2921:
4808:(e.g., Stringer, 1984; Andrews, 1984; Tattersall, 1986; Wood, 1984, 1991a, b; Schwartz and Tattersall, 2000) ... Unlike the European lineage, in my opinion, the taxonomic issues surrounding Asian vs. African H. erectus are more intractable. The issue was most pointedly addressed with the naming of H. ergaster on the basis of the type mandible KNM-ER 992, but also including the partial skeleton and isolated teeth of KNM-ER 803 among other Koobi Fora remains (Groves and Mazak, 1975). Recently, this specific name was applied to most early African and Georgian H. erectus in recognition of the less-derived nature of these remains vis Ă vis conditions in Asian H. erectus (see Wood, 1991a, p. 268; Gabunia et al., 2000a). At least portions of the paratype of H. ergaster (e.g., KNM-ER 1805) are not included in most current conceptions of that taxon. The
138:
4526:
Gongdibé; Fronty, Pierre; Geraads, Denis; Lehmann, Thomas; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Louchart, Antoine; Mahamat, Adoum; Merceron, Gildas; Mouchelin, Guy; Otero, Olga; Campomanes, Pablo Pelaez; De Leon, Marcia Ponce; Rage, Jean-Claude; Sapanet, Michel; Schuster, Mathieu; Sudre, Jean; Tassy, Pascal; Valentin, Xavier; Vignaud, Patrick; Viriot, Laurent; Zazzo, Antoine; Zollikofer, Christoph (11 July 2002). "A new hominid from the Upper
Miocene of Chad, Central Africa".
7349:
1657:
7373:
7361:
5791:
Statement of the
Principle of Coordination applied to species-group names. A name established for a taxon at either rank in the species group is deemed to have been simultaneously established by the same author for a taxon at the other rank in the group; both nominal taxa have the same name-bearing
4525:
Brunet, Michel; Guy, Franck; Pilbeam, David; Mackaye, Hassane Taisso; Likius, Andossa; Ahounta, Djimdoumalbaye; Beauvilain, Alain; Blondel, Cécile; Bocherens, Hervé; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; De Bonis, Louis; Coppens, Yves; Dejax, Jean; Denys, Christiane; Duringer, Philippe; Eisenmann, Véra; Fanone,
3610:
may have appeared some 2 million years ago. Fossils dated to as much as 1.8 million years ago have been found both in Africa and in
Southeast Asia, and the oldest fossils by a narrow margin (1.85 to 1.77 million years ago) were found in the Caucasus, so that it is unclear whether
5798:
is rarely used before the 1940s. In 1946, John
Wendell Bailey attributes the name to Linnaeus (1758) explicitly: "Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, Vol. 1. pp. 20, 21, 22, lists five races of man, viz: Homo sapiens sapiens (white — Caucasian) ", This is a misattribution, but
4812:
question remains famously unresolved (e.g., Stringer, 1984; Tattersall, 1986; Wood, 1991a, 1994; Rightmire, 1998b; Gabunia et al., 2000a; Schwartz and
Tattersall, 2000), in no small part because the original diagnosis provided no comparison with the Asian fossil
1779:" hoax of 1912 was the fraudulent presentation of such a transitional species. Since the mid-20th century, knowledge of the development of Hominini has become much more detailed, and taxonomical terminology has been altered a number of times to reflect this.
4848:
Lordkipanidze, David; Ponce de Leòn, Marcia S.; Margvelashvili, Ann; Rak, Yoel; Rightmire, G. Philip; Vekua, Abesalom; Zollikofer, Christoph P. E. (18 October 2013). "A Complete Skull from
Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early Homo".
1561:
over an extended time of hybridization, spanning roughly 10 to 6 million years ago, with possible admixture as late as 4 million years ago. A subtribe of uncertain validity, grouping archaic "pre-human" or "para-human" species younger than the
4976:
DiMaggio EN, Campisano CJ, Rowan J, Dupont-Nivet G, Deino AL, Bibi F, et al. (March 2015). "Paleoanthropology. Late
Pliocene fossiliferous sedimentary record and the environmental context of early Homo from Afar, Ethiopia".
1630:, but contemporary anthropologists reject the concept of race as a useful tool to understanding humanity, and instead view humanity as a complex, interrelated genetic continuum. Taxonomy of the hominins continues to evolve.
2987:
A subspecies cannot be recognized independently: a species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or at least two (including any that are extinct). Therefore, the designation of an extant subspecies
5714:"A new human species once lived in this Philippine cave – Archaeologists in Luzon Island have turned up the bones of a distantly related species, Homo luzonensis, further expanding the human family tree"
4804:), once thought so primitive, was in fact more derived than its African counterparts. These morphological differences were interpreted by some as evidence that more than one species might be included in
5522:
Bischoff JL, Shamp DD, Aramburu A, et al. (March 2003). "The Sima de los Huesos
Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates".
1688:
during the 1730s to 1750s. He was the first to develop the idea that, like other biological entities, groups of people could too share taxonomic classifications. He named the human species as
3812:
has long been assumed to be close to 200,000 years, but since 2017 there have been a number of suggestions extending this time to as high as 300,000 years. In 2017, fossils found in
5028:
Curnoe D (June 2010). "A review of early Homo in southern Africa focusing on cranial, mandibular and dental remains, with the description of a new species (Homo gautengensis sp. nov.)".
4901:
1519:
has increased drastically, and a number of intermediate taxa have been proposed in the 20th and early 21st centuries. The most widely accepted taxonomy grouping takes the genus
2956:
has a complicated history. The rank of subspecies in zoology is introduced for convenience, and not by objective criteria, based on pragmatic consideration of factors such as
1759:, classified in 1864. Since then, a number of other archaic species have been named, but there is no universal consensus as to their exact number. After the discovery of
4371:
De
Heinzelin, J; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (1999). "Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids".
3586:
A species proposed in 2010 based on the fossil remains of three individuals dated between 1.9 and 0.6 million years ago. The same fossils were also classified as
4188:
Gray, J. E. (1825). "An outline of an attempt at the disposition of
Mammalia into Tribes and Families, with a list of genera apparently appertaining to each Tribe".
2920:
7587:
7582:
1763:, which even if "archaic" is recognizable as clearly human, late 19th to early 20th century anthropology for a time was occupied with finding the supposedly "
3569:
Hominins with "proto-Homo" traits may have lived as early as 2.8 million years ago, as suggested by a fossil jawbone classified as transitional between
2042:
Designations alternative to Hominina have been proposed: Australopithecinae (Gregory & Hellman 1939) and Preanthropinae (Cela-Conde & Altaba 2002);
7709:
7594:
3323:, published 1967–1972. A late example of an academic authority proposing that the human racial groups should be considered taxonomical subspecies is
5245:
Muttoni G, Scardia G, Kent DV, Swisher CC, Manzi G (2009). "Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominin sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy".
4690:
7577:
7218:
5233:
Intensive Course in Biological Anthrpology, 1st Summer School of the European Anthropological Association, 16–30 June, 2007, Prague, Czech Republic
7568:
7246:
6289:
6228:
4217:
3787:
between 300 and 243 thousand years ago is conventional, and makes use of the fact that there is no known fossil in this period. Examples of
2907:
3849:). There is a fossil gap in Europe between 300 and 243 kya, and by convention, fossils younger than 243 kya are called "Neanderthal".
5769:
7714:
5775:
3364:, but even in this case there is a dissenting view arguing that "the skulls may not be distinctive enough to warrant a new subspecies name".
5559:
Dean D, Hublin JJ, Holloway R, Ziegler R (May 1998). "On the phylogenetic position of the pre-Neandertal specimen from Reilingen, Germany".
3209:(2014) frames this as a debate that is unresolvable in principle, "since there is no definition of species perfectly describing the case."
7094:
2347:
1960:
jawbone fossil discovered in 2013, dated to 2.8 Mya, has been argued as being transitional between the two. It is also disputed whether
3377:
1583:
the only known genus within Hominina. Alternatively, following Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003), the "pre-human" or "proto-human" genera of
1292:
4909:
7641:
7411:
6482:
6442:
6080:
4764:
4066:
3824:
may have speciated by as early as 315,000 years ago. Genetic evidence has been adduced for an age of roughly 270,000 years.
2010:
1558:
1162:
2029:
exclusively, so that Hominini would have two subtribes, Australopithecina and Hominina, with the only known genus in Hominina being
7334:
7178:
6492:
5430:
1182:
551:
5756:. To be fair to Linnaeus, the practice of setting type specimens aside doesn't seem to have developed until a century or so later.
3515:
3402:
since its introduction in 1892 has been divided into numerous subspecies, many of them formerly considered individual species of
3833:
The first humans with "proto-Neanderthal traits" lived in Eurasia as early as 0.6 to 0.35 million years ago (classified as
1818:
1938) is a proposal by Gregory & Hellman (1939). More recently proposed additions to the Australopithecina subtribe include
7236:
6487:
1142:
5652:
7241:
7119:
6497:
5082:
4960:
3335:
in the second half of the 20th century. Derived from the convention, widespread in the 1980s, of considering two subspecies,
3319:
4116:
17:
7198:
3205:. There have been "taxonomic wars" over whether Neanderthals were a separate species since their discovery in the 1860s.
3064:
2025:) not known in Gray's time. In this suggestion, the new subtribe of Hominina was to be designated as including the genus
5713:
1836:(2002) relative to Australopithecina within Hominini is unclear. Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003) propose the recognition of
7307:
4033:
3841:
because it represents a chronological grouping rather than being based on clear morphological distinctions from either
3637:. Formerly dated to as late as 50,000 to 40,000 years ago, a 2011 study pushed back the date of its extinction of
3139:
3021:
2977:
7173:
6388:
6058:
6009:
5974:
5524:
4509:
1979:
5964:
5467:"Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals"
7521:
7365:
4944:
3792:
2112:) There appears to be a recent trend, with the availability of ever more difficult-to-classify fossils such as the
1122:
2013:
by definition, to the inclusion of Australopithecines and other possible pre-human or para-human species (such as
7317:
7213:
2192:
1332:
270:
3615:
emerged in Africa and migrated to Eurasia, or if, conversely, it evolved in Eurasia and migrated back to Africa.
