353:
161:
519:
238:, the HCO was when human impact on the environment first became clearly detectable in sedimentological records, with the portion of the HCO from 9,000 to 7,500 BP being associated with minimal human impact and environmental stability, the portion from 7,500 to 6,300 BP with human impact only observed in pollen records, and the portion after 6,300 BP with substantial human influence on the environment.
25:
491:), was drilled in 1977, with a new deep drill to 325 m. The ice core contained distinct melt layers all the way to the bedrock. That indicates that Hans Tausen Iskappe contains no ice from the last glaciation and so the world's northernmost ice cap melted away during the post-glacial climatic optimum and was rebuilt when the climate cooled some 4000 years ago.
565:. Different sites often show climate changes at somewhat different times and lasting for different durations. At some locations, climate changes may have begun as early as 11,000 years ago or have persisted until 4,000 years ago. As noted above, the warmest interval in the far south significantly preceded warming in the north.
476:, Northwest Greenland, shows the post-glacial climatic optimum. Points of correlation indicate that in both locations, the HCO (post-glacial climatic optimum) probably occurred at the same time. A similar comparison is evident between the Dye 3 1979 and the Camp Century 1963 cores regarding this period.
455:
retreated approximately 80 kilometres landward during this warm interval. By 6,000 years ago, which is normally associated with the
Holocene Climatic Optimum in the Northern Hemisphere, those regions had reached temperatures similar to today, and they did not participate in the temperature changes of
404:
fauna. A curious discovery from the marine sediments is that the transitions into and out of the wet period occurred within decades, not the previously-thought extended periods. It is hypothesized that humans played a role in altering the vegetation structure of North Africa at some point after 8,000
192:
were colder than average. The average temperature change appears to have declined rapidly with latitude and so essentially no change in mean temperature is reported at low and middle latitudes. Tropical reefs tend to show temperature increases of less than 1 °C. The tropical ocean surface at the
302:
shed light on increased summer precipitation and a warmer and wetter overall climate in the region. The stability of the Middle
Holocene climate in China fostered the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in the region. In the Korean Peninsula, arboreal pollen records the HCO as occurring
2036:
1161:
D.S. Kaufman; T.A. Ager; N.J. Anderson; P.M. Anderson; J. T. Andrews; P. J. Bartlein; L. B. Brubaker; L.L. Coats; L. C. Cwynar; M. L. Duvall; A. S. Dyke; M.E. Edwards; W.R. Eisner; K. Gajewski; A. Geirsdottir; F.S. Hu; A.E. Jennings; M. R. Kaplan; M. W. Kerwin; A. V. Lozhkin; G.M. MacDonald; G.H.
207:
Of 140 sites across the western Arctic, there is clear evidence for conditions that were warmer than now at 120 sites. At 16 sites for which quantitative estimates have been obtained, local temperatures were on average 1.6±0.8 °C higher during the optimum than now. Northwestern North
America
281:
in the
Northern Hemisphere, the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) rain belt expanded to the northwest, penetrating deep into the Asian interior. The EASM, being significantly weaker before and after the HCO, peaked in strength during this interval, though the exact timing of its maximum intensity
502:
has always been separated from the inland ice, but all of the delta-leaps revealed in the Camp
Century 1963 core recurred in the Renland 1985 ice core. The Renland ice core from East Greenland apparently covers a full glacial cycle from the Holocene into the previous
560:
would predict maximum climate response several thousand years earlier than those observed in the
Northern Hemisphere. The delay may be a result of the continuing changes in climate, as the Earth emerged from the last glacial period and related to
1250:
Vinther, B. M.; Buchardt, S. L.; Clausen, H. B.; Dahl-Jensen, D.; Johnsen, S. J.; Fisher, D. A.; Koerner, R. M.; Raynaud, D.; Lipenkov, V.; Andersen, K. K.; Blunier, T.; Rasmussen, S. O.; Steffensen, J. P.; Svensson, A. M. (17 September 2009).
573:
Significant temperature changes do not appear to have occurred at most low-latitude sites, but other climate changes have been reported, such as significantly wetter conditions in Africa, Australia and Japan and desert-like conditions in the
456:
the north. However, some authors have used the term "Holocene
Climatic Optimum" to describe the earlier southern warm period as well; typically, the term "Early Holocene Climatic Optimum" is used for the Southern Hemisphere warm interval.
2984:
2593:
120:
The warm period was followed by a gradual decline, of about 0.1 to 0.3 °C per millennium, until about two centuries ago. However, on a sub-millennial scale, there were regional warm periods superimposed on this decline.
