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steam technology. Even so, around the year 1800, "high pressure" amounted to what today would be considered very low pressure, i.e. 40-50 psi (276-345 kPa), the point being that the high-pressure engine in question was non-condensing, driven solely by the expansive power of the steam, and once that steam had performed work it was usually exhausted at higher-than-atmospheric pressure. The blast of the exhausting steam into the chimney could be exploited to create induced draught through the fire grate and thus increase the rate of burning, hence creating more heat in a smaller furnace, at the expense of creating back pressure on the exhaust side of the piston.
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attaching the end of the piston to a rope passing over a pulley. As a demonstration model, the system worked, but in order to repeat the process, the whole apparatus had to be dismantled and reassembled. Papin quickly saw that to make an automatic cycle the steam would have to be generated separately in a boiler; however, he did not take the project further. Papin also designed a paddle boat driven by a jet playing on a mill-wheel in a combination of Taqi al Din and Savery's conceptions and he is also credited with a number of significant devices such as the
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create a vacuum that would pull more of the steam into the cylinder, and so on until the steam was mostly condensed. The valve was then closed, and operation of the main cylinder continued as it would on a conventional
Newcomen engine. As the power cylinder remained at operational temperature throughout, the system was ready for another stroke as soon as the piston was pulled back to the top. Maintaining the temperature was a jacket around the cylinder where steam was admitted. Watt produced a working model in 1765.
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improving cycle times. A more radical change from the
Newcomen design was closing off the top of the cylinder and introducing low-pressure steam above the piston. Now the power was not due to the difference of atmospheric pressure and the vacuum, but the pressure of the steam and the vacuum, a somewhat higher value. On the upward return stroke, the steam on top was transferred through a pipe to the underside of the piston ready to be condensed for the downward stroke. Sealing of the piston on a
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592:" of 1712 who can be said to have brought together most of the essential elements established by Papin in order to develop the first practical steam engine for which there could be a commercial demand. This took the shape of a reciprocating beam engine installed at surface level driving a succession of pumps at one end of the beam. The engine, attached by chains from other end of the beam, worked on the atmospheric, or vacuum principle.
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cooled the walls of the cylinder. This heat had to be replaced before the cylinder would accept steam again. In the
Newcomen engine the heat was supplied only by the steam, so when the steam valve was opened again a high proportion condensed on the cold walls as soon as it was admitted to the cylinder. It took a considerable amount of time and steam before the cylinder warmed back up and the steam started to fill it up.
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be opened, pulling water upward into the reservoir; the typical engine could pull water up to 20 feet. This was then closed, and the steam valve reopened, building pressure over the water and pumping it upward, as in the
Worcester design. This cycle essentially doubled the distance that water could be pumped for any given pressure of steam, and production examples raised water about 40 feet.
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442:. His system was the first to separate the boiler (a heated cannon barrel) from the pumping action. Water was admitted into a reinforced barrel from a cistern, and then a valve was opened to admit steam from a separate boiler. The pressure built over the top of the water, driving it up a pipe. He installed his steam-powered device on the wall of the Great Tower at
871:, who demonstrated his "fardier" (steam wagon) in 1769. Whilst the working pressure used for this vehicle is unknown, the small size of the boiler gave insufficient steam production rate to allow the fardier to advance more than a few hundred metres at a time before having to stop to raise steam. Other projects and models were proposed, but as with
392:. Guericke put on a demonstration in 1654 in Magdeburg, Germany, where he was mayor. Two copper hemispheres were fitted together and air was pumped out. Weights strapped to the hemispheres could not pull them apart until the air valve was opened. The experiment was repeated in 1656 using two teams of 8 horses each, which could not separate the
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low-pressure steam, seldom more than 7 psi boiler pressure, plus condenser vacuum (Watt), to move the piston. In a high-pressure engine, most of the pressure difference is provided by the high-pressure steam from the boiler; the low-pressure side of the piston may be at atmospheric pressure or connected to the condenser pressure. Newcomen's
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open to the atmospheric pressure, and when the vacuum formed, the atmospheric pressure above the piston pushed it down into the cylinder. The piston was lubricated and sealed by a trickle of water from the same cistern that supplied the cooling water. Further, to improve the cooling effect, he sprayed water directly into the cylinder.
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As the 18th century advanced, the call was for higher pressures; this was strongly resisted by Watt who used the monopoly his patent gave him to prevent others from building high-pressure engines and using them in vehicles. He mistrusted the boiler technology of the day, the way they were constructed
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After working with the design, Watt concluded that 80% of the steam used by the engine was wasted. Instead of providing motive force, it was being used to heat the cylinder. In the
Newcomen design, every power stroke was started with a spray of cold water, which not only condensed the steam, but also
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Engraving of
Newcomen engine. This appears to be copied from a drawing in Desaguliers' 1744 work: "A course of experimental philosophy", itself believed to have been a reversed copy of Henry Beighton's engraving dated 1717, that may represent what is probably the second Newcomen engine erected around
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Newcomen engine was inefficient, giving the two engines roughly the same efficiency of 6 million foot pounds per bushel of coal (less than 1%). Nor was the Savery engine very safe because part of its cycle required steam under pressure supplied by a boiler, and given the technology of the period the
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in 1698. This was a pistonless steam pump, similar to the one developed by
Worcester. Savery made two key contributions that greatly improved the practicality of the design. First, in order to allow the water supply to be placed below the engine, he used condensed steam to produce a partial vacuum in
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conducted experiments on suction lift water pumps to test their limits, which was about 32 feet. (Atmospheric pressure is 32.9 feet or 10.03 meters. Vapor pressure of water lowers theoretical lift height.) He devised an experiment using a tube filled with mercury and inverted in a bowl of mercury (a
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The Porter-Allen engine, introduced in 1862, used an advanced valve gear mechanism developed for Porter by Allen, a mechanic of exceptional ability, and was at first generally known as the Allen engine. The high speed engine was a precision machine that was well balanced, achievements made possible
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Power was still limited by the low pressure, the displacement of the cylinder, combustion and evaporation rates and condenser capacity. Maximum theoretical efficiency was limited by the relatively low temperature differential on either side of the piston; this meant that for a Watt engine to provide
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had been achieved by maintaining a small quantity of water on its upper side. This was no longer possible in Watt's engine due to the presence of the steam. Watt spent considerable effort to find a seal that worked, eventually obtained by using a mixture of tallow and oil. The piston rod also passed
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while he worked on the design. Not content with this single improvement, Watt worked tirelessly on a series of other improvements to practically every part of the engine. Watt further improved the system by adding a small vacuum pump to pull the steam out of the cylinder into the condenser, further
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that would be needed for the task, the size and speed of a cylinder that would provide it, the size of boiler needed to feed it, and the amount of fuel it would consume. These were developed empirically after studying dozens of
Newcomen engines in Cornwall and Newcastle, and building an experimental
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Using the piston and beam allowed the
Newcomen engine to power pumps at different levels throughout the mine, as well as eliminating the need for any high-pressure steam. The entire system was isolated to a single building on the surface. Although inefficient and extremely heavy on coal (compared to
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Operation required several valves; at the start of a cycle, when the reservoir was empty, a valve would be opened to admit steam. This valve would be closed to seal the reservoir, and the cooling water valve would be opened to condense the steam and create a partial vacuum. A supply valve would then
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standpoint) is that it attains a higher temperature. Thus, any engine using high-pressure steam operates at a higher temperature and pressure differential than is possible with a low-pressure vacuum engine. The high-pressure engine thus became the basis for most further development of reciprocating
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made numerous improvements to the
Newcomen engine, notably the seals, and by improving these was able to almost triple their efficiency. He also preferred to use wheels instead of beams for transferring power from the cylinder, which made his engines more compact. Smeaton was the first to develop a
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that used high pressure environments to launch large and heavy projectiles with incredible force. Da Vinci's design resembled the original cannon with a long cylindrical tube on one end used to aim the projectile correctly and the other end a large chamber which was used to heat up water into steam
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The take-up of these Cornish improvements was slow in textile manufacturing areas where coal was cheap, due to the higher capital cost of the engines and the greater wear that they suffered. The change only began in the 1830s, usually by compounding through adding another (high-pressure) cylinder.
