865:
755:
1110:
31:
1091:. It is accepted that the three major animal ANTP-class clusters, Hox, ParaHox, and NK (MetaHox), are the result of segmental duplications. A first duplication created MetaHox and ProtoHox, the latter of which later duplicated into Hox and ParaHox. The clusters themselves were created by tandem duplications of a single ANTP-class homeobox gene. Gene duplication followed by
1206:
LIM genes (named after the initial letters of the names of three proteins where the characteristic domain was first identified) encode two 60 amino acid cysteine and histidine-rich LIM domains and a homeodomain. The LIM domains function in protein-protein interactions and can bind zinc molecules. LIM
972:
residues in the center of the recognition helix aid in stabilizing the helix packing. Homeodomain proteins show a preference for the DNA sequence 5'-TAAT-3'; sequence-independent binding occurs with significantly lower affinity. The specificity of a single homeodomain protein is usually not enough to
1141:
and colleagues in 1984. The main interest in this set of genes stems from their unique behavior and arrangement in the genome. Hox genes are typically found in an organized cluster. The linear order of Hox genes within a cluster is directly correlated to the order they are expressed in both time and
1029:
are highly conserved developmental master regulators with tight tissue-specific, spatiotemporal control. These genes are known to be dysregulated in several cancers and are often controlled by DNA methylation. The regulation of Hox genes is highly complex and involves reciprocal interactions, mostly
1286:
As in animals, the plant homeobox genes code for the typical 60 amino acid long DNA-binding homeodomain or in case of the TALE (three amino acid loop extension) homeobox genes for an atypical homeodomain consisting of 63 amino acids. According to their conserved intron–exon structure and to unique
1186:
cell (EC) migration by upregulating MMP14 and uPAR. Conversely, HoxD10 and HoxA5 have the opposite effect of suppressing EC migration and angiogenesis, and stabilizing adherens junctions by upregulating TIMP1/downregulating uPAR and MMP14, and by upregulating Tsp2/downregulating VEGFR2, Efna1,
1191:
growth. HoxA5 has far-reaching effects on gene expression, causing ~300 genes to become upregulated upon its induction in breast cancer cell lines. HoxA5 protein transduction domain overexpression prevents inflammation shown by inhibition of TNFalpha-inducible monocyte binding to HUVECs.
989:
due to the DNA binding properties of the conserved HTH motif. Homeodomain proteins are considered to be master control genes, meaning that a single protein can regulate expression of many target genes. Homeodomain proteins direct the formation of the body axes and body structures during
973:
recognize specific target gene promoters, making cofactor binding an important mechanism for controlling binding sequence specificity and target gene expression. To achieve higher target specificity, homeodomain proteins form complexes with other transcription factors to recognize the
860:
Helix 1 Helix 2 Helix 3/4 ______________ __________ _________________ RRRKRTAYTRYQLLELEKEFHFNRYLTRRRRIELAHSLNLTERHIKIWFQNRRMKWKKEN ....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....|....| 10 20 30 40 50
1182:, and disease by orchestrating changes in matrix degradation, integrins, and components of the ECM. HoxA5 is implicated in atherosclerosis. HoxD3 and HoxB3 are proinvasive, angiogenic genes that upregulate b3 and a5 integrins and Efna1 in ECs, respectively. HoxA3 induces
1078:
Phylogenetic analysis of homeobox gene sequences and homeodomain protein structures suggests that the last common ancestor of plants, fungi, and animals had at least two homeobox genes. Molecular evidence shows that some limited number of Hox genes have existed in the
1287:
codomain architectures they have been grouped into 14 distinct classes: HD-ZIP I to IV, BEL, KNOX, PLINC, WOX, PHD, DDT, NDX, LD, SAWADEE and PINTOX. Conservation of codomains suggests a common eukaryotic ancestry for TALE and non-TALE homeodomain proteins.
1264:
motifs and also binds DNA. The two domains are linked by a flexible loop that is long enough to stretch around the DNA helix, allowing the two domains to bind on opposite sides of the target DNA, collectively covering an eight-base segment with
1269:
5'-ATGCAAAT-3'. The individual domains of POU proteins bind DNA only weakly, but have strong sequence-specific affinity when linked. The POU domain itself has significant structural similarity with repressors expressed in
952:
with the C-terminal recognition helix aligning in the DNA's major groove and the unstructured peptide "tail" at the N-terminus aligning in the minor groove. The recognition helix and the inter-helix loops are rich in
712:
to regulate expression of target genes. Homeodomain proteins regulate gene expression and cell differentiation during early embryonic development, thus mutations in homeobox genes can cause developmental disorders.
1095:
is responsible for the many homeobox genes found in eukaryotes. Comparison of homeobox genes and gene clusters has been used to understand the evolution of genome structure and body morphology throughout metazoans.
939:
interference of the beta-carbon with the main chain: for cro and repressor proteins the glycine appears to be mandatory, whereas for many of the homeotic and other DNA-binding proteins the requirement is relaxed.
1153:. For example, when one gene is lost the segment develops into a more anterior one, while a mutation that leads to a gain of function causes a segment to develop into a more posterior one. Famous examples are
1221:
Most Pax genes contain a homeobox and a paired domain that also binds DNA to increase binding specificity, though some Pax genes have lost all or part of the homeobox sequence. Pax genes function in embryo
3675:
Carrasco AE, McGinnis W, Gehring WJ, De
Robertis EM (June 1984). "Cloning of an X. laevis gene expressed during early embryogenesis coding for a peptide region homologous to Drosophila homeotic genes".
2959:
Carrasco AE, McGinnis W, Gehring WJ, De
Robertis EM (June 1984). "Cloning of an X. laevis gene expressed during early embryogenesis coding for a peptide region homologous to Drosophila homeotic genes".
4970:
868:
The vnd/NK-2 homeodomain-DNA complex. Helix 3 of the homeodomain binds in the major groove of the DNA and the N-terminal arm binds in the minor groove, in analogy with other homeodomain-DNA complexes.
1207:
domain proteins are found in both the cytosol and the nucleus. They function in cytoskeletal remodeling, at focal adhesion sites, as scaffolds for protein complexes, and as transcription factors.
666:
long, that regulates large-scale anatomical features in the early stages of embryonic development. Mutations in a homeobox may change large-scale anatomical features of the full-grown organism.
2498:
Billeter M, Qian YQ, Otting G, Müller M, Gehring W, Wüthrich K (December 1993). "Determination of the nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure of an
Antennapedia homeodomain-DNA complex".
4963:
2688:
Materials for the study of variation, treated with especial regard to discontinuity in the origin of species
William Bateson 1861–1926. London : Macmillan 1894 xv, 598 p
5892:
3770:
Fromental-Ramain C, Warot X, Messadecq N, LeMeur M, Dollé P, Chambon P (October 1996). "Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 play a crucial role in the patterning of the limb autopod".
1187:
Hif1alpha and COX-2, respectively. HoxA5 also upregulates the tumor suppressor p53 and Akt1 by downregulation of PTEN. Suppression of HoxA5 has been shown to attenuate
785:
revealed that this gene contained a 180 base pair sequence that encoded a DNA binding domain, which
William McGinnis termed the "homeobox". The existence of additional
775:
by isolating the gene responsible for a homeotic transformation where legs grow from the head instead of the expected antennae. Walter
Gehring identified a gene called
10382:
4956:
181:
6391:
2849:
McGinnis W, Levine MS, Hafen E, Kuroiwa A, Gehring WJ (1984). "A conserved DNA sequence in homoeotic genes of the
Drosophila Antennapedia and bithorax complexes".
2902:"Structural relationships among genes that control development: sequence homology between the Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax, and fushi tarazu loci of Drosophila"
1174:
clusters are partially redundant in function, but have also acquired several derived functions. For example, HoxA and HoxD specify segment identity along the
931:, homeodomain proteins, etc.). One of the principal differences between HTH motifs in these different proteins arises from the stereochemical requirement for
8598:
4257:
Rhoads K, Arderiu G, Charboneau A, Hansen SL, Hoffman W, Boudreau N (2005). "A role for Hox A5 in regulating angiogenesis and vascular patterning".
7276:
6298:
6293:
6288:
1042:
complexes to maintain the expression of Hox genes after the down-regulation of the pair-rule and gap genes that occurs during larval development.
5937:
896:
via a number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, as well as indirect interactions via water molecules, which occur between specific
727:—replacement of the antenna on the head of a fruit fly with legs. The "homeo-" prefix in the words "homeobox" and "homeodomain" stems from this
5922:
5608:
3719:
Schneuwly S, Klemenz R, Gehring WJ (1987). "Redesigning the body plan of
Drosophila by ectopic expression of the homoeotic gene Antennapedia".
1242:
is a master regulator of eye development, such that the gene is necessary for development of the optic vesicle and subsequent eye structures.