172:. A study in 2020 estimated that the average global temperature during the warmest 200 year period of the HCO, around 6,500 years ago, was around 0.7 °C warmer than the mean for nineteenth century AD, immediately before the
276:
The HCO was highly asynchronous in
Central and East Asia, though it at least occurred contemporaneously in the Loess Plateau, the Inner Mongolian Plateau, and Xinjiang. As a result of rising sea levels and decay of
2907:
P.W. Williams; D.N.T. King; J.-X. Zhao K.D. Collerson (2004). "Speleothem master chronologies: combined
Holocene O and C records from the North Island of New Zealand and their paleoenvironmental interpretation".
1770:
2845:
Masson, V.; Vimeux, F.; Jouzel, J.; Morgan, V.; Delmotte, M.; Ciais,P.; Hammer, C.; Johnsen, S.; Lipenkov, V.Y.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Petit, J.-R.; Steig, E.J.; Stievenard, M.; Vaikmae, R. (November 2000).
459:
In New
Zealand, the HCO was associated with a 2 °C temperature gradient across the subtropical front (STF), a sharp contrast with the 6 °C observed today. Westerly winds in New Zealand were reduced.
164:
Temperature variations during the Holocene from a collection of different reconstructions and their average. The most recent period is on the right, but the recent warming is seen only in the inset.
760:
549:(+40 W/m) to the Northern Hemisphere in summer, which tended to cause more heating. There seems to have been the predicted southward shift in the global band of thunderstorms, the
290:
valley of southern Tibet, precipitation was up to twice as high as it is today during the middle Holocene. In the Huai River basin, the HCO began 9,100 to 8,000 BP. Pollen records from
2954:
349:
was approximately 0.5 metres higher than it is today. Sedimentary infill of lagoons was retarded by the sea level highstand and accelerated after the HCO, when sea levels dropped.
727:
2007:"A regional record of expanded Holocene wetlands and prehistoric human occupation from paleowetland deposits of the western Yarlung Tsangpo valley, southern Tibetan Plateau"
1430:"Human and climatic impact on the environment as derived from colluvial, fluvial and lacustrine archives—examples from the Bronze Age to the Migration period, Germany"
3226:
Hansson M, Holmén K (15 November 2001). "High latitude biospheric activity during the Last Glacial Cycle revealed by ammonium variations in Greenland Ice Cores".
1589:"Lateglacial and Holocene environmental changes in the Southern Urals reflected in palynological, geochemical and diatom records from the Lake Syrytkul sediments"
1102:"The seasonal water temperature cycle in the Arctic Dicksonfjord (Svalbard) during the Holocene Climate Optimum derived from subfossil Arctica islandica shells"
269:, while its termination occurred between 6,300 and 5,100 BP. Winter warming of 3 to 9 °C and summer warming of 2 to 6 °C occurred in northern central
2717:
972:
46:
1939:
Zhang, Jingwei; Kong, Xinggong; Zhao, Kan; Wang, Yongjin; Liu, Shushuang; Wang, Zhenjun; Liu, Jianwei; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence (15 November 2020).
405:
years ago by introducing domesticated animals, which contributed to the rapid transition to the arid conditions that are now found in many locations in the
2100:"Late Pleistocene-Holocene vegetation history and anthropogenic activities deduced from pollen spectra and archaeological data at Guxu Lake, eastern China"
537:
The effect would have had the maximum heating of the Northern Hemisphere 9,000 years ago, when the axial tilt was 24° and the nearest approach to the Sun (
2212:"Abrupt Holocene climate shifts in coastal East Asia, including the 8.2 ka, 4.2 ka, and 2.8 ka BP events, and societal responses on the Korean peninsula"
2157:
Zhang, Zhiping; Liu, Jianbao; Chen, Jie; Chen, Shengqian; Shen, Zhongwei; Chen, Jie; Liu, Xiaokang; Wu, Duo; Sheng, Yongwei; Chen, Fahu (January 2021).
3343:
216:
in Alaska, there are indications of summer temperatures 2–3 °C warmer than now. Research indicates that the Arctic had less sea ice than now. The
1196:
2885:
2823:
2790:
2745:
2459:
2406:
1945:
1917:
1864:
1831:
1669:
1618:
1565:
1406:
1373:
904:
Kaufman, Darrell; McKay, Nicholas; Routson, Cody; Erb, Michael; Dätwyler, Christoph; Sommer, Philipp S.; Heiri, Oliver; Davis, Basil (30 June 2022).
882:
234:, forest cover reached its peak between 9,760 and 7,360 years BP as a result of high moisture availability and warm temperatures during the HCO. In
3324:
3166:
3111:
3133:
Prebble, J. G.; Bostock, H. C.; Cortese, G.; Lorrey, A. M.; Hayward, B. W.; Calvo, E.; Northcote, L. C.; Scott, G. H.; Neil, H. L. (August 2017).