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The piston was attached by a chain to a large pivoted beam. When the piston pulled the beam, the other side of the beam was pulled upward. This end was attached to a rod that pulled on a series of conventional pump handles in the mine. At the end of this power stroke, the steam valve was reopened,
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Newcomen's design used some elements of earlier concepts. Like the Savery design, Newcomen's engine used steam, cooled with water, to create a vacuum. Unlike Savery's pump, however, Newcomen used the vacuum to pull on a piston instead of pulling on water directly. The upper end of the cylinder was
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Savery's engine solved a problem that had only recently become a serious one; raising water out of the mines in southern England as they reached greater depths. Savery's engine was somewhat less efficient than Newcomen's, but this was compensated for by the fact that the separate pump used by the
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between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Burlington, New Jersey, carrying as many as 30 passengers. This boat could typically make 7 to 8 miles per hour, and traveled more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) during its short length of service. The Fitch steamboat was not a commercial success, as this
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They could be made much smaller than previously for a given power output. There was thus the potential for steam engines to be developed that were small and powerful enough to propel themselves and other objects. As a result, steam power for transportation now became a practicality in the form of
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Watt solved the problem of the water spray by removing the cold water to a different cylinder, placed beside the power cylinder. Once the induction stroke was complete a valve was opened between the two, and any steam that entered the cylinder would condense inside this cold cylinder. This would
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inside it. Realising the incompleteness of the vacuum produced by this means and on moving to England in 1680, Papin devised a version of the same cylinder that obtained a more complete vacuum from boiling water and then allowing the steam to condense; in this way he was able to raise weights by
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Corliss used separate ports for steam supply and exhaust, which prevented the exhaust from cooling the passage used by the hot steam. Corliss also used partially rotating valves that provided quick action, helping to reduce pressure losses. The valves themselves were also a source of reduced
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The main difference between how high-pressure and low-pressure steam engines work is the source of the force that moves the piston. In the engines of Newcomen and Watt, it is the condensation of the steam that creates most of the pressure difference, causing atmospheric pressure (Newcomen) and
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was a merchant who dealt in cast iron goods. Newcomen's engine was based on the piston and cylinder design proposed by Papin. In Newcomen's engine steam was condensed by water sprayed inside the cylinder, causing atmospheric pressure to move the piston. Newcomen's first engine installed for
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device that alternately lifted and let fall a pair of pestles working in mortars. The steam flow of these early steam turbines, however, was not concentrated and most of its energy was dissipated in all directions. This would have led to a great waste of energy and so they were never seriously
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Another limitation of early steam engines was speed variability, which made them unsuitable for many textile applications, especially spinning. In order to obtain steady speeds, early steam powered textile mills used the steam engine to pump water to a water wheel, which drove the machinery.
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was low. Heron also devised a machine that used air heated in an altar fire to displace a quantity of water from a closed vessel. The weight of the water was made to pull a hidden rope to operate temple doors. Some historians have conflated the two inventions to assert, incorrectly, that the
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at the same university. When Watt learned that the university owned a small working model of a Newcomen engine, he pressed to have it returned from London where it was being unsuccessfully repaired. Watt repaired the machine, but found it was barely functional even when fully repaired.
1137:. The uniflow engine used poppet valves and half cylinders which allowed steam to pass into the engine was then used to create a high pressure environment that was key to the function of the uniflow engine. It was used in ships, steam locomotives and steam wagons but was displaced by
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later engines), these engines raised far greater volumes of water and from greater depths than had previously been possible. Over 100 Newcomen engines were installed around England by 1735, and it is estimated that as many as 2,000 were in operation by 1800 (including Watt versions).
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760:. Gainsborough believed that Watt had used his ideas for the invention; however, James Watt was not a member of the Lunar Society at this period and his many accounts explaining the succession of thought processes leading to the final design would tend to belie this story.
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in his turn was in favour of "strong steam" which he applied to boat engines and to stationary uses. He was a pioneer of cylindrical boilers; however, Evans' boilers did suffer several serious boiler explosions, which tended to lend weight to Watt's qualms. He founded the
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The piston sealing problem was due to having no way to produce a sufficiently round cylinder. Watt tried having cylinders bored from cast iron, but they were too out of round. Watt was forced to use a hammered iron cylinder. The following quotation is from Roe (1916):
793:– to provide rotary power along with double-acting condensing cylinders. The earliest example was built as a demonstrator and was installed in Boulton's factory to work machines for lapping (polishing) buttons or similar. For this reason it was always known as the
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to supply water through the tower. The grooves in the wall where the engine was installed were still to be seen in the 19th century. However, no one was prepared to risk money for such a revolutionary concept, and without backers the machine remained undeveloped.
431:(1680) and gave a presentation to Royal Society in 1689. From 1690 on Papin began experimenting with a piston to produce power with steam, building model steam engines. He experimented with atmospheric and pressure steam engines, publishing his results in 1707.
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The high speed engine ran at piston speeds from three to five times the speed of ordinary engines. It also had low speed variability. The high speed engine was widely used in sawmills to power circular saws. Later it was used for electrical generation.
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and when it was ready to fire a small cap would be placed tightly on a hole on top of the cannon, causing rapid buildup of steam and creating a very high pressure environment and propelled the projectile with immense force towards the target. The
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Watt developed a double-acting engine in which steam drove the piston in both directions, thereby increasing the engine speed and efficiency. The double-acting principle also significantly increased the output of a given physical sized engine.
