491:
884:
94:
1066:
59:
1151:
688:, James Madison, the "Father of the Constitution," openly admitted that the equal suffrage in the Senate was a compromise, a "lesser evil," and not born out of any political theory. "t is superfluous to try, by the standard of theory, a part of the Constitution which is allowed on all hands to be the result, not of theory, but 'of a spirit of amity, and that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable.'"
810:
574:, "The use of the Senate is to consist in proceeding with more coolness, with more system, and with more wisdom, than the popular branch." Instead of two-year terms as in the House, senators serve six-year terms, giving them more authority to ignore mass sentiment in favor of the country's broad interests. The smaller number of members and staggered terms also give the Senate a greater sense of community.
24:
668:—represented almost twice as many people than the proponents. Convention delegate James Wilson wrote "Our Constituents, had they voted as their representatives did, would have stood as 2/3 against equality, and 1/3 only in favor of it". One reason a couple large states voted for the Connecticut Compromise was a fear that the small states would either refuse to join the Union, or, as
976:
Another change that occurred during the presidency of
Woodrow Wilson was the limitation of the filibuster through the cloture vote. The filibuster was first used in the early Republic, but was seldom seen during most of the 19th century. It was limited as a response to the filibuster of the arming of
623:
of the Senate was by far the most controversial debate of the
Constitutional Convention. Hamilton, who was joined in opposition to equal suffrage by Madison, said equal representation despite population differences "shocks too much the ideas of justice and every human feeling." Referring to those who
1051:
In its early history, the Senate majority leader had few formal powers. But in 1937, the rule giving majority leader right of first recognition was created. With the addition of this rule, the Senate majority leader enjoyed far greater control over the agenda of which bills to be considered on the
1013:
of
Arkansas, the Democratic leader from 1923 to 1937, saw it as his responsibility not to lead the Democrats, but to work the Senate for the president's benefit, no matter who the president was. When Coolidge and Hoover were president, he assisted them in passing Republican legislation. Robinson
627:
The delegates representing a majority of
Americans might have carried the day, but at the Constitutional Convention, each state had an equal vote, and any issue could be brought up again if a state desired it. The state delegations originally voted 6–5 for proportional representation, but small
710:
Once the issue of equal representation had been settled, the delegates addressed the size of the body: to how many senators would each state be entitled? Giving each state one senator was considered insufficient, as it would make the achievement of a quorum more difficult. A proposal from the
1000:
and Nelson
Aldrich. However, despite this new, formal leadership structure, the Senate leader initially had virtually no power, other than priority of recognition from the presiding officer. Since the Democrats were fatally divided into northern liberal and southern conservative blocs, the
680:
Gunning
Bedford Jr. of Delaware later admitted that he only favored equal representation because it advanced the interests of his own state. "Can it be expected that the small states will act from pure disinterestedness? Are we to act with greater purity than the rest of mankind?"
742:
seldom missed a session, but later vice presidents made Senate attendance a rarity. Although the founders intended the Senate to be the slower legislative body, in the early years of the
Republic, it was the House that took its time passing legislation. Alexander Hamilton's
903:, the leading politicians controlled enough support in state legislatures to be elected Senators. In an age of unparalleled industrial expansion, entrepreneurs had the prestige previously reserved to victorious generals, and many were elected to the Senate.
1100:'s investigations of alleged communists. After years of unchallenged power, McCarthy fell as a result of producing little evidence for his claims and the claims became more elaborate, even questioning the leadership of the United States Army. McCarthy was
4740:
3272:
3282:
601:
stated "the
English Constitution is, in theory, both for the adjustment of the balance and the prevention of its vibrations, the most stupendous fabric of human invention." In general, they viewed the Senate to be an American version of
711:
Pennsylvania delegates for each state to elect three senators was discussed, but the resulting greater size was deemed a disadvantage. When the delegates voted on a proposal for two senators per state, all states supported this number.
672:
of
Delaware threatened, "the small ones w find some foreign ally of more honor and good faith, who will take them by the hand and do them justice". Senate historian Daniel Wirls cites the poor writing of the main alternative, the
3267:
801:
This House is a sanctuary; a citadel of law, of order, and of liberty; and it is here–in this exalted refuge; here if anywhere, will resistance be made to the storms of political phrensy and the silent arts of corruption.
3674:
610:
said the Senate should "consist of the most distinguished characters, distinguished for their rank in life and their weight of property, and bearing as strong a likeness to the
British House of Lords as possible."
1115:, firstly as Senate Majority leader and then as President used his knowledge of Senate people and processes to push through civil rights legislation that had previously been blocked in the Senate by powerful
4745:
4843:
4327:
392:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3852:
3262:
4477:
3669:
3885:
3240:
3141:
758:
began the vice presidential tradition of only attending Senate sessions on special occasions. Despite his frequent absences Jefferson did make his mark on the body with the Senate book of
845:
overshadowed several presidents. Sir Henry Maine called the Senate "the only thoroughly successful institution which has been established since the tide of modern democracy began to run."
3257:
1022:, and stymied a Senate investigation of the Power Trust. Robinson switched his own position on a drought relief program for farmers when Hoover made a proposal for a more modest measure.
5152:
3691:
3146:
3892:
3862:
3156:
4364:
3857:
3766:
5336:
4900:
3902:
3554:
5131:
4885:
4080:
3209:
4895:
3686:
3561:
859:
During the pre-Civil War decades, the debate over slavery consumed the Senate with the House consistently opposed to slavery. Since the banning of slavery north of the
3482:
3277:
191:
4399:
4890:
4853:
4472:
4164:
1030:
became president, Robinson followed the new president as loyally as he had followed Coolidge and Hoover. Robinson passed bills in the Hundred Days so quickly that
4868:
3438:
3433:
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3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
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3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3245:
970:
5212:
4838:
3800:
3720:
3657:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3151:
1791:
4467:
4194:
3549:
1174:
5054:
4521:
4409:
4394:
4137:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3708:
3005:
1648:
1623:
738:, should have. The first vice president was allowed to craft legislation and participate in debates, but those rights were taken away relatively quickly.
2227:
The Almanac of American Politics 1976: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts
981:. At that time, the public, the House, the great majority of the Senate, and the president wanted merchant ships armed, but less than 20 Senators, led by
4848:
3805:
3756:
3224:
3199:
937:
From 1871 to 1898, the Senate did not approve any treaties. The Senate scuttled a long series of reciprocal trade agreements, blocked deals to annex the
4873:
4440:
3736:
3252:
863:
a lot of effort went into maintaining equal numbers of slave and free states in order to preserve southern states' ability to preserve slavery. In the
3521:
2109:
4494:
4017:
3477:
1510:
331:
187:
5173:
4369:
3531:
3509:
3051:
1563:
5426:
3652:
3647:
1111:'s tenure as Senate leader, the leader gained new powers over committee assignments. Johnson, himself a Southerner and former key member of the
272:
691:
Since 1789, differences in population between states have become more pronounced. At the time of the Connecticut Compromise, the largest state,
5421:
5416:
4760:
4489:
3979:
3526:
3161:
794:
477:
4287:
3941:
3596:
197:
4822:
4075:
3897:
3470:
250:
211:
181:
5201:
4817:
4533:
4414:
4132:
4085:
3679:
3081:
1184:
254:
4983:
4681:
4322:
3761:
2169:
368:
490:
4122:
4048:
3601:
3489:
3214:
1945:
1189:
531:
205:
2066:
5387:
5331:
4671:
4637:
4419:
3974:
3969:
3784:
3219:
159:
154:
38:
93:
4528:
4404:
4297:
4174:
3964:
896:
515:
1026:
called Robinson's cave-in "the most humiliating spectacle that could be brought about in an intelligent legislative body." When
1007:
was sworn in as a Senator for Georgia on November 21, 1922, and served one day; she was the first woman to serve in the Senate.
