Bay 2595:After the 1626:Journalism 1578:Corruption 1557:Government 1508:Demography 1495:Newspapers 1386:Reagan Era 1232:Gilded Age 1070:until 1607 835:Bangsamoro 741:Marcos era 672:Hukbalahap 350:Piloncitos 189:(900–1565) 8945:Festivals 8930:Mythology 8842:Squatting 8837:Sexuality 8807:Languages 8729:Education 8673:ZIP codes 8517:Air Force 8466:President 8386:Elections 8340:Volcanoes 8313:Mountains 8237:Geography 8160:Political 8138:Overviews 8069:April 24, 7397:March 12, 7132:March 26, 6927:Josh Levs 6908:, pbs.org 5611:March 11, 5158:See also 4028:Citations 3906:Subic Bay 3698:guerrilla 3640:open city 3601:Roosevelt 3354:Jones Law 2912:Elections 2786:his house 2750:McCulloch 2678:Hong Kong 2670:indemnity 2646:ceasefire 2608:recapture 2563:insurgent 2077:The South 1661:Air Force 1536:Education 1412:1991–2008 1397:1991–2008 1390:1981–1991 1375:1980–1991 1368:1964–1975 1357:1954–1968 1342:1964–1980 1335:1954–1968 1324:1945–1964 1309:1945–1964 1302:1941–1945 1291:1929–1941 1280:1918–1929 1269:1917–1918 1254:1917–1945 1247:1896–1917 1236:1877–1896 1225:1865–1877 1210:1865–1917 1203:1849–1865 1188:1849–1865 1181:1825–1849 1170:1817–1825 1155:1815–1849 1148:1801–1817 1137:1788–1801 1122:1789–1815 1115:1783–1788 1104:1765–1783 1089:1776–1789 1082:1607–1765 929:Languages 919:Geography 909:Education 894:Conflicts 627:Jones Law 555:Artifacts 489:Katipunan 424:New Spain 92:Tabon Man 76:(pre-900) 9090:Category 9020:Language 8832:Religion 8827:Refugees 8770:Genetics 8699:Abortion 8634:Taxation 8490:Judicial 8364:Politics 8345:Wildlife 8274:Typhoons 8155:Military 7825:(1914), 7695:(1919), 7302:(1898), 7250:(1975), 7220:(1992), 7151:(1990), 6654:July 30, 5778:42633435 5666:July 31, 4859:(1899). 4779:June 16, 4584:June 15, 4263:June 15, 4251:(2003). 4232:Archived 4115:66-60005 4085:June 11, 4058:June 15, 3932:See also 3888:and the 3719:, under 3665:and the 3649:General 3552:office. 3209:Batangas 3205:Batangas 2760:deserted 2449:Category 2000:Lesbians 1974:Comanche 1969:Cherokee 1767:Medicine 1718:Religion 1640:Military 1613:Taxation 1563:Abortion 1479:Cultural 949:Politics 939:Military 934:Medicine 852:By topic 810:EDSA III 325:Baybayin 300:Maragtas 268:Sanmalan 248:Madja-as 203:Caboloan 139:Balangay 65:Timeline 35:a series 33:Part of 9061:Outline 8977:Symbols 8885:Cuisine 8862:Culture 8817:Poverty 8802:Kinship 8724:Divorce 8687:Society 8651:Tourism 8557:Economy 8439:Cabinet 8301:islands 8264:Climate 8259:Borders 8150:Economy 8130:History 7990:3377127 7161:187–198 7042:Sources 6979:July 9, 6953:July 9, 6119:144–146 5525:July 9, 5335:199–200 5182:July 2, 5010:430–445 4882:453-454 4842:110–112 4406:423–429 3792:of the 3725:opposed 3559:to the 3460:as the 3319:slavery 3271:tranvía 3217:Tanauan 3121:in the 2892:of the 2886:Merritt 2725:of the 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Knowledge

History of the Philippines (1898–1946)

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