853:, almost all below the atmospheric line, would see a revival nearly 200 years later with the low pressure cylinder of triple expansion engines contributing about 20% of the engine power, again almost completely below the atmospheric line.
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Corliss used automatic variable cut off. The valve gear controlled engine speed by using the governor to vary the timing of the cut off. This was partly responsible for the efficiency improvement in addition to the better speed control.
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Many of these engines were supplied worldwide and gave reliable and efficient service over a great many years with greatly reduced coal consumption. Some of them were very large and the type continued to be built right down to the 1890s.
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became the first commercially successful engine using the principle of the piston and cylinder, which was the fundamental type of steam engine used until the early 20th century. The steam engine was used to pump water out of coal mines.
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about 100 years earlier. Steam ejected tangentially from nozzles caused a pivoted ball to rotate. This suggests that the conversion of steam pressure into mechanical movement was known in Roman Egypt in the 1st century, however, its
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invented a boring machine with the shaft holding the boring tool supported on both ends, extending through the cylinder, unlike the then used cantilevered borers. With this machine he was able to successfully bore the cylinder for
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The engine had several advantages. It could, in some cases, be directly coupled. If gears or belts and drums were used, they could be much smaller sizes. The engine itself was also small for the amount of power it developed.
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started to replace water and wind power, and eventually became the dominant source of power in the late 19th century and remaining so into the early decades of the 20th century, when the more efficient steam turbine and the
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has become the most common method by which electrical power generators are driven. Investigations are being made into the practicalities of reviving the reciprocating steam engine as the basis for the new wave of
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Porter greatly improved the fly-ball governor by reducing the rotating weight and adding a weight around the shaft. This significantly improved speed control. Porter's governor became the leading type by 1880.
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was released to the market. As portions of the design could be easily fitted to existing Newcomen engines, there was no need to build an entirely new engine at the mines. Instead, Watt and his business partner
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the pumping reservoir (the barrel in Worcester's example), and using that to pull the water upward. Secondly, in order to rapidly cool the steam to produce the vacuum, he ran cold water over the reservoir.
1017:) and now provided much of the power for the downward stroke; at the same time condensing was improved. This considerably raised efficiency and further pumping engines on the Cornish system (often known as
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Early steam engines did not provide constant enough speed for critical operations such as cotton spinning. To control speed the engine was used to pump water for a water wheel, which powered the machinery.
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The Savery engine was less expensive than Newcomen's and was produced in smaller sizes. Some builders were manufacturing improved versions of the Savery engine until late in the 18th century.
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first saw the engine he reported to the Society of Engineers that 'neither the tools nor the workmen existed who could manufacture such a complex machine with sufficient precision' "
510:. Papin's years of research into the problems of harnessing steam was to play a key part in the development of the first successful industrial engines that soon followed his death.
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read. In 1698 Savery built a steam pump called "The Miner's Friend." It employed both vacuum and pressure. These were used for low horsepower service for a number of years.
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Watt never ceased improving his designs. This further improved the operating cycle speed, introduced governors, automatic valves, double-acting pistons, a variety of
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licensed the improvements to engine operators, charging them a portion of the money they would save in reduced fuel costs. The design was wildly successful, and the
799:. In early steam engines the piston is usually connected by a rod to a balanced beam, rather than directly to a flywheel, and these engines are therefore known as
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was home to a church that had an organ powered by air escaping from compression "by heated water", apparently designed and constructed by professor Gerbertus.
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with two cylinders, so that steam expanded in a high-pressure cylinder before being released into a low-pressure one. Efficiency was further improved by
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in 1770. By the time the Watt engine was introduced only a few years later, Smeaton had built dozens of ever-larger engines into the 100 hp range.
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by means of a jet of steam playing on rotary vanes around the periphery of a wheel. A similar device for rotating a spit was also later described by
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1055:"Gordon's improved Corliss valvegear", detailed view. The wrist-plate is the central plate from which rods radiate to each of the 4 valves.
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167:, who propelled a wooden bird along wires using steam as propellant around 400 BC. The earliest known rudimentary steam engine and reaction
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1380:. Bennet Woodcroft (trans.). London: Taylor Walton and Maberly (online edition from University of Rochester, Rochester, NY). Archived from
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had greatly improved speed control and better efficiency, making it suitable to all sorts of industrial applications, including spinning.
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published a book of 100 inventions which described a method for raising water between floors employing a similar principle to that of a
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demonstrated and was granted a patent for a steam-powered water pump. The pump was successfully used to drain the inundated mines of
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This article is about the history of the reciprocating-type steam engine. For the parallel development of turbine-type engines, see
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ships and land vehicles, which revolutionized cargo businesses, travel, military strategy, and essentially every aspect of society.
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The uniflow engine was the most efficient type of high-pressure engine. It was invented in 1911 and was first patented in 1885 by
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in his treatise on artillery wrote on his discovery that water, if confined in a bombshell and heated, would explode the shells.
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Young, Robert: "Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive"; the Book guild Ltd, Lewes, U.K. (2000) (reprint of 1923 ed.) pp.18-21
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takeoffs and many other improvements. Watt's technology enabled the widespread commercial use of stationary steam engines.
453:, a mathematician and inventor who worked on pumps, left notes at the Vauxhall Ordinance Office on a steam pump design that
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a usable amount of power, the first production engines had to be very large, and were thus expensive to build and install.
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rigorous theory of steam engine design of operation. He worked backward from the intended role to calculate the amount of
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In the low-pressure range they were less efficient than condensing engines, especially if steam was not used expansively.
558:, introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery's construction "to render it capable of working itself", as described by
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Hulse David K (1999): "The early development of the steam engine"; TEE Publishing, Leamington Spa, UK, ISBN, 85761 107 1
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Nuvolari, Alessandro; Verspagen, Bart (2009). "Technical choice, innovation and British steam engineering, 1800-1850".
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could not be made strong enough and so was prone to explosion. The explosion of one of his pumps at Broad Waters (near
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company was formed to license the design and help new manufacturers build the engines. The two would later open the
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and the weight of the pump rods pulled the beam down, lifting the piston and drawing steam into the cylinder again.
377:) and observed an empty space above the column of mercury, which he theorized contained nothing, that is, a vacuum.
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789:. Unlike the Newcomen engine, the Watt engine could operate smoothly enough to be connected to a drive shaft – via
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The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
656:. Fascinated, Watt took to reading everything he could on the subject, and independently developed the concept of
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308:(pressure cooker) which was used to extract fats from bones in a high pressure environment and then also create
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Hulse, David K., The development of rotary motion by steam power (TEE Publishing Ltd., Leamington, UK., 2001)
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2186:. Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 44.