570:
called for its members to be "less than the House of Commons ... to restrain, if possible, the fury of democracy." According to
5122:
5026:
4929:
4332:
4257:
3631:
3177:
3071:
511:
379:
300:
119:
4802:
4787:
4714:
4455:
4347:
4317:
4107:
3194:
3182:
2866:
2840:
2806:
2019:
2007:
1889:
1852:
1817:
1770:
1045:
582:
268:
141:
126:
5361:
5103:
4792:
3044:
5366:
4993:
4797:
4709:
4661:
4379:
4055:
3465:
731:
707:. In 1790, it would take a theoretical 30% of the population to elect a majority of the Senate, today it would take 17%.
628:
states without claims of western lands reopened the issue and eventually turned the tide towards the status quo from the
624:
demanded equal representation, Madison called for the Convention "to renounce a principle which was confessedly unjust."
423:
177:
2480:
4750:
3996:
2383:
2192:
775:
are thought of as the "Golden Age" of the Senate. Backed by public opinion and President Jefferson, in 1804, the House
470:
5145:
4999:
4755:
4242:
3751:
3701:
3204:
2862:
2836:
2802:
2015:
2003:
1926:
1922:
1856:
1821:
1809:
1774:
1739:
1690:
1519:
1489:
1458:
1263:
169:
131:
3504:
973:
in 1913, which provided for election of senators by popular vote rather than appointment by the state legislatures.
5299:
5274:
5013:
4812:
4632:
4445:
3189:
1179:
347:
3018:
856:
of January 1830, pitting the sectional interests of Daniel Webster's New England against Robert Y. Hayne's South.
593:
called it "the best in the world," and said he "doubted whether anything short of it would do in America." In his
5294:
5031:
5020:
4973:
4686:
3566:
3101:
3037:
2777:
2144:
2084:
1653:
1628:
867:
of 1820, brokered by Henry Clay, Maine was admitted to the Union as a free state to counterbalance Missouri. The
744:
578:
5258:
5239:
5222:
4936:
4924:
4807:
4735:
2509:(1999) 24 volumes plus 2 supplements; contains scholarly biographies of all politicians no longer alive; online
1674:
446:
436:
429:
2786:
891:
depicted the Senate being controlled by giant moneybags which represented the financial trusts and monopolies.
5431:
5304:
5159:
5088:
4602:
4302:
4060:
3986:
3741:
3696:
2705:
Price, Christopher. "Peace and Progress: The Life and Political Contributions of Senator Jennings Randolph."
2432:
The Reed Smoot Hearings: The Investigation of a Mormon Senator and the Transformation of an American Religion
463:
77:
5341:
5326:
5284:
5279:
5166:
5109:
4858:
4719:
4649:
4270:
4070:
4065:
3516:
3095:
3091:
3087:
2135:
2088:
2080:
834:
806:
Even Burr's many critics conceded that he handled himself with great dignity, and the trial with fairness.
413:
224:
66:
3499:
5244:
5069:
4953:
4666:
3991:
3713:
3576:
2654:
The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell and the Struggle for Civil Rights.
2505:
2076:
2046:
1974:
1019:
779:
776:
441:
1571:
632:(one state, one vote). On the final vote, the five states in favor of equal apportionment in the Senate—
5289:
5074:
4001:
3662:
2236:(2005); summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on
1882:
1877:
751:), both of which were controversial, easily passed the Senate, only to meet opposition from the House.
519:
2352:
2347:
Feldman, Gabe. "Death of a senator: Life expectancy and causes of death in 20th-century US senators."
5351:
5064:
4968:
2101:
1027:
727:
in a room that allowed no spectators. For five years, no notes were published on Senate proceedings.
629:
607:
2611:
2234:
Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004: A Review of Government and Politics: 107th and 108th Congresses
926:(Ohio). Aldrich designed all the major tax and tariff laws of the early 20th century, including the
5207:
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3494:
2331:
2123:
2071:
1618:
954:
853:
620:
219:
1384:
5194:
5138:
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4558:
4389:
4247:
4237:
4027:
3954:
3571:
2726:(U. Press of America, 1993). Chair of Appropriations in the 1960s and 1970s; Democrat of Arizona.
1893:
846:
759:
735:
245:
996:
was usually a committee chairman, or a person of great eloquence, seniority, or wealth, such as
5180:
5098:
4941:
3060:
2156:
1120:
989:
982:
547:
507:
2890:
2875:
2852:
Vol. 2 – a topical series of addresses on various aspects of the Senate's operation and powers
2849:
2823:
2771:
2649:(Prescott, Ariz.: Sharlot Hall Museum, 1995). Democratic majority leader 1950–1952; of Arizona
1643:
1034:
joked "Congress doesn't pass legislation any more, they just wave at the bills as they go by.
652:—only represented one-third of the nation's population. The four states that voted against it—
5046:
4262:
4189:
4102:
4097:
3606:
2523:(Washington State U. Press, 1994). Chair of Foreign Relations in the 1970s; Democrat of Idaho
2326:
Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress
1964:
1356:
1340:
1108:
883:
764:
408:
2596:
703:, has a population that is seventy times greater than the population of the smallest state,
5250:
5006:
4863:
4654:
4564:
4501:
4435:
4384:
3959:
3623:
3076:
2196:
2175:
1969:
1710:
1475:
1444:
919:
860:
665:
586:
85:
62:
8:
5356:
4963:
4914:
4676:
4627:
4312:
4179:
2906:
2335:
Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations.
2152:
985:
fought to keep US ships unarmed. Wilson denounced the group as a "group of willful men".
864:
669:
363:
2038:
1079:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
37:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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942:
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772:
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who gathered for the Constitutional Convention had retained a great admiration for the
418:
313:
240:
1154:
5116:
5080:
5059:
4516:
4252:
4199:
4159:
4144:
3831:
2986:
2933:
2858:
2832:
2810:
2798:
2790:
2700:
2425:
From Obstruction to Moderation: The Transformation of Senate Conservatism, 1938–1952.