3556:
fossils are dated to between 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago. This date range overlaps with the emergence of
1703:
1579:
A proposal by Wood and Richmond (2000) would introduce Hominina as a subtribe alongside Australopithecina, with
7312:
6613:
5217:
4742:
3376:
continue to be considered separate species by some authorities, but the 2010s discovery of genetic evidence of
2152:
1753:
The discovery of the first extinct archaic human species from the fossil record dates to the mid 19th century:
6285:"Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences"
5329:
Ni X, Ji Q, Wu W, Shao Q, Ji Y, Zhang C, Liang L, Ge J, Guo Z, Li J, Li Q, GrĂĽn R, Stringer C (25 June 2021).
7404:
6435:
4711:
4111:
3197:
1948:
fossils. However, the discovery of more fossils of this type has opened up the debate on the delineation of
7183:
7060:
6946:
3471:
1639:
772:
544:
7631:
7604:
7495:
7377:
7281:
7099:
6620:
6474:
4734:
3534:
3529:
2700:
521:
3000:. During the 19th to mid-20th century, it was common practice to classify the major divisions of extant
7619:
7139:
7070:
6606:
6599:
6592:
5886:
5848:
4027:
3726:
3495:
2969:
1764:
1491:
1225:
959:
951:
943:
5331:"Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage"
5159:"The age of the 20 meter Solo River terrace, Java, Indonesia and the survival of Homo erectus in Asia"
4292:
3392:
7704:
7530:
7322:
7114:
3435:
3423:
3302:
3182:
2997:
1063:
7104:
7753:
7397:
7353:
6656:
6428:
5779:
3447:
3331:
became popular for "modern humans" in the context of Neanderthals being considered a subspecies of
3072:
1525:
as originating between two and three million years ago, divided into at least two species, archaic
5861:
5808:
7549:
7291:
7228:
7188:
7075:
6634:
5831:" proposed by von Eickstedt and Peters): "die europide Rassengruppe, als Subspecies aufgefasst,
3459:
2981:
2968:
is variously considered equivalent or subordinate to the rank of subspecies, and the division of
1033:
537:
137:
1248:
7599:
7507:
7286:
7261:
7256:
7149:
7065:
6627:
6044:
5840:
3732:
3720:
3625:
3507:
3483:
3324:
3231:
3127:
2681:
2647:
1966:
992:
6376:
5999:
5922:
5890:
5378:
Dirks PH, Roberts EM, Hilbert-Wolf H, Kramers JD, Hawks J, Dosseto A, et al. (May 2017).
5068:
4499:
2420:
7636:
7624:
7614:
7488:
7474:
6670:
5906:
5741:
3215:
1755:
1612:
764:
415:
5465:
Posth C, WiĂźing C, Kitagawa K, Pagani L, van Holstein L, Racimo F, et al. (July 2017).
5258:
7733:
7251:
7154:
7055:
7016:
6961:
6866:
6570:
6563:
6298:
6237:
6180:
5667:
5607:
5478:
5254:
5170:
5111:
4986:
4858:
4592:
4535:
4382:
4318:
4226:
4144:
4022:
3905:
3756:
3684:
3411:
2957:
2446:
1401:
1202:
1049:
918:
903:
375:
313:
5157:
Indriati E, Swisher CC, Lepre C, Quinn RL, Suriyanto RA, Hascaryo AT, et al. (2011).
8:
7691:
7542:
7514:
6663:
4905:
3352:
3115:
2606:
1504:
6302:
6241:
6184:
5671:
5611:
5482:
5222:
and Out of Africa: Recent Developments in Paleoanthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology"
5174:
5115:
4990:
4862:
4695:
and Out of Africa: Recent Developments in Paleoanthropology and Prehistoric Archaeology"
4596:
4539:
4466:
4386:
4322:
4230:
4148:
3909:
7646:
7479:
7467:
7444:
7420:
7208:
7050:
6926:
6268:
6255:
6223:
6204:
5718:
5691:
5651:
DĂ©troit F, Mijares AS, Corny J, Daver G, Zanolli C, Dizon E, et al. (April 2019).
5628:
5595:
5499:
5466:
5406:
5379:
5355:
5330:
5306:
5281:
5193:
5158:
5134:
5099:
5064:
5010:
4882:
4727:
4705:
4666:
4644:
4639:
4559:
4475:
4453:
4448:
4429:
4170:
4088:
4061:
3995:
3970:
3929:
3235:
3154:
2911:
2145:
2039:(2001) has been proposed as a possible ancestor of Hominina but not Australopithecina.
1801:
1668:
Human taxonomy on one hand involves the placement of humans within the taxonomy of the
1312:
430:
132:
6321:
6284:
5594:
Chang CH, Kaifu Y, Takai M, Kono RT, GrĂĽn R, Matsu'ura S, et al. (January 2015).
4615:
4578:
4249:
4212:
1379:
7685:
7500:
7372:
7327:
7193:
7134:
7124:
6895:
6859:
6713:
6507:
6384:
6326:
6273:
6196:
6097:
6054:
6005:
5980:
5970:
5934:
5695:
5683:
5633:
5576:
5541:
5504:
5411:
5360:
5311:
5198:
5139:
5078:
5045:
5002:
4956:
4874:
4825:
Perkins, Sid (17 October 2013). "Skull suggests three early human species were one".
4783:
4738:
4671:
4657:
4620:
4551:
4505:
4480:
4398:
4373:
4336:
4254:
4193:
4162:
4093:
4000:
3921:
3744:
3372:
3206:
3103:
3097:
3044:, and two other "wild" forms for reported specimens now considered very dubious (see
2915:
2752:
2714:
2557:
2294:
1725:
1572:
355:
6208:
5098:
Ferring R, Oms O, AgustĂ J, Berna F, Nioradze M, Shelia T, et al. (June 2011).
5014:
4886:
4433:
4174:
3933:
3641:
to 143,000 years ago at the latest, more likely before 550,000 years ago.
1537:, with about a dozen further suggestions for species without universal recognition.
7203:
6956:
6773:
6735:
6582:
6316:
6306:
6263:
6245:
6188:
6171:
6089:
5675:
5623:
5615:
5568:
5533:
5494:
5486:
5440:
5435:
5401:
5391:
5350:
5342:
5301:
5293:
5262:
5188:
5178:
5129:
5119:
5074:
5037:
4994:
4948:
4866:
4830:
4773:
4661:
4653:
4610:
4600:
4563:
4543:
4470:
4462:
4421:
4416:
Kaplan, Matt (8 August 2012). "Fossils point to a big family for human ancestors".
4390:
4326:
4244:
4234:
4152:
4083:
4075:
3990:
3982:
3913:
3896:
2961:
2861:
2486:
2253:
2239:
2185:
1784:
1737:
1729:
1661:
984:
933:
395:
3947:
7609:
7535:
7010:
6983:
6881:
6839:
6451:
6345:
5183:
5100:"Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85-1.78 Ma"
4952:
4394:
4272:
3750:
3313:
into subspecies declined. An early authority explicitly avoiding the division of
3230:
made in the 20th century. Many of the original proposals were not using explicit
3220:
3177:
2829:
2767:
2411:
2170:
2113:
1865:
1651:
1545:
1516:
1017:
786:
742:
385:
325:
5835:
heissen" ("the Europid racial group, considered as a subspecies, would be named
2074:. Most other proposed species are proposed as alternatively belonging to either
7461:
6830:
6534:
6520:
6162:
6026:
The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
5346:
5297:
5266:
5104:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5041:
4936:
3109:
2965:
2021:
1970:, dated to c. 2.5 Mya, has been found along with stone tool implements. Fossil
1918:
has been taken to originate some two million years ago, since the discovery of
1907:
1889:
1832:
1647:
1626:
is a socially controversial subject. Biologists originally classified races as
1495:
838:
825:
755:
729:
6043:
Delson, Eric; Tattersall, Ian; Couvering, John Van; Brooks, Alison S. (2004).
5679:
5444:
4834:
4425:
7747:
6998:
6851:
6541:
5960:
5746:
5545:
4038:
4017:
3838:
3738:
3630:
3165:
3133:
3080:
3045:
2925:
2869:
2373:
2343:
2225:
2138:
2084:
1923:
1883:
1871:
1826:
1685:
1515:
Since the introduction of systematic names in the 18th century, knowledge of
1357:
1025:
345:
266:
84:
6311:
6250:
6093:
5984:
5380:"Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa"
5124:
4998:
4870:
4605:
4331:
4306:
4239:
4197:
7004:
6992:
6934:
6808:
6756:
6721:
6646:
6553:
6330:
6277:
6200:
5956:
5687:
5637:
5572:
5537:
5508:
5415:
5364:
5315:
5202:
5143:
5049:
5006:
4878:
4847:
4787:
4675:
4624:
4555:
4484:
4402:
4340:
4258:
4166:
4097:
4004:
3986:
3925:
3858:
younger than 450 kya, either between 190–130 or between 70–10 kya
3813:
3714:
3500:
3476:
3406:. None of these subspecies have universal consensus among paleontologists.