6431:
2088:
1768:
4572:"Analysis of TALE superclass homeobox genes (MEIS, PBC, KNOX, Iroquois, TGIF) reveals a novel domain conserved between plants and animals"
3090:
10948:
10226:
10210:
5029:
2828:
1131:
genes that determine the identity of embryonic regions along the anterior-posterior axis. The first vertebrate Hox gene was isolated in
915:. Through the HTH motif, they share limited sequence similarity and structural similarity to prokaryotic transcription factors, such as
6283:
1824:
1820:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
6068:
6061:
6056:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
5952:
4514:
3040:
2180:
1914:
1910:
1707:
1703:
105:
1630:
Human TALE (Three Amino acid Loop
Extension) homeobox genes for an "atypical" homeodomain consist of 63 rather than 60 amino acids:
9948:
8071:
4619:
Derelle R, Lopez P, Le
Guyader H, Manuel M (2007). "Homeodomain proteins belong to the ancestral molecular toolkit of eukaryotes".
2385:
2361:
2341:
2333:
2214:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1780:
1627:. Dlx genes are involved in the development of the nervous system and of limbs. They are considered a subset of the NK-like genes.
2660:
9159:
9154:
9104:
9094:
9074:
9059:
9039:
8964:
8944:
8086:
8081:
6747:
3069:
2322:
2306:
2226:
2222:
2196:
2184:
2076:
2044:
2008:
2000:
1981:
1973:
1949:
1941:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1663:
1596:. The NK-like (NKL) genes, some of which are considered "MetaHox", are grouped with Hox-like genes into a large ANTP-like group.
10904:
8315:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8201:
8035:
7823:
7774:
7769:
5816:
5806:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2318:
2270:
2200:
2168:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
1922:
1900:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1722:
1683:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1557:
4743:
1066:. Duplication of homeobox genes can produce new body segments, and such duplications are likely to have been important in the
4852:
4825:
3276:
892:
helix is roughly perpendicular to the axes established by the first two. It is this third helix that interacts directly with
833:
studies detailing the evolutionary relationship between homeobox-containing genes showed that these genes are present in all
129:
201:
10869:
9711:
5603:
5175:
1167:, which can cause the development of legs instead of antennae and the development of a duplicated thorax, respectively.
10714:
10442:
9980:
8879:
6966:
2464:
923:. The HTH motif shows some sequence similarity but a similar structure in a wide range of DNA-binding proteins (e.g.,
10414:
6424:
6419:
6347:
6337:
5214:
5204:
5039:
4038:"The homeobox transcription factor Hox D3 promotes integrin alpha5beta1 expression and function during angiogenesis"
10671:
10457:
10452:
6342:
6256:
4915:
3372:"Pre-bilaterian origins of the Hox cluster and the Hox code: evidence from the sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis"
818:
10928:
9278:
6554:
6544:
5145:
5024:
3282:
3218:
Bhatlekar S, Fields JZ, Boman BM (August 2014). "HOX genes and their role in the development of human cancers".
10938:
6909:
6549:
6244:
2286:
829:
and William McGinnis revealed that numerous genes from a variety of species contained the homeobox. Subsequent
10848:
4346:"Restoring transcription factor HoxA5 expression inhibits the growth of experimental hemangiomas in the brain"
189:
10699:
10191:
10186:
9337:
6249:
3263:"The Role of RNAi and Noncoding RNAs in Polycomb Mediated Control of Gene Expression and Genomic Programming"
10286:
8622:
6772:
6325:
6315:
4765:
Kraus P, Lufkin T (July 2006). "Dlx homeobox gene control of mammalian limb and craniofacial development".
4535:
Walther C, Gruss P (December 1991). "Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS".
3005:"A homologous protein-coding sequence in Drosophila homeotic genes and its conservation in other metazoans"
4906:
4218:"HOXA3 induces cell migration in endothelial and epithelial cells promoting angiogenesis and wound repair"
49:. The recognition helix and unstructured N-terminus are bound in the major and minor grooves respectively.
10666:
8791:
8786:
8337:
6414:
6332:
6320:
5396:
2188:
2004:
885:
110:
10858:
10724:
10556:
6527:
5525:
3569:"Evolution of Homeobox Gene Clusters in Animals: The Giga-Cluster and Primary vs. Secondary Clustering"
794:
185:
765:
mutant phenotype exhibit homeotic transformation of the antennae into leg-like structures on the head.
10551:
9943:
6824:
6809:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6688:
6663:
6539:
6451:
6441:
5598:
5071:
924:
142:
4948:
10933:
9685:
9320:
8836:
8409:
8248:
7183:
7178:
7163:
6638:
6613:
6495:
6446:
6239:
5630:
5096:
4928:
4844:
1039:
995:
4899:
The Homeodomain Resource (National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health)
3120:
Corsetti MT, Briata P, Sanseverino L, Daga A, Airoldi I, Simeone A, et al. (September 1992).
742:
and segmentation proteins, but is now known to be well-conserved in many other animals, including
10943:
10792:
10729:
10704:
10587:
10507:
10050:
8091:
7408:
6522:
6510:
4434:
Kadrmas JL, Beckerle MC (November 2004). "The LIM domain: from the cytoskeleton to the nucleus".
2230:
1257:
1043:
1035:
966:
41:
10777:
10676:
10661:
10630:
10531:
10181:
8228:
8223:
6618:
6515:
6310:
6271:
5334:
4983:
3098:
2736:
Scott MP, Tamkun JW, Hartzell GW (July 1989). "The structure and function of the homeodomain".
2282:
1223:
1007:
3891:"Flow-Dependent Epigenetic DNA Methylation in Endothelial Gene Expression and Atherosclerosis"
3370:
Ryan JF, Mazza ME, Pang K, Matus DQ, Baxevanis AD, Martindale MQ, et al. (January 2007).
3171:"Flow-Dependent Epigenetic DNA Methylation in Endothelial Gene Expression and Atherosclerosis"
2820:
1490:
1438:
1382:
1322:
10888:
10782:
10709:
10608:
10546:
10541:
10472:
10407:
10173:
9733:
6532:
6468:
6463:
6276:
5352:
4904:
HomeoDB: a database of homeobox genes diversity. Zhong YF, Butts T, Holland PWH, since 2008.
1138:
1062:
changes in body segment identity, such as the Antennapedia and Bithorax mutant phenotypes in
826:
659:
4836:
10797:
10640:
10635:
10517:
10512:
10499:
9754:
9746:
7584:
7066:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6261:
6144:
4979:
4731:
3940:"The role of epigenetics in the endothelial cell shear stress response and atherosclerosis"
3728:
3631:
3429:
Garcia-Fernàndez J (December 2005). "The genesis and evolution of homeobox gene clusters".
3383:
3316:
2913:
2858:
1328:
1092:
986:
822:
802:
701:
168:
4478:
3305:"Did homeodomain proteins duplicate before the origin of angiosperms, fungi, and metazoa?"
3004:
723:
to describe the outright replacement of a discrete body part with another body part, e.g.
8:
10893:
10068:
9772:
9468:
7671:
6876:
6458:
6436:
6409:
6371:
6305:
4837:
4722:
Coulier F, Popovici C, Villet R, Birnbaum D (15 December 2000). "MetaHox gene clusters".
4126:
Chen Y, Xu B, Arderiu G, Hashimoto T, Young WL, Boudreau N, et al. (November 2004).
806:
4735:
3732:
3635:
3387:
3320:
2917:
2862:
10582:
9606:
4790:
4699:
4672:
4644:
4506:
4459:
4370:
4345:
4321:
4296:
4193:
4168:
4144:
4127:
4103:
4078:
4013:
3988:
3964:
3939:
3915:
3890:
3830:
3752:
3701:
3657:
3549:
3501:
3476:
3454:
3406:
3371:
3334:
3243:
3195:
3170:
3032:
2985:
2882:
2788:
2718:
2668:
2564:
2539:
1553:
1266:
1231:
1171:
1150:
974:
854:
4862:
Ogishima S, Tanaka H (January 2007). "Missing link in the evolution of Hox clusters".
4596:
4571:
4184:
3644:
3619:
3146:
3121:
3062:
2936:
2901:
2797:
2772:
1178:
axis. Specific members of the Hox family have been implicated in vascular remodeling,
10843:
10623:
10618:
10527:
9188:
9179:
8816:
7764:
6505:
6500:
4879:
4848:
4821:
4814:
4782:
4747:
4704:
4636:
4632:
4601:
4552:
4498:
4494:
4451:
4416:
4375:
4326:
4274:
4239:
4198:
4149:
4108:
4059:
4018:
3969:
3920:
3871:
3822:
3787:
3744:
3693:
3689:
3649:
3600:
3541:
3506:
3446:
3411:
3352:
3347:
3304:
3272:
3235:
3200:
3151:
3024:
3020:
2977:
2973:
2941:
2874:
2802:
2753:
2749:
2714:
2701:
Schofield PN (1987). "Patterns, puzzles and paradigms - The riddle of the homeobox".
2642:
2638:
2607:
2603:
2569:
2515:
2488:
999:
928:
208:
176:
134:
10827:
4924:
4919:
4812:
Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, et al. (2003).