2160:
2127:
2116:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1991:
1930:
1918:
1910:
1860:
1848:
1840:
1825:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1778:
1766:
1758:
1743:
1735:
1727:
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1686:
1678:
1596:
1564:"A Visual Guide: The Balance of Power Between Congress and the Presidency, 1945–2008"
1515:
1485:
1454:
1269:
1259:
931:
915:
685:
384:
284:
1829:
4878:
4277:
4127:
3946:
2963:
2463:
2359:
Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938-1965
2119:
2027:
1934:
1905:
1864:
1782:
1747:
1698:
1602:
911:
849:
said the Senate was "the most remarkable of all the inventions of modern politics.
755:
494:
Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the Presidency
289:
2814:
2143:→ Johnson attended the U.S. Capital Page School (thru 11th grade); graduated from
953:. Finally, in 1898, the Senate nearly refused to ratify the treaty that ended the
5093:
4043:
3951:
2619:
Political Hell-Raiser: The Life and Times of Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana
2050:
1715:
1583:
1481:
1450:
1127:
1112:
1097:
927:
826:
567:
2586:
Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator
2487:
On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948–2000
2416:
Koger, Gregory. "Cloture reform and party government in the Senate, 1918–1925."
871:, brokered by Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas, may have also helped postpone the
5187:
4359:
4282:
4209:
2782:
2767:
2042:
1960:
1873:
1670:
1591:
1328:
1038:
1004:
997:
966:
946:
907:
895:
In the post-Civil War era, the Senate dealt with great national issues such as
888:
830:
765:
Manual of Parliamentary Practice for the Use of the Senate of the United States
661:
637:
603:
305:
147:
2470:
The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841
2229:(1975); new edition every 2 years, informal practices, and member information)
825:
Over the next few decades the Senate rose in reputation in the United States.
58:
5410:
4511:
4337:
4117:
3924:
2990:
2600:
2131:
2034:
1023:
724:
674:
571:
539:
535:
527:
2937:
2773:
The Senate, 1789–1989 – Addresses on the History of the United States Senate
2709:: A Journal of Regional Studies 14.2 (2020): 1-27. Democrat of West Virginia
1273:
1133:
In 2009, Kathie Alvarez became the Senate's first female legislative clerk.
5382:
4606:
4506:
4154:
4149:
2342:
Twilight of progressivism: the western Republican senators and the New Deal
1986:
1665:
950:
783:
720:
657:
563:
543:
523:
2647:
The Ernest W. McFarland Papers: The United States Senate Years, 1940–1952.
2397:
The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth Amendment.
965:
The Senate underwent several significant changes during the presidency of
4355:
4307:
4214:
4169:
3029:
2971:
2826:
Vol. 1 – a chronological series of addresses on the history of the Senate
2721:
2402:
Hunt, Richard. (1998). "Using the Records of Congress in the Classroom,"
1705:
1505:
1253:
1031:
978:
633:
503:
352:
326:
2914:
1096:
The most infamous Senate drama of the early 1950s was Wisconsin Senator
530:. The history of the institution begins prior to that date, at the 1787
2967:
2910:
2514:
First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate Leaders of the Twentieth Century
2390:
Profiles in Character: Hubris and Heroism in the U.S. Senate, 1789–1990
2380:
Presidents versus Senators: Conflicts and Rivalries That Shaped America
923:
842:
790:
739:
719:
The Senate originally met, virtually in secret, on the second floor of
700:
645:
598:
2747:
U. of Arkansas Press, 1998. Majority leader in the 1930s; of Arkansas.
2738:
Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961–1976
2626:
For Hell and a Brown Mule: The Biography of Senator Millard E. Tydings
1970:
Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation
1946:"Kathie Alvarez, the Senate's First Female Legislative Clerk, Retires"
1801:
1682:
4578:
4184:
2373:
The Most Exclusive Club: A History Of The Modern United States Senate
2115:. "Oral History Interviews" (oral history interview). Interviewed by
1567:
906:
In 1890–1910 a handful of Republicans controlled the chamber, led by
809:
342:
35:
about large parts of the U.S. Senate's 20th and 21st-century history.
2897:(serial no. 13726; Superintendent of Documents No. 052-071-00995-7).
2882:(serial no. 13725; Superintendent of Documents No. 052-071-01048-3).
2856:(serial no. 13724; Superintendent of Documents No. 052-071-00856-0).
2830:(serial no. 13723; Superintendent of Documents No. 052-071-00823-3).
2794:
2690:
In His Own Right: The Political Odyssey of Senator Robert F. Kennedy
2453:
Reporting from Washington: The History of the Washington Press Corps
2191:
1995:
1914:
1731:
1334:
992:
was also created during the Wilson presidency. Before this time, a
5153:
First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
4571:
4022:
2951:
1941:
1316:
1101:
696:
692:
653:
649:
641:
2681:
2170:"What Democracy? The Case for Abolishing the United States Senate"
1540:
4092:
1206:
704:
263:
1001:
Democratic leader had even less power than his title suggested.
566:, was designed as a more deliberative body than the U.S. House.
23:
4958:
4553:
2661:
An Uncommon Man: The Life & Times of Senator Claiborne Pell
1649:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005
1304:
1165:
899:
and monetary policy. Given the strong political parties of the
595:
Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States
321:
1528:
695:, had only twelve times the population of the smallest state,
5132:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
1424:
2752:
Senator Daniel Inouye: WW II Hero and America Finest Senator
2740:(Sharpe, 1999). Senate majority leader. Democrat Of Montana.
2642:(Stanford University Press, 1993); Republican of California.
1878:"Caraway, Hattie Ophelia Wyatt (1 Feb. 1878 – 21 Dec. 1950)"
1844:
1762:
1258:. Stephen Wirls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
4204:
1704:
1390:
1372:
1362:
1346:
1292:
1230:
1218:
514:—the lower chamber—comprises the legislative branch of the
3023:
2962:
2759:
1412:
1041:
of Arkansas became the first woman elected to the Senate.
518:. Like its counterpart, the Senate was established by the
3925:
Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media
2929:
2770:(1993). Hall, Mary Sharon "Sherry"; Wolff, Wendy (eds.).
2439:
Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents
969:, the most profound of which was the ratification of the
730:
A procedural issue of the early Senate was what role the
2985:(recorded August 7, 1990; broadcast September 9, 1990).
2545:
Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson Vol. 3
949:, and forced the renegotiation of the pact to build the
852:
Among the greatest of debates in Senate history was the
2668:
Fighting Liberal: The Autobiography of George W. Norris
2640:
A Bloc of One: The Political Career of Hiram W. Johnson
2460:
Politics and power; the United States Senate, 1869-1901
2411:
The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations.
2110:"Michael A. Johnson: Deputy Assistant Sergeant at Arms"
522:
and convened for its first meeting on March 4, 1789 at
2905:
2446:
The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion
1959:
1940:
1562:
1546:
1400:
1322:
1212:
3013:
Mark O. Hatfield, with the Senate Historical Office.
2462:(Harvard UP, 1966) richly detailed scholarly history
2364:
Goodwin, George. "The seniority system in Congress."
1175:
History of the United States House of Representatives
1119:
working as part of the Senate's dominant cross party
1048:" plan and successfully called for reduced deficits.
