1463:
political scandals eroded the paranoid emperor's trust in him. Finally, in 1380, Hongwu had Hu and his entire family arrested and executed on charges of treason. Using this as an opportunity to purge his government, the emperor also ordered the execution of countless other officials, as well as their families, for associating with Hu. The purge lasted over a decade and resulted in more than 30,000 executions. In 1390, even Li
Shanchang, one of the closest old friends of the emperor, who was rewarded as the biggest contributor to the founding of the Ming Empire, was executed along with over 70 members of his extended family. A year after his death, a deputy in the Board of Works made a submission to the emperor appealing Li's innocence, arguing that since Li was already at the apex of honour, wealth and power, the accusation that he wanted to help
1856:
1646:
1521:
1106:
3467:
39:
1318:, and each was required to provide an adult man as soldier, and at least one more person to work in support roles in the military. The military, craftsmen and salt worker households were hereditary, and converting into civilian households was impossible except in a few very rare situations. A family may simultaneously belong in one of the minor categories, e.g. physician households and scholar households, according to their occupation. In addition to the aforementioned "good" households, discriminatory types also existed, such as entertainer households (
512:
1915:, only rebuking the Vietnamese for their invasion, being opposed to military action abroad. He specifically warned future emperors only to defend against foreign barbarians, and not engage in expansionist military campaigns for glory and conquest. In his 1395 ancestral injunctions, the emperor specifically wrote that China should not attack Champa, Cambodia or Annam (Vietnam). With the exception of his turn against aggressive expansion, much of Hongwu's foreign policy and his diplomatic institutions were based on Yuan practice.
1785:
1635:
1142:"Barbarian" (i.e. Mongol-related) elements, including garments and names, were made illegal. There was no clear definition on what was "barbarian", and individual clothing styles and names were banned at the emperor's will. There were also attacks on palaces and administrative buildings previously used by the rulers of the Yuan dynasty. But many of Taizu's government institutions were actually modeled on those of the Yuan dynasty: community schools required for primary education in every village.
1350:
3481:
1957:, though they were often manned by local gangs. Hongwu's measures limited tax receipts, impoverished and provoked both coastal Chinese and Japanese against the Hongwu regime, and actually resulted in an increase in piracy, offering too little as a reward for good behavior and enticement for Japanese authorities to root out their own smugglers and pirates. Regardless of the policy, piracy had dropped to negligible levels by the time of its abolition in 1568.
1029:
2069:
7978:
7966:
1430:, and commanders were appointed to lead them to battle. After the war, the army was disbanded into smaller groups and sent back to their respective districts, while the commanders had to return their authority to the state. This system helped to prevent military leaders from having too much power. The military was under the control of a civilian official for large campaigns, instead of a military general.
869:) and his mother was Chen Erniang. He had seven older siblings, several of whom were "given away" by his parents, as they did not always have enough food to support the family. When he was 16, severe drought ruined the harvest where his family lived, and famine subsequently killed everyone in his family except for him and one of his brothers. He then buried them by wrapping their bodies in white cloth.
3495:
900:
1231:) and escorted to neighboring provinces. "The great pagoda tree in Hongtong, Shanxi" became a common idiom when referring to one's ancestral home in certain areas of Henan and Hebei. Public works projects, such as the construction of irrigation systems, and dikes, were undertaken in an attempt to help farmers. In addition, Hongwu also reduced the demands for corvée labor on the peasantry.
7803:
7784:
7765:
1941:" raiding his coasts were Chinese, and Hongwu's response was almost entirely passive. The shogun replied "Your great empire may be able to invade Japan, but our small state is not short of a strategy to defend ourselves." The necessity of protecting his state against the Northern Yuan remnants meant that the most Hongwu was able to accomplish against Japan was a series of "
3509:
1542:, "Code of the Great Ming"). The emperor devoted much time to the project and instructed his ministers that the code should be comprehensive and intelligible, so as not to allow any official to exploit loopholes in the code by deliberately misinterpreting it. The Ming code laid much emphasis on family relations. The code was a great improvement on the code of the
1214:
money-lenders and managers of gambling rings. Using their power, the bureaucrats expanded their estates at the expense of peasants' lands through outright purchase of those lands, and foreclosure on their mortgages whenever they wanted the lands. The peasants often became either tenants, or workers, or sought employment elsewhere.
1820:. David M. Robinson indicated it is unknown whether the Ming marriage laws were actually enforced. At the same time, the Hongwu Emperor also wanted to segregate barbarians like the Mongol and Semu and force them not to use Han names so they could maintain their distinctiveness and not assimilate or get mistaken for Han.
841:
occupational categories to households. Through these measures, the Hongwu
Emperor attempted to rebuild a country that had been ravaged by war, limit and control its social groups, and instill orthodox values in his subjects, eventually creating a strictly regimented society of self-sufficient farming communities.
2091:, in the east of Nanjing. The mass sacrifice of concubines after the emperor's death, a practice long disappeared among Chinese dynasties, was revived by Zhu Yuanzhang, probably to clear potential obstacles to the reign of his chosen successor. At least 38 concubines were killed as part of Hongwu's funeral
1601:
Supported by the scholar-bureaucrats, he accepted the
Confucian viewpoint that merchants were solely parasitic. He felt that agriculture should be the country's source of wealth and that trade was ignoble. As a result, the Ming economic system emphasized agriculture, unlike the economic system of the
1438:
Hongwu attempted, and largely succeeded in, the consolidation of control over all aspects of government, so that no other group could gain enough power to overthrow him. He also buttressed the country's defense against the
Mongols. He increasingly concentrated power in his own hands. He abolished the
1369:
still posed a threat to the Ming, even though they had been driven away after the collapse of the Yuan. He decided to reassess the orthodox
Confucian view that the military class was inferior to that of the scholar bureaucracy. He kept a powerful army, which in 1384 he reorganized using a model known
907:
The monastery where Zhu lived was eventually looted and destroyed by an army whose task was supposedly to suppress a local rebellion. In 1352, Zhu joined one of the many insurgent forces that had risen in rebellion against the Yuan. He rose rapidly through the ranks and became a commander. His forces
886:
For the next few years, Zhu led the life of a wandering beggar and personally experienced the hardships of the common people during the late years of the Yuan dynasty. After about three years, he returned to the monastery and stayed there until he was around 24 years old. He learned to read and write
836:
organizations in imperial China. In the 1380s and 1390s, a series of purges were launched to eliminate his high-ranked officials and generals; tens of thousands were executed. The reign of Hongwu also witnessed much cruelty. Various cruel methods of execution were introduced for punishable crimes and
840:
The emperor encouraged agriculture, reduced taxes, incentivized the cultivation of new land, and established laws protecting peasants' property. He also confiscated land held by large estates and forbade private slavery. At the same time, he banned free movement in the empire and assigned hereditary
1181:
case alone, tens of thousands of officials and their families were executed over sedition, treason, corruption and other charges. According to an anecdote noted by Ming dynasty writers, in 1380, after much killing, a lightning bolt struck his palace and he stopped the massacres for some time, as he
1340:
Zhu
Yuanzhang passed a law on mandatory hairstyle on 24 September 1392, mandating that all males grow their hair long and making it illegal for them to shave part of their foreheads while leaving strands of hair which was the Mongol hairstyle. The penalty for both the barber and the person who was
1605:
However, his prejudice against merchants did not diminish the numbers of traders. On the contrary, commerce increased significantly during the Hongwu era because of the growth of industry throughout the empire. This growth in trade was due in part to poor soil conditions and the overpopulation of
1242:
should be given to young farmers who had reached adulthood. The order was intended to prevent landlords from seizing the land, as it also decreed that the titles to the lands were not transferable. During the middle part of his reign, he passed an edict, stating that those who brought fallow land
1213:
However, the reforms did not eliminate the threat of the bureaucrats to peasants. Instead, the expansion of the bureaucrats and their growing prestige translated into more wealth, and tax exemption for those in the government service. The bureaucrats gained new privileges, and some became illegal