3398:
3284:
3244:
3210:
3059:
There were variations and additions to the categories of Linnaeus, such as
2633:
2334:
2310:
2208:
2066:
2015:
1932:
1901:
1895:
1877:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1797:
1776:
1690:
1533:
1527:
1465:
1433:
1007:
974:
888:
812:
799:
365:
335:
306:
286:
278:
6166:
6101:
5580:
4283:). Also the genus suggested for a number of archaic human skulls found at
1712:
6888:
6815:
6787:
6780:
6728:
5942:
5821:
Bulletin der Schweizerische Gesellschaft fĂĽr Anthropologie und Ethnologie
5709:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3366:
3250:
3145:
3091:
3041:
2929:
2839:
2673:
2597:
2573:
2118:
1994:) at about 2 million years ago, or alternatively as transitional between
1971:
1742:
1553:
1336:
1079:
703:
405:
59:
6259:
5490:
5396:
4943:. Vol. 1. In collaboration with Thorolf Hardt. Berlin, Heidelberg:
4547:
6873:
6794:
5803:
has since often been attributed to Linnaeus. In actual fact, Linnaeus,
5619:
4778:
4759:
4284:
4079:
3708:
3655:
3464:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3121:
3085:
2949:
2526:
2270:
1681:
1627:
1623:
199:
104:
69:
42:
5282:"Late Middle Pleistocene Harbin cranium represents a new Homo species"
3975:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1656:
7669:
7436:
6940:
6845:
6050:
5998:
Harrison, T. (2013). Kimbel, William H.; Martin, Lawrence B. (eds.).
5231:. Vol. 1. European Anthropological Association. pp. 35–41.
4796:
specimens, particularly in Africa, led to the realization that Asian
3894:
Stringer, Chris (June 12, 2003). "Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia".
3029:
2933:
2727:
1721:
1669:
1417:
1094:
229:
219:
149:
109:
53:
6361:
In the 1970s a tendency developed to regard the Javanese variety of
6192:
5653:"A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines"
4157:
4132:
3917:
6801:
6766:
6743:
6464:
6143:
The tragedy of evolution: the human animal confronts modern society
3663:
3488:
3416:
3309:
After World War II, the practice of dividing extant populations of
3171:
2789:
2006:
1957:
1927:
1733:
1643:
1548:
1268:
716:
690:
249:
239:
169:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
46:
7389:
6420:
4975:
6951:
6527:
5966:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
3817:
3776:
3347:
is the only extant human subspecies" appears in the early 1990s.
3159:
3033:
3025:
2992:
only makes sense if at least one other subspecies is recognized.
2502:
2035:
1919:
1677:
1477:
873:
865:
851:
675:
189:
114:
89:
6074:
Rightmire, GP (June 3, 1983). "The Lake Ndutu cranium and early
5431:"Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history"
6042:
5377:
4931:
Schrenk F, Kullmer O, Bromage T (2007). "The Earliest Putative
3779:, dated to ca. 0.6 million years ago. The transition from
2806:
2009:("hominins") be designated as comprising all species after the
1502:, differentiated, according to some, from the direct ancestor,
209:
179:
159:
7026:
6917:
6907:
6037:
among other names suggested for fossils later subsumed under
5792:
type, whether that type was fixed originally or subsequently.
3762:
3004:
as subspecies, following Linnaeus (1758), who had recognized
1707:
1481:
1473:
5521:
1940:, 1964) would be the first "human" species (member of genus
6685:
5969:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
5062:
4583:
2051:
1945:
1673:
1521:
1486:
259:
6024:
M. R. Drennan, "An Australoid Skull from the Cape Flats",
4370:
2070:
is widely recognized as the species directly ancestral to
5558:
5464:
5244:
5156:
1512:
and current humans as belonging to the same subspecies).
1450:
5650:
4062:"Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics"
3380:
has reopened the details of taxonomy of archaic humans.
3226:
There are a number of proposals of extinct varieties of
2976:) into subspecies is closely tied to the recognition of
5815:, the "white" or "Caucasian" race being instead called
4729:
The Human Career: Human biological and cultural origins
4524:
4498:
Reynolds, Sally C; Gallagher, Andrew (March 29, 2012).
4307:"Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia"
3360:, 2003) has gained wide recognition as a subspecies of
2230:
110–140 cm (3 ft 7 in – 4 ft 7 in)
2064:
have been proposed, with varying degrees of consensus.
3300:(McCown & Keith, 1932). Rightmire (1983) proposed
2122:
fossils (2015) to subsume all archaic varieties under
5097:
4930:
2092:
into an African and an Asian variety; the African is
1982:
1978) is now seen as either a third early species of
1859:
Other proposed genera, now mostly considered part of
1599:, may be placed on equal footing alongside the genus
4640:"The hominin fossil record: taxa, grades and clades"
2996:
is attributed to "Linnaeus (1758)" by the taxonomic
2005:
Wood and Richmond (2000) proposed that Gray's tribe
1603:. An even more extreme view rejects the division of
1557:(chimpanzees). The two genera are estimated to have
1498:. Current humans have been designated as subspecies
411:
401:
391:
381:
371:
361:
351:
341:
331:
321:
6282:
5593:
3682:is now grouped into various subspecies, including
1615:would imply the reclassification of chimpanzees as
516:
6930:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
4726:
4501:African Genesis: Perspectives on Hominin Evolution
4289:Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society
3736:. The distinction from descendant species such as
3185:(1899) also had categories based on race, such as
6413:Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas
4700:. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013.
4497:
4349:taxon as invalid, made up of fossil specimens of
3201:was proposed by King (1864) as an alternative to
1694:in 1758, as the only member species of the genus
1660:The taxonomic classification of humans following
7745:
6377:"Implications arising from Pithecanthropus VIII"
6369:, with the Chinese variety being referred to as
6283:Harvati, K.; Frost, S.R.; McNulty, K.P. (2004).
5752:as far as I know, there is no type material for
6342:Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution
6290:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6229:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6001:Species, Species Concepts and Primate Evolution
5881:26-27 (1945), p. 359.; J. Desmond Clark (ed.),
4902:"Beautiful skull spurs debate on human history"
4576:
4218:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4210:
3040:, for the "wild" form which he identified with
2908:Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans
1672:(great apes), and on the other the division of
6381:Paleoanthropology: Morphology and Paleoecology
6046:Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory
3393:Homo erectus § Descendants and subspecies
3242:by Wilson & Reeder (2005). These include:
1684:. Modern zoological taxonomy was developed by
1508:(with some other research instead classifying
7405:
6436:
5823:Volume 21 (1944), p. 18 (arguing not against
5776:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
5587:
5280:Ji Q, Wu W, Ji Y, Li Q, Ni X (25 June 2021).
5070:Evolution and Prehistory: The Human Challenge
4491:
3633:, is considered the latest known survival of
2146:
1964:was the first hominin to use stone tools, as
1944:) by definition, its type specimen being the
545:
6415:35). Beier & Beran, LangenweiĂźbach 2002.
5702:
5209:
4637:
4449:"Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology"
4446:
4440:
4364:
3234:, even though they are still cited as valid
2932:costume. Linnaeus is sometimes named as the
6915:
5644:
5371:
1720:) means "human being". The systematic name
7412:
7398:
6443:
6429:
5939:Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes
5328:
4447:Wood, Bernard; Richmond, Brian G. (2000).
4133:"Long shadow of Linnaeus's human taxonomy"
3971:"The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens"
3383:
3378:archaic human admixture with modern humans
3020:as grouping the native populations of the
2898:
2660:
2153:
2139:
552:
538:
6320:
6310:
6267:
6249:
6081:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
6073:
5627:
5498:
5405:
5395:
5354:
5305:
5192:
5182:
5133:
5123:
4777:
4765:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4724:
4665:
4614:
4604:
4474:
4361:, Westview Press, New York, 2001, p. 111.
4330:
4304:
4248:
4238:
4156:
4087:
4067:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
4059:
3994:
7335:Human evolutionary developmental biology
6161:
6147:We are the only surviving subspecies of
6140:
5997:
5428:
5279:
5215:
4688:
4211:Cela-Conde, C. J.; Ayala, F. J. (2003).
3968:
3893:
3063:for the native population of Australia.
2919:
1655:
7677:
6374:
6114:English translation (1972–1975):
4824:
4357:. Tattersall, I. & Schwartz, J.H.,
4345:. Some paleoanthropologists regard the
3036:, respectively. Linnaeus also included
1611:as separate genera, which based on the
14:
7746:
6357:
6355:
6221:
5955:
5708:
5027:
4899:
4577:Cela-Conde, C.J.; Ayala, F.J. (2003).
4415:
4034:"Chimps are human, gene study implies"
1446:
7393:
7120:Evolutionary models of human drug use
6424:
6028:Vol. 59 (Jul. - Dec., 1929), 417-427.
5933:
5739:
4792:By the 1980s, the growing numbers of
4757:
4130:
4031:
2948:The recognition or nonrecognition of
2196:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2166:
2011:chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
530:
423:other species or subspecies suggested
7360:
6405:Der fossile Mensch von Bilzingsleben
5919:Evolutionary History of the Primates
5819:. This is explicitly pointed out in
5596:"The first archaic Homo from Taiwan"
4187:
4117:American Anthropological Association
3948:"Herto skulls (Homo sapiens idaltu)"
3075:" categories to as many as fifteen:
2663:
2652:150–190 cm (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 3 in)
2360:
2088:in particular. One proposal divides
1728:of the great apes was introduced by
1389:
1367:
1345:
1321:
1301:
1281:
1257:
1237:
1214:
1191:
1171:
1151:
1131:
1111:
519:
7419:
6450:
6352:
5247:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4689:Hazarika, Manji (16–30 June 2007).
4467:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x
3327:(1974). The trinomial nomenclature
2879:
2816:
2802:
2699:
2611:150 cm (4 ft 11 in)
2602:
2584:
2569:
2513:
2498:
2473:
2398:
27:Classification of the human species
24:
6383:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 328.
6167:"Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia"
6116:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
5917:Frederick S. Szalay, Eric Delson,
5847:, Oxford University Press (1974),
2619:
2238:
1796:, in the tribe Hominini is due to
1740:including both chimpanzees (genus
25:
7765:
7715:Commonly fossilised invertebrates
6131:, Oxford University Press (1974).
5525:Journal of Archaeological Science
4900:Switek, Brian (17 October 2013).