786:, 73–32. The Senate voted against conviction, 18–16.
5055:
List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
3006:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
2716:(Michigan State U. Press 1995) Democrat of Michigan.
2676:
Fellman, David. "The Liberalism of Senator Norris."
2670:(U of Nebraska Press, 1992) Republican of Nebraska.
2588:(Simon and Schuster, 2000), Republican of Wisconsin.
2521:
Fighting the Odds: The Life of Senator Frank Church.
1624:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1590:
1508:(2014). "Chapter 20. The Johnsons in Johnson City".
1310:
577:Despite their past grievances with specific ruling
4601:
2535:Senator Allen Ellender of Louisiana: A Biography.
2530:(Wayne State University Press, 2002), of Michigan.
2528:Independent Man: The Life of Senator James Couzens
2168:
1881:
1595:
1126:In 1971, Paulette Desell was appointed by Senator
2633:Fearless: John L McClellan, United States Senator
2375:(2005) the latest full-scale history by a scholar
2213:
1642:
1511:The Passage of Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson
1477:Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson
1446:Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson
1430:
5408:
5174:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
4741:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations
2731:Nelson W. Aldrich: A Leader in American Politics
2430:Paulos, Michael Harold and Konden Smith Hansen.
2107:
1534:
3015:Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993
2512:Baker, Richard A.. and Roger H. Davidson, eds.
2193:"The Senate and the United States Constitution"
2179:. Vol. 308, no. 1848. pp. 36, 42
2064:
2039:"The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787"
1378:
546:national legislature, and in the controversial
2956:Historical Almanac of the United States Senate
2621:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2019); Democrat
2324:Brady, David W. and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds.
2166:
1617:
1504:
1418:
1298:
1280:
1236:
1224:
3045:
2733:(1930), powerful Republican from Rhode Island
2697:Mr. Republican; a biography of Robert A. Taft
2559:Richard B. Russell, Jr., Senator from Georgia
1555:
1498:
554:states disproportionate power in the Senate.
471:
2413:(Harvard U. Press, 1995). in 1920s and 1930s
1467:
1443:Caro, Robert (2002). "22. The Whole Stack".
1436:
797:. At the conclusion of the trial Burr said:
5202:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
2628:(Madison Books, 1991), Democrat of Maryland
2537:(Louisiana State U. Press, 1995). Democrat
1185:Party divisions of United States Congresses
789:The Senate seemed to bring out the best in
3059:
3052:
3038:
2714:Philip Hart: The Conscience of the Senate.
1872:
1474:Caro, Robert (2002). "40. Yeas and Nays".
1406:
793:, who as vice president presided over the
557:
478:
464:
2893:Vol. 4 – Historical Statistics, 1789–1992
2745:Joe T. Robinson: Always a Loyal Democrat.
2692:(Columbia UP, 2002) Democrat of New York.
2477:The Invention of the United States Senate
2065:Parker, David Bryce Jr. (May 14, 2003) .
1597:"Rogue State – The Case Against Delaware"
1255:The Invention of the United States Senate
1190:Resignation from the United States Senate
922:(Iowa), along with national party leader
614:
562:The U.S. Senate, named after the ancient
5388:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
2888:
2873:
2847:
2821:
2317:
1673:, 2nd Session → Senate Document 108–222
1044:In 1937 the Senate opposed Roosevelt's "
882:
808:
489:
57:
4155:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)
3115:
2785:, 1st Session → Senate Document 100–20
2776:(Congressional Bicentennial ed.).
2760:Official Senate histories (and reviews)
516:federal government of the United States
5427:Political history of the United States
5409:
3632:Caucuses of the United States Congress
2663:(UPNE, 2011) Democrat of Rhode Island.
2591:Houston, G. David. "A Negro Senator."
2344:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981)
1247:
1245:
512:United States House of Representatives
97:Great Seal of the United States Senate
5422:History of the United States Congress
5417:History of the United States by topic
4600:
3923:
3114:
3033:
2974:Historical Almanac of the U.S. Senate
2238:Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report
1890:American Council of Learned Societies
1251:
583:Founding Fathers of the United States
2878:Vol. 3 – Classic Speeches, 1830–1993
2766:
2571:(1953), Republican of Massachusetts
2225:Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa,
2067:"Rebecca Latimer Felton (1835–1930)"
1473:
1442:
1059:
945:, defeated an arbitration deal with
393:Vice presidential tie-breaking votes
17:
3263:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded
2308:Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964
2301:Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968
2294:Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972
2287:Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976
2280:Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980
2273:Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984
2266:Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988
2259:Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992
2252:Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996
2245:Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001
2033:
1286:
1242:
1130:as the Senate's first female page.
1014:helped end government operation of
105:History of the United States Senate
13:
3017:. (stock number 052-071-01227-3);
2475:Wirls, Daniel and Wirls, Stephen.
2167:Rosenfeld, Richard N. (May 2004).
677:, as contributing to its failure.
92:
14:
5443:
5146:Progress of Civilization Pediment
5000:Congressional Pictorial Directory
3853:By length of service historically
2958:. (stock number 052-071-00857-8).
2678:American Political Science Review
2366:American Political Science Review
2349:American journal of public health
1963:; Oppenheimer, Bruce Ian (1999).
1158:interview with Donald Ritchie on
747:and Assumption Bill (he was then
699:. As of 2020, the largest state,
5014:Official Congressional Directory
4633:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)
2554:(2022) Democrat of Massachusetts
1180:List of United States Congresses
1149:
1064:
22:
4823:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper
3670:Arab and Middle Eastern members
3567:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group
3102:Lists of United States Congress
2778:U.S. Government Printing Office
2519:Ashby, LeRoy and Gramer, Rod.
2497:
2434:(2022) the first Mormon Senator
2310:(1965), the first of the series
2145:McKinley Technology High School
2085:Georgia Library Learning Online
1654:U.S. Government Printing Office
1629:U.S. Government Printing Office
1195:
4925:Congressional Research Service
4672:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)
3675:Asian Pacific American members
3010:(stock number 052-071-00699-1)
2724:: Builder of the American West
2581:(1995), Rep;ublican of Arizona
2569:Henry Cabot Lodge, a biography
2214:References not linked to notes
2089:Office of the Georgia Governor
1929:(full set & just Vol. 4);
1656:. January 3, 2005. p. 784
1335:"Senate & US Constitution"
1:
5160:Surrender of General Burgoyne
4517:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)
3680:Asian Pacific American Caucus
3273:Lost re-election in a primary
2472:. U. of Michigan Press, 1996.
2218:
1830:1103977277 (all editions)
1055:
5167:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
5110:The Apotheosis of Washington
4844:Chief Administrative Officer
4682:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)
2635:(2022), Democrat of Arkansas
2427:(Susquehanna U. Press 2000).
2108:Johnson, Michael A. (2006).