320:"The discoveries that, when brought together by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, resulted in the steam engine were:"
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1747:. Cambridge (1st), Books for Libraries Press (2nd): The Newcomen Society at the Cambridge University Press.
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They did not require the significant quantities of condenser cooling water needed by atmospheric engines.
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The first steam engine to be applied industrially was the "fire-engine" or "Miner's Friend", designed by
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in Paris in 1663. Papin worked for Robert Boyle from 1676 to 1679, publishing an account of his work in
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was required to update a Watt pumping engine in order to adapt it to one of his new large cylindrical
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493:) was a French physicist, mathematician and inventor, best known for his pioneering invention of the
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Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865
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Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865
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friction, especially compared to the slide valve, which typically used 10% of an engine's power.
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They could be designed to run at higher speeds, making them more suitable for powering machinery.
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Porter-Allen high speed engine. Enlarge to see the Porter governor at left front of flywheel
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in South Wales, the first self-propelled railway steam engine or steam locomotive, built by
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The efficiency of the Porter-Allen engine was good, but not equal to the Corliss engine.
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The Colected Papers of Rhys Jenkins, Former Senior Examiner in the British Patent Office
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The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger
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Discusses engine types in the container shipping era but does not even mention uniflo.
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The Invention of Air: A story of Science, Faith, Revolution and the Birth of America
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dating to the late 15th century is the design for a steam-powered cannon called the
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Convinced that this was a great advance, Watt entered into partnerships to provide
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A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730-1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power
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67:. Several steam-powered devices were later experimented with or proposed, such as
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419:
became interested in using a vacuum to generate motive power while working with
3495:
3344:
3316:
2993:
2815:
2805:
2715:
2541:
1467:
1018:
979:
941:
929:
883:
494:
450:
228:, which works by the sudden influx of hot water into a sealed, red-hot cannon.
3626:
3283:
3256:
3155:
3074:
2910:
2257:
2018:
The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention
1288:
1263:
1162:"An Account of the Invention and Progressive Improvement of the Steam Engine"
1138:
1014:
1006:
892:
857:
757:
525:
519:
454:
443:
399:
252:
232:
225:
168:
121:
88:
80:
76:
41:
20:
2201:
636:
545:), about 1705, probably marks the end of attempts to exploit his invention.
340:
In the late 15th century, Italian polymath, engineer, painter and architect
3484:
3241:
2988:
2973:
2928:
2782:
2777:
2691:
1802:
1680:
1644:. London: Keegan Paul and Trench (reprinted Adamant 2001). pp. 21–22.
1079:
1063:(patented 1849) was called the greatest improvement since James Watt. The
987:
902:
749:
739:
720:
706:
Watt finally considered the design good enough to release in 1774, and the
699:
661:
615:
559:
507:
410:
349:
260:
112:
48:
27:
1303:
1001:
Steam pressure above the piston was increased eventually reaching 40
16:
Heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid
3336:
2907:
2877:
2750:
1022:
800:
707:
657:
483:
476:
416:
301:
152:
84:
64:
1403:"Thurston, Robert (1878), "A history of the growth of the steam engine""
3415:
3358:
2983:
2918:
2902:
2840:
2797:
2787:
1726:
Mining History: The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines History Society
1687:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
1466:, web page, accessed on line October 23, 2009; this web page refers to
1323:
1278:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 446.
937:
911:
795:
649:
542:
272:
264:
256:
147:
72:
2183:
Networked machinists: high-technology industries in Antebellum America
887:
route was adequately covered by relatively good wagon roads. In 1802,
860:
in his scheme for an engine that appeared in encyclopaedic works from
180:
3211:
3196:
1724:
P. W. King. "Black Country Mining before the Industrial Revolution".
896:
625:
502:
374:
309:
263:
in 1648. These devices were then called "mills" but are now known as
191:
172:
156:
143:
52:
1913:
895:
used a Watt steam engine to power the first commercially successful
324:
The concept of a vacuum (i.e. a reduction in pressure below ambient)
163:
The first to use steam as a way to transform heat into movement was
3100:
2550:. John Heywood, Deansgate, Manchester, reprinted Elibron Classics.
1745:
Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times
575:
385:
287:
164:
40:- the first commercially successful steam powered device, built by
2216:"Engineering Timelines - Richard Trevithick - High pressure steam"
966:
501:
on an engine which drove out the air from a cylinder by exploding
413:
built an improved vacuum pump and conducted related experiments.
389:
2660:
1904:
32:
3216:
2953:
1267:
1104:
by advancements in machine tools and manufacturing technology.
1021:) continued to be built new throughout the 19th century. Older
878:
This did not apply in the US, and in 1788 a steamboat built by
2525:. Manchester: Marsden & Company, Ltd. 1921. Archived from
2322:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
2272:
2231:
1787:"Phil. Trans. 1751-1752 47, 436-438, published 1 January 1751"
472:
2735:
2134:
https://archive.org/stream/cu31924004249532#page/n45/mode/2up
2084:. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p.
921:
The first high-pressure steam engine was invented in 1800 by
827:
Because of their smaller size, they were much less expensive.
464:
pumping in a mine in 1712 at Dudley Castle in Staffordshire.
315:
214:
120:
resulted in the rapid replacement of the steam engines. The
402:
was the first to describe the hemisphere experiment in his
92:
2577:
Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine
1916:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (
767:
570:
357:
was designed to shoot a projectile that weighed one Roman
2501:. One guy from Barlick-Book Transcription. Archived from
2042:"The "Lap engine" in the Science Museum Group collection"
1791:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1474:, pp. 34-5, Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
1237:
1214:
Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use
1168:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–46, 2014-07-17,
875:'s model of 1784, many were blocked by Boulton and Watt.
819:
The important advantages of high-pressure engines were:
271:, an Italian engineer, in 1629 for turning a cylindrical
1306:, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
365:
were later used in the development of the steam engine.
267:. Another similar rudimentary steam turbine is shown by
1908:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
1538:. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia. pp. 443–454.
1242:(Revised paperback ed.). Oxford University Press.
1084:
928:
The importance of raising steam under pressure (from a
361:. Many of the principles employed by da Vinci for the
1240:
Aulus Gellius: An Antonine Author and his Achievement
562:
in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751.
175:, is described by a mathematician and engineer named
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
603:
Animation of a Newcomen atmospheric engine in action
2278:
2237:
1405:. History.rochester.edu. 1996-12-16. Archived from
690:on the top cylinder cover sealed in a similar way.
1663:
1661:
1457:Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D.
1371:
652:was introduced to the power of steam by Professor
2349:
1899:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
951:
882:operated in regular commercial service along the
565:
479:'s design for a piston-and-cylinder engine, 1680.