2058:
Jiang, Shiwei; Luo, Wuhong; Tu, Luyao; Yu, Yanyan; Fang, Fang; Liu, Xiaoyan; Zhan, Tao; Fang, Lidong; Zhang, Xiaolin; Zhou, Xin (14 August 2018).
2367:
Shaji, Jithu; Banerji, Upasana S.; Maya, K.; Joshi, Kumar Batuk; Dabhi, Ankur J.; Bharti, Nisha; Bhushan, Ravi; Padmalal, D. (30 December 2022).
1512:
750:
1459:
180:
expressed medium confidence that temperatures in the last decade are higher than they were in the Mid-Holocene Warm Period. Temperatures in the
1320:
Davis, B.A.S.; Brewer, S.; Stevenson, A.C.; Guiot, J. (2003). "The temperature of Europe during the Holocene reconstructed from pollen data".
286:
were extensively forested because of higher rainfall, and the warm temperate forest belts in China and Japan were extended northwards. In the
1491:. Environmental response to climate and human impact in central Eur ope during the last 15000 years - a German contribution to PAGES-PEPIII.
1438:. Environmental response to climate and human impact in central Eur ope during the last 15000 years - a German contribution to PAGES-PEPIII.
1369:"Time-transgressive Holocene maximum of temperate and Mediterranean forest development across the Iberian Peninsula reflects orbital forcing"
2345:
2188:
1694:
2762:
2544:
Kappelmann, Yannis; Westphal, Hildegard; Kneer, Dominik; Wu, Henry C.; Wizemann, André; Jompa, Jamaluddin; Mann, Thomas (28 March 2023).
2300:
1886:
An, Zhisheng; Porter, Stephen C.; Kutzbach, John E.; Xihao, Wu; Suming, Wang; Xiaodong, Liu; Xiaoqiang, Li; Weijian, Zhou (April 2000).
719:
2481:
Bender, Maren; Mann, Thomas; Stocchi, Paolo; Kneer, Dominik; Schöne, Tilo; Illigner, Julia; Jompa, Jamaluddin; Rovere, Alessio (2020).
1139:
1078:
33:
2428:
Mann, Thomas; Rovere, Alessio; Schöne, Tilo; Klicpera, André; Stocchi, Paolo; Lukman, Muhammad; Westphal, Hildegard (15 March 2016).
2784:
Llano, Carina; De Porras, MarĂa Eugenia; Barberena, Ramiro; Timpson, Adrian; Beltrame, M. Ornela; Marsh, Erik J. (1 November 2020).
1979:
1220:
335:, the HCO was associated with colder winters due to a stronger East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM), causing frequent coral die-offs.
2615:
696:
597:
3062:
Bostock, H. C.; Prebble, J. G.; Cortese, G.; Hayward, B.; Calvo, E.; QuirĂłs-Collazos, L.; Kienast, M.; Kim, K. (31 March 2019).
1766:"Warming-induced northwestward migration of the East Asian monsoon rain belt from the Last Glacial Maximum to the mid-Holocene"
829:
2522:
3210:
3139:
3068:
2786:"Human resilience to Holocene climate changes inferred from rodent middens in drylands of northwestern Patagonia (Argentina)"
1663:
Gao, Fuyuan; Jia, Jia; Xia, Dunsheng; Lu, Caichen; Lu, Hao; Wang, Youjun; Liu, Hao; Ma, Yapeng; Li, Kaiming (15 March 2019).
1002:
1162:
Miller; C.J. Mock; W. W. Oswald; B.L. Otto-Bliesner; D. F. Porinchu; K. Ruhland; J.P. Smol; E.J. Steig; B.B. Wolfe (2004).
342:, the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) heavily intensified, creating a hot and wet climate in India along with high sea levels.
282:
varied by region; intensified westerlies occasionally caused dry spells in China during the HCO. Current desert regions of
2328:
1298:
3135:"Evidence for a Holocene Climatic Optimum in the southwest Pacific: A multiproxy study: Holocene Optimum in SW Pacific"
421:
drainage basin in the present were entirely absent. Southwestern Africa experienced increased humidity during the HCO.
2690:"Middle and late quaternary oceanography and climatology of the Zaire-Congo fan and the adjacent Eastern Angola basin"
3277:"Responses of Amazonian ecosystems to climatic and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes since the Last Glacial Maximum"
2060:"The Holocene optimum (HO) and the response of human activity: A case study of the Huai River Basin in eastern China"
1224:
624:
510:
Although the depths are different, the GRIP and NGRIP cores also contain the climatic optimum at very similar times.
959:
2322:
Yu, Ke-Fu; Zhao, Jian-Xin; Liu, Tung-Sheng; Wei, Gang-Jian; Wang, Pin-Xian; Collerson, Kenneth D (30 July 2004).