2081:University System of Georgia
2028:246187030 (all editions)
1935:772374229 (all editions)
1865:794593987 (all editions)
1783:903356708 (all editions)
1748:608805975 (all editions)
1699:256528124 (all editions)
960:
930:system. Among the Democrats
878:
714:
587:British system of governance
178:United States Vice President
7:
5332:Health and Fitness Facility
5124:Declaration of Independence
3893:Killed or wounded in office
3714:Congressional Jewish Caucus
3687:Hispanic and Latino members
2815:18442225 (all editions)
2506:American National Biography
2337:(Cambridge U. Press, 2001).
2240:and the annual CQ almanac.
2077:University of Georgia Press
2047:Lillian Goldman Law Library
1975:University of Chicago Press
1884:American National Biography
1547:Fox News, February 13, 2015
1323:Lee & Oppenheimer, 1999
1136:
10:
5448:
4746:Interparliamentary Affairs
4667:Congr. Budget Office (CBO)
4303:Riddick's Senate Procedure
3730:Gender and sexual identity
2754:(2022), Democrat of Hawaii
2743:Weller, Cecil Edward, Jr.
2561:(1991) powerful Democrat;
2399:(Transaction Books, 1995).
1556:References linked to notes
520:United States Constitution
5375:
5352:Old Supreme Court Chamber
5317:
5267:
5232:
5221:
5065:Congressional Prayer Room
5045:
4982:
4913:
4831:
4780:
4773:
4728:
4702:
4695:
4618:
4614:
4596:
4546:
4512:Congress Hall (1790–1800)
4463:
4454:
4428:
4346:
4225:
4036:
4010:
3934:
3930:
3919:
3858:Current members by wealth
3845:
3793:
3777:
3729:
3640:
3622:
3615:
3589:
3542:
3458:
3451:
3291:
3283:Elected but did not serve
3233:
3170:
3134:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3067:
2729:Stephenson, Nathaniel W.
2603:Republican of Mississippi
2479:(Johns Hopkins UP, 2004)
2102:Kennesaw State University
1311:Chait, August 19–26, 2002
1148:
1143:
1073:This section needs to be
745:Bank of the United States
630:Articles of Confederation
532:Constitutional Convention
4645:Architect of the Capitol
4507:Federal Hall (1789–1790)
3648:African-American members
3072:House of Representatives
3024:The United States Senate
2593:Journal of Negro History
2409:Johnson, Robert David.
2388:Hernon, Joseph Martin.
2332:Cooper, John Milton, Jr.
2306:Congressional Quarterly
2299:Congressional Quarterly
2292:Congressional Quarterly
2285:Congressional Quarterly
2278:Congressional Quarterly
2271:Congressional Quarterly
2264:Congressional Quarterly
2257:Congressional Quarterly
2250:Congressional Quarterly
2243:Congressional Quarterly
2232:Congressional Quarterly
2124:Senate Historical Office
2072:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1200:
214:the United States Senate
76:This article is part of
5195:Washington at Princeton
5139:Apotheosis of Democracy
4559:Congressional Quarterly
4248:Executive communication
4238:Blue slip (U.S. Senate)
4195:Suspension of the rules
3721:Native American members
3147:By shortness of service
3019:essays reprinted online
2656:(Harcourt Brace, 1996).
2577:Goldberg, Robert Alan.
2404:OAH Magazine of History
1894:Oxford University Press
1888:. Vol. 4 (of 24).
1644:"Caraway, Hattie Wyatt"
1619:"Caraway, Hattie Wyatt"
1570:. n.d. . Archived from
1104:by the Senate in 1954.
934:of Maryland stood out.
847:William Ewart Gladstone
771:The decades before the
768:, which is still used.
760:parliamentary procedure
736:President of the Senate
558:Constitutional creation
550:, a 5–4 vote that gave
510:, which along with the
430:Senate office buildings
5362:Webster Page Residence
5337:House Recording Studio
5181:Revolutionary War Door
4942:Register of Copyrights
4523:Biographical Directory
3992:"Necessary and Proper"
3532:Policy Committee Chair
3510:Policy Committee Chair
3061:United States Congress
2351:93.5 (2003): 771-771.
2157:Bowie State University
1944:(February 13, 2015) .
1594:(August 19–26, 2002).
1431:Caraway bio book, 2005
1252:Wirls, Daniel (2004).
1121:conservative coalition
990:Senate Majority Leader
983:William Jennings Bryan
892:
822:
804:
615:Apportionment showdown
548:Connecticut Compromise
508:United States Congress
495:
233:Politics and procedure
98:
70:
33:is missing information
4687:Technology Assessment
4108:Dear Colleague letter
4103:Continuing resolution
4098:Concurrent resolution
3577:Republican Conference
3517:Republican Conference
3478:President pro tempore
3210:Born outside the U.S.
2917:The Senate: 1789–1989
2707:West Virginia History
2645:McFarland, Ernest W.
2638:Lower, Richard Coke.
2606:Johnson, Claudius O.
2595:7.3 (1922): 243-256.
2441:. (Harvard UP, 1991).
2420:68.3 (2006): 708-719.
2406:, 12 (Summer): 34–37.
2368:53.2 (1959): 412-436.
2318:Institutional studies
2141:on December 13, 2020.
1845:201253361 201-253361
1535:Ritchie-Johnson, 2006
1393:Master of the Senate,
1365:Master of the Senate,
1349:Master of the Senate,
1109:Lyndon Baines Johnson
886:
821:. Digitally restored.
812:
799:
493:
424:Senate Reception Room
409:United States Capitol
225:Republican Conference
188:President pro tempore
96:
61:
5432:United States Senate
5251:Mountains and Clouds
5007:Congressional Record
4864:Floor Services Chief
4751:Law Revision Counsel
4502:Continental Congress
3997:Power of enforcement
3960:Contempt of Congress
3863:From multiple states
3816:Mormon (LDS) members
3624:Congressional caucus
3268:Served a single term
3200:Expelled or censured
3142:By length of service
2695:Patterson, James T.
2680:40.1 (1946): 27-51.
2423:Malsberger, John W.
2197:United States Senate
2100:(the author is from
1837:The Passage of Power
1792:Master the of Senate
1711:Master of the Senate
1379:Parker, May 14, 2003
955:Spanish–American War
920:William Boyd Allison
854:Webster–Hayne debate
621:apportionment scheme
500:United States Senate
86:United States Senate
5275:Building Commission
4756:Legislative Counsel
4677:Library of Congress
4638:Comptroller General
4628:Congressional staff
4313:Senatorial courtesy
3702:Hispanic Conference
3117:Members and leaders
2907:Senator Robert Byrd
2688:Palermo, Joseph A.
2624:Keith, Caroline H.
2552:Ted Kennedy: A Life
2533:Becnel, Thomas A.
2485:Zelizer, Julian E.
2451:Ritchie, Donald A.
2444:Ritchie, Donald A.
2437:Ritchie, Donald A.
2418:Journal of politics
2378:Harmon, F. Martin.
2340:Feinman, Ronald L.
1675:H.Con.Res. 138
1574:on November 1, 2012
1397:, pp. 354–355.
1299:Rosenfeld, May 2004
1237:Rosenfeld, May 2004
1225:Rosenfeld, May 2004
865:Missouri Compromise
670:Gunning Bedford Jr.