3624:
2367:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
2340:
844:They were more susceptible to boiler explosions.
87:working model of the steam digester in 1679 and
2547:Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering
2238:Nuvolari, Alessandro; Verspagen, Bart (2007). "
1658:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1322:Heron Alexandrinus (Hero of Alexandria) (c. 62
998:, who insulated the boiler, engine, and pipes.
856:The first known advocate of "strong steam" was
1965:"Technological Transformations and Long Waves"
1937:Fontana History of Europe, (pp. 117 & 283)
1122:
752:steam engine in the 1760s, which he showed to
648:as an instrument maker and repairman in 1759,
2676:
2429:
1834:"Paxton Engineering Division Report (2 of 3)"
1706:
1704:
1557:
1555:
1472:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
2406:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology
2309:
2020:. University Of Chicago Press. p. 185.
1582:
1565:An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology
1348:
1346:
1344:
785:developed the reciprocating engine into the
631:
137:
2580:. Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
2113:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. p. 2.
1864:"Energy Hall | See 'Old Bess' at work"
1642:A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine
1518:A history of the growth of the steam-engine
1430:A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine
1330:. Reprinted 1998 by K G Saur GmbH, Munich.
970:Trevithick pumping engine (Cornish system).
3430:
2683:
2669:
2111:A History of Control Engineering 1800-1930
1888:
1886:
1884:
1701:
1552:
891:built a practical steamboat, and in 1807,
436:Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester
316:Development of the commercial steam engine
2632:
2626:A Descriptive History of the Steam Engine
1675:
1673:
1452:
1450:
1433:(reprint ed.). Elibron. p. 12.
1374:"Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar"
1361:. Frederick A. Stokes company. p. 1.
1341:
2602:Taylor, "J.¨ (1827). "Thomas Tredgold".
2460:
1639:
1481:
1426:
1262:
1094:
1050:
965:
816:and the strength of the materials used.
810:
635:
574:
471:
255:, who described a method for rotating a
151:
31:
3558:Glossary of steam locomotive components
2629:, London: J. Knight and H. Lacey, 1824.
2540:
2492:
2315:
2108:
2077:
1948:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1881:
1742:
1603:
1495:. History.rochester.edu. Archived from
768:Watt double-acting and rotative engines
384:invented a vacuum pump by modifying an
59:between 30 and 15 BC and, described by
3625:
2601:
2516:
2402:
2377:
2362:
2044:. collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
1935:Europe of the Ancien Regime: 1715-1783
1723:
1714:(Landmark Publishing, Ashbourne 1997).
1679:
1670:
1561:
1533:
1447:
1352:
206:aeolipile was capable of useful work.
190:The same device was also mentioned by
2664:
2570:
2179:
2015:
1959:
1493:online history resource, chapter one"
1210:
580:1714 at Griff colliery, Warwickshire.
2245:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
1717:
1204:
1085:Porter-Allen high speed steam engine
735:'s first commercial engine in 1776.
513:
2461:Gurr, Duncan; Hunt, Julian (1998).
1892:
1712:The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen
13:
3410:National Museum of Scotland engine
2617:
2467:. Oldham Education & Leisure.
1896:English and American Tool Builders
1291:, "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at
1238:Leofranc Holford-Strevens (2005).
598:
95:in 17th-century England. In 1712,
14:
3659:
2690:
1520:, D. Appleton and company, 1903,
1154:
1040:
723:to produce engines of their own.
624:engine of his own at his home in
3592:List of steam technology patents
2295:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00472.x
1866:. Science Museum. Archived from
1378:Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria
344:wrote papers that described the
330:Techniques for creating a vacuum
183:, as recorded in his manuscript
3275:
2454:
2423:
2396:
2371:
2222:
2208:
2173:
2156:
2139:
2127:
2102:
2071:
2055:
2034:
2009:
1953:
1940:
1927:
1856:
1847:
1836:. Content.cdlib.org. 2009-10-20
1826:
1817:
1779:
1736:
1710:L. T. C. Rolt and J. S. Allen,
1640:Thurston, Robert Henry (1883).
1633:
1624:
1527:
1510:
1427:Thurston, Robert Henry (1996).
1420:
1395:
1365:
908:Pittsburgh Steam Engine Company
429:Continuation of New Experiments
404:Mechanica Hydraulico-Pneumatica
276:considered for industrial use.
47:The first recorded rudimentary
3577:Murdoch's model steam carriage
3563:History of steam road vehicles
1491:The growth of the steam engine
1489:"University of Rochester, NY,
1316:
1297:
1282:
1256:
1231:
1195:
952:Cornish engine and compounding
566:Atmospheric condensing engines
279:In 1605, French mathematician
1:
3504:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
2495:"Arthur Robert's Engine List"
2164:"Member Login - Graces Guide"
1797:: 436–438. 31 December 1752.
1610:. New York: Riverhood Books.
1355:"Two Thousand Years of Steam"
1148:
861:
660:, only recently published by
571:Newcomen "atmospheric" engine
487:
409:After reading Schott's book,
132:
3227:Return connecting rod engine
2378:Morley, H. W. (1918-01-19).
1893:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916),
1536:Mas alla de la Leyenda Negra
1353:Dayton, Fred Erving (1925).
1174:10.1017/cbo9781107279940.004
936:On 21 February 1804, at the
467:
291:JerĂłnimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
7:
3633:History of the steam engine
3151:Condensing steam locomotive
2519:"Glossary of Textile Terms"
1372:Hero of Alexandria (1851).
1217:. Birkhäuser. p. 190.
1123:Uniflow (or unaflow) engine
333:A means of generating steam
300:In 1679, French Physicist
10:
3664:
3458:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
2464:The Cotton Mills of Oldham
1950:. Oxford University Press.
1310:December 26, 2008, at the
1211:Wiser, Wendell H. (2000).
1126:
1088:
1077:
1044:
955:
771:
640:Early Watt pumping engine.
517:
380:Influenced by Torricelli,
281:David Rivault de Fleurance
141:
118:internal combustion engine
25:
18:
3550:
3521:
3494:
3475:
3464:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
3429:
3382:
3335:
3326:
3293:
3274:
3265:
3184:
3141:
3133:Single- and double-acting
3113:
3083:
3035:
3007:
2961:
2952:
2868:
2796:
2743:
2734:
2698:
2523:Arthur Roberts Black Book
2499:Arthur Roberts Black Book
2436:. Princeton Univ. Press.
2363:Hunter, Louis C. (1985).
2242:and the Cornish Engine".
1771:) CS1 maint: postscript (
1328:Spiritalia seu Pneumatica
1025:were updated to conform.
