42:, behaviors present in different species can be considered homologous if they are likely present in those species because the behaviors were present in a common ancestor of the two species. Alternatively, in much the same way as reproductive structures (e.g., the penis and the clitoris) are considered homologous because they share a common origin in embryonic tissues, behaviors—or the
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nonhuman primates' behavior in groups, a conjunction of hard human data and hard nonhuman primate data, lends credence to our comparison. Our conclusion is that, based on their agreement in several unusual characteristics, dominance patterns are homologous in primates. This agreement of unusual
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Anderson, Michael L.; Penner-Wilger, M. (2013). "Neural reuse in the evolution and development of the brain: Evidence for developmental homology?".
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characteristics is found at several levels, including fine motor movement, gross motor movement, and behavior at the group level.
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Rendall, Drew; Di Fiore (2007). "Homoplasy, homology, and the perceived special status of behavior in evolution".
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studied the evolution of behavior. More recently, the question of behavioral homologies has been addressed by
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associated with those behaviors—can also be considered homologous if they share common origins in development.
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Moore, David S. (January 2013). "Importing the homology concept from biology into developmental psychology".
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such as Georg
Striedter and Glenn Northcutt. It is debatable whether the concept of homology is useful in
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Moore, David S. (2013). "Importing the homology concept from biology into developmental psychology".
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Striedter, Georg; Northcutt (1991). "Biological hierarchies and the concept of homology".
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Behavioral homologies have been considered since at least 1958, when
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Wagner, G. P. (1989). "The biological homology concept".
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Ereshefsky, Marc (March 2012). "Homology thinking".
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