4760:"Natural history of Homo erectus"
3503:) (de Lumley and de Lumley, 1971)
2964:. The informal taxonomic rank of
2849:
2777:
2740:
2655:50–100 kg (110–220 lb)
2544:
2433:
2321:
2281:
7371:
7359:
7348:
7347:
5740:Ralph, Bob (February 19, 1987).
4658:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00871.x
1974:(discovered in 1972, designated
136:
57:
6397:
6379:. In Tuttle, Russell H. (ed.).
6215:
6155:
6134:
6121:
6108:
6067:
6031:
6018:
5991:
5949:
5927:
5911:
5896:
5883:The Cambridge History of Africa
5867:
5854:
5761:
5733:
5552:
5515:
5458:
5422:
5322:
5273:
5238:
5150:
5091:
5056:
5021:
4969:
4924:
4893:
4841:
4818:
4751:
4718:
4682:
4638:Wood, B.; Lonergan, N. (2008).
4631:
4570:
4518:
4409:
4298:
4265:
3861:
3852:
3827:
3802:
3769:
3673:
3644:
3618:
3601:
3580:
3563:
3546:
3516:Homo erectus bilzingslebenensis
3254:(Klaatsch & Hauser, 1910),
2692:55–70 kg (121–154 lb)
2233:33–55 kg (73–121 lb)
2082:as a subspecies. This concerns
1699:
5873:See e.g. John Wendell Bailey,
5862:Systema naturæ. Regnum animale
5429:Callaway, Ewan (7 June 2017).
4504:. Cambridge University Press.
4204:
4181:
4124:
4104:
4053:
4011:
3962:
3940:
3887:
1490:, is designed to include both
1110:
13:
1:
5750:. No. 1548. p. 59.
5073:(8th ed.). Belmont, CA:
4941:Handbook of Paleoanthropology
4579:"Genera of the human lineage"
4213:"Genera of the human lineage"
3881:
3797:Homo erectus bilzingslebensis
3350:Since the 2000s, the extinct
3198:Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
2893:
2732:100 cm (3 ft 3 in)
2425:175 cm (5 ft 9 in)
2315:100 cm (3 ft 3 in)
1899:(Broom & Anderson 1949),
1622:Categorizing humans based on
1464:is the classification of the
5184:10.1371/journal.pone.0021562
4953:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_52
4395:10.1126/science.284.5414.625
4131:Marks, Jonathan (May 2007).
4060:K. Wagner, Jennifer (2016).
4032:Hecht, Jeff (May 19, 2003).
3715:Homo erectus palaeojavanicus
3540:
3472:Homo erectus palaeojavanicus
3281:Homo sapiens cro-magnonensis
3071:(1825) extended Linnaeus's "
2640:(anatomically modern humans)
2056:At least a dozen species of
1788:as a third genus, alongside
1640:History of hominoid taxonomy
7:
7378:Evolutionary biology Portal
6375:Sartono, S. (12 May 2011).
6344:. Chichester, West Sussex:
6224:"The origin of Neandertals"
4735:University of Chicago Press
3535:Timeline of human evolution
3530:Names for the human species
3523:
3343:, the explicit claim that "
3266:(Giuffrida-Ruggeri, 1915),
2358:850 (early) – 1,100 (late)
2098:Homo erectus sensu stricto.
1976:Pithecanthropus rudolfensis
1732:(1825). Gray also supplied
1447:
669:
10:
7770:
5887:Cambridge University Press
5561:Journal of Human Evolution
5347:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130
5298:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100132
5267:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.032
5042:10.1016/j.jchb.2010.04.002
4287:by Weinert (1938). Leaky,
3873:Homo sapiens ssp. Denisova
3727:Homo erectus tautavelensis
3496:Homo erectus tautavelensis
3390:
3285:Homo sapiens grimaldiensis
3251:Homo aurignacensis hauseri
2970:anatomically modern humans
2905:
2492:a single fossil, possibly
2049:
2045:
1637:
1633:
1492:anatomically modern humans
7727:
7668:
7560:
7453:
7435:
7428:
7343:
7323:Evolutionary anthropology
7300:
7274:
7227:
7165:
7084:
7043:
7036:
6982:
6906:
6829:
6754:
6708:
6701:
6684:
6644:
6580:
6551:
6515:
6506:
6473:
6458:
6348:. 2013. pp. 328–331.
6141:Kitahara, Michio (1991).
6004:. Springer. p. 361.
5833:Homo sapiens eurpoaeus L.
5680:10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9
5445:10.1038/nature.2017.22114
4835:10.1038/nature.2013.13972
4710:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4426:10.1038/nature.2012.11144
3697:Homo erectus lantianensis
3691:Homo erectus yuanmouensis
3639:H. e. soloensis
3598:by other anthropologists.
3436:Homo erectus lantianensis
3424:Homo erectus yuanmouensis
3303:Homo sapiens rhodesiensis
3256:Notanthropus eurafricanus
3183:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
2998:Principle of Coordination
2468:90 kg (200 lb)
2428:90 kg (200 lb)
2389:East and Southern Africa
2355:60 kg (130 lb)
1804:as a subtribe containing
1674:archaic and modern humans
1494:and extinct varieties of
1480:taxonomy. The systematic
507:Broom & Anderson 1949
436:
429:
302:
297:
284:
277:
133:Scientific classification
131:
34:
5963:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
5860:Linné, Carl von (1758).
5063:Haviland WA, Walrath D,
4802:H. erectus sensu stricto
3847:H. neanderthalensis
3785:H. neanderthalensis
3703:Homo erectus nankinensis
3448:Homo erectus nankinensis
3298:Paleanthropus palestinus
2760:classification uncertain
2735:25 kg (55 lb)
2720:classification uncertain
2674:H. neanderthalensis
2614:45 kg (99 lb)
2454:H. neanderthalensis
2110:Homo erectus sensu lato.
1830:(2001). The position of
562:
7229:Origin of modern humans
6371:Homo erectus pekinensis
6312:10.1073/pnas.0308085100
6251:10.1073/pnas.0904119106
6094:10.1002/ajpa.1330610214
5875:The Mammals of Virginia
5259:2009E&PSL.286..255M
5229:EAA Summer School eBook
5125:10.1073/pnas.1106638108
4999:10.1126/science.aaa1415
4871:10.1126/science.1238484
4693:Homo erectus / ergaster
4606:10.1073/pnas.0832372100
4332:10.1126/science.aaa1343
4240:10.1073/pnas.0832372100
4192:. New Series: 337–344.
4112:"AAA Statement on Race"
3835:H. heidelbergensis
3789:H. heidelbergensis
3781:H. heidelbergensis
3709:Homo erectus pekinensis
3668:Pithecanthropus erectus
3660:Sinanthropus pekinensis
3460:Homo erectus pekinensis
3292:(Kleinschmidt, 1931),
2982:human genetic variation
2494:H. heidelbergensis
2447:H. heidelbergensis
1434:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1293:Dispersal beyond Africa
6222:Hublin, J. J. (2009).
5817:Homo sapiens Europaeus
5573:10.1006/jhev.1998.0214
5538:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834
4947:. pp. 1611–1631.
4935:Fossils". In Henke W,
4305:Villmoare, B. (2015).
3987:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237
3766:is not entirely clear.
3733:Homo erectus georgicus
3721:Homo erectus soloensis
3626:Homo erectus soloensis
3508:Homo erectus georgicus
3484:Homo erectus soloensis
3367:H. s. neanderthalensis
3337:H. s. neanderthalensis
3232:trinomial nomenclature
2978:major racial groupings
2945:
2928:wearing a traditional
2790:H. tsaichangensis
1967:Australopithecus garhi
1665:
565:−10 —
7237:Recent African origin
6475:Last common ancestors
6338:Homo neanderthalensis
5600:Nature Communications
5471:Nature Communications
5220:Homo erectus/ergaster
4806:H. erectus sensu lato
4275:(discovered in 1932,
3969:Stringer, C. (2016).
3791:are fossils found at
3650:Now also included in
3443:) (Woo Ju-Kang, 1964)
3391:Further information:
3269:Telanthropus capensis
3216:Homo sapiens fossilis
3203:Homo neanderthalensis
2923:
2906:Further information:
2686:Europe, Western Asia
2130:Comparative table of
1856:)as separate genera.
1756:Homo neanderthalensis
1702:corresponding to the
1659:
1638:Further information:
1613:Principle of Priority
1476:: "wise man") within
655:−1 —
645:−2 —
635:−3 —
625:−4 —
615:−5 —
605:−6 —
595:−7 —
585:−8 —
575:−9 —
416:Homo neanderthalensis
7252:Behavioral modernity
7242:Multiregional origin
7022:archaic Homo sapiens
7017:Homo heidelbergensis
6962:Red Deer Cave people
6409:Bilzingsleben. Bd. 6
6367:Homo erectus erectus
6179:(6941): 692–3, 695.
5903:Annals of Philosophy
5879:Journal of Mammalogy
5813:Homo sapiens sapiens
5796:Homo sapiens sapiens
5742:"Conforming to type"
5067:, McBride B (2007).
4758:AntĂłn, S.C. (2003).
4190:Annals of Philosophy
4023:The Third Chimpanzee
3795:(also classified as
3757:Homo heidelbergensis
3685:Homo erectus erectus
3491:) (Oppenoorth, 1932)
3412:Homo erectus erectus
3329:Homo sapiens sapiens
3317:into subspecies was
2990:Homo sapiens sapiens
2958:geographic isolation
2778:several individuals
2715:H. floresiensis
2558:H. rhodesiensis
2465:180 cm (5 ft 11 in)
2352:180 cm (5 ft 11 in)
2295:H. gautengensis
1782:The introduction of
1746:) and humans (genus
1680:and, if applicable,
1576:(proposed in 1939).