2980:
1483:"Environmental changes during the Holocene climatic optimum in central Europe - human impact and natural causes"
1039:
Gagan, Michael K.; Ayliffe, LK; Hopley, D; Cali, JA; Mortimer, GE; Chappell, J; McCulloch, MT; Head, MJ (1998).
1827:"Pollen reconstruction and vegetation dynamics of the middle Holocene maximum summer monsoon in northern China"
550:
212:
still chilled eastern Canada. Northeastern North America experienced peak warming 4,000 years later. Along the
3228:
968:
177:
2955:"Sediment core from beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, suggests mid-Holocene ice-shelf retreat"
2847:
2785:
2429:
1887:
1826:
1825:
Wang, Wei; Liu, Lina; Li, Yanyan; Niu, Zhimei; He, Jiang; Ma, Yuzhen; Mensing, Scott A. (15 August 2019).
1764:
Yang, Shiling; Ding, Zhongli; Li, Yangyang; Wang, Xu; Jiang, Wengying; Huang, Xiaofang (12 October 2015).
1536:"The Holocene climatic optimum and pollen records of sapropel 1 in the eastern Mediterranean, 9000–6000BP"
1368:
1163:
852:
971:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (In Press). p. SPM-9.
197:
about 5350 years ago was 1 °C warmer and enriched in O by 0.5 per mil relative to modern seawater.
2651:
1892:
1540:
1487:
1434:
1322:
1171:
857:
144:
2368:
1588:
1535:
1482:
1429:
632: – Time period c. 12,900–11,700 years ago with Northern Hemisphere glacial cooling and SH warming
3270:
1100:
Beierlein, Lars; Salvigsen, Otto; Schöne, Bernd R; Mackensen, Andreas; Brey, Thomas (16 April 2015).
2210:
Park, Jungjae; Park, Jinheum; Yi, Sangheon; Kim, Jin Cheul; Lee, Eunmi; Choi, Jieun (25 July 2019).
1367:
Gomes, S. D.; Fletcher, W. J.; Rodrigues, T.; Stone, A.; Abrantes, F.; Naughton, F. (15 July 2020).
3006:
Ciais, P; Petit, J R; Jouzel, J; Lorius, C; Barkov, N I; Lipenkov, V; NicolaĂŻev, V (January 1992).
2373:
2159:"Holocene climatic optimum in the East Asian monsoon region of China defined by climatic stability"
2064:
1642:"Regional signatures of changing landscape and climate of northern central Siberia in the Holocene"
1593:
1344:
575:
85:, with a thermal maximum around 8000 years BP. It has also been known by many other names, such as
2546:"Fluctuating sea-level and reversing Monsoon winds drive Holocene lagoon infill in Southeast Asia"
2005:
Hudson, Adam M.; Olsen, John W.; Quade, Jay; Lei, Guoliang; Huth, Tyler; Zhang, Hucai (May 2016).
2434:
2323:
2275:
2158:
2059:
1940:
1664:
562:
312:
308:
38:
2740:
1718:"Holocene climatic and environmental changes in the arid and semi-arid areas of China: a review"
3063:
1339:
2270:
3318:
2324:"High-frequency winter cooling and reef coral mortality during the Holocene climatic optimum"
2163:
440:, with the region becoming more humid during the Late Holocene following the end of the HCO.
346:
213:
173:
2741:"Holocene climatic optimum in Southwest Africa—evidence from the marine clay mineral record"
1717:
1040:
3237:
2968:
2919:
2861:
2799:
2660:
2559:
2496:
2443:
2225:
2113:
2020:
1901:
1840:
1779:
1382:
1331:
1180:
1101:
1054:
1011:
797:
784:"No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era"
664:
615:
609:
542:
443:
In the far Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand and Antarctica), the warmest period during the
369:
209:
169:
1041:"Temperature and Surface-Ocean Water Balance of the Mid-Holocene Tropical Western Pacific"
8:
2852:
2487:
2011:
1941:"Centennial-scale climatic changes in Central China during the Holocene climatic optimum"
527:
480:
448:
447:
appears to have been roughly 10,500 to 8,000 years ago, immediately after the end of the
339:
223:
217:
189:
181:
3241:
2972:
2923:
2865:
2803:
2664:
2580:
2563:
2500:
2447:
2229:
2117:
2024:
1983:
1905:
1844:
1783:
1386:
1335:
1228:
1184:
1058:
1015:
801:
668:
612: – Time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250
303:
from 8,900 to 4,400 BP, with its core period being 7,600 to 4,800 BP. Sea levels in the
3301:
3276:
3253:
3103:
3037:
3008:"Evidence for an early Holocene climatic optimum in the Antarctic deep ice-core record"
2935:
2877:
2815:
2550:
2514:
2398:
2292:
2246:
2216:
2211:
2180:
2134:
2104:
2099:
1856:
1802:
1765:
1686:
1641:
1398:
1290:
1131:
958:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.).