4794:
4510:
3705:
3661:
3553:
3458:
3247:
3036:
2989:
2722:
73:
10853:
10822:
10817:
10772:
10400:
7715:
7697:
6266:
6213:
5987:
4871:
4774:
4739:
4694:
4684:
4648:
4628:
4591:
4583:
4544:
4490:
4463:
4443:
4406:
4365:
4357:
4316:
4308:
4266:
4229:
4188:
4180:
4139:
4098:
4090:
4049:
4008:
4000:
3959:
3951:
3910:
3902:
3861:
3834:
3814:
3779:
3756:
3736:
3685:
3639:
3590:
3580:
3533:
3496:
3488:
3438:
3401:
3391:
3342:
3324:
3227:
3190:
3182:
3141:
3133:
3016:
2969:
2931:
2921:
2886:
2866:
2792:
2784:
2745:
2710:
2634:
2599:
2559:
2551:
2507:
1261:
1160:
1127:
Hox genes are the most commonly known subset of homeobox genes. They are essential
873:
864:
814:
798:
164:
3805:
Zákány J, Duboule D (April 1999). "Hox genes in digit development and evolution".
3477:"A comprehensive classification and evolutionary analysis of plant homeobox genes"
86:
10863:
10767:
10577:
9856:
9079:
8949:
8113:
4944:
4910:
4361:
4344:
Zhu Y, Cuevas IC, Gabriel RA, Su H, Nishimura S, Gao P, et al. (June 2009).
3955:
3396:
1600:
1149:
cause displacement of body segments during embryonic development. This is called
1003:
720:
98:
10923:
10392:
9953:
8233:
8216:
6359:
6014:
5011:
4875:
4128:"Retroviral delivery of homeobox D3 gene induces cerebral angiogenesis in mice"
3906:
3309:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3186:
2906:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2329:
1227:
1175:
998:
by initiating the cascades of coregulated genes required to produce individual
4393:
Chen H, Rubin E, Zhang H, Chung S, Jie CC, Garrett E, et al. (May 2005).
3231:
2555:
10917:
10831:
10745:
10613:
10447:
10424:
8811:
8151:
6576:
6364:
5692:
4898:
4587:
3866:
3849:
3604:
3329:
3137:
1444:
1388:
1271:
1146:
991:
962:
830:
674:
3783:
3585:
3568:
3492:
2926:
10656:
10477:
10467:
10361:
9673:
9556:
9548:
8919:
8875:
7878:
7726:
4883:
4786:
4751:
4708:
4689:
4640:
4548:
4455:
4420:
4411:
4394:
4379:
4330:
4278:
4270:
4243:
4202:
4153:
4112:
4063:
4054:
4037:
3973:
3924:
3875:
3826:
3653:
3545:
3510:
3450:
3415:
3239:
3204:
2573:
2511:
1496:
1275:
1179:
1155:
1011:
916:
905:
846:
777:
724:
705:
673:
that are involved in the regulation of patterns of anatomical development (
36:
4605:
4556:
4502:
4094:
4022:
4004:
3818:
3791:
3748:
3697:
3356:
3155:
3028:
2981:
2945:
2878:
2806:
2773:"Genomic and cDNA clones of the homeotic locus Antennapedia in Drosophila"
2757:
2646:
2611:
2519:
1256:
Proteins containing a POU region consist of a homeodomain and a separate,
138:
10592:
10572:
10045:
9648:
8128:
7843:
7808:
6197:
6002:
5997:
5440:
5244:
5239:
5135:
5015:
4778:
4312:
3987:
Boudreau N, Andrews C, Srebrow A, Ravanpay A, Cheresh DA (October 1997).
3122:"Differential DNA binding properties of three human homeodomain proteins"
2278:
1937:
1918:
1612:
1333:
1183:
969:
877:
810:
754:
10836:
10536:
10489:
10357:
10308:
9780:
9384:
9293:
9273:
9246:
8593:
8342:
8191:
8179:
8174:
7173:
7168:
5932:
5927:
5905:
5771:
5589:
5293:
5234:
5229:
5209:
3620:"Hox proteins: sculpting body parts by activating localized cell death"
3268:
RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression: A Hidden Layer of Complexity
2262:
2254:
2250:
2164:
2100:
2056:
1307:
1251:
1201:
1188:
1031:
920:
901:
897:
889:
881:
850:
771:
743:
122:
30:
4234:
4217:
4167:
Myers C, Charboneau A, Cheung I, Hanks D, Boudreau N (December 2002).
3595:
2492:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
10787:
10755:
10522:
10428:
10231:
10221:
10204:
9678:
9451:
8697:
6402:
5831:
5489:
4978:
4744:
10.1002/1097-010X(20001215)288:4<345::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-Y
3740:
3338:
3266:
3262:
2870:
2469:
2430:
1216:
1109:
1088:
1084:
1067:
1059:
1047:
912:
853:
long domain composed of three alpha helixes. The following shows the
834:
690:
663:
4447:
3850:"The role of homeobox genes in vascular remodeling and angiogenesis"
3769:
3537:
3442:
2821:"Walter Jakob Gehring (1939-2014) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia"
1713:
In addition, humans have the following homeobox genes and proteins:
1295:
The Hox genes in humans are organized in four chromosomal clusters:
10750:
9698:
6397:
6354:
5406:
4940:
4295:
Arderiu G, Cuevas I, Chen A, Carrio M, East L, Boudreau NJ (2007).
1235:
1122:
1080:
1026:
1022:
954:
739:
728:
716:
93:
9476:
3674:
3003:
McGinnis W, Garber RL, Wirz J, Kuroiwa A, Gehring WJ (June 1984).
2958:
1142:
space during development. This phenomenon is called colinearity.
10482:
10098:
10078:
10073:
9785:
7759:
7543:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5433:
5428:
1906:
1541:
1133:
1128:
932:
732:
697:
117:
10462:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10259:
10254:
9973:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
8779:
8774:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8626:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8586:
8500:
8495:
8283:
8278:
8258:
8253:
8243:
8238:
8076:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7938:
7888:
7883:
7646:
7566:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7353:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7271:
7259:
7254:
7020:
7015:
7010:
6892:
6887:
6859:
6854:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6819:
6814:
6802:
6797:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6124:
6051:
6019:
5962:
5957:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5618:
5423:
5313:
5308:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5197:
4903:
4216:
Mace KA, Hansen SL, Myers C, Young DM, Boudreau N (June 2005).
4079:"Homeobox B3 promotes capillary morphogenesis and angiogenesis"
2381:
2377:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2218:
2176:
2172:
2136:
2132:
1865:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1691:
1687:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1429:
1373:
1369:
1365:
958:
948:
Homeodomains can bind both specifically and nonspecifically to
936:
682:
678:
196:
3986:
3303:
Bharathan G, Janssen BJ, Kellogg EA, Sinha N (December 1997).
10323:
10301:
10296:
10264:
10153:
10148:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10027:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9849:
9844:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9759:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9628:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9533:
9486:
9481:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9389:
9164:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9099:
9089:
9084:
9069:
9064:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8974:
8969:
8959:
8954:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8821:
8796:
8764:
8757:
8752:
8658:
8636:
8631:
8603:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8461:
8456:
8401:
8394:
8389:
8374:
8347:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7833:
7828:
7653:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7594:
7589:
7388:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7249:
7239:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7207:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7042:
7037:
7032:
6976:
6971:
6870:
6849:
6844:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
5900:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5625:
5613:
5563:
5543:
5484:
5472:
5467:
5391:
5384:
5379:
5369:
5362:
5357:
5288:
5219:
5192:
5187:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5140:
5128:
5123:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5076:
4721:
4673:"Classification and nomenclature of all human homeobox genes"
4256:
3119:
2310:
2302:
2192:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2084:
2080:
2064:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1945:
1930:
1926:
1842:
1762:
1758:
1699:
1695:
1659:
1655:
1589:
1585:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
949:
793:
homeobox sequence was independently reported by Ernst Hafen,
686:
4618:
4169:"Sustained expression of homeobox D10 inhibits angiogenesis"
3944:
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
3302:
731:, which is observed when some of these genes are mutated in
10760:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10330:
10318:
10313:
10160:
10143:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9968:
9963:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9812:
9706:
9668:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9616:
9508:
9501:
9496:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9332:
9325:
9315:
9310:
9298:
9288:
9283:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9204:
9199:
9194:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8831:
8806:
8801:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8673:
8668:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8379:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8211:
8196:
8186:
8162:
8157:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8123:
8118:
8106:
8101:
8045:
8040:
7818:
7803:
7798:
7786:
7781:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7448:
7383:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7059:
7054:
6998:
6993:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6941:
6936:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6904:
6899:
6882:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6658:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6007:
5992:
5969:
5942:
5915:
5910:
5875:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5826:
5821:
5811:
5801:
5751:
5709:
5704:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5575:
5570:
5558:
5516:
5511:
5501:
5416:
5411:
5401:
5320:
5303:
5266:
5254:
5249:
5224:
5182:
5111:
5106:
5081:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5034:
4936:
2314:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2208:
2204:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2068:
2052:
2040:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1549:
1545:
1239:
670:
158:
80:
68:
4811:
4166:
3474:
2848:
735:. The homeobox domain was first identified in a number of
9992:
9621:
9611:
9491:
8887:
8444:
7793:
7244:
6981:
6475:
5947:
5776:
5766:
5761:
5553:
5548:
3002:
2590:
Gehring WJ (August 1992). "The homeobox in perspective".