1500:Homo sapiens sapiens
1249:Earliest stone tools
376:Homo heidelbergensis
314:Homo sapiens sapiens
18:Homo sapiens sapiens
6889:H. neanderthalensis
6809:H. e. tautavelensis
6303:2004PNAS..101.1147H
6242:2009PNAS..10616022H
6185:2003Natur.423..692S
6118:, Volume 11, p. 55.
6049:(Second ed.).
5905:11, London (1826),
5864:(10 ed.). pp. 18ff.
5837:H. s. europeaeus L.
5672:2019Natur.568..181D
5612:2015NatCo...6.6037C
5491:10.1038/ncomms16046
5483:2017NatCo...816046P
5397:10.7554/eLife.24231
5216:Hazarika M (2007).
5175:2011PLoSO...621562I
5116:2011PNAS..10810432F
4991:2015Sci...347.1355D
4912:on October 17, 2013
4906:National Geographic
4863:2013Sci...342..326L
4597:2003PNAS..100.7684C
4548:10.1038/nature00879
4540:2002Natur.418..145B
4387:1999Sci...284..625D
4323:2015Sci...347.1352V
4317:(6228): 1352–1355.
4277:Homo florisbadensis
4271:Introduced for the
4231:2003PNAS..100.7684C
4149:2007Natur.447Q..28M
3910:2003Natur.423..692S
3775:The type fossil is
3577:discovered in 2015.
3431:) (Li et al., 1977)
3353:Homo sapiens idaltu
3065:Bory de St. Vincent
2689:170 cm (5 ft 7 in)
2585:Single or very few
2487:H. cepranensis
2300:also classified as
2254:H. rudolfensis
2160:
1905:(Arambourg, 1954),
1761:H. neanderthalensis
1736:as the name of the
1505:Homo sapiens idaltu
7076:Self-domestication
6867:H. heidelbergensis
6816:H. e. yuanmouensis
6781:H. e. lantianensis
6508:Australopithecines
5893:(with references).
5877:(1946), p. 356.;
5719:The New York Times
5620:10.1038/ncomms7037
4779:10.1002/ajpa.10399
4725:Klein, R. (1999).
4645:Journal of Anatomy
4454:Journal of Anatomy
4080:10.1002/ajpa.23120
3981:(1698): 20150237.
3867:provisional names
3373:H. s. rhodesiensis
3320:Grzimeks Tierleben
3296:(Joleaud, 1931) =
3221:Cro-Magnon fossils
3034:Sub-Saharan Africa
2946:
2912:Early modern human
2830:H. luzonensis
2412:H. antecessor
2129:
1956:. Especially, the
1700:several subspecies
1666:
1050:H. heidelbergensis
7741:
7740:
7723:
7722:
7705:Cultivated plants
7700:
7699:
7664:
7663:
7387:
7386:
7328:Paleoanthropology
7270:
7269:
7247:Archaic admixture
7125:Stoned ape theory
7061:Endurance running
6978:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6825:
6824:
6788:H. e. nankinensis
6744:H. tsaichangensis
6680:
6679:
6365:as a subspecies,
6165:(June 12, 2003).
5712:(10 April 2019).
5666:(7751): 181–186.
5084:978-0-495-38190-7
5075:Thomson Wadsworth
4962:978-3-540-32474-4
4857:(6156): 326–331.
4591:(13): 7684–7689.
4534:(6894): 145–151.
4225:(13): 7684–7689.
3950:. talkorigins org
3904:(6941): 693–695.
3745:Homo floresiensis
3288:(Gregory, 1921),
3278:(Dubois, 1921),
3264:proto-aethiopicus
3248:(Lapouge, 1906),
3089:(with subraces),
3069:Essai sur l'Homme
3061:H. s. tasmanianus
3054:H. s. troglodytes
2924:1737 painting of
2916:Race and genetics
2891:
2890:
2800:
2761:
2721:
2567:
2496:
2456:
2383:
2304:
2264:
2219:
2096:and the Asian is
1911:(Coppens, 1965).
1875:(Haeckel, 1895),
1802:Australopithecina
1573:Australopithecina
1544:is placed in the
1468:(systematic name
1459:
1458:
1451:million years ago
1410:
1409:
1388:
1387:
1366:
1365:
1358:Earliest rock art
1344:
1343:
1320:
1319:
1313:Earliest language
1300:
1299:
1280:
1279:
1256:
1255:
1236:
1235:
1226:Earliest sign of
1213:
1212:
1203:Earliest sign of
1190:
1189:
1170:
1169:
1150:
1149:
1130:
1129:
773:Ou. macedoniensis
515:
514:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
460:
452:
442:
356:Homo floresiensis
273:
16:(Redirected from
7761:
7675:
7674:
7451:
7450:
7433:
7432:
7414:
7407:
7400:
7391:
7390:
7375:
7363:
7362:
7351:
7350:
7287:Human prehistory
7262:Recent evolution
7257:Early migrations
7199:Thermoregulation
7100:Expensive tissue
7071:Sexual selection
7041:
7040:
6913:
6912:
6795:H. e. pekinensis
6706:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6614:A. bahrelghazali
6583:Australopithecus
6513:
6512:
6483:Chimpanzee–human
6471:
6470:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6359:
6350:
6349:
6334:
6324:
6314:
6281:
6271:
6253:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6138:
6132:
6125:
6119:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6039:neanderthalensis
6035:
6029:
6022:
6016:
6015:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5931:
5925:
5915:
5909:
5900:
5894:
5871:
5865:
5858:
5852:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5778:. Archived from
5774:(4th ed.).
5768:"article 46.1".
5765:
5759:
5758:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5657:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5631:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5502:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5451:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5358:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5309:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5253:(1–2): 255–268.
5242:
5236:
5235:
5226:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5186:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5137:
5127:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5025:
5019:
5018:
4985:(6228): 1355–9.
4973:
4967:
4966:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4908:. Archived from
4897:
4891:
4890:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4781:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4732:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4701:
4699:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4669:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4608:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4478:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4368:
4362:
4351:Australopithecus
4344:
4334:
4302:
4296:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4242:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4160:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3891:
3876:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3837:, also called a
3831:
3825:
3806:
3800:
3773:
3767:
3677:
3671:
3648:
3642:
3622:
3616:
3605:
3599:
3596:Australopithecus
3592:H. ergaster
3584:
3578:
3571:Australopithecus
3567:
3561:
3550:
3275:Homo wadjakensis
3258:(Sergi, 1911),
3213:(1869) proposed
3050:H. s. monstrosus
3006:H. s. americanus
2962:sexual selection
2862:Denisova hominin
2794:
2759:
2719:
2694:(heavily built)
2641:
2562:
2535:Northeast China
2491:
2451:
2378:
2374:H. ergaster
2299:
2258:
2213:
2186:Cranial capacity
2161:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2128:
1996:Australopithecus
1954:Australopithecus
1930:, in the 1960s.
1893:(Dreyer, 1935),
1887:(Pycraft, 1928)
1869:(Dubois, 1894),
1838:Australopithecus
1806:Australopithecus
1785:Australopithecus
1730:John Edward Gray
1662:John Edward Gray
1585:Australopithecus
1439:
1437:
1436:
1422:
1420:
1404:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1380:Earliest clothes
1373:
1368:
1360:
1351:
1346:
1327:
1322:
1307:
1302:
1287:
1282:
1269:Earliest sign of
1263:
1258:
1243:
1238:
1228:Australopithecus
1220:
1215:
1197:
1192:
1183:Earliest bipedal
1177:
1172:
1163:Chimpanzee split
1157:
1152:
1137:
1132:
1117:
1112:
1098:
1097:
1083:
1082:
1066:
1052:
1038:
1010:
997:
977:
964:
936:
934:Australopithecus
923:
908:
891:
878:
854:
841:
828:
815:
802:
789:
777:
758:
745:
732:
720:
706:
693:
680:
678:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
554:
547:
540:
534:
524:
523:Hominin timeline
517:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
458:
450:
440:
413:
403:
396:Homo rudolfensis
393:
383:
373:
363:
353:
343:
333:
323:
265:
141:
140:
126:
56:
41:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
7769:
7768:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7754:Human evolution
7744:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7719:
7696:
7660:
7556:
7523:B. integrifolia
7449:
7424:
7418:
7388:
7383:
7339:
7296:
7282:Human evolution
7266:
7223:
7167:
7161:
7140:Cooperative eye
7085:Specific models
7080:
7032:
7011:Homo antecessor
6966:
6902:
6896:H. rhodesiensis
6860:H. floresiensis
6821:
6802:H. e. soloensis
6774:H. e. georgicus
6750:
6714:H. gautengensis
6689:
6687:
6676:
6640:
6576:
6547:
6502:
6493:Orangutan–human
6462:
6454:
6452:Human evolution
6449:
6419:
6403:Emanuel VlÄŤek:
6402:
6398:
6391:
6360:
6353:
6346:Wiley-Blackwell
6335:
6236:(38): 16022–7.
6220:
6216:
6193:10.1038/423692a
6163:Stringer, Chris
6160:
6156:
6139:
6135:
6127:John R. Baker,
6126:
6122:
6113:
6109:
6072:
6068:
6061:
6036:
6032:
6023:
6019:
6012:
5996:
5992:
5977:
5954:
5950:
5932:
5928:
5916:
5912:
5901:
5897:
5872:
5868:
5859:
5855:
5807:ed. 10 Vol. 1.
5785:
5783:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5738:
5734:
5724:
5722:
5707:
5703:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5592:
5588:
5557:
5553:
5520:
5516:
5463:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5427:
5423:
5376:
5372:
5327:
5323:
5278:
5274:
5243:
5239:
5224:
5214:
5210:
5155:
5151:
5110:(26): 10432–6.
5096:
5092:
5085:
5077:. p. 162.
5061:
5057:
5026:
5022:
4974:
4970:
4963:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4898:
4894:
4846:
4842:
4823:
4819:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4733:. Chicago, IL:
4723:
4719:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4687:
4683:
4636:
4632:
4575:
4571:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4496:
4492:
4461:(Pt 1): 19–60.