955:
during his reign. Zhu's government in
Nanjing became famous for good governance, and the city attracted vast numbers of people fleeing from other more lawless regions. It is estimated that Nanjing's population increased tenfold over the next 10 years. In the meantime, the Yuan government had been
1823:
Ming
Chinese officials above all regarded Mongols under their rule as a separate ethnicity registered in official hereditary Mongol households, regardless of their lifestyle, dress or language, making it irrelevant whether their culture survived, the Ming viewed everyone who was registered in an
1705:, and archery were emphasized by Hongwu in addition to Confucian classics and also required in the imperial examinations. Archery and equestrianism were added to the exam by Hongwu in 1370, similarly to how archery and equestrianism were required for non-military officials at the College of War (
1201:
As Hongwu came from a peasant family, he was aware of how peasants used to suffer under the oppression of the scholar-bureaucrats, and the wealthy. Many of the latter, relying on their connections with government officials, encroached unscrupulously on peasants' lands and bribed the officials to
1474:
under the previous dynasties. He drastically reduced their numbers, forbidding them to handle documents, insisting that they remain illiterate, and executing those who commented on state affairs. The emperor had a strong aversion to the eunuchs, epitomized by a tablet in his palace stipulating:
1462:
In Hongwu's elimination of the traditional offices of grand councilor, the primary impetus was Hu
Weiyong's alleged attempt to usurp the throne. Hu was the Senior Grand Councilor and a capable administrator; however over the years, the magnitude of his powers, as well as involvement in several
2107:
puts it, "Seldom has the course of
Chinese history been influenced by a single personality as much as it was by the founder of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang." His rise to power was fast despite his having a poor and humble origin. In 11 years, he went from being a penniless monk to the most
1458:
argued that Grand-Secretaries, outwardly powerless, could exercise considerable positive influence from behind the throne. Because of their prestige and the public trust which they enjoyed, they could act as intermediaries between the emperor and the ministerial officials, and thus provide a
1052:. This victory granted Zhu's government authority over the lands north and south of the Yangtze River. The other major warlords surrendered to Zhu and on 23 January 1368, Zhu proclaimed himself emperor of the Ming dynasty in Nanjing and adopted "Hongwu" (lit. "vastly martial") as his
1494:
was transformed into a secret police organization during the Hongwu era. It was given the authority to overrule judicial proceedings in prosecutions with full autonomy in arresting, interrogating and punishing anyone, including nobles and the emperor's relatives. In 1393, Jiang Huan
1580:
was around 30 grams) were to be beheaded and then flayed, the skin publicly exhibited. Zhu Yuanzhang granted all people the right to capture officials suspected of crimes and directly send them to the capital, a first in Chinese history. Apart from regulating the government,
1273:. The communities were responsible for collecting tax and drafting labor for the local government. Village elders were also obliged to keep surveillance on the community, report criminal activities, and ensure that the residents are fully committed to agricultural work.
1024:
in 1363. The battle lasted three days and ended with the defeat and retreat of Chen's larger navy. Chen died a month later in battle. Zhu did not participate personally in any battles after that and remained in Nanjing, where he directed his generals to go on campaigns.
1546:
in regards to the treatment of slaves. Under the Tang code, slaves were treated as a species of domestic animal; if they were killed by a free citizen, the law imposed no sanction on the killer. Under the Ming dynasty, the law protected both slaves and free citizens.
1125:
Under Hongwu's rule, Mongol and other foreign bureaucrats who had dominated the government during the Yuan along with Northern Chinese officials were replaced by Han officials. The emperor re-instituted, then abolished, then restored, the Confucian civil service
2116:'an adventurer from peasant stock, poorly educated, a man of action, a bold and shrewd tactician, a visionary mind, in many respects a creative genius; naturally coarse, cynical, and ruthless, he eventually showed symptoms of paranoia, bordering on psychopathy.'
1715:. The area around the Meridian Gate of Nanjing was used for archery by guards and generals under Hongwu. A cavalry based army modeled on the Yuan military was implemented by the Hongwu and Yongle Emperors. Hongwu's army and officialdom incorporated Mongols.
960:
valley. By 1358, central and Southern China had fallen into the hands of different rebel groups. During that time the Red Turbans also split up. Zhu became the leader of a smaller faction (called "Wu" around 1360), while the larger faction, under
1337:), a permit issued by the local government, and their neighbors were required to have knowledge of their itinerary. Unauthorized domestic migration was banned, and offenders were exiled. The policy was strictly enforced during the Hongwu era.
1949:; ships, docks, and shipyards were destroyed, and ports were sabotaged. The plan was at odds with Chinese tradition and was counterproductive as it tied up resources. 74 coastal garrisons had to be established from
1130:
system, from which most state officials were selected based on their knowledge of literature and philosophy. The Ming examination curriculum followed that set by the Yuan in 1313: a focus on the Four Books over the
1804:
to marry Han Chinese, with the voluntary consent of both spouses and families after the first Ming emperor Hongwu passed the law in Article 122, with the Mongols and Semu forbidden from marrying their own kind.
1341:
shaved and his sons was castration if they cut their hair and their families were to be sent to the borders for exile. This helped eradicated partially shaved Mongol hairstyles and enforced long Han hairstyle.
1251:, something not achieved during any other Chinese dynasty. Hongwu also instigated the planting of 50 million trees in the vicinity of Nanjing, reconstructing canals, irrigation, and repopulation of the North.
1978:, he listed Japan along with 14 other countries as "countries against which campaigns shall not be launched", and advised his descendants to maintain peace with them. This policy was violated by his son, the
1966:
and so continued to be broadly enforced through most of the rest of his dynasty: for the next two centuries, the rich farmland of the south and the military theaters of the north were linked only by the
1165:
to take revenge against people who resisted his army. Over time, Hongwu became increasingly fearful of rebellions and coups, and also ordered the execution of those of his advisors who criticized him.
4020:
1269:), communities of 110 households. The position of community chief rotates among the ten most populous households, while the rest were further divided into tithings. Together, the system was known as
1512:
Through the repeated purges and the elimination of the historical posts, Hongwu fundamentally altered the centuries-old government structure of China, greatly increasing the emperor's absolutism.
1690:) in which 85 lines were deleted. Apart from those mentioned above, the omitted sentences also included those describing rules of governance, promoting benevolence, and those critical of
1585:
aimed to set limits to various social groups. For example, "idle men" who did not change their lifestyles after the new law came into effect would be executed and their neighbors exiled.
6537:
Mapping Meanings: The Field of New Learning in Late Qing China; [International Conference "Translating Western Knowledge Into Late Imperial China", 1999, Göttingen University]
4538:{Mote, Frederick W. and Twitchett, Denis (ed), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp 45.}
1725:
Hongwu wrote essays which were posted in every village throughout China warning the people to behave or else face horrifying consequences. The 1380s writings of Hongwu includes the "
1182:
was afraid divine forces would punish him. In the 1390s, however, tens of thousands more people were executed due to their association with an alleged plot of rebellion by general
8392:
1400:
troops had reached 1,200,000. Soldiers were also assigned land on which to grow crops whilst their positions were made hereditary. This type of system can be traced back to the
1020:
Beginning in 1360, Zhu and Chen Youliang fought a protracted war for supremacy over the former territories controlled by the Red Turbans. The pivotal moment in the war was the
7863:
1189:
After the Ming were established, Hongwu's military officers were given noble titles. These privileged the holder with a stipend, but in all other aspects was merely symbolic.
1718:
Equestrianism and archery were favorite pastimes of He Suonan who served in the Yuan and Ming militaries under Hongwu. Archery towers were built by Zhengtong Emperor at the
1617:, its development was stifled from the beginning. Not understanding inflation, Hongwu gave out so much paper money as rewards that by 1425, the state was forced to restore
1602:
Song dynasty which had preceded the Yuan, and relied on traders and merchants for revenues. Hongwu also supported the creation of self-supporting agricultural communities.
3959:
Dardess, John W. (1972). Parsons, James Bunyan; Simonovskaia, Larisa Vasil'evna; Wen-Chih, Li (eds.). "The Late Ming Rebellions: Peasants and Problems of Interpretation".