2072:
1667:
893:
709:
46:
4297:"HoxA5 stabilizes adherens junctions via increased Akt1"
2497:
1544:
genes are analogously found in four areas. They include
769:
The existence of homeobox genes was first discovered in
6193:
4294:
4076:
3718:
3475:
Mukherjee K, Brocchieri L, Bürglin TR (December 2009).
2738:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer
1058:
Mutations to homeobox genes can produce easily visible
4935:
This article incorporates text from the public domain
4125:
3526:
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology
2625:
Gehring WJ (December 1993). "Exploring the homeobox".
4820:(5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
4395:"Identification of transcriptional targets of HOXA5"
4350:
Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology
4290:
4288:
4215:
3217:
2770:
10122:
4670:
4392:
3937:
2735:
2667:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from
4813:
4343:
4077:Myers C, Charboneau A, Boudreau N (January 2000).
3938:Dunn J, Simmons R, Thabet S, Jo H (October 2015).
3895:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
3524:Holland PW (2013). "Evolution of homeobox genes".
3369:
3175:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
4671:Holland PW, Booth HA, Bruford EA (October 2007).
4285:
3989:"Induction of the angiogenic phenotype by Hox D3"
781:that caused this homeotic phenotype. Analysis of
10915:
10422:
7693:
4843:(2nd ed.). New York: Garland Pub. pp.
3428:
3054:
4433:
3470:
3468:
2537:
1238:development, and formation of face structures.
919:proteins that alter the expression of genes in
4861:
4035:
3260:
2533:
2531:
2529:
10408:
10383:transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
9454:β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts
4964:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4132:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
3804:
3611:
2696:
2694:
2585:
2583:
4834:
4767:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A
4612:
4534:
4476:
3888:
3668:
3465:
3363:
3211:
3168:
3113:
2700:
4764:
4563:
3882:
3847:
2899:
2526:
1046:can silence the Hox genes by modulation of
10415:
10401:
4971:
4957:
4655:
3162:
2729:
2691:
2618:
2580:
2481:
2433:. Grouped as Pax2/5/8, Pax3/7, and Pax4/6.
1568:. Other genes considered Hox-like include
1099:
880:are connected by a short loop region. The
825:in 1984. Isolation of homologous genes by
29:
4927:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4698:
4688:
4595:
4410:
4369:
4320:
4233:
4192:
4143:
4102:
4053:
4012:
3963:
3914:
3865:
3643:
3594:
3584:
3500:
3405:
3395:
3346:
3328:
3194:
3145:
2935:
2925:
2796:
2771:Garber RL, Kuroiwa A, Gehring WJ (1983).
2563:
16:DNA pattern affecting anatomy development
4036:Boudreau NJ, Varner JA (February 2004).
1108:
1014:and preventing cell differentiation.
1006:. Other proteins in the family, such as
863:
840:
753:
4569:
3566:
3523:
3254:
2624:
2589:
1290:
1281:
943:
10916:
10905:Index of evolutionary biology articles
3617:
3060:
2402:Grouped as Lmx 1/5, 2/9, 3/4, and 6/8.
980:
10396:
10121:
9450:
7692:
6192:
4995:
4994:
4952:
4436:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
935:in the turn which is needed to avoid
872:Helix 2 and helix 3 form a so-called
3889:Dunn J, Thabet S, Jo H (July 2015).
3848:Gorski DH, Walsh K (November 2000).
3169:Dunn J, Thabet S, Jo H (July 2015).
2538:Bürglin TR, Affolter M (June 2016).
857:homeodomain (~60 amino acid chain):
6137:(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)
4399:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
4042:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
994:. Many homeodomain proteins induce
884:two helices of the homeodomain are
13:
10949:Evolutionary developmental biology
10715:Evolutionary developmental biology
4804:
4145:10.1097/01.WCB.0000141770.09022.AB
3573:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
2789:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01696.x
2465:Evolutionary developmental biology
911:Homeodomain proteins are found in
14:
10960:
4892:
4839:Introduction to protein structure
4173:The American Journal of Pathology
2900:Scott MP, Weiner AJ (July 1984).
2540:"Homeodomain proteins: an update"
2411:Grouped as Six 1/2, 3/6, and 4/5.
985:Homeodomain proteins function as
10672:Evolution of sexual reproduction
4916:Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource
4633:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00153.x
10124:(0) Other transcription factors
9408:transcriptional enhancer factor
5025:Activating transcription factor
4758:
4724:Journal of Experimental Zoology
4715:
4528:
4517:from the original on 2021-05-02
4477:Gruss P, Walther C (May 1992).
4470:
4427:
4386:
4337:
4250:
4209:
4160:
4119:
4070:
4029:
3980:
3931:
3841:
3798:
3763:
3712:
3560:
3517:
3481:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3422:
3296:
3285:from the original on 2012-01-02
3083:
3072:from the original on 2011-07-21
3043:from the original on 2021-05-04
2996:
2952:
2893:
2842:
2831:from the original on 2019-12-09
2813:
2445:
2436:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
1230:development, generation of the
1083:since before the earliest true
876:(HTH) structure, where the two
845:The characteristic homeodomain
10443:Genotype–phenotype distinction
4259:Lymphatic Research and Biology
2764:
2682:
2653:
2592:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1:
10700:Regulation of gene expression
9338:Interferon regulatory factors
7577:(2.5) Alternating composition
6773:General transcription factors
4301:Cell Adhesion & Migration
4185:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64488-4
3645:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01291-5
3261:Portoso M, Cavalli G (2008).
3220:Journal of Molecular Medicine
3091:"CATH Superfamily 1.10.10.60"
2475:
1601:"distal-less homeobox" family
1260:POU domain that contains two
1017:
153:Available protein structures:
10870:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
10650:Evolution of genetic systems
10458:Gene–environment correlation
10453:Gene–environment interaction
8623:Octamer transcription factor
5331:(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix
4570:Bürglin TR (November 1997).
4495:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90281-G
4362:10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181a491ce
3956:10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.001
3690:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90371-4
3397:10.1371/journal.pone.0000153
3021:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90370-2
2974:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90371-4
2750:10.1016/0304-419x(89)90033-4
2715:10.1016/0166-2236(87)90113-5
2639:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90068-E
2604:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90434-B
2500:Journal of Molecular Biology
1245:
1210:
1195:
1104:
1073:
1053:
1010:are involved in maintaining
977:of a specific target gene.
749:
669:Homeoboxes are found within
7:
10849:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
5397:Myogenic regulatory factors
4835:Tooze C, Branden J (1999).
4621:Evolution & Development
4083:The Journal of Cell Biology
3993:The Journal of Cell Biology
3618:Alonso CR (November 2002).
2458:
1320:HOXA (or sometimes HOX1) -
992:early embryonic development
689:, and numerous single cell
10:
10965:
10725:Hedgehog signaling pathway
10602:Developmental architecture
4934:
4876:10.1016/j.gene.2006.08.011
3907:10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305042
3271:. Caister Academic Press.
3187:10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305042
1249:
1214:
1199:
1120:
10902:
10881:
10810:
10738:
10692:
10685:
10649:
10601:
10565:
10552:Transgressive segregation
10498:
10435:
10378:
10240:
10200:
10169:
10134:
10130:
10117:
10059:
10036:
10018:
9768:
9742:
9694:
9597:
9544:
9464:
9460:
9446:
9398:
9217:(3.5) Tryptophan clusters
9215:
9175:
8871:
8688:
8328:
8054:
7742:
7723:
7711:
7707:
7688:
7662:
7575:
7554:
6756:
6676:
6647:
6627:
6602:
6565:
6484:
6380:
6228:
6209:
6205:
6188:
6135:
6080:
5978:
5888:
5864:
5787:
5720:
5584:
5534:
5343:
5329:
5007:
5003:
4990:
3232:10.1007/s00109-014-1181-y
2556:10.1007/s00412-015-0543-8
1170:In vertebrates, the four
1087:, making these genes pre-
704:sharing a characteristic
207:
195:
175:
157:
152:
148:
128:
116:
104:
92:
79:
67:
59:
54:
39:homeodomain protein from
28:
23:
10038:(4.10) Cold-shock domain
4929:Medical Subject Headings
3867:10.1161/01.res.87.10.865
3807:Cell and Tissue Research
3330:10.1073/pnas.94.25.13749
3068:. Karolinksa Institute.
1070:of segmented animals.