932:
905:
821:
688:
591:
194:
126:
3064:"Paleoproductivity in the SW Pacific Ocean During the Early Holocene Climatic Optimum"
2689:
2688:
Jansen, J. H. F.; Van Weering, T. C. E.; Gieles, R.; Van Iperen, J. (1 October 1984).
2623:
2369:"Holocene monsoon and sea-level variability from coastal lowlands of Kerala, SW India"
1913:
1553:
1500:
1447:
1353:
650:
526:
The climatic event was probably a result of predictable changes in the Earth's orbit (
3348:
3306:
3272:
3257:
3206:
3107:
3095:
3041:
3029:
2959:
2939:
2881:
2819:
2758:
2709:
2705:
2585:
2545:
2518:
2402:
2390:
2251:
2184:
2139:
2006:
1860:
1807:
1739:
1690:
1610:
1557:
1504:
1451:
1402:
1282:
1274:
1135:
1123:
1070:
1045:
937:
874:
825:
813:
680:
655:
231:
148:
2296:
2176:
1192:
870:
692:
649:
Marcott, Shaun A.; Shakun, Jeremy D.; Clark, Peter U.; Mix, Alan C. (8 March 2013).
3296:
3288:
3245:
3156:
3148:
3085:
3077:
3021:
3012:
2976:
2927:
2869:
2807:
2754:
2701:
2668:
2575:
2567:
2504:
2482:
2455:
2451:
2382:
2337:
2284:
2241:
2233:
2172:
2129:
2121:
2073:
2028:
1954:
1909:
1848:
1797:
1787:
1731:
1678:
1602:
1549:
1496:
1443:
1390:
1349:
1294:
1266:
1257:
1188:
1115:
1062:
1019:
927:
919:
866:
805:
788:
672:
381:
320:
200:
Temperatures during the HCO were higher than in the present by around 6 °C in
133:
2848:"Holocene climate variability in Antarctica based on 11 ice-core isotopic records"
1597:. The Quaternary of the Urals: Global trends and Pan-European Quaternary records.
1066:
906:"Holocene global mean surface temperature, a multi-method reconstruction approach"
160:
2906:
2811:
2386:
2077:
1958:
1852:
1682:
1606:
1394:
910:
557:
546:
452:
437:
377:
332:
287:
266:
227:
2032:
380:
by changes in summer radiation, which resulted from long-term variations in the
319:
and pushed cold water off of the cooler Primorsky Current to the northeast. The
2571:
2430:"The magnitude of a mid-Holocene sea-level highstand in the Strait of Makassar"
2341:
2237:
2125:
1771:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1319:
1160:
651:"A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years"
603:
499:
433:
410:
328:
262:
235:
82:
78:
3007:
2931:
2288:
1735:
1252:
923:
809:
3337:
3099:
3033:
2713:
2673:
2646:
2394:
1743:
1614:
1561:
1508:
1455:
1278:
1127:
1119:
878:
755:
629:
606: – Climatic cooling after the Medieval Warm Period (16th–19th centuries)
429:
3134:
2509:
2483:"Late Holocene (0–6 ka) sea-level changes in the Makassar Strait, Indonesia"
1792:
783:
676:
352:
184:
are simulated to be warmer than present average during the summers, but the
3310:
3292:
2910:
2873:
2589:
2255:
2143:
1811:
1722:
1286:
1106:
998:"Tropical Pacific climate at the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum"
941:
817:
684:
579:
473:
469:
401:
389:
304:
283:
1428:
Zolitschka, Bernd; Behre, Karl-Ernst; Schneider, JĂĽrgen (1 January 2003).
1074:
3249:
3152:
3081:
2271:"The Holocene climatic optimum at the southern coast of the Sea of Japan"
1024:
997:
853:"A global perspective on Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene climate change"
418:
242:
140:
71:
3161:
3090:
2844:
1270:
3025:
751:"Climate myths: It's been far warmer in the past, what's the big deal?"
538:
484:
278:
1587:
Maslennikova, A. V.; Udachin, V. N.; Aminov, P. G. (28 October 2016).
2098:
Qiu, Zhenwei; Jiang, Hongen; Ding, Lanlan; Shang, Xue (9 June 2020).
488:
425:
397:
518:
376:
was much wetter than now. That was caused by a strengthening of the
444:
361:
324:
316:
291:
247:
208:
reached peak warmth first, from 11,000 to 9,000 years ago, but the
201:
75:
1481:
Kalis, Arie J; Merkt, Josef; Wunderlich, JĂĽrgen (1 January 2003).