1666:
were deemed harmful. These include "the people are the most important element in a nation; the spirits of the land and grain are the next; the sovereign is the lightest" (
1173:, which played significant roles during the revolts against the Yuan, were outlawed. He was also said to have ordered the massacre of several thousand people living in
3640:
in 1403, when the new Yongle era came into effect. This dating continued for a few of his successors until the Jianwen era was reestablished in the late 16th century.
3282:
1217:
Since the beginning of the Ming dynasty in 1357, great care was taken by Hongwu to distribute land to peasants. One way was by forced migration to less-dense areas.
6136:
China as a Sea Power, 1127–1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods
1937:
that his army would "capture and exterminate your bandits, head straight for your country, and put your king in bonds". In fact, many of the "dwarf pirates" and "
2319:
1243:
under cultivation could keep it as their property without being taxed. The policy was well received by the people and in 1393, cultivated land rose to 8,804,623
5456:
4301:
2453:
1764:, a task that was carried out by the scholars Mashayihei, a Muslim astronomer, and Wu Bozong, a Chinese scholar-official. These tables came to be known as the
879:
Destitute after his family's death, Zhu accepted a suggestion to take up a pledge made by his brother and became a novice monk at the Huangjue Temple, a local
4012:
1447:. Many argue that Hongwu, because of his wish to concentrate absolute authority in his own hands, removed the only insurance against incompetent emperors.
5580:
5578:
5192:
1487:
becoming court officials. This policy was fairly well-maintained by later emperors, and no serious trouble was caused by the empresses or their families.
1067:(present-day Beijing), and the rest of northern China in September 1368 and retreated to the Mongolian Plateau. On 15 October 1371, one of Hongwu's sons,
1443:'s post, which had been head of the main central administrative body under past dynasties, by suppressing a plot for which he had blamed his chancellor
5575:
5430:
4411:
Mote, Frederick W. (1988). The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
2125:
Zhu Yuanzhang had many Korean and Mongolian women among his concubines along with his Empress Ma and had 16 daughters and 26 sons with all of them.
4207:
1479:". This aversion to eunuchs did not long continue among his successors, as the Hongwu and Jianwen emperors' harsh treatment of eunuchs allowed the
4556:
1396:'guard battalion'). Each military unit consisted of 5,600 men divided into five battalions and ten companies. By 1393 the total number of
8356:
1032:
Changmen Gate in Suzhou. The ten-month conquest of Suzhou, the seat of Zhang Shicheng, was one of the most fierce battles fought by Zhu's troops.
5973:
5787:
1426:
Training was conducted within local military districts. In times of war, troops were mobilized from all over the empire on the orders of the
6321:
5694:
8388:
1800:
women and men (with the explicit exclusion of all Hui Hui people and Kipchaks due to their different racial features) were required by the
1566:, the penalties for almost all crimes were drastically increased, with more than 1,000 crimes eligible for capital punishment. Much of the
6283:
5516:
Stearns, Peter N., et al. World Civilizations: The Global Experience. AP Edition DBQ Update. New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006. 511.
7846:
6806:
6473:
6150:
5495:
5025:
7661:
7242:
7164:
7098:
7055:
6844:
6767:
6686:
6512:
5888:
5725:
5602:
4986:
4703:
4332:
4048:
1570:
was dedicated to the government and officials, particularly for anti-corruption. Officials who embezzled more than the equivalent of 60
7695:
7321:
7203:
4154:
2083:
After a 30-year reign, Hongwu died on 24 June 1398, at the age of 69. After his death, his physicians were penalized. He was buried at
1454:". This cabinet-like organisation progressively took on the powers of the abolished prime minister, becoming just as powerful in time.
5550:
5663:
3293:, a 2021 novel by Shelley Parker-Chan. Zhu Yuanzhang and his rise to power is the historical basis of the main character Zhu Chongba.
1467:
usurp the throne was clearly ridiculous. Hongwu was unable to refute the accusations and finally ended the purge shortly afterwards.
1221:, for example, was the source of many of those migrants due to its particularly dense population. The migrants were gathered under a
4181:
7543:
5170:
1286:) system was continued and the households were categorized into different types. The most basic types, namely civilian households (
2028:). In September 1371, he had the man sent back to his native country with a letter announcing the founding of the Ming dynasty to
8127:
6404:
5526:
3454:), a 2002 Chinese television comedy-drama that is considered the first time-travel television series produced in mainland China.
8426:
7084:
6900:
5625:
4448:
1483:
to employ them as a power base during his coup. In addition to Hongwu's aversion to eunuchs, he never consented to any of his
8411:
8372:
7894:
7840:
7636:
7582:
7315:
7197:
7158:
7092:
7049:
6680:
6653:
6626:
6599:
6572:
6545:
6506:
6467:
6440:
6381:
6354:
6267:
6240:
6213:
6144:
6087:
6060:
6033:
6006:
5596:
5489:
5314:
5144:
5058:
5019:
4827:
4795:
4514:
4458:
4363:
4191:
4164:
3883:
3714:
2033:
1210:. They served both to secure the government's income from land taxes and to affirm that peasants would not lose their lands.
7504:
6562:
4859:
1670:), as well as, "when the prince regards the ministers as the ground or as grass, they regard him as a robber and an enemy" (
8344:
8340:
8136:
8036:
6616:
5756:
5398:
5368:
5338:
1855:
1427:
1139:
who had been previously marginalized during the Yuan dynasty were reinstated to their predominant roles in the government.
837:
for those who directly criticized the emperor, and massacres were also carried out against everyone who resisted his rule.
732:
66:
4529:{Yonglin, Jiang (tr). The Great Ming Code: Da Ming lü. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2005, pp xxxiv}
820:
The reign of the Hongwu Emperor is notable for his unprecedented political reforms. The emperor abolished the position of
8332:
3937:
3907:
3522:
786:, he made his many sons feudal princes along the northern marches and the Yangtze valley. Having outlived his eldest son
1450:
However, Hongwu could not govern the sprawling Ming Empire all by himself and had to create the new institution of the "
1314:
labor. Military households, for example, accounted for around one-sixth of the total population at the beginning of the
794:
via a series of instructions. This ended in failure when the Jianwen Emperor's attempts to unseat his uncles led to the
8421:
7601:
China and the Roman Orient: Researches into Their Ancient and Mediaeval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records
7498:
7236:
6838:
6800:
5922:
5585:
Marshall Cavendish Corporation; Steven Maddocks; Dale Anderson; Jane Bingham; Peter Chrisp; Christopher Gavett (2006).
4980:
4921:
4887:
4882:. Contributors Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–111.
4595:
4230:
4084:
4064:
3795:
1754:
7772:
China and the Roman Orient: researches into their ancient and mediæval relations as represented in old Chinese records
8436:
7928:
7876:
7609:
7358:
6180:
6111:
5452:
4852:
4819:
4767:
4734:
4662:
4628:
4295:
3261:
1982:, who ordered multiple interventions in northern Vietnam, but remained influential for several centuries afterwards.
4103:
8336:
8328:
4391:
3390:
1824:
official Mongol household (most of which were classified as part of Ming military households) as a Mongol legally.
7533:"East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E."
7231:. Contributors Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 229.
4916:. Contributors Denis Twitchett, John K. Fairbank (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
8416:
7970:
7264:
Wang, Yuan-kang (19 March 2012). "Managing Regional Hegemony in Historical Asia: The Case of Early Ming China".
3285:. Zhu Yuanzhang has been portrayed by various actors in the films and television series adapted from this novel.
903:
Rebels and warlords at the end of the Yuan dynasty, including the territory controlled by Zhu Yuanzhang in 1363.
809:
indicates that the Hongwu Emperor ordered the renovation and construction of many mosques in Xi’an and Nanjing.