996:cellular differentiation
693:. Homeobox genes encode
10730:Notch signaling pathway
10705:Gene regulatory network
10588:Dual inheritance theory
4984:intracellular receptors
4222:Journal of Cell Science
3784:10.1242/dev.122.10.2997
3586:10.3389/fevo.2016.00036
3431:Nature Reviews Genetics
2927:10.1073/pnas.81.13.4115
2665:Genetics Home Reference
1258:structurally homologous
1115:Drosophila melanogaster
1113:Hox gene expression in
1100:Types of homeobox genes
1044:Polycomb-group proteins
45:bound to a fragment of
42:Drosophila melanogaster
10929:Developmental genetics
10778:cis-regulatory element
10686:Control of development
10566:Non-genetic influences
10532:evolutionary landscape
4816:Molecular Cell Biology
4690:10.1186/1741-7007-5-47
4588:10.1093/nar/25.21.4173
4576:Nucleic Acids Research
4549:10.1242/dev.113.4.1435
4412:10.1074/jbc.M413528200
4271:10.1089/lrb.2005.3.240
4055:10.1074/jbc.M305190200
3138:10.1093/nar/20.17.4465
3126:Nucleic Acids Research
2512:10.1006/jmbi.1993.1661
1118:
869:
766:
10939:Transcription factors
10889:Nature versus nurture
10793:Cell surface receptor
10710:Evo-devo gene toolkit
10609:Developmental biology
10547:Polygenic inheritance
10473:Quantitative genetics
9747:TATA-binding proteins
4980:Transcription factors
4095:10.1083/jcb.148.2.343
4005:10.1083/jcb.139.1.257
3819:10.1007/s004410051262
3493:10.1093/molbev/msp201
1112:
1025:and their associated
987:transcription factors
965:to the DNA backbone.
961:residues, which form
867:
841:Homeodomain structure
789:genes containing the
757:
708:structure that binds
702:transcription factors
10798:Transcription factor
10513:Genetic assimilation
10500:Genetic architecture
4779:10.1002/ajmg.a.31252
4479:"Pax in development"
4313:10.4161/cam.1.4.5448
3854:Circulation Research
1291:Human homeobox genes
1282:Plant homeobox genes
1093:neofunctionalization
1034:is known to use the
944:Sequence specificity
803:Walter Jakob Gehring
729:mutational phenotype
719:is a term coined by
10894:Morphogenetic field
10811:Influential figures
10242:(0.6) Miscellaneous
9773:High-mobility group
9469:Rel homology region
6459:Testicular receptor
6200:DNA-binding domains
4736:2000JEZ...288..345C
3733:1987Natur.325..816S
3636:2002CBio...12.R776A
3567:Ferrier DE (2016).
3388:2007PLoSO...2..153R
3321:1997PNAS...9413749B
3063:"The homeobox page"
2918:1984PNAS...81.4115S
2863:1984Natur.308..428M
1145:Mutations in these
981:Biological function
807:University of Basel
10583:Genomic imprinting
9607:p53 p63 p73 family
9180:Heat shock factors
4909:2021-06-01 at the
4228:(Pt 12): 2567–77.
2420:Questionable, per
1267:consensus sequence
1232:frontal eye fields
1139:Edward De Robertis
1119:
929:repressor proteins
870:
827:Edward de Robertis
819:Indiana University
817:and Amy Weiner of
767:
700:products that are
10911:
10910:
10844:Eric F. Wieschaus
10806:
10805:
10624:Pattern formation
10528:Fitness landscape
10390:
10389:
10374:
10373:
10370:
10369:
10113:
10112:
10109:
10108:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9437:
8684:
8683:
8324:
8323:
7684:
7683:
7680:
7679:
6672:
6671:
6528:Mineralocorticoid
6184:
6183:
6180:
6179:
5884:
5883:
4997:(1) Basic domains
4854:978-0-8153-2305-1
4827:978-0-7167-4366-8
4235:10.1242/jcs.02399
3778:(10): 2997–3011.
3278:978-1-904455-25-7
1539:
1538:
849:consists of a 60-
652:
651:
648:
647:
202:structure summary
10956:
10854:William McGinnis
10823:Richard Lewontin
10818:C. H. Waddington
10690:
10689:
10667:Neutral networks
10417:
10410:
10403:
10394:
10393:
10214:-related factors
10132:
10131:
10119:
10118:
10020:(4.9) Grainyhead
9462:
9461:
9448:
9447:
9400:(3.6) TEA domain
8690:(3.2) Paired box
8331:
8065:
8059:
7753:
7747:
7740:
7739:
7736:
7730:
7721:
7720:
7709:
7708:
7698:Helix-turn-helix
7690:
7689:
6652:
6632:
6607:
6570:
6540:Estrogen related
6489:
6385:
6233:
6226:
6225:
6214:Nuclear receptor
6207:
6206:
6190:
6189:
5869:
5790:
5723:
5592:
5537:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5005:
5004:
4992:
4991:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4950:
4949:
4887:
4858:
4842:
4831:
4819:
4799:
4798:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4692:
4668:
4653:
4652:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4414:
4405:(19): 19373–80.
4390:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4106:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4016:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3741:10.1038/325816a0
3716:
3710:
3709:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3647:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3598:
3588:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3399:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3332:
3315:(25): 13749–53.
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3101:on 9 August 2017
3097:. Archived from
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3067:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2929:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2871:10.1038/308428a0
2857:(5958): 428–33.
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2777:The EMBO Journal
2768:
2762:
2761:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2698:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2495:
2485:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2400:
1298:
1297:
1262:helix-turn-helix
900:and the exposed
874:helix-turn-helix
815:Matthew P. Scott
799:William McGinnis
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
301:
295:
289:
283:
277:
271:
265:
259:
253:
247:
241:
235:
229:
223:
217:
150:
149:
33:
21:
20:
10964:
10963:
10959:
10958:
10957:
10955:
10954:
10953:
10934:Protein domains
10914:
10913:
10912:
10907:
10898:
10877:
10864:Sean B. Carroll
10802:
10734:
10681:
10645:
10597:
10578:Maternal effect
10561:
10494:
10431:
10421:
10391:
10386:
10366:
10236:
10196:
10165:
10126:
10105:
10055:
10032:
10014:
9764:
9738:
9690:
9593:
9540:
9456:
9434:
9394:
9211:
9171:
8867:
8680:
8329:
8320:
8061:
8060:
8055:
8050:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7732:
7731:
7724:
7703:
7676:
7658:
7571:
7559:
7550:
6765:
6761:
6752:
6681:
6678:(2.2) Other Cys
6668:
6648:
6643:
6628:
6623:
6603:
6598:
6566:
6561:
6496:Steroid hormone
6485:
6480:
6381:
6376:
6240:Thyroid hormone
6229:
6220:
6201:
6176:
6131:
6076:
5974:
5880:
5867:
5865:
5860:
5788:
5783:
5721:
5716:
5587:
5585:
5580:
5535:
5530:
5344:
5325:
4999:
4986:
4977:
4947:
4911:Wayback Machine
4895:
4890:
4855:
4828:
4807:
4805:Further reading
4802:
4773:(13): 1366–74.
4763:
4759:
4720:
4716:
4669:
4656:
4617:
4613:
4582:(21): 4173–80.
4568:
4564:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4518:
4475:
4471:
4448:10.1038/nrm1499
4432:
4428:
4391:
4387:
4342:
4338:
4293:
4286:
4255:
4251:
4214:
4210:
4179:(6): 2099–109.
4165:
4161:
4124:
4120:
4075:
4071:
4034:
4030:
3985:
3981:
3936:
3932:
3887:
3883:
3846:
3842:
3803:
3799:
3768:
3764:
3727:(6107): 816–8.
3717:
3713:
3673:
3669:
3624:Current Biology
3616:
3612:
3565:
3561:
3538:10.1002/wdev.78
3522:
3518:
3487:(12): 2775–94.
3473:
3466:
3443:10.1038/nrg1723
3427:
3423:
3368:
3364:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3279:
3259:
3255:
3216:
3212:
3167:
3163:
3132:(17): 4465–72.
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3095:www.cathdb.info
3089:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3001:
2997:
2957:
2953:
2898:
2894:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2783:(11): 2027–36.
2769:
2765:
2734:
2730:
2703:Trends Neurosci
2699:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2633:(1–2): 215–21.
2623:
2619:
2588:
2581:
2536:
2527:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
1293:
1284:
1274:, particularly
1254:
1248:
1219:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1125:
1107:
1102:
1076:
1056:
1020:
983:
975:promoter region
946:
888:and the longer
862:
843:
752:
721:William Bateson
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
555:
549:
543:
537:
531:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
231:
225:
219:
213:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10962:
10952:
10951:
10946:
10944:Homeobox genes
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10909:
10908:
10903:
10900:
10899:
10897:
10896:
10891:
10885:
10883:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10875:
10874:
10873:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10840:
10839:
10828:François Jacob
10825:
10820:
10814:
10812:
10808:
10807:
10804:
10803:
10801:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10764:
10763:
10753:
10748:
10742:
10740:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10696:
10694:
10687:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10653:
10651:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10627:
10626:
10621:
10611:
10605:
10603:
10599:
10598:
10596:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10569:
10567:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10559:
10557:Sequence space
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10504:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10492:
10487:
10486:
10485:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10439:
10437:
10433:
10432:
10420:
10419:
10412:
10405:
10397:
10388:
10387:
10379:
10376:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10364:
10355:
10354:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10333:
10328:
10327:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10306:
10305:
10304:
10299:
10289:
10284:
10283:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10246:
10244:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10218:
10216:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10178:
10176:
10167:
10166:
10164:
10163:
10158:
10157:
10156:
10151:
10140:
10138:
10128:
10127:
10115:
10114:
10111:
10110:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10065:
10063:
10057:
10056:
10054:
10053:
10048:
10042:
10040:
10034:
10033:
10031:
10030:
10024:
10022:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9985:
9984:
9983:
9978:
9977:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9951:
9946:
9941:
9940:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9854:
9853:
9852:
9847:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9810:
9809:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9783:
9777:
9775:
9766:
9765:
9763:
9762:
9757:
9751:
9749:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9736:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9703:
9701:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9688:
9683:
9682:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9626:
9625:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9603:
9601:
9599:(4.3) p53-like
9595:
9594:
9592:
9591:
9590:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9564:
9553:
9551:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9473:
9471:
9458:
9457:
9444:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9404:
9402:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9381:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9335:
9330:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9276:
9271:
9270:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9249:
9244:
9243:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9221:
9219:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9209:
9208:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9184:
9182:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
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6523:Glucocorticoid
6520:
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5448:
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5069:
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5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5021:
5019:
5012:leucine zipper
5001:
5000:
4988:
4987:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4953:
4933:
4932:
4922:
4913:
4901:
4894:
4893:External links
4891:
4889:
4888:
4870:(1–2): 21–30.