356:
Vegetation and water bodies in northern and central Africa in the
2687:
2647:"Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period"
1249:
1099:
861:. Special Theme: Arctic Palaeoclimate Synthesis (PP. 1674-1790).
531:
495:
414:
295:
270:
251:
185:
1665:"Asynchronous Holocene Climate Optimum across mid-latitude Asia"
530:) and a continuation of changes that caused the end of the last
24:
2616:"Abrupt Climate Changes Revisited: How Serious and How Likely?"
1639:
504:
406:
373:
357:
255:
2783:
995:
618: – Series of alternating glacial and interglacial periods
541:) was during the Northern Hemisphere's summer. The calculated
372:, an interval between 16,000 and 6,000 years ago during which
245:, the HCO was associated with frost-free winters and abundant
3202:
299:
81:, that occurred in the interval roughly 9,500 to 5,500 years
3061:
3132:
2981:
10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0127:SCFBTA>2.0.CO;2
1366:
955:
393:
1164:"Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0–180 W)"
782:
Neukom, R; Steiger, N; GĂłmez-Navarro, J.J (24 July 2019).
781:
2543:
2377:. Shifting Quaternary Climate over Indian sub-Continent.
1888:"Asynchronous Holocene optimum of the East Asian monsoon"
1586:
472:, West Antarctica (2164 m ice core recovered, 1968), and
385:
2427:
2269:
Evstigneeva, T. A.; Naryshkina, N. N. (8 January 2011).
1427:
720:"Study Charts 2,000 Years of Continental Climate Change"
642:
258:
and Neolithic population growth occurred in the region.
254:. It was during this interval that the domestication of
176:, and 0.3 °C cooler than the average for 2011-2019. The
620:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3005:
2480:
1038:
903:
2366:
2268:
1885:
851:
Shakun, Jeremy D.; Carlson, Anders E. (1 July 2010).
648:
2953:
Hemer, Mark A.; Harris, Peter T. (1 February 2003).
1716:
Feng, Z.-D.; An, C. B.; Wang, H. B. (January 2006).
1480:
2004:
594: – Rapid global cooling around 8,200 years ago
507:interglacial. The Renland ice core is 325 m long.
2791:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2746:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2097:
1946:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1938:
1832:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1670:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1374:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
582:show temperature increases and drier conditions.
307:were 2-6 metres higher than in the present, with
168:The HCO was approximately 4.9 °C warmer than the
3335:
2156:
1533:
3281:Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences
1818:
961:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
368:West African sediments additionally record the
16:Global warm period around 9,000–5,000 years ago
2608:
1763:
1633:
1253:"Holocene thinning of the Greenland ice sheet"
226:experienced warming, but there was cooling in
3225:
2777:
2209:
1360:
850:
3323:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
2900:
2321:
2057:
1824:
954:
3275:, William D. Gosling, Mark B. Bush (2004).
3196:
2952:
1662:
1154:
147:, associated with the climate optimum, see
3199:Frozen Annals Greenland Ice Sheet Research
2838:
1715:
1640:Koshkarova, V.L.; Koshkarov, A.D. (2004).
1534:Rossignol-Strick, Martine (1 April 1999).
463:
3344:History of climate variability and change
3300:
3264:
3181:
3160:
3089:
2672:
2579:
2508:
2245:
2133:
1801:
1791:
1343:
1313:
1023:
996:Kitoh, Akio; Murakami, Shigenori (2002).
967:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
931:
417:that make up the coastal lowlands of the
3219:
3205:, Denmark: Narayana Press. p. 124.
1032:
748:
517:
351:
159:
132:For other past climate fluctuation, see
125:For other temperature fluctuations, see
49:of all important aspects of the article.
2738:
1980:"Eurasia During the Last 150,000 Years"
598:Hockey stick graph (global temperature)
3336:
2644:
1142:from the original on 18 September 2023
717:
513:
468:A comparison of the delta profiles at
220:thinned, particularly at its margins.
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
3140:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
3069:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
1213:
1003:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
763:from the original on 26 December 2021
730:from the original on 26 December 2021
432:, was significantly drier during the
261:The onset of the HCO in the southern
2987:from the original on 27 January 2023
2826:from the original on 6 December 2022
2645:Wright, David K. (26 January 2017).