7868:
6761:
6589:
5202:
4697:
4485:
3867:
3834:
3768:
3741:
1383:
988:
622:
8441:
8431:
8368:
4104:"The Ming Court as Patron of the Chinese Islamic Architecture: The Case Study of the Daxuexi Mosque in Xi'an"
3372:
2157:
1645:
1606:
certain areas, which forced many people to leave their homes and seek their fortunes in trade. A book titled
1375:
657:
258:
6869:
6753:
Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule
6052:
Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule
4812:
Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule
4689:
Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule
5420:
3616:
3444:
2472:
2405:
2387:
2164:
1528:
The legal code drawn up in the time of Hongwu was considered one of the great achievements of the era. The
1120:
282:
6950:
1532:
mentioned that as early as 1364, the monarchy had started to draft a code of laws. This code was known as
8461:
8446:
8120:
5948:
4945:
3813:
3440:), a 2015 Chinese television series produced by Jian Yuanxin and starring Zhang Zhuowen as Zhu Yuanzhang.
2366:
1991:
4943:
8476:
8471:
8466:
4548:
3818:
3694:
3543:
6886:
5811:"Ming Taizu's 'Placards' on Harsh Regulations and Punishments Revealed in Gu Qiyuan's 'Kezuo Zhuiyu.'"
5584:
4727:
From the Mongols to the Ming Dynasty : How a Begging Monk Became Emperor of China, Zhu Yuan Zhang
7920:
3706:
2088:
2003:
1520:
1491:
829:
7905:
7884:
7574:
8320:
8187:
8177:
8079:
7726:
5965:
5779:
4506:
3829:. Vol. I: A–L. Association for Asian Studies and Columbia University Press. pp. 381–392.
3538:
1712:
1610:, written during the Ming gave a detailed description of the activities of merchants at that time.
821:
8312:
6313:
5686:
4146:
3533:
2077:
1779:
2137:
lists the consorts and issue of the Hongwu Emperor in its princes' and princesses' biographies.
1105:
876:
army and navy, which had fought against the Mongol invasion, and told his grandson tales of it.
8384:
8380:
8376:
8364:
8360:
8352:
8316:
8113:
6291:
4435:
3289:
2104:
1506:
1202:
transfer the burden of taxation to the poor. To prevent such abuse, he instituted two systems:
1193:'s family was among them. Special rules against abuse of power were implemented on the nobles.
54:
7830:
7626:
7474:
7226:
7148:
7039:
6865:
6790:
6708:
Yunli Shi (January 2003), "The Korean Adaptation of the Chinese-Islamic Astronomical Tables",
6535:
6457:
6371:
6344:
6257:
6230:
6203:
6134:
6023:
5996:
5586:
5479:
5306:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
5304:
5134:
5048:
5009:
4911:
4877:
4587:
4518:
4475:
3785:
3758:
968:
Zhu Yuanzhang was the Duke of Wu, which was nominally under the control of Han Shantong's son
8348:
8324:
8308:
7653:
7599:
7421:
7405:
7382:
7350:
7305:
7187:
7078:
6828:
6751:
6670:
6643:
6496:
6430:
6077:
6050:
5896:
5717:
4970:
4687:
4326:
4045:
3731:
2225:
1962:
1946:
1021:
7982:
7687:
7567:
7458:
7437:
4579:
3858:
Mote, Frederick W. (1988). "The Rise of the Ming Dynasty, 1330–1367". In Frederick W. Mote;
1674:). The effort failed due to the objection from important officials, particularly Qian Tang (
956:
weakened by internal factions fighting for control, and it made little effort to retake the
944:, Zhu emerged as a leader of the rebels that were struggling to overthrow the Yuan dynasty.
742:
Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 to a family of impoverished peasants. As famine, plague, and
38:
8456:
8451:
6882:
5853:
5560:
2056:) did not appear in China again until the 16th century, with the Italian Jesuit missionary
2041:
1995:
1722:
and archery towers were built on the city walls of Xi'an which had been erected by Hongwu.
1127:
774:
and established the Ming dynasty at the beginning of 1368 and occupied the Yuan capital of
751:
5655:
4402:, Vol. 43, No. 2 (2008), pp. 148–175. Univ. of Texas Press. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
4046:
Legitimating Usurpation: Historical Revisions under the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424)
1145:
Ming's legal system established by Hongwu contains various methods of execution including
8:
4142:
3361:
2141:
1618:
1593:, down to details such as banning ornaments in heating rooms in the houses of commoners.
1136:
1059:
In 1368, Ming armies headed north to attack territories that were still under Yuan rule.
987:), who advised him to "build high walls, stock up rations, and delay claiming kingship" (
925:
913:
849:
Zhu was born to a family of impoverished tenant farmers in Zhongli County in present-day
814:
805:
of Hongwu was noted for its tolerance of minorities and religions; the Chinese historian
217:
7532:
5160:
4788:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
7539:
7121:
7020:
6981:
6931:
6733:
5822:
5247:
4201:
3994:
3587:" on 4 February 1364. He was proclaimed emperor on 23 January 1368 and established the
2092:
2029:
1934:
1691:
1440:
1011:, became one of Zhu's key advisors, and edited the military-technology treatise titled
7741:"Ming Taizu's Problem with His Sons: Prince Qin's Criminality and Early-Ming Politics"
7740:
6397:
883:
monastery. However, he was forced to leave the monastery after it ran short of funds.
8233:
7924:
7890:
7872:
7836:
7632:
7605:
7578:
7494:
7354:
7311:
7232:
7193:
7154:
7088:
7045:
7024:
6985:
6935:
6834:
6796:
6757:
6737:
6725:
6676:
6649:
6622:
6595:
6568:
6541:
6502:
6463:
6436:
6377:
6350:
6263:
6236:
6209:
6140:
6083:
6056:
6029:
6002:
5592:
5536:
5485:
5310:
5140:
5054:
5015:
4976:
4917:
4883:
4848:
4823:
4815:
4791:
4763:
4740:
4730:
4693:
4668:
4658:
4624:
4601:
4591:
4580:
4510:
4500:
4481:
4454:
4359:
4226:
4187:
4160:
4150:
4080:
4060:
3986:
3879:
3830:
3791:
3764:
3737:
3710:
3527:
3425:
2383:
2053:
1892:
795:
771:
767:
606:
598:
275:
240:
7832:
Autocracy and China's Rebel Founding Emperors: Comparing Chairman Mao and Ming Taizu
1907:
Hongwu was a non-interventionist, refusing to intervene in a Vietnamese invasion of
8223:
8213:
8193:
8069:
7886:
Confucianism and Autocracy: Professional Elites in the Founding of the Ming Dynasty
7273:
7012:
6973:
6965:
6923:
6915:
6717:
4118:
3976:
3968:
3871:
3637:
3514:
2636:
2468:
2019:
1896:
1870:
1502:
1408:
1183:
1170:
1053:
933:
802:
563:
532:
99:
3875:
1883:). He listed 15 countries that Ming would not attempt to conquest, such as Japan,
981:
Zhu was able to attract many talents into his service. One of them was Zhu Sheng (
8208:
8203:
8198:
8182:
8157:
8046:
7949:
7488:
7344:
4944:
Contributor Australian National University. Dept. of Far Eastern History (1988).
4863:
4856:
4430:
4395:
4052:
3859:
3840:
3668:
3633:
3604:
3486:
3305:. Along with Ma Xiuying, Zhu Yuanzhang appears as a minor character in the novel.
2073:
2010:
1817:
1784:
1680:), Minister of Justice. Eventually, the emperor organized the compilation of the
1451:
1218:
1072:
791:
511:
361:
164:
132:
92:
8057:
7812:, by Johann Lorenz Mosheim, James Murdock, a publication from 1832, now in the
7011:(1). the Society for Qing Studies and The Johns Hopkins University Press: 75–6.
6494:
6205:
Fighting Techniques of the Oriental World: Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics
5748:
5390:
5360:
5330:
4831:
2103:
Historians consider Hongwu as one of the most significant emperors of China. As
1060:
828:, and adopted draconian measures to address corruption. He also established the
117:
8228:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8105:
6672:
Sources of Chinese Tradition: Volume 2: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century
4950:. Department of Far Eastern History, Australian National University. p. 17
3822:
3698:
3629:
3548:
3500:
3302:
2171:
2037:
1979:
1968:
1770:, which was published in China a number of times until the early 18th century,
1719:
1663:
1614:
1590:
1480:
1037:
1003:
officer, who later compiled a military treatise outlining the various types of
888:
743:
584:
353:): 23 January 1368 – 5 February 1399 (restored, 18 July 1402 – 22 January 1403)
264:
160:
156:
6969:
6919:
6721:
6103:
3929:
3899:
1847:
in Nanjing and large numbers of Hui people moved to the city during his rule.