4859:
4853:
4832:
4826:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4757:
4730:(4): 345–351.
4714:
4654:
4611:
4562:
4543:(4): 1435–49.
4527:
4469:
4442:(11): 920–31.
4426:
4385:
4336:
4284:
4249:
4208:
4159:
4138:(11): 1280–7.
4118:
4069:
4028:
3979:
3930:
3881:
3860:(10): 865–72.
3840:
3797:
3762:
3711:
3667:
3630:(22): R776-8.
3610:
3559:
3516:
3464:
3437:(12): 881–92.
3421:
3362:
3295:
3277:
3253:
3210:
3161:
3112:
3082:
3053:
2995:
2968:(2): 409–414.
2951:
2912:(13): 4115–9.
2892:
2841:
2825:embryo.asu.edu
2812:
2763:
2728:
2690:
2681:
2652:
2617:
2579:
2550:(3): 497–521.
2525:
2506:(4): 1084–93.
2479:
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2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2211:
1985:
1934:
1903:
1877:
1862:
1839:
1765:
1599:Humans have a
1537:
1536:
1499:
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1331:
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1317:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1272:bacteriophages
1250:Main article:
1247:
1244:
1228:nervous system
1215:Main article:
1212:
1209:
1200:Main article:
1197:
1194:
1147:homeotic genes
1121:Main article:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1075:
1072:
1055:
1052:
1019:
1016:
982:
979:
963:hydrogen bonds
945:
942:
859:
842:
839:
795:Michael Levine
751:
748:
650:
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10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10833:
10832:Jacques Monod
10829:
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10813:
10809:
10799:
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10771:
10769:
10766:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10746:Homeotic gene
10744:
10743:
10741:
10737:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
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10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10616:
10615:
10614:Morphogenesis
10612:
10610:
10607:
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10459:
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10454:
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10449:
10448:Reaction norm
10446:
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10175:
10174:Pocket domain
10172:
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10159:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10146:
10145:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10136:(0.2) HMGI(Y)
10133:
10129:
10125:
10120:
10116:
10100:
10097:
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5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4809:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4489:(5): 719–22.
4488:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4356:(6): 626–32.
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4307:(4): 185–95.
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:(4): 240–52.
4264:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4089:(2): 343–51.
4088:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4048:(6): 4862–8.
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:(1): 257–64.
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3901:(7): 1562–9.
3900:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3684:(2): 409–14.
3683:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:(8): 811–23.
3225:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:(7): 1562–9.
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2685:
2671:on 2019-12-21
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2598:(8): 277–80.
2597:
2593:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2448:
2439:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:chromosome 12
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:chromosome 17
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
978:
976:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:alpha helices
875:
866:
858:
856:
852:
848:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
773:
764:
760:
756:
747:
745:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:morphogenesis
672:
667:
665:
662:, around 180
661:
657:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
276:
270:
264:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
222:
216:
212:
210:
206:
203:
200:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
119:
115:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
48:
44:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
10868:
10761:eyeless gene
10719:
10657:Evolvability
10631:Segmentation
10508:Canalisation
10478:Heterochrony
10468:Heritability
10436:Key concepts
10380:
10335:
10291:
10249:
10241:
10213:
10207:
10201:
10170:
10135:
10123:
10060:
10037:
10019:
9987:
9958:
9839:
9769:
9743:
9695:
9598:
9545:
9465:
9453:
9407:
9399:
9305:
9251:
9224:
9216:
9187:
9176:
8920:FOX proteins
8880:winged helix
8872:
8843:
8826:
8769:
8689:
8663:
8541:
8507:
8490:
8468:
8451:
8384:
8352:
8206:
8169:
8150:
8096:
8062:
8056:
7838:
7750:
7744:
7733:
7727:Antennapedia
7725:
7712:
7700:
7694:
7663:
7621:
7599:
7576:
7555:
7313:
7266:
7212:
7158:
7071:
7049:
7027:
7005:
6988:
6946:
6875:
6757:
6725:
6677:
6649:
6629:
6604:
6567:
6533:Progesterone
6486:
6382:
6230:
6216:
6210:
6194:
6136:
6089:
6081:
5979:
5889:
5838:
5796:
5756:
5729:
5699:
5672:
5506:
5496:
5479:
5462:
5374:
5330:
5298:
5261:
5118:
5008:
4996:
4920:LIG_HOMEOBOX
4918:motif class
4867:
4863:
4838:
4815:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4680:
4676:
4627:(3): 212–9.
4624:
4620:
4614:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4519:. Retrieved
4486:
4482:
4472:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4304:
4300:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4045:
4041:
4031:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3813:(1): 19–25.
3810:
3806:
3800:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3532:(1): 31–45.
3529:
3525:
3519:
3484:
3480:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3287:. Retrieved
3267:
3256:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:the original
3094:
3085:
3074:. Retrieved
3061:Bürglin TR.
3056:
3045:. Retrieved
3015:(2): 403–8.
3012:
3008:
2998:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2833:. Retrieved
2824:
2815:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2744:(1): 25–48.
2741:
2737:
2731:
2706:
2702:
2684:
2673:. Retrieved
2669:the original
2664:
2661:"Homeoboxes"
2655:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2595:
2591:
2547:
2543:
2503:
2499:
2483:
2447:
2438:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
1879:SINE-class:
1841:CERS-class:
1712:
1629:
1598:
1540:
1497:chromosome 2
1489:
1437:
1381:
1329:chromosome 7
1321:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1285:
1276:lambda phage
1255:
1224:segmentation
1220:
1205:
1180:angiogenesis
1169:
1164:
1156:Antennapedia
1154:
1144:
1132:
1126:
1114:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1030:inhibitory.
1021:
1012:pluripotency
984:
947:
917:lambda phage
910:
908:of the DNA.
906:major groove
886:antiparallel
871:
847:protein fold
844:
831:phylogenetic
791:antennapedia
790:
786:
783:antennapedia
782:
778:antennapedia
776:
770:
768:
763:antennapedia
762:
758:
736:
725:antennapedia
715:
706:protein fold
694:
668:
660:DNA sequence
655:
653:
40:
37:Antennapedia
18:
10859:Mike Levine
10768:Distal-less
10593:Polyphenism
10573:Epigenetics
10425:development
10061:(4.11) Runt
7716:Homeodomain
7314:zinc finger
6650:subfamily 0
6630:subfamily 6
6605:subfamily 5
6568:subfamily 4
6487:subfamily 3
6383:subfamily 2
6231:subfamily 1
6198:Zinc finger
5441:Neurogenins
5009:(1.1) Basic
4677:BMC Biology
4537:Development
3772:Development
3382:(1): e153.
2213:NKL-class:
1987:PRD-class:
1905:CUT-class:
1864:HNF-class:
1767:POU-class:
1717:LIM-class:
1184:endothelial
1050:structure.
970:hydrophobic
921:prokaryotes
904:within the
898:side chains
823:Bloomington
811:Switzerland
744:vertebrates
695:homeodomain
63:Homeodomain
55:Identifiers
24:Homeodomain
10918:Categories
10837:Lac operon
10662:Robustness
10641:Modularity
10636:Metamerism
10542:Plasticity
10537:Pleiotropy
10490:Heterotopy
8594:POU domain
7734:ANTP class
7664:(2.6) WRKY
6947:GLI family
6082:(1.5) RF-X
5980:(1.4) NF-1
4521:2019-12-11
3950:: 167–76.
3596:10023/8685
3289:2008-02-27
3076:2010-01-30
3047:2019-12-09
2835:2019-12-09
2675:2019-11-20
2544:Chromosoma
2476:References
1936:ZF-class:
1308:chromosome
1252:POU family
1202:LIM domain
1189:hemangioma
1165:Drosophila
1064:Drosophila
1060:phenotypic
1032:Drosophila
1018:Regulation
913:eukaryotes
890:C-terminal
882:N-terminal
851:amino acid
835:bilaterian
787:Drosophila
772:Drosophila
759:Drosophila
737:Drosophila
691:eukaryotes
664:base pairs
165:structures
10788:Morphogen
10773:Engrailed
10756:Pax genes
10677:Tinkering
10523:Epistasis
10518:Dominance
10429:phenotype
10381:see also
10222:Apetala 2
8876:Fork head
7556:(2.4) Cys
6758:(2.3) Cys
5490:Scleraxis
4945:IPR001356
4683:(1): 47.