2303:from the original on 29 January 2023
2191:from the original on 27 October 2022
2087:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1968:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1867:from the original on 6 December 2022
1409:from the original on 6 November 2022
1301:from the original on 4 February 2024
699:from the original on 3 February 2023
18:
2694:Netherlands Journal of Sea Research
2329:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
885:from the original on 3 October 2023
13:
2765:from the original on 14 April 2024
2525:from the original on 27 April 2023
2462:from the original on 22 April 2023
1462:from the original on 18 March 2012
1081:from the original on 14 March 2023
396:, containing typical African lake
14:
3360:
3169:from the original on 19 June 2024
3114:from the original on 19 June 2024
2888:from the original on 22 June 2023
2720:from the original on 19 June 2024
2596:from the original on 19 June 2024
2409:from the original on 19 June 2024
2039:from the original on 19 June 2024
1920:from the original on 10 July 2023
1697:from the original on 23 July 2023
1621:from the original on 19 June 2024
1568:from the original on 19 June 2024
1515:from the original on 8 March 2022
1225:National Snow and Ice Data Center
832:from the original on 19 June 2024
625:Timeline of environmental history
155:
2620:USGCRP Seminar, 23 February 1998
2348:from the original on 18 May 2023
718:Revkin, Andrew (22 April 2013).
600: – Graph in climate science
568:
23:
3126:
3055:
2999:
2946:
2739:Gingele, Franz X. (June 1996).
2732:
2681:
2638:
2537:
2474:
2421:
2360:
2315:
2262:
2203:
2177:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103450
2150:
2091:
2051:
1998:
1972:
1932:
1879:
1757:
1709:
1656:
1580:
1527:
1474:
1421:
1243:
1202:from the original on 2021-03-02
1193:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.09.007
1093:
978:from the original on 2021-08-13
871:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.016
749:Chandler, David (16 May 2007).
107:Holocene global thermal maximum
37:may be too short to adequately
2456:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.12.023
1646:Russian Geology and Geophysics
989:
948:
897:
844:
775:
742:
711:
551:Intertropical Convergence Zone
545:would have provided 0.2% more
323:warmed the northern shores of
265:was simultaneous with that in
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1914:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00031-1
1554:10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00093-6
1501:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00181-6
1448:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00182-8
1354:10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00173-2
1067:10.1126/science.279.5353.1014
636:
3229:Geophysical Research Letters
2812:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109894
2759:10.1016/0031-0182(96)00076-4
2706:10.1016/0077-7579(84)90048-6
2387:10.1016/j.quaint.2022.03.005
2078:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.08.011
1959:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109950
1853:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.05.023
1683:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.012
1607:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.062
1395:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109739
494:From the delta-profile, the
7:
2033:10.1016/j.yqres.2016.04.001
1221:"NSIDC Arctic Sea Ice News"
585:
428:, in a region known as the
392:" was dotted with numerous
10:
3365:
2652:Frontiers in Earth Science
2572:10.1038/s41598-023-31976-z
2342:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.036
2238:10.1038/s41598-019-47264-8
2126:10.1038/s41598-020-65834-z
1893:Quaternary Science Reviews
1753:– via Sage Journals.
1541:Quaternary Science Reviews
1488:Quaternary Science Reviews
1435:Quaternary Science Reviews
1323:Quaternary Science Reviews
1172:Quaternary Science Reviews
858:Quaternary Science Reviews
345:Relative sea level in the
2932:10.1191/0959683604hl676rp
2289:10.1134/S0031030110100047
1736:10.1191/0959683606hl912xx
924:10.1038/s41597-020-0530-7
810:10.1038/s41586-019-1401-2
311:being 1-2 °C higher. The
74:in the first half of the
2674:10.3389/feart.2017.00004
2374:Quaternary International
2065:Quaternary International
1594:Quaternary International
1120:10.1177/0959683615580861
724:New York Times Dot Earth
576:Midwestern United States
309:sea surface temperatures
115:Mid-Holocene Warm Period
103:Holocene Thermal Maximum
68:Holocene Climate Optimum
2510:10.5194/cp-16-1187-2020
2276:Paleontological Journal
1793:10.1073/pnas.1504688112
969:Sixth Assessment Report
677:10.1126/science.1228026
464:Comparison of ice cores
313:East Korea Warm Current
204:, near the North Pole.
3293:10.1098/rstb.2003.1434
2874:10.1006/qres.2000.2172
523:
365:
230:. In the southwestern
165:
145:Blytt–Sernander period
2164:Earth-Science Reviews
521:
355:
347:Spermonde Archipelago
174:Industrial Revolution
163:
3250:10.1029/2000GL012317
3197:Dansgaard W (2004).
3153:10.1002/2016PA003065
3082:10.1029/2019PA003574
1025:10.1029/2001PA000724
616:Next glacial maximum
610:Medieval Warm Period
543:Milankovitch Forcing
522:Milankovitch cycles.
