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were set up especially to support this curve. During her three years in drydock, the center keel blocks were gradually shortened, allowing the hog to settle out. Additionally, the diagonal riders specified in her original design to resist hogging, which had been removed in an earlier refit, were
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experiences that causes the center or the keel to bend upward. Sagging is the stress a ship's hull or keel is placed under when a wave is the same length as the ship and the ship is in the trough of two waves. This causes the middle of the ship to bend down slightly, and depending on the level of
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Hogging, or "hog", also refers to the semi-permanent bend in the keel, especially in wooden-hulled ships, caused over time by the ship's center's being more buoyant than the bow or stern. At the beginning of her 1992 refit,
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178:". The amount of deflection varies in accordance with the beam's stiffness, the span between supports, and the load it carries. Sagging is a common problem in older houses.
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During loading and discharging cargo, ships bend (hog or sag) due to the distribution of the weights in the various holds and tanks on board.
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162:, by applying what is called a "3/4 mean draft". This method is also called the "two-thirds mean correction", directly derived from
386:"How to Fix Sagging Floors: Understanding the common structural shortcomings that cause floors to sag and what to do about them"
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Diagram of ship's hull that is (1) sagging and (2) hogging under loads. Bending is exaggerated for illustrative purposes.
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303:. Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Department of the Navy. 9 February 2004. Archived from
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is submerged or not. Therefore, sagging can reduce her effective cargo capacity – especially if her
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has already been reached prematurely due to the sag. This is taken into account when calculating
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was attributed to hogging. Subsequent lawsuits blamed the shipbuilder for design flaws.
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The maximum amount of cargo that a vessel can load often depends on whether her
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had 36 inches (91 cm) of hog before refitting in the mid-1990s.
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359:"Design > Code Requirements > What is Allowable Deflection ?"
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had over 13 inches (33 cm) of hog. The keel blocks in the
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218:"Mitsubishi Heavy sued for ¥60 bil. over sunken freighter"
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In building construction, the sagging of beams is called "
271:"The Constellation Restoration Effort - After Two Years"
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describes a beam that curves upwards in the middle, and
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Sagging or dynamic hogging may have been what sank the
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Diagram showing hogging stress and the diagonal risers
249:"USS Constitution Rehabilitation And Restoration"
16:Shapes a beam deforms into when loads are applied
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275:San Francisco Maritime National Park Association
89:bend, may cause the hull to snap or crack.
420:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
301:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
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414:This article incorporates text from the
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59:describes a beam that curves downwards.
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224:. The Yomiuri Shimbun. Archived from
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269:Linden, Louis F. (14 July 1997).
247:Otton, Patrick (11 August 1997).
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101:The 2013 loss of container ship
277:. Constellation Foundation, Inc
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216:Jiji Press (7 December 2014).
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384:Jordan, Steve (14 May 2019),
327:"Measurement of bulk cargoes"
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132:restored. The similar-sized
43:or similar long object will
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392:, Cruz Bay Publishing, Inc.
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438:s 1994 restoration article
188:Glossary of nautical terms
39:describe the shape that a
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365:. Weyerhaeuser Company
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25:structural engineering
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465:Nautical terminology
164:Simpson's first rule
460:Structural analysis
228:on 10 December 2014
115:Time-induced stress
334:Carefully to Carry
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307:on 15 August 2006
193:Strength of ships
107:off the coast of
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396:14 February
369:14 February
281:18 February
104:MOL Comfort
454:Categories
363:Trus Joist
232:6 December
204:References
198:Hog chains
176:deflection
47:into when
134:USS
122:USS
182:See also
156:loadline
95:Prestige
129:drydock
57:sagging
53:Hogging
49:loading
37:sagging
33:hogging
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311:2 July
254:2 July
45:deform
27:, and
345:(PDF)
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160:cargo
109:Yemen
63:Ships
398:2020
371:2020
313:2006
283:2020
256:2006
234:2014
86:keel
82:hull
41:beam
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