4445:
4441:
4414:
4410:
4381:(5414): 625–9.
4369:
4365:
4303:
4299:
4273:Florisbad Skull
4270:
4266:
4209:
4205:
4186:
4182:
4158:10.1038/447028a
4129:
4125:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4016:
4012:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3918:10.1038/423692a
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3843:H. erectus
3832:
3828:
3820:) suggest that
3810:H. sapiens
3807:
3803:
3774:
3770:
3751:Homo antecessor
3680:H. erectus
3678:
3674:
3652:H. erectus
3649:
3645:
3635:H. erectus
3623:
3619:
3613:H. erectus
3608:H. erectus
3606:
3602:
3588:H. habilis
3585:
3581:
3568:
3564:
3554:H. habilis
3551:
3547:
3543:
3526:
3479:) (Tyler, 2001)
3395:
3389:
3294:Homo galilensis
3272:(Broom, 1917),
3014:H. s. asiaticus
3010:H. s. europaeus
2918:
2904:
2896:
2884:
2833:
2797:H. erectus
2793:
2758:
2718:
2693:
2677:
2664:——
2644:c. 300–present
2639:
2638:
2634:H. sapiens
2620:15 individuals
2565:H. sapiens
2561:
2490:
2462:Europe, Africa
2450:
2381:H. erectus
2377:
2335:H. erectus
2302:H. habilis
2298:
2257:
2212:
2209:H. habilis
2201:
2188:
2168:
2159:
2054:
2048:
1881:(Black, 1927),
1866:Pithecanthropus
1698:, divided into
1654:
1652:Pithecanthropus
1636:
1595:, and possibly
1517:human evolution
1455:
1454:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:H o m i n i d s
1416:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1000:
999:
998:
989:
981:
980:
973:
967:
966:
965:
956:
948:
940:
939:
932:
926:
925:
924:
915:
911:
910:
909:
900:
896:
895:
894:
887:
881:
880:
879:
870:
862:
858:
857:
856:
850:
845:
844:
843:
837:
832:
831:
830:
824:
819:
818:
817:
811:
806:
805:
804:
798:
793:
792:
791:
787:Chororapithecus
785:
780:
779:
778:
769:
761:
760:
754:
749:
748:
747:
743:Samburupithecus
741:
736:
735:
734:
728:
723:
722:
721:
714:
710:
709:
708:
702:
697:
696:
695:
689:
684:
683:
682:
676:
674:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
558:
532:
526:
522:
511:
472:Pithecanthropus
459:Arambourg, 1954
444:
443:
386:Homo luzonensis
326:Homo antecessor
293:
290:
264:
135:
127:
125:
124:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
51:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7767:
7757:
7756:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7694:
7689:
7681:
7679:
7672:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7649:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7572:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7493:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7472:
7465:
7457:
7455:
7448:
7447:
7441:
7439:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7417:
7416:
7409:
7402:
7394:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7369:
7357:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7304:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7292:Human timeline
7289:
7284:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7233:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7170:
7168:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7115:Drunken monkey
7109:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7045:
7044:General models
7038:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
6988:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6937:
6932:
6923:
6921:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6848:
6843:
6835:
6833:
6831:Archaic humans
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6762:
6760:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6740:
6736:H. rudolfensis
6732:
6725:
6718:
6709:
6703:
6696:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6657:P. aethiopicus
6652:
6650:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6588:
6586:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6567:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6538:
6535:Sahelanthropus
6531:
6524:
6521:Nakalipithecus
6516:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6479:
6477:
6468:
6456:
6455:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6425:
6418:
6417:
6396:
6389:
6351:
6297:(5): 1147–52.
6214:
6154:
6145:. p. xi.
6133:
6120:
6107:
6066:
6059:
6030:
6017:
6010:
5990:
5975:
5948:
5945:. p. 237.
5926:
5910:
5895:
5866:
5853:
5839:"). See also:
5829:H. s. albus L.
5811:does not have
5760:
5732:
5701:
5643:
5586:
5567:(5): 485–508.
5551:
5532:(3): 275–280.
5514:
5457:
5421:
5370:
5335:The Innovation
5321:
5286:The Innovation
5272:
5237:
5208:
5149:
5090:
5083:
5055:
5020:
4968:
4961:
4923:
4892:
4840:
4817:
4750:
4743:
4717:
4681:
4652:(4): 354–376.
4630:
4569:
4517:
4510:
4490:
4439:
4408:
4363:
4359:Extinct Humans
4297:
4264:
4203:
4180:
4123:
4103:
4074:(2): 318–327.
4052:
4028:Morris Goodman
4010:
3961:
3939:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3869:Homo sp. Altai
3860:
3851:
3826:
3801:
3768:
3672:
3643:
3617:
3600:
3579:
3562:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3388:
3382:
3260:Homo fossilis
3245:Homo grimaldii
3042:feral children
2903:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:3 individuals
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:7 individuals
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2598:H. naledi
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2497:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:Western Europe
2418:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2341:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:3 individuals
2320:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2259:membership in
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2214:membership in
2204:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2167:Temporal range
2165:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2114:Dmanisi skulls
2100:(Inclusion of
2094:Homo ergaster,
2050:Main article:
2047:
2044:
2022:Sahelanthropus
1908:Tchadanthropus
1890:Africanthropus
1854:incertae sedis
1850:Sahelanthropus
1833:Sahelanthropus
1648:Anthropomorpha
1635:
1632:
1619:(or similar).
1597:Sahelanthropus
1496:archaic humans
1462:Human taxonomy
1457:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1003:
1002:
1001:
985:H. rudolfensis
970:
969:
968:
929:
928:
927:
914:
913:
912:
899:
898:
897:
884:
883:
882:
861:
860:
859:
848:
847:
846:
839:Graecopithecus
835:
834:
833:
826:Sahelanthropus
822:
821:
820:
809:
808:
807:
796:
795:
794:
783:
782:
781:
756:Ouranopithecus
752:
751:
750:
739:
738:
737:
730:Nakalipithecus
726:
725:
724:
713:
712:
711:
700:
699:
698:
687:
686:
685:
672:
671:
670:
668:
665:0 —
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
560:
559:
557:
556:
549:
542:
531:
528:
527:
520:
513:
512:
510:
509:
501:
496:Tchadanthropus
493:
485:
477:
469:
461:
453:
448:Africanthropus
439:
438:
437:
434:
433:
427:
426:
420:
419:
409:
399:
389:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
318:
317:
300:
299:
295:
294:
292:Linnaeus, 1758
291:
282:
281:
275:
274:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
129:
128:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7766:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7710:Invertebrates
7708:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7667:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7410:
7408:
7403:
7401:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7299:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7164:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7146:Life history
7145:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7006:
7001:
7000:
6999:Homo ergaster
6995:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6928:H. s. sapiens
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6908:Modern humans
6905:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6882:H. luzonensis
6879:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6840:H. antecessor
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6767:H. e. erectus
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6746:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6683:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6621:A. deyiremeda
6618:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6542:Kenyanthropus
6539:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:Gorilla–human
6486:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6441:
6439:
6434:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6392:
6390:9783110810691
6386:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6356:
6347:
6343:
6340:King, 1864".
6339:
6332:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6151:
6150:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6124:
6117:
6111:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6088:(2): 245–54.
6087:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6070:
6062:
6060:9781135582272
6056:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6040:
6034:
6027:
6021:
6013:
6011:9781489937452
6007:
6003:
6002:
5994:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5976:0-801-88221-4
5972:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5961:Wilson, D. E.
5958:
5957:Groves, C. P.
5952:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5935:Pääbo, Svante
5930:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5904:
5899:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5863:
5857:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5841:John R. Baker
5838:
5834:
5830:
5827:but against "
5826:
5825:H. s. sapiens
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5801:H. s. sapiens
5797:
5793:
5782:on 2016-03-03
5781:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5771:ICZN glossary
5764:
5757:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5747:New Scientist
5743:
5736:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5518:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5341:(3): 100130.
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5292:(3): 100132.
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5230:
5223:
5221:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5169:(6): e21562.
5168:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5036:(3): 151–77.