837:The disadvantages were:
632:Watt's separate condenser
388:used for pressurizing an
235:was described in 1551 by
185:Spiritalia seu Pneumatica
138:Early uses of steam power
127:advanced steam technology
3303:Newcomen Memorial Engine
2258:10.1179/175035207X204806
1767:: CS1 maint: location (
1604:Johnson, Steven (2008).
1534:Garcia, Nicolas (2007).
754:Richard Lovell Edgeworth
3607:Timeline of steam power
3602:Stationary steam engine
3485:Woolf's compound engine
3392:Soho Manufactory engine
3247:Steeple compound engine
2914:straight line mechanism
2282:Economic History Review
2180:Meyer, David R (2006).
2016:Rosen, William (2012).
1516:Robert Henry Thurston,
1275:Encyclopædia Britannica
1091:High-speed steam engine
550:Bento de Moura Portugal
336:The piston and cylinder
327:The concept of pressure
3612:Water-returning engine
3586:Lean's Engine Reporter
3359:Chacewater Mine engine
3232:Six-column beam engine
2430:Marc Levinson (2006).
2316:Thomson, Ross (2009).
2240:Lean's Engine Reporter
2078:Thomson, Ross (2009).
1997:Cite journal requires
1803:10.1098/rstl.1751.0073
1743:Jenkins, Rhys (1936).
1100:
1056:
971:
704:
641:
604:
581:
480:
370:Evangelista Torricelli
160:
44:
3648:History of technology
3452:London Steam Carriage
2572:Hills, Richard Leslie
2493:Roberts, A S (1921).
2409:. London: Routledge.
1946:Tyler, David (2004):
1568:. London: Routledge.
1522:Google Print, p.15-16
1143:marine diesel engines
1098:
1089:Further information:
1078:Further information:
1054:
969:
916:Mississippi watershed
869:Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot
811:High-pressure engines
772:Further information:
746:Humphrey Gainsborough
696:
646:University of Glasgow
644:While working at the
639:
602:
578:
475:
394:Magdeburg hemispheres
231:A rudimentary impact
211:William of Malmesbury
155:
109:Industrial Revolution
35:
3398:Bradley Works engine
3222:Reciprocating engine
3045:Babcock & Wilcox
2888:Centrifugal governor
2517:Curtis, H P (1921).
2403:McNeil, Ian (1990).
2380:"The Uniflow Engine"
2109:Bennett, S. (1979).
1970:: 13. Archived from
1933:Ogg, David. (1965),
1562:McNeil, Ian (1990).
1476:University of Aleppo
1304:ARCHYTAS OF TARENTUM
1135:Leonard Jennett Todd
1129:Uniflow steam engine
1061:Corliss steam engine
1047:Corliss steam engine
958:Cornish steam engine
948:, was demonstrated.
791:sun and planet gears
774:Rotative beam engine
350:Steam powered cannon
220:Among the papers of
2939:Sun and planet gear
2384:Scientific American
1853:Tredgold, pg. 21-24
177:Heron of Alexandria
61:Heron of Alexandria
3439:Richard Trevithick
3037:Water-tube boilers
2851:Gresley conjugated
2638:"History of Steam"
2346:Thomson, p. 83-85.
1462:2008-02-18 at the
1101:
1057:
1009:) or even 50
976:Richard Trevithick
972:
946:Richard Trevithick
923:Richard Trevithick
783:Boulton & Watt
756:, a member of the
642:
605:
590:atmospheric-engine
582:
499:Christiaan Huygens
486:(22 August 1647 –
481:
421:Christiaan Huygens
295:Guadalcanal, Spain
203:thermal efficiency
161:
101:atmospheric engine
45:
3620:
3619:
3546:
3545:
3425:
3424:
3109:
3108:
3009:Fire-tube boilers
2864:
2863:
2648:on 8 January 2019
2634:Gascoigne, Bamber
2333:978-0-8018-9141-0
2193:978-0-8018-8471-9
2095:978-0-8018-9141-0
1922:978-0-917914-73-7
1681:Landes, David. S.
1617:978-1-59448-852-8
1224:978-0-387-98744-6
1183:978-1-108-07028-7
986:. In a parallel,
889:William Symington
851:indicator diagram
748:produced a model
557:
514:Savery steam pump
440:coffee percolator
425:Gottfried Leibniz
382:Otto von Guericke
342:Leonardo da Vinci
222:Leonardo da Vinci
38:Savery Steam Pump
3655:
3570:fardier Ă vapeur
3404:Whitbread Engine
3365:Smethwick Engine
3333:
3332:
3272:
3271:
3091:Feedwater heater
2959:
2958:
2741:
2740:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2644:. Archived from
2623:Stuart, Robert,
2609:
2605:The Steam Engine
2598:
2596:
2594:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2477:. Archived from
2449:
2447:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1907:
1890:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1758:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1677:
1668:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1601:
1580:
1579:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1531:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1485:
1479:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1350:
1339:
1320:
1314:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1269:"Archytas"
1260:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1166:The Steam Engine
1158:
866:
863:
733:Boulton and Watt
717:Boulton and Watt
553:
492:
489:
251:in 16th century
79:in 16th-century
3663:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3542:
3517:
3490:
3471:
3421:
3378:
3322:
3310:Fairbottom Bobs
3295:Newcomen engine
3289:
3261:
3207:Expansion valve
3180:
3166:Watt's separate
3137:
3105:
3079:
3031:
3003:
2948:
2924:Parallel motion
2860:
2811:Stephenson link
2792:
2730:
2699:Operating cycle
2694:
2689:
2651:
2649:
2620:
2618:Further reading
2612:Thomas Tredgold
2592:
2590:
2588:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2542:Nasmith, Joseph
2532:
2530:
2508:
2506:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2376:
2372:
2361:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2314:
2310:
2277:
2273:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2194:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2076:
2072:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2014:
2010:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1741:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1678:
1671:
1667:Tredgold, pg. 6
1666:
1659:
1652:
1638:
1634:
1630:Tredgold, pg. 3
1629:
1625:
1618:
1602:
1583:
1576:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1532:
1528:
1524:(public domain)
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1464:Wayback Machine
1455:
1448:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1366:
1351:
1342:
1321:
1317:
1312:Wayback Machine
1302:
1298:
1287:
1283:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1131:
1125:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1049:
1043:
1019:Cornish engines
992:compound engine
980:Cornish boilers
964:
962:Compound engine
956:Main articles:
954:
873:William Murdoch
864:
813:
776:
770:
713:Matthew Boulton
683:Newcomen engine
678:venture capital
634:
586:Thomas Newcomen
573:
568:
539:pressure vessel
522:
516:
490:
470:
461:Thomas Newcomen
318:
304:, invented the
269:Giovanni Branca
197:De Architectura
179:in 1st century
150:
140:
135:
97:Thomas Newcomen
63:in 1st-century
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
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3534:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3491:
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3488:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3348:
3345:Kinneil Engine
3341:
3339:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3317:Elsecar Engine
3314:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Steeple engine
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:Feedwater pump
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2962:Simple boilers
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2944:Watt's linkage
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:Connecting rod
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2630:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2599:
2586:
2568:
2556:
2538:
2514:
2490:
2473:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2422:
2415:
2395:
2370:
2348:
2339:
2332:
2308:
2289:(3): 685–710.