3605:2296-701X
2496:;
2470:Body plan
2431:Pax genes
1991:(CART1),
1246:POU genes
1217:Pax genes
1211:Pax genes
1196:LIM genes
1105:Hox genes
1089:Paleozoic
1074:Evolution
1068:evolution
1054:Mutations
1048:chromatin
1040:trithorax
1027:microRNAs
1023:Hox genes
967:Conserved
855:consensus
837:animals.
761:with the
750:Discovery
638:,
632:,
626:,
620:,
614:,
608:,
602:,
596:,
590:,
584:,
578:,
572:,
566:,
560:,
554:,
548:,
542:,
536:,
530:,
524:,
518:,
512:,
506:,
500:,
494:,
488:,
482:,
476:,
470:,
464:,
458:,
452:,
446:,
440:,
434:,
428:,
422:,
416:,
410:,
404:,
398:,
392:,
386:,
380:,
374:,
368:,
362:,
356:,
350:,
344:,
338:,
332:,
326:,
320:,
314:,
308:,
302:,
296:,
290:,
284:,
278:,
272:,
266:,
260:,
254:,
248:,
242:,
236:,
230:,
224:,
218:,
123:PDOC00027
99:IPR001356
10751:Hox gene
10739:Elements
10720:Homeobox
9699:MADS box
7839:Homeobox
7751:Hox-like
7745:protoHOX
6506:Estrogen
6501:Androgen
6355:Rev-ErbA
5893:bHLH-ZIP
5868:bHLH-COE
5407:Myogenin
4941:InterPro
4925:Homeobox
4907:Archived
4884:17098381
4795:32619323
4787:16688724
4752:11144283
4709:17963489
4641:17501745
4515:Archived
4511:44613005
4456:15520811
4421:15757903
4380:19458547
4331:19262140
4279:16379594
4244:15914537
4203:12466126
4154:15545924
4113:10648567
4064:14610084
3974:25979369
3925:25953647
3876:11073881
3827:10199961
3706:30114443
3662:17558233
3654:12445403
3554:44396110
3546:23799629
3511:19734295
3459:42823485
3451:16341069
3416:17252055
3376:PLOS ONE
3283:Archived
3248:17159381
3240:24996520
3205:25953647
3105:27 March
3070:Archived
3041:Archived
3037:40456645
2990:30114443
2829:Archived
2723:53188259
2574:26464018
2459:See also
1825:POU5F1P4
1821:POU5F1P1
1236:skeletal
1161:bithorax
1129:metazoan
1123:Hox gene
1085:Bilatera
1081:Cnidaria
1036:polycomb
955:arginine
740:homeotic
717:Homeosis
656:homeobox
182:RCSB PDB
94:InterPro
10882:Debates
10693:Systems
10619:Eyespot
10483:Neoteny
10099:RUNX1T1
10079:CBFA2T3
10074:CBFA2T2
9954:TCF/LEF
8063:NK-like
8057:metaHOX
7760:ParaHox
7701:domains
6392:COUP-TF
5866:Group F
5789:Group E
5722:Group D
5586:Group C
5536:Group B
5480:Paraxis
5345:Group A
4732:Bibcode
4700:2211742
4649:9530210
4606:9336443
4557:1687460
4503:1591773
4464:6030950
4371:2728585
4322:2634105
4194:1850921
4104:2174277
4023:9314544
4014:2139816
3965:4592147
3916:4754957
3835:3192774
3792:8898214
3757:4320668
3749:3821869
3729:Bibcode
3698:6327066
3632:Bibcode
3502:2775110
3407:1779807
3384:Bibcode
3357:9391098
3317:Bibcode
3196:4754957
3156:1357628
3029:6327065
2982:6327066
2946:6330741
2914:Bibcode
2887:4235713
2879:6323992
2859:Bibcode
2807:6416827
2758:2568852
2709:: 3–6.
2647:7903947
2612:1357790
2565:4901127
2520:7903398
2027:, DUX (
1915:ONECUT3
1911:ONECUT2
1907:ONECUT1
1708:TGIF2LY
1704:TGIF2LX
1542:ParaHox
1488:HOXD -
1436:HOXC -
1380:HOXB -
1172:paralog
1151:ectopia
1134:Xenopus
1000:tissues
933:glycine
805:of the
733:animals
698:protein
679:animals
644:
118:PROSITE
111:SM00389
74:PF00046
10783:Ligand
10463:Operon
8812:Bicoid
8077:BARHL2
8072:BARHL1
7654:JMJD1B
7567:HIVEP1
6052:I-SMAD
6020:R-SMAD
5938:MLXIPL
5693:Period
5619:ARNTL2
5424:NeuroD
4931:(MeSH)
4882:
4851:
4824:
4793:
4785:
4750:
4707:
4697:
4647:
4639:
4604:
4597:147054
4594:
4555:
4509:
4501:
4462:
4454:
4419:
4378:
4368:
4329:
4319:
4277:
4242:
4201:
4191:
4152:
4111:
4101:
4062:
4021:
4011:
3972:
3962:
3923:
3913:
3874:
3833:
3825:
3790:
3755:
3747:
3721:Nature
3704:
3696:
3660:
3652:
3603:
3552:
3544:
3509:
3499:
3457:
3449:
3414:
3404:
3355:
3345:
3337:
3275:
3246:
3238:
3203:
3193:
3154:
3147:334173
3144:
3035:
3027:
2988:
2980:
2944:
2937:345379
2934:
2885:
2877:
2851:Nature
2805:
2798:555405
2795:
2756:
2721:
2645:
2610:
2572:
2562:
2518:
2386:NKX6-3
2382:NKX6-2
2378:NKX6-1
2362:NKX2-6
2358:NKX2-5
2354:NKX2-3
2350:NKX3-2
2346:NKX3-1
2342:NKX2-8
2338:NKX2-2
2334:NKX2-4
2330:NKX2-1
2328:Nkx:
2219:BARHL2
2215:BARHL1
2177:RHOXF2
2173:RHOXF1
2137:PHOX2B
2133:PHOX2A
1866:HMBOX1
1837:POU6F2
1835:; and
1833:POU6F1
1829:POU5F2
1817:POU5F1
1813:POU4F3
1809:POU4F2
1805:POU4F1
1801:POU3F4
1797:POU3F3
1793:POU3F2
1789:POU3F1
1785:POU2F3
1781:POU2F2
1777:POU2F1
1773:POU1F1
1692:PKNOX2
1688:PKNOX1
1623:, and
1592:; and
1564:; and
1534:HOXD13
1530:HOXD12
1526:HOXD11
1522:HOXD10
1482:HOXC13
1478:HOXC12
1474:HOXC11
1470:HOXC10
1430:HOXB13
1374:HOXA13
1370:HOXA11
1366:HOXA10
1004:organs
959:lysine
937:steric
801:, and
687:plants
197:PDBsum
171:
161:
143:SUPFAM
87:CL0123
60:Symbol
10924:Genes
10362:Sigma
10227:EREBP
10211:EREBP
10202:(0.5)
10171:(0.3)
10094:RUNX3
10089:RUNX2
10084:RUNX1
10028:TFCP2
9949:SSRP1
9770:(4.7)
9760:TBPL1
9744:(4.6)
9696:(4.4)
9546:(4.2)
9487:NFKB2
9482:NFKB1
9477:NF-κB
9466:(4.1)
9390:MYBL2
9177:(3.4)
8873:(3.3)
8822:BICD2
8797:SHOX2
8765:PROP1
8749:PRRX
8659:SATB2
8604:BRN-3
8599:PIT-1
8491:PKNOX
8406:TALE
8402:NOBOX
8375:HESX1
8348:CUTL1
8330:other
8224:NANOG
8087:BARX2
8082:BARX1
7834:MEOX2
7829:MEOX1
7713:(3.1)
7622:JARID
7595:GRLF1
7590:DIDO1
7250:Zbtb7
7240:TSHZ3
7208:PRDM9
7006:HIVEP
6871:ATBF1
6825:TFIIH
6810:TFIIF
6793:TFIIE
6788:TFIID
6783:TFIIB
6778:TFIIA
6748:TRPS1
6614:LRH-1
6592:NURR1
6582:NGFIB
6410:Ear-2
6211:(2.1)
5953:SREBP
5890:(1.3)
5652:NPAS
5641:EPAS1
5626:CLOCK
5614:ARNTL
5588:bHLH-
5564:n-Myc
5559:l-Myc
5554:c-Myc
5544:FIGLA
5526:Twist
5485:TCF15
5392:MESP2
5370:ATOH1
5363:ASCL2
5358:ASCL1
5289:NFIL3
5220:GABPA
5215:DDIT3
5146:C/EBP
5141:BLZF1
5102:c-Jun
5092:FOSL2
5087:FOSL1
5077:c-Fos
4847:–66.