5035:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4721:
4713:
4707:
4696:
4694:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4511:9781107019959
4507:
4503:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4056:
4041:
4040:
4039:New Scientist
4035:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4018:Jared Diamond
4014:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3949:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3855:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3839:chronospecies
3836:
3830:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3793:Bilzingsleben
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:Homo ergaster
3735:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3519:(VlÄŤek, 2002)
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3345:H. s. sapiens
3342:
3341:H. s. sapiens
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3290:Homo drennani
3287:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3219:based on the
3218:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:. Similarly,
3180:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:australasicus
3124:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3081:smooth-haired
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:cryptozoology
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:H. s. sapiens
2991:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2942:H. s. sapiens
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:Carl Linnaeus
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:1 individual
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:Nesher Ramla
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:1 individual
2541:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:H. longi
2524:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2193:Fossil record
2187:
2179:Adult height
2175:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:Homo ergaster
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:Homo ergaster
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1924:Olduvai Gorge
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:Cyphanthropus
1880:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:Protanthropus
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:Praeanthropus
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1827:Kenyanthropus
1823:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:Carl Linnaeus
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1617:Homo paniscus
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:Praeanthropus
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:human species
1463:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1421:
1419:
1403:
1402:Modern humans
1397:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1333:Earliest fire
1329:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1143:Gorilla split
1139:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1096:
1081:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1053:
1051:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1018:H. antecessor
1012:
1011:
1009:
996:
994:
988:
986:
979:
978:
976:
963:
961:
960:Au. anamensis
955:
953:
952:Au. afarensis
947:
945:
944:Au. africanus
938:
937:
935:
922:
920:
907:
905:
893:
892:
890:
877:
875:
874:O. tugenensis
869:
867:
855:
853:
842:
840:
829:
827:
816:
814:
803:
801:
790:
788:
776:
774:
768:
766:
759:
757:
746:
744:
733:
731:
719:
718:
707:
705:
694:
692:
681:
679:
561:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
536:
535:
529:
525:
518:
505:
502:
499:Coppens, 1965
497:
494:
489:
486:
483:Haeckel, 1895
481:
480:Protanthropus
478:
473:
470:
467:Pycraft, 1928
465:
464:Cyphanthropus
462:
457:
454:
449:
446:
445:
435:
432:
428:
425:
424:
418:
417:
410:
408:
407:
400:
398:
397:
390:
388:
387:
380:
378:
377:
370:
368:
367:
360:
358:
357:
350:
348:
347:
346:Homo ergaster
340:
338:
337:
330:
328:
327:
320:
316:
315:
311:
310:
309:
308:
304:
303:
301:
296:
289:
288:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
262:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
134:
130:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
52:2.865–0
48:
44:
37:
33:
30:
19:
7684:
7670:Polyphyletic
7653:Homo sapiens
7652:
7651:
7625:
7567:
7550:
7543:
7536:
7522:
7515:
7508:
7501:
7489:
7480:
7468:
7460:
7437:Monophyletic
7376:
7364:
7352:
7219:Gender roles
7214:Intelligence
7027:Homo sapiens
7025:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7005:Homo erectus
7003:
6997:
6993:Homo habilis
6991:
6952:Manot people
6941:H. s. idaltu
6939:
6935:Jebel Irhoud
6927:
6918:Homo sapiens
6916:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6872:
6865:
6858:
6850:
6838:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6757:Homo erectus
6755:
6742:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6712:
6702:Proto-humans
6691:
6688:proto-humans
6669:
6662:
6655:
6647:Paranthropus
6645:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6607:A. anamensis
6605:
6600:A. africanus
6598:
6593:A. afarensis
6591:
6581:
6569:
6562:
6554:Ardipithecus
6552:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6498:Gibbon–human
6459:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6399:
6380:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6341:
6337:
6294:
6288:
6233:
6227:
6217:
6176:
6170:
6157:
6149:Homo sapiens
6148:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6128:
6123:
6115:
6110:
6085:
6079:
6078:in Africa".
6076:Homo sapiens
6075:
6069:
6045:
6038:
6033:
6025:
6020:
6000:
5993:
5965:
5951:
5941:. New York:
5938:
5929:
5918:
5913:
5902:
5898:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5869:
5856:
5844:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:. Retrieved
5780:the original
5770:
5763:
5754:Homo sapiens
5753:
5751:
5745:
5735:
5723:. Retrieved
5717:
5704:
5663:
5659:
5646:
5603:
5599:
5589:
5564:
5560:
5554:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5448:. Retrieved
5434:
5424:
5387:
5383:
5373:
5338:
5334:
5324:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5219:
5211:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5069:
5058:
5033:
5029:
5023:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4940:
4937:Tattersall I
4932:
4926:
4916:22 September
4914:. Retrieved
4910:the original
4895:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4826:
4820:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4769:
4763:
4753:
4728:
4720:
4692:
4684:
4649:
4643:
4633:
4588:
4582:
4572:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4500:
4493:
4458:
4452:
4442:
4417:
4411:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4222:
4216:
4206:
4189:
4183:
4143:(7140): 28.
4140:
4136:
4126:
4115:
4106:
4071:
4065:
4055:
4043:. Retrieved
4037:
4026:(1991), and
4021:
4013:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3942:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3829:
3822:Homo sapiens
3821:
3814:Jebel Irhoud
3809:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3771:
3763:Homo sapiens
3761:
3760:and indeed
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3558:Homo erectus
3557:
3553:
3548:
3514:
3506:
3501:Tautavel Man
3494:
3482:
3477:Meganthropus
3470:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3403:
3399:Homo erectus
3397:
3396:
3385:Homo erectus
3384:
3371:
3365:
3362:Homo sapiens
3361:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3314:
3311:Homo sapiens
3310:
3308:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3228:Homo sapiens
3227:
3225:
3214:
3211:Louis Lartet
3202:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3155:crisp-haired
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3037:
3026:West Eurasia
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2973:
2954:Homo sapiens
2953:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2900:Homo sapiens
2899:
2828:
2803:c. 100
2796:
2788:
2754:
2713:
2697:1,200–1,900
2672:
2632:
2631:
2607:South Africa
2603:c. 300
2596:
2570:c. 300
2564:
2556:
2525:
2514:1 skull cap
2499:c. 450
2493:
2485:
2471:1,100–1,400
2453:
2445:
2410:
2386:1,800–1,300
2380:
2372:
2333:
2311:South Africa
2301:
2293:
2260:
2252:
2222:2,100–1,500
2215:
2207:
2131:
2124:Homo erectus
2123:
2117:
2109:
2106:Homo erectus
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:Homo erectus
2089:
2083:
2080:Homo sapiens
2079:
2076:Homo erectus
2075:
2072:Homo sapiens
2071:
2067:Homo erectus
2065:
2062:Homo sapiens
2061:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2016:Ardipithecus
2014:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:Homo habilis
1931:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1902:Atlanthropus
1900:
1896:Telanthropus
1894:
1888:
1882:
1878:Sinanthropus
1876:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1852:(the latter
1849:
1845:
1842:Ardipithecus
1841:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1821:Ardipithecus
1819:
1811:Paranthropus
1809:
1805:
1798:Raymond Dart
1793:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:Piltdown Man
1772:
1768:
1765:missing link
1760:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1717:
1711:
1695:
1691:Homo sapiens
1689:
1667:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:Ardipithecus
1588:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1552:
1541:
1539:
1534:Homo sapiens
1532:
1528:Homo erectus
1526:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1485:
1470:Homo sapiens
1469:
1461:
1460:
1430:
1415:
1271:
1227:
1205:Ardipithecus
1204:
1123:Earlier apes
1080:Neanderthals
1064:Homo sapiens
1061:
1060:
1047:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1005:
1004:
990:
982:
972:
971:
957:
949:
941:
931:
930:
916:
901:
889:Ardipithecus
886:
885:
871:
863:
849:
836:
823:
813:Sivapithecus
810:
800:Oreopithecus
797:
784:
770:
762:
753:
740:
727:
715:
701:
688:
673:
504:Telanthropus
503:
495:
488:Sinanthropus
487:
479:
475:Dubois, 1894
471:
463:
456:Atlanthropus
455:
451:Dreyer, 1935
447:
422:
421:
414:
404:
394:
384:
374:
366:Homo habilis
364:
354:
344:
336:Homo erectus
334:
324:
312:
307:Homo sapiens
305:
287:Homo sapiens
285:
279:Type species
260:
206:Infraorder:
35:
29:
7642:Vertebrates
7632:Lepidoptera
7605:Brachiopoda
7574:Gastropoda
7551:Pachypodium
7496:Orchidaceae
7150:Grandmother
7105:Shore-based
7066:Aquatic ape
6957:Tam Pa Ling
6852:H. ergaster
6671:P. robustus
5943:Basic Books
4810:H. ergaster
4772:: 126–170.
4281:Homo helmei
4198:10026538759
4045:December 8,
3808:The age of
3629:, found in
3453:Nanjing Man
3441:Lantian Man
3429:Yuanmou Man
3172:hottentotus
3160:aethiopicus
3146:patagonicus
3122:neptunianus
3116:hyperboreus
3038:H. s. ferus
2840:Philippines
2799:or Denisova
2200:Publication
2182:Adult mass
2119:Homo naledi
2104:with Asian
2060:other than
1986:(alongside
1972:KNM-ER 1470
1920:stone tools
1863:, include:
1824:(1995) and
1808:as well as
1704:great races
1531:and modern
1026:H. ergaster
919:Ar. ramidus
904:Ar. kadabba
866:O. praegens
704:Pleistocene
533:This box:
491:Black, 1927
406:Homo naledi
226:Subfamily:
210:Simiiformes
7620:Dermaptera
7615:Scorpiones
7509:Adenanthos
7189:Skin color
7174:Bipedalism
7135:Killer ape
6947:Cro-Magnon
6846:Denisovans
6722:H. habilis
6686:Humans and
6571:A. ramidus
6564:A. kadabba
6363:H. erectus
5805:Syst. Nat.
5786:2018-06-04
5390:: e24231.
4798:H. erectus
4794:H. erectus
4744:0226439631
4347:H. habilis
4285:Lake Eyasi
3882:References
3666:(formerly
3658:(formerly
3656:Peking Man
3552:Confirmed
3465:Peking Man
3387:subspecies
3333:H. sapiens
3325:John Baker
3315:H. sapiens
3240:H. sapiens
3151:Oulotrichi
3140:americanus
3134:columbicus
3077:Leiotrichi
3018:H. s. afer
3002:H. sapiens
2974:H. sapiens
2950:subspecies
2938:H. sapiens
2902:subspecies
2894:Subspecies
2658:950–1,800
2417:1,200–800
2340:1,900–140
2307:1,900–600
2197:Discovery
2116:(2013) or
1992:H. erectus
1988:H. habilis
1962:H. habilis
1950:H. habilis
1914:The genus
1767:" between
1716:(genitive
1682:subspecies
1628:subspecies
1624:phenotypes
1570:split, is
1551:alongside
1540:The genus
1478:zoological
1095:Denisovans
1034:Au. sediba
1008:H. erectus
975:H. habilis
765:Ou. turkae
246:Subtribe:
200:Haplorhini
196:Suborder:
43:Piacenzian
38:("humans")
7647:Lemuridae
7637:Lucanidae
7626:Anopheles
7531:Cactaceae
7490:Narcissus
7475:Liliaceae
7308:Theorists
7275:Timelines
7155:Patriarch
7131:Behavior
7056:Gathering
6984:Ancestors
6729:H. naledi
6664:P. boisei
6635:A. sediba
6051:Routledge
5696:106411053
5546:0305-4403
5477:: 16046.