2271:
2252:(2): 167–190.
2230:
2221:
2207:
2192:
2172:
2155:
2138:
2126:
2119:
2101:
2094:
2070:
2054:
2033:
2027:978-0226726342
2026:
2008:
1999:|journal=
1952:
1939:
1926:
1880:
1855:
1846:
1825:
1816:
1778:
1753:
1735:
1716:
1700:
1693:
1669:
1657:
1650:
1632:
1623:
1616:
1581:
1574:
1551:
1544:
1526:
1509:
1480:
1468:Ahmad Y Hassan
1446:
1439:
1419:
1394:
1364:
1359:Steamboat Days
1340:
1315:
1296:
1281:
1266:, ed. (1911).
1264:Chisholm, Hugh
1255:
1248:
1230:
1223:
1203:
1194:
1182:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1139:steam turbines
1127:Main article:
1124:
1121:
1086:
1083:
1065:Corliss engine
1045:Main article:
1042:
1041:Corliss engine
1039:
953:
950:
942:Merthyr Tydfil
884:Delaware River
846:
845:
842:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
812:
809:
769:
766:
728:John Wilkinson
633:
630:
572:
569:
567:
564:
518:Main article:
515:
512:
495:steam digester
469:
466:
451:Samuel Morland
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
317:
314:
306:Steam Digester
139:
136:
134:
131:
26:Main article:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3660:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:Steam engines
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:Puffing Devil
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3431:High-pressure
3428:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3384:Rotative beam
3381:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3284:Savery Engine
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3257:Working fluid
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Rotative beam
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:hypocycloidal
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:Steam engines
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2589:
2587:0-521-45834-X
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:1-4021-4558-6
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2529:on 2011-10-06
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2505:on 2011-07-23
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2481:on 2011-07-18
2480:
2476:
2474:0-902809-46-6
2470:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2445:
2443:0-691-12324-1
2439:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2325:
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2320:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
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2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2151:0 11 290016 X
2148:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2120:0-86341-047-2
2116:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2067:1-85761-119-5
2064:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1991:
1977:on 2012-03-01
1973:
1966:
1962:
1961:Ayres, Robert
1956:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:on 2012-02-05
1869:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1754:0-8369-2167-4
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1694:0-521-09418-6
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1651:1-4021-6205-7
1647:
1643:
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1627:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1575:0-415-14792-1
1571:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1545:9788437067919
1541:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1499:on 2012-02-04
1498:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1440:1-4021-6205-7
1436:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1409:on 1997-06-29
1408:
1404:
1398:
1384:on 2008-05-09
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1336:3-519-01413-0
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1289:Aulus Gellius
1285:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1249:0-19-928980-8
1245:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1198:
1185:
1179:
1175:
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1120:
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1113:
1109:
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1097:
1092:
1081:
1076:
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1068:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
996:Samuel Groase
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
974:Around 1811,
968:
963:
959:
949:
947:
943:
940:ironworks at
939:
934:
931:
930:thermodynamic
926:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
898:
894:
893:Robert Fulton
890:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
859:
858:Jacob Leupold
854:
852:
843:
840:
839:
838:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
820:
817:
808:
804:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
787:rotative type
784:
780:
775:
765:
761:
759:
758:Lunar Society
755:
751:
747:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
709:
703:
701:
695:
691:
689:
684:
679:
674:
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666:
663:
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638:
629:
627:
622:
617:
613:
609:
601:
597:
593:
591:
587:
577:
563:
561:
556:
551:
546:
544:
540:
534:
530:
527:
526:Thomas Savery
521:
520:Thomas Savery
511:
509:
504:
500:
496:
485:
478:
474:
465:
462:
458:
456:
455:Thomas Savery
452:
448:
445:
444:Raglan Castle
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
412:
407:
405:
401:
400:Gaspar Schott
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
371:
366:
364:
363:Architonnerre
360:
356:
355:Architonnerre
351:
347:
346:Architonnerre
343:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:
321:
313:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
289:
286:In 1606, the
284:
282:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:Ottoman Egypt
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:steam turbine
229:
227:
226:Architonnerre
223:
218:
216:
212:
209:According to
207:
204:
199:
198:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:steam turbine
166:
158:
154:
149:
145:
130:
128:
123:
122:steam turbine
119:
114:
113:steam engines
110:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:Thomas Savery
86:
85:Denis Papin's
82:
81:Ottoman Egypt
78:
77:steam turbine
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:mentioned by
54:
50:
43:
42:Thomas Savery
39:
34:
29:
22:
21:Steam turbine
3597:Modern steam
3584:
3569:
3531:Porter-Allen
3510:
3444:
3371:
3351:
3308:
3266:
3242:Safety valve
3171:"Pickle-pot"
3065:Thimble tube
2650:. Retrieved
2646:the original
2642:HistoryWorld
2641:
2625:
2604:
2591:. Retrieved
2576:
2561:. Retrieved
2546:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2522:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:the original
2498:
2483:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2463:
2455:Bibliography
2432:
2425:
2405:
2398:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:
2373:
2364:
2342:
2318:
2311:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2249:
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2239:
2233:
2224:
2210:
2182:
2175:
2158:
2141:
2129:
2110:
2104:
2080:
2073:
2057:
2046:. Retrieved
2036:
2017:
2011:
1990:cite journal
1979:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1955:
1947:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1895:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:the original
1858:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1711:
1684:
1641:
1635:
1626:
1606:
1564:
1535:
1529:
1517:
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:the original
1490:
1483:
1471:
1429:
1422:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1377:
1367:
1358:
1327:
1318:
1299:
1293:LacusCurtius
1284:
1273:
1258:
1239:
1233:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1187:, retrieved
1165:
1156:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1080:Steam engine
1073:
1069:
1058:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:Watt engines
1000:
990:developed a
988:Arthur Woolf
984:William Sims
973:
935:
927:
920:
903:Oliver Evans
901:
877:
855:
847:
836:
818:
814:
805:
801:beam engines
794:
781:
777:
762:
744:
740:rotary power
737:
725:
721:Soho Foundry
705:
697:
692:
675:
671:
667:
662:Joseph Black
654:John Robison
643:
616:John Smeaton
614:
610:
606:
594:
583:
560:John Smeaton
547:
535:
531:
523:
508:safety valve
482:
459:
449:
433:
428:
415:
411:Robert Boyle
408:
403:
398:
379:
367:
339:
319:
299:
285:
278:
261:John Wilkins
230:
219:
208:
195:
189:
184:
162:
106:
49:steam engine
46:
37:
28:Steam engine
3638:Steam power
3328:Watt engine
3128:Oscillating
3084:Boiler feed
2929:Plate chain
2908:Tusi couple
2821:Walschaerts
2706:Atmospheric
2652:16 November
1013:(0.34
1005:(0.28
910:in 1811 in
865: 1725
708:Watt engine
658:latent heat
491: 1712
484:Denis Papin
477:Denis Papin
417:Denis Papin
302:Denis Papin
265:steam jacks
241:philosopher
237:Taqi al-Din
213:, in 1125,
181:Roman Egypt
107:During the
69:Taqi al-Din
65:Roman Egypt
3627:Categories
3537:Ljungström
3523:High-speed
3416:Lap Engine
3372:Resolution
3276:Precursors
3161:Kirchweger
3123:Locomotive
3070:Three-drum
3050:Field-tube
3017:Locomotive
2999:Lancashire
2919:Link chain
2903:Crankshaft
2870:Mechanisms
2798:Valve gear
2593:10 January
2563:2009-01-11
2533:2009-01-11
2509:2009-01-11
2485:2009-02-04
2416:0415147921
2389:2024-04-22
2048:2020-05-11
1981:2015-12-08
1874:2012-01-26
1840:2012-01-26
1732:(6): 42–3.