1634:
8405:
8290:
8263:
8250:
8218:
7813:
7794:
7775:
6729:
6591:
Rethinking confucianism: past and present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
4783:
4744:
4672:
4223:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1
3990:
3864:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1
3401:
3365:
2084:
1844:
1789:
1702:
1401:
1366:
1349:
1132:
969:
962:
957:
873:
833:
763:
717:
203:
6498:
Citizenship Education in China: Preparing Citizens for the "Chinese Century"
4657:. Tucker, Spencer, 1937–. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 852.
4605:
3844:
8144:
8061:
8028:
7996:
7791:
Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China
7490:
Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society
7016:
6889:
Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. p. 25.
5425:
4123:
3612:
3588:
3584:
3472:
2253:
2057:
2015:
1543:
1420:
1166:
1154:
1150:
1049:
952:
941:
929:
917:
783:
759:
747:
736:
650:
570:
460:
121:
7277:
6587:
6533:
6172:
3480:
3420:), a 2006–2008 Taiwanese television series about Zhu Yuanzhang's adviser,
8285:
8258:
5262:
3530:, the "Ancestral Instructions" written by Hongwu to guide his descendants
3383:
2108:
powerful warlord in China. Five years later, he became emperor of China.
1945:" measures. Private foreign trade was made punishable by death, with the
1766:
1484:
1416:
1358:
1222:
1087:
1013:
937:
909:
854:
689:
482:
433:
185:
181:
6977:
6927:
6495:
Kerry J. Kennedy; Gregory Fairbrother; Zhenzhou Zhao (15 October 2013).
5826:
5810:
4388:
1621:
because the paper currency had sunk to only 1/70 of its original value.
412:
Kaitian Xingdao Zhaoji Liji Dasheng Zhishen Renwen Yiwu Junde Chenggong
8269:
6951:"Dalu Yuquan E Gli Altri : Funzionari Mongoli aLLa Corte dei Ming"
6901:"Aliens and Emperors: Faithful Mongolian Officials in the Ming History"
5088:
4138:
3345:
3297:
2153:
2109:
1809:
1760:
Around 1384, Hongwu ordered the Chinese translation and compilation of
1444:
1354:
1315:
1178:
1068:
810:
254:
7225:
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1988).
6641:
5110:. AP Edition DBQ Update. New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006. 508.
4910:
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1988).
4876:
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K., eds. (1988).
3998:
3981:
8296:
8280:
8274:
7228:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
6564:
China's Legalists: The Earliest Totalitarians and Their Art of Ruling
6373:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644
5998:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
5481:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
5136:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
5050:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
5011:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
4913:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
4879:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
3421:
3329:
3278:
2052:
ceased after this point, and diplomats of the great western sea (the
1950:
1884:
1832:
1698:
1554:
was set aside in favor of the far harsher legal system documented in
1455:
1064:
1008:
1004:
1000:
775:
615:
7000:
6618:
Asian Values and Human Rights: A Confucian Communitarian Perspective
6201:
3736:(illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 28.
2180:, Prince Ding of Zhou (8 October 1361 – 2 September 1425), fifth son
2068:
1311:
1028:
6668:
3972:
2872:
2693:
2147:
1954:
1888:
1840:
1158:
1083:
1045:
951:, which became his base of operations and later the capital of the
921:
880:
872:
Zhu's grandfather, who lived to be 99 years old, had served in the
850:
787:
636:
500:
248:
7793:, by COLONEL SIR HENRY YULE, a publication from 1913, now in the
7031:
5923:"Heavy punishment for crimes in Zhu Yuanzhang period reflected in
4180:
Fang, Qiang; Oklahoma, Xiaobing Li, University of Central (2018).
1433:
978:), who was enthroned as the Longfeng Emperor of the Song dynasty.
7977:
7940:
World Civilizations: The Global Experience. AP Edition DBQ Update
3930:"Zhu Yuanzhang – Founder Emperor of Ming Dynasty | ChinaFetching"
3568:
2314:, Prince Jian of Shen (1 September 1380 – 11 June 1431), 21st son
1942:
1659:
1190:
1174:
1146:
996:
948:
779:
467:
455:
189:
6369:
5994:
5477:
5132:
5046:
5007:
3360:), a 2002 Chinese television series about Zhu Yuanzhang's wife,
1177:
after having heard one talked about him without respect. In the
920:. The Red Turbans followed cultural and religious traditions of
7965:
4480:(illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 544.
3405:
2696:, Prince Xian of Ning (27 May 1378 – 12 October 1448), 17th son
2311:
2177:
2150:, Crown Prince Yiwen (10 October 1355 – 17 May 1392), first son
1938:
1928:
1908:
1836:
1828:
1827:
Hongwu ordered the construction of several mosques in Nanjing,
1471:
1094:
1076:
1041:
825:
806:
755:
344:
269:
58:
53:
by an unknown artist from the Ming dynasty. Now located in the
7864:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
6255:
3583:) in 1361. He started autonomous rule as the self-proclaimed "
393:
Shengshen Wenwu Qinming Qiyun Junde Chenggong Tongtian Daxiao
6534:
Michael Lackner, Ph.D.; Natascha Vittinghoff (January 2004).
4137:
4077:
The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History
4057:
The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History
3273:
2639:, Prince Jian of Liao (24 March 1377 – 4 June 1424), 15th son
1999:
1924:
1912:
1239:
1235:
1162:
899:
662:
7810:
Institutes of ecclesiastical history: ancient and modern ...
1093:
The Ming army captured the last Yuan-controlled province of
7828:
7774:, by Friedrich Hirth, a publication from 1885, now in the
4013:"An introduction to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) (article)"
3607:
equivalent of the 18th day of the 9th month of the Tianli (
1797:
1572:
1044:
and had previously included most of the Yangtze delta, and
472:
7346:
The Ming Maritime Trade Policy in Transition, 1368 to 1567
7290:
Wang Gungwu, "Ming Foreign Relations: Southeast Asia," in
6432:
The Politics of Language in Chinese Education: 1895 – 1919
6202:
Michael E. Haskew; Christer Joregensen (9 December 2008).
6459:
Civil Examinations and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China
5421:"Gold Treasures Discovered in Ming Dynasty Tomb (Photos)"
3763:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 131.
3571:
since 1356, and was conferred the title of "Duke of Wu" (
3325:
2493:; 1372–1399) on 23 November 1389, and had issue (one son)
2018:
describes how Hongwu met with an alleged merchant of the
1761:
1259:
Under the Hongwu reign, rural China was reorganized into
641:
627:
7716:
Ebrey, "Cambridge Illustrated History of China", pg. 190
6614:
5931:
Journal of Guangzhou University (Social Science Edition)
4643:
Ebrey, "Cambridge Illustrated History of China", pg. 191
6588:
Benjamin A. Elman; John B. Duncan; Herman Ooms (2002).
6488:
6370:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
5995:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
5478:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
5133:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
5047:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
5008:
Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988).
2360:; d. 1401) on 2 September 1382, and had issue (one son)
1477:
Eunuchs must have nothing to do with the administration
1097:
in 1381, and China proper was unified under Ming rule.
7569:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
7037:
6346:
China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed
1505:
of plotting rebellion. 15,000 people were executed in
7224:
7044:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 170.
6669:
Wm. Theodore de Bary; Richard Lufrano (1 June 2010).
6594:. University of California Los Angeles. p. 308.
6527:
6195:
4909:
4875:
3804:
3693:
965:, controlled the center of the Yangtze River valley.
603:
589:
575:
7303:
7185:
6833:. University of Washington Press. 2012. p. 88.