4706:cite news
3541:Footnotes
3467:) (1970s)
3419:) (1970s)
3178:melaninus
3086:japeticus
3030:East Asia
2980:based on
2934:lectotype
2795:possibly
2728:Indonesia
2661:(extant)
2648:Worldwide
2263:uncertain
2218:uncertain
2164:Lineages
2134:lineages
1980:Alekseyev
1722:Hominidae
993:Au. garhi
230:Homininae
220:Hominidae
156:Kingdom:
150:Eukaryota
7748:Category
7692:Diatomea
7686:Protista
7678:Protists
7600:Bivalvia
7595:Conoidea
7569:Animalia
7502:Triticum
7445:Bacteria
7421:Taxonomy
7354:Category
7209:Language
7179:Skeleton
6874:H. longi
6628:A. garhi
6465:Hominins
6460:Taxonomy
6331:14745010
6278:19805257
6260:40485013
6209:26693109
6201:12802315
5985:62265494
5959:(2005).
5937:(2014).
5921:(2013),
5889:(1982),
5725:10 April
5710:Zimmer C
5688:30971845
5638:25625212
5606:: 6037.
5509:28675384
5416:28483040
5365:34557770
5316:34557772
5203:21738710
5163:PLOS ONE
5144:21646521
5065:Prins HE
5050:20466364
5015:43455561
5007:25739409
4945:Springer
4939:(eds.).
4887:20435482
4879:24136960
4788:14666536
4676:18380861
4625:12794185
4556:12110880
4485:10999270
4434:87482930
4403:10213682
4341:25739410
4291:(1942),
4259:12794185
4175:33066198
4167:17476243
4098:27874171
4005:27298468
3934:26693109
3926:12802315
3664:Java Man
3524:See also
3489:Solo Man
3455:) (1993)
3417:Java Man
3262:infrasp.
3236:synonyms
3193:(etc.).
3191:spelaeus
3098:iranicus
3092:arabicus
3022:Americas
2936:of both
2880:2 sites
2820:2008(?)
2764:140–120
2532:309–138
2459:600–300
2434:2 sites
2396:700–850
2379:African
2282:2 sites
2236:510–660
2226:Tanzania
2202:of name
2176:Habitat
2007:Hominini
1958:LD 350-1
1936:(Leakey
1928:Tanzania
1800:(1925).
1734:Hominini
1724:for the
1670:hominids
1644:Hominini
1559:diverged
1549:Hominini
717:Hominini
691:Pliocene
441:Synonyms
431:Synonyms
298:Species
267:Linnaeus
250:Hominina
240:Hominini
216:Family:
190:Primates
180:Mammalia
170:Chordata
166:Phylum:
160:Animalia
146:Domain:
7734:Viruses
7610:Araneae
7561:Animals
7544:Drosera
7516:Banksia
7462:Plantae
7366:Commons
7318:Fossils
7184:Muscles
7095:Cooking
7051:Hunting
6528:Orrorin
6373:. See:
6299:Bibcode
6269:2752594
6238:Bibcode
6181:Bibcode
6102:6410925
6041:, see:
5668:Bibcode
5629:4316746
5608:Bibcode
5581:9614635
5500:5500885
5479:Bibcode
5450:11 June
5407:5423772
5356:8454562
5307:8454552
5255:Bibcode
5194:3126814
5171:Bibcode
5135:3127884
5112:Bibcode
4987:Bibcode
4979:Science
4859:Bibcode
4851:Science
4813:record.
4667:2409102
4593:Bibcode
4564:1316969
4536:Bibcode
4476:1468107
4383:Bibcode
4374:Science
4319:Bibcode
4311:Science
4227:Bibcode
4145:Bibcode
4089:5299519
4030:(2003)
3996:4920294
3954:June 7,
3906:Bibcode
3818:Morocco
3777:Mauer 1
3356:(White
3187:priscus
3110:sinicus
3104:indicus
3067:in his
2870:Siberia
2724:190–50
2348:Eurasia
2046:Species
2036:Orrorin
1775:. The "
1718:hominis
1678:species
1634:History
1394:←
1372:←
1350:←
1337:cooking
1326:←
1306:←
1286:←
1262:←
1242:←
1219:←
1196:←
1176:←
1156:←
1136:←
1116:←
852:Orrorin
677:Miocene
660:–
650:–
640:–
630:–
620:–
610:–
600:–
590:–
580:–
570:–
256:Genus:
236:Tribe:
186:Order:
176:Class:
121:↓
47:Present
7537:Citrus
7481:Tulipa
7469:Allium
7454:Plants
7423:of ...
7301:Others
7204:Speech
7166:Topics
7111:Drugs
7037:Models
6387:
6329:
6322:337021
6319:
6276:
6266:
6258:
6207:
6199:
6172:Nature
6100:
6057:
6008:
5983:
5973:
5891:p. 141
5694:
5686:
5660:Nature
5636:
5626:
5579:
5544:
5507:
5497:
5436:Nature
5414:
5404:
5363:
5353:
5314:
5304:
5201:
5191:
5142:
5132:
5081:
5048:
5013:
5005:
4959:
4885:
4877:
4827:Nature
4786:
4741:
4674:
4664:
4623:
4616:164648
4613:
4562:
4554:
4528:Nature
4508:
4483:
4473:
4432:
4418:Nature
4401:
4339:
4257:
4250:164648
4247:
4196:
4173:
4165:
4137:Nature
4096:
4086:
4003:
3993:
3932:
3924:
3897:Nature
3662:) and
3511:(1991)
3358:et al.
3073:racial
2914:, and
2836:c. 67
2807:Taiwan
2768:Israel
2582:1,300
2574:Zambia
2563:early
2542:1,420
2511:1,000
2452:early
2431:1,000
2344:Africa
2267:1,900
1938:et al.
1848:, and
1726:family
1706:. The
1664:(1825)
1650:, and
1510:idaltu
1105:
7728:Other
7313:Books
7091:Diet
6256:JSTOR
6205:S2CID
5907:p. 71
5809:p. 21
5692:S2CID
5656:(PDF)
5384:eLife
5225:(PDF)
5011:S2CID
4883:S2CID
4698:(PDF)
4560:S2CID
4430:S2CID
4293:p. 43
4171:S2CID
3930:S2CID
3207:Pääbo
3166:cafer
2887:2010
2856:2019
2853:2007
2823:2015
2781:2021
2747:2004
2744:2003
2708:1864
2705:1829
2667:1758
2626:2015
2623:2013
2591:1921
2588:1921
2551:2021
2548:1933
2520:2003
2517:1994
2503:Italy
2480:1908
2477:1907
2474:Many
2440:1997
2437:1994
2405:1975
2402:1949
2399:Many
2367:1892
2364:1891
2361:Many
2328:2010
2325:2010
2288:1986
2285:1972
2271:Kenya
2247:1964
2244:1960
2189:(cm)
1952:from
1816:Broom
1738:tribe
1710:noun
1708:Latin
1676:into
1546:tribe
1482:genus
1474:Latin
7588:1997
7583:2005
7578:2017
7429:Life
7194:Hair
7014:) →
6692:Homo
6385:ISBN
6327:PMID
6274:PMID
6197:PMID
6129:Race
6098:PMID
6055:ISBN
6006:ISBN
5981:OCLC
5971:ISBN
5845:Race
5727:2019
5684:PMID
5634:PMID
5577:PMID
5542:ISSN
5505:PMID
5452:2017
5412:PMID
5361:PMID
5312:PMID
5199:PMID
5140:PMID
5079:ISBN
5046:PMID
5030:Homo
5003:PMID
4957:ISBN
4933:Homo
4918:2014
4875:PMID
4784:PMID
4739:ISBN
4712:link
4672:PMID
4621:PMID
4584:PNAS
4552:PMID
4506:ISBN
4481:PMID
4399:PMID
4355:Homo
4353:and
4337:PMID
4255:PMID
4194:NAID
4163:PMID
4094:PMID
4047:2011
4001:PMID
3956:2016
3922:PMID
3654:are
3631:Java
3575:Homo
3573:and
3404:Homo
3370:and
3339:and
3157:"):
3083:"):
3052:and
3032:and
3016:and
2966:race
2960:and
2940:and
2930:Sami
2883:2000
2755:Homo
2738:400
2701:Many
2680:240–
2617:450
2279:700
2261:Homo
2240:Many
2216:Homo
2154:edit
2147:talk
2140:view
2132:Homo
2058:Homo
2052:Homo
2031:Homo
2027:Homo
2019:and
2000:Homo
1998:and
1990:and
1984:Homo
1946:OH 7
1942:Homo
1916:Homo
1861:Homo
1792:and
1790:Homo
1771:and
1769:Homo
1748:Homo
1713:homĹŤ
1696:Homo
1609:Homo
1607:and
1601:Homo
1581:Homo
1564:Homo
1542:Homo
1522:Homo
1487:Homo
1272:Homo
553:edit
546:talk
539:view
271:1758
261:Homo
60:Preęž’
36:Homo
7008:(→
6899:(?)
6877:(?)
6855:(?)
6747:(?)
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6717:(?)
6407:(=
6317:PMC
6307:doi
6295:101
6264:PMC
6246:doi
6234:106
6189:doi
6177:423
6090:doi
5923:508
5849:205
5676:doi
5664:568
5624:PMC
5616:doi
5569:doi
5534:doi
5495:PMC
5487:doi
5441:doi
5402:PMC
5392:doi
5351:PMC
5343:doi
5302:PMC
5294:doi
5263:doi
5251:286
5189:PMC
5179:doi
5130:PMC
5120:doi
5108:108
5038:doi
4995:doi
4983:347
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4867:doi
4855:342
4831:doi
4774:doi
4770:122
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4611:PMC
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4589:100
4544:doi
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4471:PMC
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4422:doi
4391:doi
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4076:doi
4072:162
4020:in
3991:PMC
3983:doi
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2108:is
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1978:by
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1773:Pan
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