1503:2012-01-26
1413:2012-01-26
1388:2008-04-23
1189:2024-04-21
1149:References
1141:and later
938:Penydarren
912:Pittsburgh
880:John Fitch
796:Lap Engine
750:condensing
686:through a
650:James Watt
588:with his "
543:Wednesbury
273:escapement
245:astronomer
148:Steam jack
142:See also:
133:Precursors
73:steam jack
3568:Cugnot's
3511:Salamanca
3212:Hydrolock
3197:Crosshead
3143:Condenser
2979:Egg-ended
2303:154050461
1811:186208904
1763:cite book
897:steamboat
726:In 1774,
626:Austhorpe
503:gunpowder
468:Cylinders
434:In 1663,
375:barometer
368:In 1643,
310:Bone meal
192:Vitruvius
173:aeolipile
157:Aeolipile
144:Aeolipile
91:'s steam
57:Vitruvius
53:aeolipile
36:The 1698
3551:See also
3477:Compound
3352:Old Bess
3192:Blowback
3115:Cylinder
3101:Injector
3060:Stirling
3055:Sentinel
2969:Haystack
2883:Cataract
2856:Southern
2846:Caprotti
2721:Compound
2636:(2001).
2574:(1993).
2544:(1894).
2266:56298553
2202:65340979
1963:(1989).
1914:27-24075
1905:16011753
1683:(1969).
1470:(1976),
1460:Archived
1308:Archived
406:(1657).
386:air pump
288:Spaniard
249:engineer
165:Archytas
51:was the
3267:History
3176:Surface
2994:Cornish
2954:Boilers
2836:Corliss
2773:Corliss
2756:D slide
2726:Uniflow
2716:Cornish
700:Smeaton
698:"When
584:It was
390:air gun
3579:(1784)
3573:(1769)
3539:(1908)
3533:(1862)
3514:(1812)
3506:(1805)
3496:Murray
3487:(1803)
3466:(1804)
3460:(1803)
3454:(1803)
3448:(1801)
3418:(1788)
3412:(1786)
3406:(1785)
3400:(1783)
3394:(1782)
3375:(1781)
3367:(1779)
3361:(1778)
3355:(1777)
3347:(1768)
3319:(1795)
3313:(1760)
3305:(1725)
3286:(1698)
3252:Stroke
3217:Piston
3202:Cutoff
3075:Yarrow
3027:Launch
3022:Scotch
2783:Sleeve
2778:Poppet
2763:Piston
2744:Valves
2736:Valves
2584:
2554:
2471:
2440:
2413:
2330:
2301:
2264:
2200:
2190:
2153:, p.12
2149:
2117:
2092:
2065:
2024:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1809:
1751:
1691:
1648:
1614:
1572:
1542:
1437:
1334:
1246:
1221:
1180:
359:Talent
171:, the
3185:Other
2989:Flued
2974:Wagon
2898:Crank
2841:Lentz
2831:Baker
2826:Allan
2751:Slide
2324:83–85
2299:S2CID
2262:S2CID
2167:(PDF)
1975:(PDF)
1968:(PDF)
1807:S2CID
688:gland
621:power
215:Reims
3337:Beam
2878:Beam
2788:Bash
2768:Drop
2711:Watt
2654:2009
2610:see
2595:2009
2582:ISBN
2552:ISBN
2469:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2411:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2198:OCLC
2188:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2136:p.21
2115:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2063:ISBN
2022:ISBN
2003:help
1918:ISBN
1910:LCCN
1901:LCCN
1773:link
1769:link
1749:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1612:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1059:The
960:and
423:and
348:, a
257:spit
247:and
239:, a
146:and
93:pump
75:, a
3156:Jet
2984:Box
2816:Joy
2806:Gab
2291:doi
2254:doi
1799:doi
1326:):
1170:doi
1015:MPa
1011:psi
1007:MPa
1003:psi
555:FRS
194:in
99:'s
71:'s
3629::
2640:.
2521:.
2497:.
2382:.
2351:^
2326:.
2297:.
2287:63
2285:.
2260:.
2250:77
2248:.
2196:.
2088:.
2086:47
1994::
1992:}}
1988:{{
1924:).
1883:^
1805:.
1795:47
1793:.
1789:.
1765:}}
1761:{{
1730:16
1728:.
1703:^
1672:^
1660:^
1584:^
1554:^
1449:^
1376:.
1357:.
1343:^
1324:CE
1272:.
1176:,
1164:,
1145:.
925:.
918:.
899:.
862:c.
803:.
552:,
488:c.
396:.
312:.
297:.
243:,
187:.
129:.
111:,
83:,
2684:e
2677:t
2670:v
2656:.
2608:.
2597:.
2566:.
2536:.
2512:.
2488:.
2446:.
2419:.
2392:.
2336:.
2305:.
2293::
2268:.
2256::
2218:.
2204:.
2169:.
2123:.
2098:.
2051:.
2030:.
2005:)
2001:(
1984:.
1877:.
1843:.
1813:.
1801::
1775:)
1697:.
1654:.
1620:.
1578:.
1548:.
1506:.
1478:.
1443:.
1416:.
1391:.
1338:.
1252:.
1227:.
1172::
159:.
23:.
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