409:. Further south, in
370:African humid period
327:penetrated into the
214:Arctic Coastal Plain
210:Laurentide Ice Sheet
170:Last Glacial Maximum
95:Holocene Megathermal
3242:2001GeoRL..28.4239H
2973:2003Geo....31..127H
2924:2004Holoc..14..194W
2866:2000QuRes..54..348M
2853:Quaternary Research
2804:2020PPP...55709894L
2665:2017FrEaS...5....4W
2564:2023NatSR..13.5042K
2501:2020CliPa..16.1187B
2488:Climate of the Past
2448:2016Geomo.257..155M
2230:2019NatSR...910806P
2118:2020NatSR..10.9306Q
2025:2016QuRes..86...13H
2012:Quaternary Research
1906:2000QSRv...19..743A
1845:2019PPP...528..204W
1784:2015PNAS..11213178Y
1778:(43): 13178–13183.
1387:2020PPP...55009739G
1336:2003QSRv...22.1701D
1271:10.1038/nature08355
1185:2004QSRv...23..529K
1059:1998Sci...279.1014G
1016:2002PalOc..17.1047K
802:2019Natur.571..550N
669:2013Sci...339.1198M
663:(6124): 1198–1201.
578:. Areas around the
563:ice–albedo feedback
528:Milankovitch cycles
514:Milankovitch cycles
481:Hans Tausen Ice Cap
340:Indian Subcontinent
224:Northwestern Europe
218:Greenland Ice Sheet
190:Southern Hemisphere
182:Northern Hemisphere
3271:Francis E. Mayle,
3026:10.1007/BF00193529
2551:Scientific Reports
2217:Scientific Reports
2105:Scientific Reports
1330:(15–17): 1701–16.
592:8.2-kiloyear event
524:
366:
331:. In the northern
315:reached as far as
195:Great Barrier Reef
166:
127:temperature record
3287:(1443): 499–514.
3273:David J. Beerling
3212:978-87-990078-0-6
2283:(10): 1262–1269.
1265:(7262): 385–388.
865:(15): 1801–1816.
796:(7766): 550–554.
232:Iberian Peninsula
188:and parts of the
149:Atlantic (period)
64:
63:
3356:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3314:
3304:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3194:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3164:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3093:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3020:(3–4): 169–177.
3013:Climate Dynamics
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2622:. Archived from
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2583:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2512:
2495:(4): 1187–1205.
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2336:(1–2): 143–155.
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1982:. Archived from
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1231:on 28 April 2009
1227:. Archived from
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1179:(5–6): 529–560.
1168:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1114:(8): 1197–1207.
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1053:(5353): 1014–8.
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
993:
987:
986:
984:
983:
977:
966:
952:
946:
945:
935:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
779:
773:
772:
770:
768:
746:
740:
739:
737:
735:
715:
709:
708:
706:
704:
646:
621:
321:Tsushima Current
178:2021 IPCC report
134:paleoclimatology
99:Holocene Optimum
91:Climatic Optimum
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3316:
3315:
3269:
3265:
3236:(22): 4239–42.
3224:
3220:
3213:
3195:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2951:
2947:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2686:
2682:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2626:on 11 June 2007
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2267:
2263:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2155:
2151:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1823:
1819:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1661:
1657:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1365:
1361:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1037:
1033:
994:
990:
981:
979:
975:
964:
953:
949:
911:Scientific Data
902:
898:
888:
886:
849:
845:
835:
833:
780:
776:
766:
764:
747:
743:
733:
731:
716:
712:
702:
700:
647:
643:
639:
619:
588:
571:
558:orbital forcing
547:solar radiation
516:
498:ice cap in the
466:
453:Amery Ice Shelf
438:Middle Holocene
378:African monsoon
333:South China Sea
288:Yarlung Tsangpo
267:Northern Europe
228:Southern Europe
158:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3331:
3330:
3263:
3218:
3211:
3180:
3147:(8): 763–779.
3125:
3076:(4): 580–599.
3054:
2998:
2967:(2): 127–130.
2945:
2918:(2): 194–208.
2899:
2860:(3): 348–358.
2837:
2776:
2753:(1–4): 77–87.
2731:
2700:(2): 201–249.
2680:
2637:
2607:
2536:
2473:
2420:
2359:
2314:
2261:
2202:
2149:
2090:
2050:
1997:
1986:on 8 June 2012
1971:
1931:
1900:(8): 743–762.
1878:
1817:
1756:
1730:(1): 119–130.
1708:
1655:
1632:
1579:
1548:(4): 515–530.
1526:
1473:
1420:
1359:
1345:10.1.1.112.140
1312:
1242:
1212:
1153:
1092:
1031:
988:
947:
896:
843:
774:
741:
710:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
627:
622:
613:
607:
604:Little Ice Age
601:
595:
587:
584:
570:
567:
532:glacial period
515:
512:
500:Scoresby Sound
465:
462:
411:Central Africa
329:Sea of Okhotsk
263:Ural Mountains
236:Central Europe
157:
156:Global effects
154:
153:
152:
137:
130:
62:
61:
55:September 2018
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3361:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2435:Geomorphology
2431:
2424:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
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