4791:S2CID
4645:S2CID
4507:S2CID
4460:S2CID
3831:S2CID
3753:S2CID
3702:S2CID
3658:S2CID
3550:S2CID
3455:S2CID
3348:28378
3339:43805
3335:JSTOR
3244:S2CID
3066:(gif)
3033:S2CID
2986:S2CID
2883:S2CID
2719:S2CID
2323:VENTX
2311:TSHZ3
2307:TSHZ2
2303:TSHZ1
2283:NANOG
2227:BARX2
2223:BARX1
2197:TPRX1
2193:SHOX2
2185:SEBOX
2161:PRRX2
2157:PRRX1
2153:PROP1
2149:PITX3
2145:PITX2
2141:PITX1
2085:NOBOX
2081:MIXL1
2077:LEUTX
2065:HESX1
2009:DMBX1
2001:ARGFX
1982:HOMEZ
1974:ZFHX4
1970:ZFHX3
1966:ZFHX2
1954:TSHZ3
1950:TSHZ2
1946:TSHZ1
1942:ADNP2
1931:SATB2
1927:SATB1
1874:HNF1B
1870:HNF1A
1859:LASS6
1855:LASS5
1851:LASS4
1847:LASS3
1843:LASS2
1763:LMX1B
1759:LMX1A
1700:TGIF2
1696:TGIF1
1664:MEIS3
1660:MEIS2
1656:MEIS1
1590:MEOX2
1586:MEOX1
1518:HOXD9
1514:HOXD8
1510:HOXD4
1506:HOXD3
1502:HOXD1
1491:HOXD@
1466:HOXC9
1462:HOXC8
1458:HOXC6
1454:HOXC5
1450:HOXC4
1439:HOXC@
1426:HOXB9
1422:HOXB8
1418:HOXB7
1414:HOXB6
1410:HOXB5
1406:HOXB4
1402:HOXB3
1398:HOXB2
1394:HOXB1
1383:HOXB@
1362:HOXA9
1358:HOXA7
1354:HOXA6
1350:HOXA5
1346:HOXA4
1342:HOXA3
1338:HOXA2
1334:HOXA1
1323:HOXA@
1240:Pax 6
1008:NANOG
950:B-DNA
902:bases
683:fungi
677:) in
671:genes
658:is a
139:SCOPe
130:SCOP2
106:SMART
10423:The
10331:MNDA
10250:ARID
10205:AP-2
10192:RBL2
10187:RBL1
10161:HBP1
10144:HMGA
10051:YBX1
10046:CSDA
9981:LEF1
9813:HMGN
9786:HMGB
9707:Mef2
9686:MYRF
9674:TBR2
9669:TBR1
9617:TP63
9557:STAT
9549:STAT
9509:NFAT
9502:RELB
9497:RELA
9452:(4)
9333:FLI1
9299:SPIB
9000:D4L6
8995:D4L5
8990:D4L4
8985:D4L3
8980:D4L1
8844:PITX
8807:VSX2
8802:VSX1
8792:SHOX
8770:PHOX
8452:MEIS
8380:HOPX
8316:VAX2
8311:VAX1
8306:TLX3
8301:TLX2
8296:TLX1
8291:NATO
8274:HMX3
8269:HMX2
8264:HMX1
8202:LBX2
8197:LBX1
8187:HHEX
8046:MNX1
8041:GBX2
8036:GBX1
7824:Evx2
7819:Evx1
7787:PDX1
7782:Xlox
7672:WRKY
7585:AIRE
7544:804A
7267:ZBTB
7213:SALL
7203:OSR1
7198:MYT1
7193:MTF1
7028:IKZF
6967:REST
6942:GFI1
6937:ERV3
6905:E4F1
6900:CTCF
6689:GATA
6659:DAX1
6639:GCNF
6587:NOR1
6415:HNF4
6284:PPAR
6217:(Cys
6145:AP-2
6015:SMAD
5970:USF1
5943:MXI1
5923:MITF
5916:MXD3
5911:MXD1
5901:AP-4
5876:EBF1
5752:Pho4
5730:BHLH
5609:ARNT
5604:AHRR
5576:TCF4
5571:MXD4
5502:LYL1
5463:OLIG
5417:MYF6
5412:MYF5
5402:MyoD
5375:HAND
5353:AS-C
5335:bHLH
5321:XBP1
5225:GCN4
5205:CREM
5183:CREB
5136:BATF
5119:BACH
5112:JunD
5107:JUNB
5097:JDP2
5082:FOSB
5072:AP-1
5030:AATF
5016:bZIP
4982:and
4939:and
4937:Pfam
4880:PMID
4864:Gene
4849:ISBN
4822:ISBN
4783:PMID
4748:PMID
4705:PMID
4637:PMID
4602:PMID
4553:PMID
4499:PMID
4483:Cell
4452:PMID
4417:PMID
4376:PMID
4327:PMID
4275:PMID
4240:PMID
4199:PMID
4150:PMID
4109:PMID
4060:PMID
4019:PMID
3970:PMID
3921:PMID
3872:PMID
3823:PMID
3788:PMID
3745:PMID
3694:PMID
3678:Cell
3650:PMID
3601:ISSN
3542:PMID
3507:PMID
3447:PMID
3412:PMID
3353:PMID
3273:ISBN
3236:PMID
3201:PMID
3152:PMID
3107:2018
3025:PMID
3009:Cell
2978:PMID
2962:Cell
2942:PMID
2875:PMID
2803:PMID
2754:PMID
2643:PMID
2627:Gene
2608:PMID
2570:PMID
2516:PMID
2493:1AHD
2451:Nk5.
2442:Nk4.
2429:The
2374:HMX3
2370:HMX2
2366:HMX1
2319:VAX2
2315:VAX1
2299:TLX3
2295:TLX2
2291:TLX1
2287:NOTO
2279:MSX2
2275:MSX1
2271:LBX2
2267:LBX1
2263:HLX1
2259:HHEX
2247:EMX2
2243:EMX1
2239:DBX2
2235:DBX1
2209:VSX2
2205:VSX1
2201:UNCX
2189:SHOX
2169:RAX2
2129:PAX8
2125:PAX7
2121:PAX6
2117:PAX5
2113:PAX4
2109:PAX3
2105:PAX2
2097:OTX2
2093:OTX1
2069:HOPX
2061:GSC2
2053:ESX1
2025:DUXB
2021:DUXA
2017:DRGX
2013:DPRX
1997:ALX4
1993:ALX3
1989:ALX1
1978:ZHX1
1962:ZEB2
1958:ZEB1
1938:ADNP
1923:CUX2
1919:CUX1
1901:SIX6
1897:SIX5
1893:SIX4
1889:SIX3
1885:SIX2
1881:SIX1
1755:LHX9
1751:LHX8
1747:LHX6
1743:LHX5
1739:LHX4
1735:LHX3
1731:LHX2
1727:LHX1
1723:ISL2
1719:ISL1
1684:PBX4
1680:PBX3
1676:PBX2
1672:PBX1
1652:IRX6
1648:IRX5
1644:IRX4
1640:IRX3
1636:IRX2
1632:IRX1
1625:DLX6
1621:DLX5
1617:DLX4
1613:DLX3
1609:DLX2
1605:DLX1
1594:MNX1
1582:GBX2
1578:GBX1
1574:EVX2
1570:EVX1
1566:PDX1
1562:GSX2
1558:GSX1
1554:CDX4
1550:CDX2
1546:CDX1
1314:gene
1302:name
1176:limb
1159:and
1038:and
1002:and
957:and
927:and
813:and
641:9ant
635:3hdd
629:2r5z
623:2r5y
617:2p81
611:2lfb
605:2jwt
599:2hoa
593:2hi3
587:2hdd
581:2h8r
575:2ecc
569:2ecb
563:2e1o
557:2dmq
551:2cuf
545:2cue
539:2cra
533:2cqx
527:1ztr
521:1zq3
515:1yz8
509:1yrn
503:1x2n
497:1x2m
491:1wi3
485:1vnd
479:1uhs
473:1san
467:1s7e
461:1qry
455:1puf
449:1pog
443:1p7j
437:1p7i
431:1oct
425:1ocp
419:1o4x
413:1nk3
407:1nk2
401:1mnm
395:1mh4
389:1mh3
383:1lfu
377:1lfb
371:1le8
365:1kz2
359:1k61
353:1jgg
347:1ig7
341:1ic8
335:1hom
329:1hf0
323:1hdp
317:1hdd
311:1gt0
305:1ftz
299:1ftt
293:1fjl
287:1f43
281:1enh
275:1e3o
269:1du6
263:1du0
257:1cqt
251:1bw5
245:1b8i
239:1b72
233:1au7
227:1apl
221:1akh
215:1ahd
190:PDBj
186:PDBe
169:ECOD
159:Pfam
135:1ahd
83:clan
81:Pfam
69:Pfam
35:The
10427:of
10358:Rho
10336:NFY
10309:MLL
10292:IFI
10287:CAP
10069:CBF
9988:TOX
9959:TCF
9944:SRY
9857:SOX
9840:HNF
9781:BBX
9755:TBP
9734:SRF
9679:TFT
9629:TBX
9622:p73
9612:p53
9492:REL
9385:MYB
9306:ETV
9294:ERG
9279:ETS
9274:ERF
9252:ELK
9247:EGF
9225:ELF
9189:HSF
8888:E2F
8827:OTX
8817:GSC
8787:RAX
8698:PAX
8664:ZEB
8637:3/4
8587:21A
8542:PHF
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