6249:
5309:. University of California Press. pp. 343–344.
5302:
4450:
Street Criers: A Cultural History of Chinese Beggars
3636:
and continued the Hongwu era until the beginning of
3462:
2032:. It is speculated that the merchant was actually a
1960:
Nonetheless, the sea ban was added by Hongwu to his
7076:
5453:"Ming Dynasty Tomb Tells A Remarkable Life's Story"
4389:
The Yellow Register Archives of Imperial Ming China
4221:Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (1988).
2048:goes on to explain that contacts between China and
1816:; d. 1395), the primary consort, younger sister of
1509:during the subsequent purges, according to Hongwu.
790:, the Hongwu Emperor enthroned his grandson as the
7907:Background Factors in the Rise of the Ming Dynasty
7566:
7307:China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia
7001:"Images of Subject Mongols Under the Ming Dynasty"
6256:Gray Tuttle; Kurtis R. Schaeffer (12 March 2013).
5123:. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006, 12–3.
4582:Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture
3812:
3324:), a 1987 Hong Kong television series produced by
1877:Hongwu designated the "country without conquest" (
1613:Although the Hongwu era saw the reintroduction of
928:and other religions. Widely seen as a defender of
7937:
7531:Paul Halsall (2000) . Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.).
6642:William Theodore De Bary; Wing-tsit Chan (1999).
6455:
2782:; 1373 – 15 November 1438), personal name Yuhua (
1662:from the Temple of Confucius as certain parts of
750:during the 14th century, Zhu rose to command the
8403:
8135:
7829:Anita M. Andrew; John A. Rapp (1 January 2000).
7526:
7524:
7522:
7150:Early Ming China: a political history, 1355–1435
7146:
6662:
6581:
6075:
6048:
5626:"Appendix. The placard of people's instructions"
5484:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–134.
5014:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–127.
4586:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.
4321:
4319:
4290:
4288:
4097:
4095:
4093:
3400:), a 2006 Chinese television series directed by
3344:), a 1993 Chinese television series produced by
2657:) on 11 September 1394, and had issue (two sons)
2276:) on 11 September 1382, and had issue (two sons)
2237:; 1360 – 17 August 1421), personal name Yufeng (
1773:
1470:Hongwu also noted the destructive role of court
7914:
7903:
7882:
7597:
6795:. University of Washington Press. p. 125.
6428:
6228:
4729:. New York: Algora Publishing. pp. 60–61.
2564:; 11 October 1386 – 8 September 1415), 23rd son
1812:to the Mongol consort Minlie of the Wang clan (
1434:Bureaucratic reforms and consolidation of power
782:), with his army that same year. Trusting only
7624:
7618:
6069:
5519:
4975:. University of Washington Press. p. 23.
4790:, Princeton University Press, pp. 59–63,
3870:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–57.
2618:Consort Zhuangjinganronghui, of the Cui clan (
2036:of Beijing called Nicolaus de Bentra, sent by
1792:in Nanjing constructed by the decree of Hongwu
1135:and the commentaries of Zhu Xi. The Confucian
374:Qinming Qiyun Junde Chenggong Tongtian Daxiao
8121:
7519:
7266:The Chinese Journal of International Politics
6792:The Mandate of Heaven and The Great Ming Code
6635:
6376:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–.
6126:
6079:Community Schools and the State in Ming China
6028:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 267–.
6021:
6001:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–.
5857:
5847:
5139:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–.
5121:Community Schools and the State in Ming China
5053:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–.
4316:
4285:
4274:
4272:
4220:
4183:Corruption and Anticorruption in Modern China
4090:
3578:
3572:
3567:Zhu Yuanzhang had already been in control of
3449:
3435:
3415:
3395:
3382:), a 2006 Chinese television series starring
3377:
3355:
3339:
3319:
3266:
2886:; 18 October 1383 – 9 October 1417), 22nd son
2881:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2837:
2828:
2819:; 10 October 1376 – 5 January 1420), 14th son
2814:
2805:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2731:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2685:
2679:; 6 February 1378 – 23 August 1438), 16th son
2674:
2665:
2652:
2643:
2628:
2619:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2579:
2570:
2559:
2550:
2539:
2530:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2488:
2479:
2475:(25 August 1374 – 29 December 1446), 13th son
2460:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2417:; 6 October 1369 – 18 April 1390), eighth son
2412:
2396:
2375:
2355:
2346:
2335:
2326:
2303:
2294:
2271:
2262:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2213:
2204:
2193:
2184:
2167:(18 December 1358 – 30 March 1398), third son
2023:
1878:
1864:
1748:
1742:
1706:
1685:
1675:
1537:
1496:
1332:
1319:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1264:
1226:
982:
973:
864:
858:
762:and forcing the remnant Yuan court (known as
537:
441:
417:
398:
379:
348:
336:
314:
305:
147:
27:
16:Founder and first emperor of the Ming Dynasty
7530:
6560:
6342:
6336:
6314:"Forbidden City Palace Museum 故宫博物院 Beijing"
6262:. Columbia University Press. pp. 303–.
6222:
6132:
4972:Perpetual happiness: the Ming emperor Yongle
4947:Papers on Far Eastern History, Volumes 37–38
4206:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4179:
3787:Dragon Rising: An Inside Look at China Today
3733:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle
3628:Upon his successful usurpation in 1402, the
2853:; October 1369 – 16 January 1371), ninth son
2725:; 20 June 1380 – 19 November 1407), 20th son
2584:; 21 June 1388 – 14 November 1414), 24th son
2544:; 12 September 1371 – 18 May 1399), 12th son
2437:; 1370 – 28 February 1417), eighth daughter
2198:; d. 1405) in 1378, and had issue (two sons)
2189:; 1364 – 7 September 1434), second daughter
2160:(3 December 1356 – 9 April 1395), second son
7835:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 110–.
7631:. Harvard University Press. pp. 170–.
7564:
6887:Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan
6872:(London: Routledge, 2003) 1134442920 p.170.
6675:. Columbia University Press. pp. 70–.
6648:. Columbia University Press. pp. 70–.
6462:. Harvard University Press. pp. 103–.
6082:. Stanford University Press. pp. 54–.
4259:
4257:
4244:
4242:
4225:. Cambridge University Press. p. 149.
3810:
2797:; d. 1403) in 1387, and had issue (one son)
2613:; 4 January 1394 – February 1394), 26th son
2446:) on 26 April 1385, and had issue (one son)
2369:(15 March 1370 – 2 January 1390), tenth son
1808:The Hongwu Emperor married off his own son
1501:), the chief of the Guard, accused general
1391:
1234:In 1370, Hongwu ordered that some lands in
1063:(Emperor Shun of Yuan) gave up the capital
8128:
8114:
7710:
7628:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
7591:
7558:
7192:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
7153:. Stanford University Press. p. 117.
6621:. Harvard University Press. pp. 72–.
6449:
6422:
6232:Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture
6042:
5108:World Civilizations: The Global Experience
4269:
3790:. National Geographic Books. p. 167.
2875:, on 9 April 1386, and had issue (one son)
2351:; 1368 – 30 March 1426), seventh daughter
1562:, "Great Announcements"). Compared to the
37:
7310:. Columbia University Press. p. 28.
6707:
6608:
6104:"Ming Empire 1368-1644 by Sanderson Beck"
6015:
5075:Education in Traditional China: A History
4845:Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China
4724:
4637:
4414:
4122:
3980:
3428:and starred Huo Zhengqi as Zhu Yuanzhang.
3283:appears as a minor character in the novel
2871:; d. 20 December 1394), the first son of
2648:; 1381 – 18 October 1462), 14th daughter
2604:; 9 July 1388 – 8 October 1414), 25th son
2484:; 1376 – 12 October 1455), 12th daughter
2465:; 4 April 1371 – 22 March 1423), 11th son
2390:(5 April 1364 – 22 March 1424), sixth son
2174:(2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), fourth son
813:also recorded that the emperor wrote the
7450:
7448:
7446:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7349:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, p.