579:British governments
542:, which proposed a
364:Senatorial courtesy
212:Party leadership of
170:Women in the Senate
5347:Old Senate Chamber
5213:VP Bust Collection
5037:United States Code
4969:Jefferson Building
4662:Cap. Guide Service
4529:Divided government
4446:Seal of the Senate
4410:Select and special
4375:Discharge petition
4328:Tie-breaking votes
4293:Recess appointment
4233:Advice and consent
4113:Discharge petition
4056:Appropriation bill
3965:Declaration of war
3157:Non-voting members
2787:H.Con.Res. 18
2712:O'Brien, Michael.
2666:Norris, George W.
2659:Miller, G. Wayne.
2458:Rothman, David J.
2455:(Oxford UP, 2005).
2448:(Oxford UP, 2001).
2361:(LSU Press, 2008).
2117:Ritchie, Donald A.
1896:. pp. 369–370
1839:(2013) (1st ed.).
1796:(2002) (1st ed.).
1757:(1990) (1st ed.).
1726:(1982) (1st ed.).
1706:Caro, Robert Allan
1419:Caraway bio online
1117:Southern Democrats
1028:Franklin Roosevelt
1018:, helped pass the
1011:Joseph T. Robinson
977:merchant ships in
943:Danish West Indies
939:Dominican Republic
901:Third Party System
893:
869:Compromise of 1850
839:Stephen A. Douglas
835:Thomas Hart Benton
823:
819:Old Senate Chamber
815:Compromise of 1850
773:American Civil War
749:Treasury Secretary
591:Alexander Hamilton
496:
419:Old Senate Chamber
314:Recess appointment
241:Advice and consent
99:
71:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5313:
5312:
5117:Statue of Freedom
5081:Statue of Freedom
5060:Brumidi Corridors
5032:Statutes at Large
4986:Publishing Office
4909:
4908:
4769:
4768:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4542:
4541:
4490:election disputes
4478:speaker elections
4441:Mace of the House
4288:Presiding Officer
4253:Executive session
4200:Unanimous consent
4160:Multiple referral
4145:Lame-duck session
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3841:
3840:
3641:Ethnic and racial
3585:
3584:
3572:Democratic Caucus
3495:Democratic Caucus
3447:
3446:
2913:(April 7, 1989).
2867:978-0-1600-6405-0
2841:978-0-1600-6391-6
2807:978-0-1600-6405-0
2617:Johnson, Marc C.
2567:Garraty, John A.
2550:Farrell, John A.
2468:Swift, Elaine K.
2357:Finley, Keith M.
2176:Harper's Magazine
2020:978-0-2264-7006-1
2008:978-0-2264-7005-4
1853:978-0-6794-0507-8
1818:978-1-8479-2613-5
1771:978-0-3945-2835-9
1724:The Path to Power
1566:. U.S. Politics.
1171:
1170:
1094:
1093:
932:Arthur Pue Gorman
916:John Coit Spooner
795:impeachment trial
686:Federalist No. 62
581:, many among the
488:
487:
385:Unanimous consent
285:Executive session
220:Democratic Caucus
198:Presiding officer
56:
55:
5439:
5230:
5229:
5047:Capitol Building
5021:U.S. Gov. Manual
4974:Madison Building
4937:Copyright Office
4901:Sergeant at Arms
4859:Floor Operations
4778:
4777:
4700:
4699:
4616:
4615:
4598:
4597:
4461:
4460:
4278:Morning business
4165:House procedures
4128:Joint resolution
3932:
3931:
3921:
3920:
3801:Buddhist members
3620:
3619:
3456:
3455:
3278:Switched parties
3225:Switched parties
3162:Unseated members
3152:Youngest members
3132:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2981:C-Span program →
2964:Senator Bob Dole
2948:
2946:
2944:
2924:C-Span program →
2898:
2883:
2857:
2831:
2781:
2750:Winston, Mitch.
2631:Laymon, Sherry.
2584:Herman, Arthur.
2547:(Vintage, 2009).
2543:Caro, Robert A.
2526:Barnard, Harry.
2395:Hoebeke, C. H.
2371:Gould, Lewis L.
2208:
2206:
2204:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2172:
2142:
2140:
2134:. Archived from
2120:Washington, D.C.
2114:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1909:
1906:Internet Archive
1903:
1901:
1887:
1719:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1603:The New Republic
1599:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1213:"A Visual Guide"
1210:
1153:
1152:
1141:
1140:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1060:
912:Orville H. Platt
910:(Rhode Island),
861:Mason–Dixon line
777:voted to impeach
756:Thomas Jefferson
553:
552:small-population
480:
473:
466:
290:Morning business
73:
72:
51:
48:
42:
26:
18:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5392:
5371:
5319:
5309:
5263:
5224:
5217:
5094:Hall of Columns
5041:
4985:
4978:
4916:
4905:
4886:Parliamentarian
4827:
4818:Parliamentarian
4765:
4724:
4691:
4620:
4610:
4603:Capitol Complex
4584:
4538:
4534:Party divisions
4450:
4424:
4342:
4226:Senate-specific
4221:
4076:Closed sessions
4044:Act of Congress
4032:
4006:
4002:Taxing/spending
3926:
3907:
3898:Party switchers
3867:Died in office
3837:
3789:
3773:
3742:Equality Caucus
3725:
3697:Hispanic Caucus
3636:
3611:
3581:
3538:
3443:
3287:
3229:
3166:
3119:
3106:
3063:
3058:
3028:
2995:
2993:
2966:(interviewee);
2942:
2940:
2928:(online from a
2909:(interviewee);
2899:
2884:
2869:
2843:
2768:Byrd, Robert C.
2762:
2757:
2579:Barry Goldwater
2557:Fite, Gilbert.
2500:
2495:
2392:(Sharpe, 1997).
2320:
2315:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2182:
2180:
2138:
2112:
2093:
2091:
2055:
2053:
2051:Yale Law School
1980:
1978:
1961:Lee, Frances E.
1950:
1948:
1899:
1897:
1763:9005048 9-5048
1755:Means of Ascent
1659:
1657:
1652:(book volume).