6998:
5633:Zhu Yuanzhang and early Ming legislation
4757:
4381:
4356:Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation
4254:
4239:
4040:
4038:
3961:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2862:; 1370 – 1 August 1388), ninth daughter
2067:
1854:
1783:
1519:
1348:
1104:
1048:, which was formerly the capital of the
1027:
898:
824:, drastically reduced the role of court
754:that conquered China proper, ending the
7938:Stearns, Peter N.; et al. (2006).
6870:Women and the Family in Chinese History
6554:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5882:
5880:
4782:
3958:
3827:Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368–1644
3703:Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644
3689:
3687:
2716:; 9 April 1379 – 10 May 1450), 18th son
2374:Consort Zhaojingchong, of the Hu clan (
2267:; 1366 – 15 July 1425), sixth daughter
1974:Despite the deep distrust, in Hongwu's
1082:In 1371, the Ming dynasty defeated the
887:during the time that he spent with the
712:
232: 1352; died 1382)
44:A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu
8404:
7546:from the original on 10 September 2014
7486:
6749:
5623:
4804:
4685:
4652:
4618:
4577:
4353:
4304:from the original on 30 September 2011
4101:
3783:
3756:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3004:
2906:
2902:
2408:(23 December 1364 – 1428), seventh son
2218:; d. 23 July 1397) on 23 December 1381
605:
8109:
7917:Early Ming China: A Political History
7725:Simon Leys, 'Ravished by Oranges' in
7443:
7388:
7367:
7101:from the original on 15 December 2019
6948:
6898:
6847:from the original on 26 December 2019
6809:from the original on 26 December 2019
6788:
6770:from the original on 29 December 2019
6710:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
6456:Benjamin A. Elman (1 November 2013).
6363:
6324:from the original on 21 February 2014
6208:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 101–.
5921:Diao, Shenghu; Zou, Mengyuan (2018).
5543:
5391:"Between Winds and Clouds: Chapter 5"
5361:"Between Winds and Clouds: Chapter 4"
5341:from the original on 17 February 2016
5331:"Between Winds and Clouds: Chapter 3"
5028:from the original on 28 November 2016
4706:from the original on 19 February 2020
4559:from the original on 19 February 2020
4335:from the original on 30 December 2014
4035:
3599:
3597:
3249:
3206:
3203:
3193:
3181:
3171:
3167:
3155:
3152:
3142:
3130:
3120:
3116:
3095:
3085:
3073:
3063:
3059:
3047:
3044:
3034:
3022:
3012:
3008:
2992:
2989:
2979:
2966:
2956:
2952:
2940:
2937:
2927:
2914:
2910:
2270:Married Wang Ning, Marquis Yongchun (
2128:
1550:Later during his reign, however, the
1365:The Hongwu Emperor realized that the
766:in historiography) to retreat to the
7808:This article incorporates text from
7789:This article incorporates text from
7770:This article incorporates text from
7738:
7674:按太祖孝陵。凡妃殡四十人。俱身殉从葬。仅二人葬陵之东西。盖洪武中先殁者。
7263:
7041:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia
6349:. Thames & Hudson. p. 281.
6229:Dorothy Perkins (19 November 2013).
5911:
5877:
5808:
5173:from the original on 18 October 2012
5095:不得服两截胡衣,其辫发锥髻。胡服胡语胡姓一切禁止。斟酌损益,皆断自圣心。
4968:
4473:
3857:
3729:
3684:
3348:and starring Lü Qi as Zhu Yuanzhang.
1947:trader's family and neighbors exiled
1040:'s Wu regime, which was centered in
947:In 1356, Zhu and his army conquered
341:): 31 January 1367 – 23 January 1368
7942:. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
7324:from the original on 3 January 2014
7206:from the original on 3 January 2014
7167:from the original on 3 January 2014
7058:from the original on 3 January 2014
6883:" Surnames and Han Chinese Identity
6183:from the original on 8 October 2016
5886:
5777:
5746:
5715:
5605:from the original on 3 January 2014
5591:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 519.
4400:Libraries & the Cultural Record
3900:"Hung-wu | emperor of Ming dynasty"
3523:Chinese emperors family tree (late)
2256:, in 1376, and had issue (two sons)
1985:
1918:
1624:
1361:, reconstructed by the Ming dynasty
1327:Travelers were required to carry a
1109:The Hongwu Emperor in his old age,
688:– 24 June 1398), also known by his
13:
7889:. University of California Press.
7821:
7685:
7651:
7625:Edward Luttwak (1 November 2009).
7470:
7454:
7433:
7417:
7401:
7378:
7342:
7189:Firearms: a global history to 1700
6949:Guida, Donatella (December 2016).
6114:from the original on 17 March 2016
5790:from the original on 26 March 2019
5759:from the original on 27 March 2019
5728:from the original on 26 March 2019
5697:from the original on 26 March 2019
5684:
5666:from the original on 26 March 2019
5653:
5559:. 19 February 2009. Archived from
5433:from the original on 21 April 2016
5401:from the original on 15 April 2016
5371:from the original on 21 April 2016
4578:Bowman, John Stewart, ed. (2000).
4446:
4079:. Chinese University Press, 2007.
4059:. Chinese University Press, 2007.
3760:Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine
3594:
3577:) by the rebel leader Han Lin'er (
2293:Noble Consort, of the Jiang clan (
1755:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1596:
14:
8488:
7959:
7849:from the original on 30 June 2020
7698:from the original on 4 April 2019
7664:from the original on 4 April 2019
7245:from the original on 17 July 2014
7038:Tan Ta Sen; Dasheng Chen (2000).
6689:from the original on 30 June 2020
6615:William Theodore De Bary (1998).
6515:from the original on 30 June 2020
6476:from the original on 30 June 2020
6410:from the original on 4 March 2016
6153:from the original on 30 June 2020
5963:
5459:from the original on 10 June 2016
4989:from the original on 30 June 2020
3262:The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber
2504:; 30 April 1379 – 1428), 19th son
2302:Noble Consort, of the Zhao clan (
2170:Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, later the
1850:
7976:
7964:
7801:
7782:
7763:
7732:
7719:
7679:
7645:
7507:from the original on 22 May 2020
7480:
7464:
7427:
7411:
7336:
7297:
7284:
7257:
7218:
7179:
7140:
7113:
7070:
6999:Robinson, David M. (June 2004).
6992:
6942:
6892:
6875:
6859:
6830:The Great Ming Code / Da Ming lu
6821:
6782:
6743:
6701:
6390:
6306:
6276:
6173:"Hongwu Reign-The Palace Museum"
6022:Stephen Selby (1 January 2000).
5291:Confessions of the Lan Yu clique
4023:from the original on 22 May 2020
3649:Conferred by the Jianwen Emperor
3507:
3493:
3479:
3465:
3391:Founding Emperor of Ming Dynasty
2710:Zhu Pian, Prince Zhuang of Min (
1839:, and had inscriptions praising
1651:The Hongwu Emperor's calligraphy
1644:
1633:
1515:
1459:stabilising force in the court.
1310:), defined the family's form of
1254:
908:later joined the Red Turbans, a
894:
510:
7119:
6750:Farmer, Edward L., ed. (1995).
6165:
6133:Lo Jung-pang (1 January 2012).
6096:
5988:
5976:from the original on 6 May 2013
5957:
5941:
5865:
5840:
5802:
5771:
5740:
5709:
5678:
5647:
5617:
5510:
5498:from the original on 5 May 2020
5471:
5445:
5413:
5383:
5353:
5323:
5296:
5284:
5272:
5256:
5241:
5229:
5217:
5185:
5153:
5126:
5113:
5100:
5080:
5067:
5040:
5001:
4962:
4937:
4903:
4869:
4837:
4776:
4751:
4718:
4686:Farmer, Edward L., ed. (1995).