1633:
1631:
1608:
1606:
1592:Chait, Jonathan
1584:Wayback Machine
1577:
1575:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1482:Alfred A. Knopf
1472:
1468:
1461:
1451:Alfred A. Knopf
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1407:Finkelman, 1999
1405:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1266:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1150:
1144:External videos
1139:
1128:Jacob K. Javits
1113:Southern caucus
1098:Joseph McCarthy
1090:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1058:
963:
928:Federal reserve
914:(Connecticut),
887:Reformers like
881:
827:John C. Calhoun
717:
617:
568:Edmund Randolph
560:
551:
484:
453:
452:
389:
373:
357:
336:
310:
294:
278:
216:
213:
202:
174:
166:
165:
148:Hill committees
138:
137:
120:Current members
52:
46:
43:
36:
27:
12:
11:
5:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5402:
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5398:
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5385:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5342:Senate chamber
5339:
5334:
5329:
5327:Botanic Garden
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:office lottery
5277:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5227:
5219:
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5216:
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5210:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5188:Columbus Doors
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5104:Visitor Center
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
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5049:
5043:
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5029:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4994:Public Printer
4990:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4964:Adams Building
4961:
4956:
4951:
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4526:
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4509:
4504:
4499:
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4492:
4485:Senate history
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4432:
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4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4360:ranking member
4352:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:Standing Rules
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4298:Reconciliation
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:Nuclear option
4280:
4275:
4272:Senate Journal
4268:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4210:Line-item veto
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4175:Reconciliation
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4066:Budget process
4063:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:Naturalization
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3928:
3927:
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3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3826:Quaker members
3823:
3821:Muslim members
3818:
3813:
3811:Jewish members
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
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3745:
3744:
3733:
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3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3709:Jewish members
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
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3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3607:Gerrymandering
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
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3574:
3569:
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3421:
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3401:
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3391:
3386:
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3376:
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3356:
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3326:
3321:
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3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
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3280:
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3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
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3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3002:
2972:"Book Review:
2959:
2949:
2915:"Book Review:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2887:
2885:
2872:
2870:
2846:
2844:
2820:
2783:100th Congress
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2736:Valeo, Frank.
2734:
2727:
2719:Rice, Ross R.
2717:
2710:
2703:
2693:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2664:
2657:
2652:Mann, Robert.
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:Borah of Idaho
2604:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2501:
2499:
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2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
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2355:
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2338:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2230:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2189:
2164:
2105:
2062:
2043:Avalon Project
2035:Madison, James
2031:
1957:
1938:
1874:Hartman, Susan
1870:
1869:
1868:
1833:
1786:
1751:
1702:
1671:108th Congress
1640:
1615:
1588:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1520:
1506:Robert A. Caro
1497:
1490:
1466:
1459:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1383:
1371:
1355:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1264:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1162:, July 7, 1991
1146:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1092:
1091:
1072:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1039:Hattie Caraway
1005:Rebecca Felton
998:Daniel Webster
971:17th Amendment
967:Woodrow Wilson
962:
959:
908:Nelson Aldrich
897:Reconstruction
889:Joseph Keppler
880:
877:
831:Daniel Webster
732:vice president
716:
713:
662:South Carolina
638:North Carolina
616:
613:
608:John Dickinson
604:House of Lords
559:
556:
486:
485:
483:
482:
475:
468:
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:
451:
450:
444:
439:
432:
428:
426:
421:
416:
414:Senate chamber
411:
403:
402:
398:
397:
396:
395:
390:
388:
387:
382:
376:
374:
372:
371:
369:Standing Rules
366:
360:
358:
356:
355:
350:
345:
339:
337:
335:
334:
329:
324:
318:
316:
311:
309:
308:
306:Nuclear option
303:
297:
295:
293:
292:
287:
281:
279:
277:
276:
266:
260:
258:
251:Closed session
248:
243:
235:
234:
230:
229:
228:
227:
222:
217:
210:
208:
201:
200:
195:
185:
173:
172:
167:
164:
163:
157:
150:
146:
144:
142:Former members
139:
136:
135:
129:
122:
118:
113:
112:
108:
107:
101:
100:
89:
88:
82:
81:
69:, January 2007
67:110th Congress
54:
53:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5444:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
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5415:
5414:
5412:
5389:
5386:
5384:
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5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
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5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5316:
5306:
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5301:
5298:
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5140:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5099:Statuary Hall
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
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5011:
5009:
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5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:Poet Laureate
4952:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4896:Reading Clerk
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
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4852:
4850:
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4840:
4837:
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4816:
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4809:
4806:
4804:
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4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Congr. Ethics
4734:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
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4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4581:
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4576:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
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4551:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4468:House history
4466:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4420:Subcommittees
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4405:List (Senate)
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4338:Treaty Clause
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
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4256:
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4249:
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4244:
4241:
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4236:
4234:
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4230:
4228:
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4208:
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4198:
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4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4133:Joint session
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Enrolled bill
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
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4069:
4067:
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4062:
4059:
4057:
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4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
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3950:
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3937:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3918:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Hindu members
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3767:current House
3765:
3763:
3762:Issues Caucus
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
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3602:Apportionment
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3133:
3130:
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3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094: →
3093:
3090: ←
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:Joint session
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3055:
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2931:
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2912:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2889:Wolff (ed.).
2886:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2874:Wolff (ed.).
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:0-1600-6405-8
2860:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2848:Wolff (ed.).
2845:
2842:
2838:
2837:0-1600-6391-4
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2818:
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2808:
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2803:0-1600-6405-8
2800:
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2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:Blanche Bruce
2598:
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2090:
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2044:
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2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:0-2264-7006-7
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:0-2264-7005-9
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:0-1951-2783-8
1924:
1923:0-1952-0635-5
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1895:
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1879:
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1857:0-6794-0507-0
1854:
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1834:
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1827:
1823:
1822:1-8479-2613-4
1819:
1815:
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1810:0-3945-2836-0
1807:
1803:
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1776:
1775:0-3945-2835-2
1772:
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1741:
1740:0-3944-9973-5
1737:
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1721:
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1707:
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1700:
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1691:0-1607-3176-3
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1605:
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1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:September 17,
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1543:
1537:, p. 13.
1536:
1531:
1523:
1521:9780679405078
1517:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1491:0-394-52836-0
1487:
1483:
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1478:
1470:
1462:
1460:0-394-52836-0
1456:
1452:
1448:
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1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1369:, p. 23.
1368:
1366:
1359:
1353:, p. 14.
1352:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1325:, p. 30.
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1301:, p. 36.
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1265:0-8018-7438-6
1261:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1246:
1239:, p. 42.
1238:
1233:
1227:, p. 26.
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
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1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:Press Gallery
1157:
1147:
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1129:
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1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1076:
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1062:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:court packing
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:Alben Barkley
1021:
1020:Hoover Tariff
1017:
1016:Muscle Shoals
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
994:Senate leader
991:
986:
984:
980:
974:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:(Wisconsin),
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
890:
885:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
820:
816:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
780:Supreme Court
778:
774:
769:
767:
766:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
725:New York City
722:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
682:
678:
676:
675:Virginia Plan
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
622:
612:
609:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
572:James Madison
569:
565:
555:
549:
545:
541:
540:Virginia Plan
537:
536:James Madison
533:
529:
528:New York City
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:upper chamber
501:
492:
481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
461:
459:
458:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
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427:
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394:
391:
386:
383:
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312:
307:
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288:
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280:
274:
270:
267:
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261:
259:
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244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
236:
232:
231:
226:
223:
221:
218:
215:
209:
207:
206:Party leaders
204:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
161:
158:
156:
152:
151:
149:
145:
143:
140:
133:
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128:
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121:
117:
116:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
95:
91:
90:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
74:
68:
64:
60:
50:
40:
34:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
5383:Capitol Hill
5249:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5108:
5079:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4607:Capitol Hill
4577:
4570:
4563:
4522:
4484:
4400:List (House)
4395:List (Joint)
4365:Of the Whole
4271:
4264:
4263:Jefferson's
4150:Magic minute
3903:Slave owners
3886:2000–present
3832:Sikh members
3830:
3737:LGBT members
3663:Black Caucus
3439:118th (2023)
3434:117th (2021)
3429:116th (2019)
3424:115th (2017)
3419:114th (2015)
3414:113th (2013)
3409:112th (2011)
3404:111th (2009)
3399:110th (2007)
3394:109th (2005)
3389:108th (2003)
3384:107th (2001)
3379:106th (1999)
3374:105th (1997)
3369:104th (1995)
3364:103rd (1993)
3359:102nd (1991)
3354:101st (1989)
3349:100th (1987)
3014:
3008:, 1774–1989,
3004:
2994:. Retrieved
2982:
2979:
2973:
2955:
2941:. Retrieved
2925:
2922:
2916:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2876:
2853:
2850:
2827:
2824:
2822:Hall (ed.).
2772:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2696:
2689:
2677:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2614:, Republican
2607:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2498:Biographical
2486:
2476:
2469:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2201:. Retrieved
2181:. Retrieved
2174:
2136:the original
2094:February 15,
2092:. Retrieved
2070:
2054:. Retrieved
1987:Google Books
1985:– via
1979:. Retrieved
1977:. p. 33
1968:
1951:February 15,
1949:. Retrieved
1904:– via
1898:. Retrieved
1883:
1836:
1790:
1789:
1754:
1723:
1709:
1666:Google Books
1664:– via
1658:. Retrieved
1647:
1632:. Retrieved
1622:
1607:. Retrieved
1601:
1582:– via
1576:. Retrieved
1572:the original
1542:
1530:
1509:
1500:
1480:. New York:
1476:
1469:
1449:. New York:
1445:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1392:
1386:
1374:
1364:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1254:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:Bibliography
1159:
1155:
1132:
1125:
1106:
1095:
1085:January 2021
1082:
1074:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1009:
1003:
993:
988:The post of
987:
975:
964:
951:Panama Canal
936:
905:
894:
858:
851:
824:
813:Debate over
805:
800:
788:
784:Samuel Chase
770:
763:
753:
729:
721:Federal Hall
718:
709:
690:
683:
679:
658:Pennsylvania
626:
618:
594:
576:
564:Roman Senate
561:
524:Federal Hall
499:
497:
127:by seniority
104:
47:January 2021
44:
32:
15:
5357:Power Plant
4949:Law Library
4650:Cap. Police
4619:Legislative
4308:Senate hold
4215:Pocket veto
4190:Sponsorship
4170:Quorum call
3970:Impeachment
3344:99th (1985)
3339:98th (1983)
3334:97th (1981)
3329:96th (1979)
3324:95th (1977)
3319:94th (1975)
3314:93rd (1973)
3309:92nd (1971)
3304:91st (1969)
3299:90th (1967)
3292:New members
2996:December 2,
2943:December 2,
2722:Carl Hayden
2056:January 23,
1965:"Chapter 2"
1802:2002-282796
1683:2004-114224
1609:January 23,
1032:Will Rogers
979:World War I
762:, his 1801
634:Connecticut
327:Quorum call
5411:Categories
5320:facilities
5027:Serial Set
4915:Library of
4891:Postmaster
4854:Doorkeeper
4715:Historical
4370:Conference
4348:Committees
4333:Traditions
4258:Filibuster
4011:Privileges
3785:Physicians
3778:Occupation
3527:Vice-Chair
3128:Membership
2968:Brian Lamb
2911:Brian Lamb
2219:References
2183:January 3,
2087:; and the
2075:(online).
2041:(online).
1981:January 3,
1627:(online).
1056:Since 1945
924:Mark Hanna
843:Henry Clay
791:Aaron Burr
740:John Adams
701:California
646:New Jersey
599:John Adams
380:Traditions
301:Filibuster
269:Committees
5295:Longworth
5225:buildings
5208:VP's Room
4869:Historian
4808:Librarian
4803:Historian
4788:Secretary
4774:Employees
4579:Roll Call
4390:Oversight
4318:Seniority
4185:Saxbe fix
4123:Expulsion
4037:Procedure
3975:Inquiries
3955:(Dormant)
3947:Copyright
3942:Article I
3881:1950–1999
3876:1900–1949
3871:1790–1899
3590:Districts
3505:Secretary
3466:President
3246:seniority
3220:Appointed
3183:seniority
2991:831351741
2983:Booknotes
2926:Booknotes
2155:; 1978);
2132:173005222
1937:(Vol. 4).
1732:90-201781
1708:(2013) .
1568:About.com
1156:Booknotes
961:1913–1945
879:1865–1913
873:Civil War
754:In 1797,
715:1789–1865
544:bicameral
343:Saxbe fix
246:Blue slip
39:talk page
5126:painting
4917:Congress
4839:Chaplain
4793:Chaplain
4572:Politico
4565:The Hill
4415:Standing
4380:Hearings
4356:Chairman
4028:Immunity
4023:Franking
4018:Salaries
3952:Commerce
3794:Religion
3215:Resigned
2952:Bob Dole
2938:34512820
2795:88-24545
2147:(1974);
2037:(n.d.).
1996:99-20500
1942:Fox News
1915:98-20826
1876:(1999).
1835:Vol. 4:
1788:Vol. 3:
1753:Vol. 2:
1722:Vol. 1:
1634:June 29,
1274:51878651
1137:See also
1102:censured
1037:In 1932
941:and the
782:Justice
697:Delaware
693:Virginia
654:Virginia
650:Delaware
642:Maryland
332:Salaries
132:by class
78:a series
63:Senators
5376:Related
5305:Rayburn
5300:O'Neill
5259:Russell
5240:Dirksen
5089:Rotunda
4930:reports
4798:Curator
4761:Library
4720:Library
4710:Curator
4696:Offices
4621:offices
4495:memoirs
4473:memoirs
4456:History
4243:Classes
4093:Cloture
4071:Censure
3846:Related
3562:Leaders
3550:Speaker
3490:Leaders
3452:Leaders
3241:Members
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3178:Members
3135:Members
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2932:tape).
2904:Video.
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2610:(1936)
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2489:(2006)
2481:excerpt
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2203:May 21,
2149:Cornell
1900:May 28,
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1287:Madison
1107:During
1075:updated
1052:floor.
947:Britain
817:in the
705:Wyoming
666:Georgia
506:of the
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447:Russell
437:Dirksen
264:Cloture
111:Members
65:in the
5367:Subway
5285:Cannon
5233:Senate
5223:Office
4959:THOMAS
4781:Senate
4703:Senate
4554:C-SPAN
4436:Gavels
4385:Markup
4265:Manual
4086:Senate
3935:Powers
3752:Senate
3748:Women
3653:Senate
3616:Groups
3459:Senate
3258:Former
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5070:Crypt
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3096:119th
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2199:. n.d
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4138:list
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