4679:
4646:
4621:A brief history of Eastern Asia
4612:
4571:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4494:
4467:
4440:
4423:
4405:
4372:
4347:
4214:
4173:
4131:
4070:
4005:
3952:
3940:from the original on 8 May 2020
3922:
3910:from the original on 5 May 2020
3892:
3851:
3661:
3658:Conferred by the Yongle Emperor
2813:Zhu Ying, Prince Zhuang of Su (
2673:Zhu Zhan, Prince Jing of Qing (
2578:Zhu Dong, Prince Jing of Ying (
2558:Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang (
2538:Zhu Bai, Prince Xian of Xiang (
2422:Consort An, of the Zheng clan (
1843:placed in them. He rebuilt the
1196:
1071:, was married to the sister of
1036:In 1367, Zhu's forces defeated
853:, Anhui. His father's name was
663:
642:
628:
229:
7869:University of California Press
7294:, volume 8, pp, 301, 306, 311.
7077:Shoujiang Mi; Jia You (2004).
6885:, " in Melissa J. Brown, ed.,
6567:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 123–.
5953:. H. Vetch. 2007. p. 167.
4969:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2001).
3868:The Cambridge History of China
3777:
3750:
3730:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2001).
3723:
3652:
3643:
3622:
3561:
3450:
3416:
3378:
3356:
3267:
2719:Zhu Song, Prince Xian of Han (
2569:Consort Hui, of the Liu clan (
2549:Consort Xian, of the Li clan (
2529:Consort Shun, of the Hu clan (
2459:Zhu Chun, Prince Xian of Shu (
2395:Consort Ding, of the Da clan (
2228:, of the Sun clan (1343–1374)
1707:
1387:
1379:
1304:) and salt worker households (
992:
739:, reigning from 1368 to 1398.
728:
724:
705:
604:
590:
576:
538:
76:23 January 1368 – 24 June 1398
1:
8427:14th-century Chinese monarchs
8357:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
7304:David Chan-oong Kang (2007).
7186:Kenneth Warren Chase (2003).
5303:FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR. (1985).
4453:. Stanford University Press.
3876:10.1017/CHOL9780521243322.003
3677:
3373:Chuanqi Huangdi Zhu Yuanzhang
3309:
2098:
1933:Hongwu sent a message to the
1774:Religious and ethnic policies
1110:
1079:general of the Yuan dynasty.
844:
47:
8412:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
8137:Emperors of the Ming dynasty
7085:China Intercontinental Press
6645:Sources of Chinese Tradition
6235:. Routledge. pp. 216–.
6139:. NUS Press. pp. 103–.
4760:The Great Wall in 50 Objects
4186:. Rowman & Littlefield.
4159:. Univ of California Press.
4087:. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
4067:. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
3617:Proleptic Gregorian calendar
3615:. When calculated using the
3445:Love Through Different Times
2880:Zhu Ying, Prince Hui of An (
2751:; 1394–1433), 16th daughter
2589:Consort Li, of the Ge clan (
2522:; d. 1404) on 23 August 1394
2478:Princess Zhenyi of Yongjia (
2192:Married Mei Yin, Duke Rong (
1524:Early Ming dynasty officials
1121:Timeline of the Ming dynasty
7:
8037:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
6501:. Routledge. pp. 17–.
4653:Tucker, Spencer C. (2014).
4474:Mote, Frederick W. (2003).
4358:. Brill. pp. 106–107.
3819:Goodrich, Luther Carrington
3695:Goodrich, Luther Carrington
3458:
2892:
2736:), personal name Xuanmiao (
2730:Beauty, of the Zhang clan (
2701:Consort, of the Zhou clan (
2684:Consort, of the Yang clan (
1992:Europeans in Medieval China
1762:Islamic astronomical tables
1344:
1157:, carried out massacres in
67:Emperor of the Ming dynasty
10:
8493:
7487:Farmer, Edward L. (1995).
7292:Cambridge History of China
6259:The Tibetan History Reader
5624:Farmer, Edward L. (1995).
5106:Stearns, Peter N., et al.
5077:. Leiden: Brill, 2000,156.
4758:Lindesay, William (2015).
4692:. BRILL. pp. 21, 23.
4655:500 great military leaders
4549:"Emperor Hongwu Biography"
4354:Farmer, Edward L. (1995).
3544:Ming dynasty in Inner Asia
3352:Empress Ma With Great Feet
3110:
3096:Hongwu Emperor (1328–1398)
2998:
2904:
2627:Consort, of the Han clan (
2014:compiled during the early
1989:
1922:
1902:
1777:
1701:, law, math, calligraphy,
1118:
8422:Chinese Buddhist monarchs
8306:
8249:
8240:
8143:
8090:
8085:
8078:
8067:
8053:
8043:
8034:
8022:
8017:
7990:
7921:Stanford University Press
7147:Edward L. Dreyer (1982).
6970:10.1163/24684791-12340025
6920:10.1163/24684791-12340025
6899:Guida, Donatella (2018).
6722:10.1007/s00407-002-0060-z
6076:Sarah Schneewind (2006).
6049:Edward L. Farmer (1995).
5858:
5848:
5846:(In Chinese) She Yiyuan (
5588:Exploring the Middle Ages
3707:Columbia University Press
3705:. Vol. 1. New York:
3619:, the date is 29 October.
3608:
3579:
3573:
3436:
3396:
3368:starred as Zhu Yuanzhang.
3340:
3320:
3254:
3187:
3169:
3161:
3136:
3118:
3114:
3079:
3061:
3053:
3028:
3010:
3006:
2973:
2954:
2946:
2921:
2908:
2882:
2867:
2858:
2849:
2838:
2829:
2815:
2806:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2769:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2732:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2686:
2675:
2666:
2664:Consort, of the Yu clan (
2653:
2644:
2629:
2620:
2609:
2600:
2598:Zhu Yi, Prince Li of Yi (
2591:
2580:
2571:
2560:
2551:
2540:
2531:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2489:
2480:
2461:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2413:
2397:
2376:
2356:
2347:
2336:
2327:
2304:
2295:
2272:
2263:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2214:
2205:
2194:
2185:
2120:
2024:
2004:Byzantine-Mongol alliance
1879:
1865:
1813:
1796:Mongol and Central Asian
1749:
1743:
1686:
1676:
1559:
1538:
1497:
1492:Embroidered Uniform Guard
1412:
1333:
1320:
1306:
1300:
1298:), craftsmen households (
1294:
1288:
1282:
1265:
1227:
983:
974:
865:
863:, original name Zhu Wusi
859:
830:Embroidered Uniform Guard
697:
674:
656:
649:
635:
621:
614:
597:
583:
569:
562:
557:
553:
545:
531:
527:
522:
506:
496:
488:
478:
466:
454:
442:
439:
432:
418:
399:
380:
367:
360:
349:
337:
331:
326:
315:
306:
300:
295:
291:
239:
211:
196:
171:
148:
142:
138:
128:
113:
105:
98:
88:
80:
72:
65:
36:
28:
23:
8437:Politicians from Chuzhou
8031:was established in 1368.
7915:Dreyer, Edward. (1982).
7904:John W. Dardess (1968).
7883:John W. Dardess (1983).
7861:Brook, Timothy. (1998).
7727:New York Review of Books
7604:. G. Hirth. p. 66.
7598:Friedrich Hirth (1885).
6540:. BRILL. pp. 269–.
6429:Elisabeth Kaske (2008).
5551:
5527:
5193:
5161:
5087:"Taizu shilu, vol. 30".
4725:Ming Hung, Hing (2016).
4623:. TF Unwin. p. 83.
4507:Harvard University Press
4327:
4296:
4147:Falkenhausen, Lothar von
4051:15 February 2017 at the
3554:
3204:Empress Chun (1286–1344)
2847:Zhu Qi, Prince of Zhao (
2112:described him this way:
2063:
1861:country without conquest
1713:Emperor Xiaozong of Song
1589:also included extensive
1292:), military households (
1100:
832:, one of the best known
6789:Jiang, Yonglin (2011).
6716:(1), Springer: 25–60 ,
6435:. BRILL. pp. 39–.
6055:. BRILL. pp. 59–.
4762:. Penguin Books China.
4619:Hannah, Ian C. (1900).
4504:Imperial China 900–1800
4477:Imperial China 900–1800
4282:. Jiangsu Renmin Press.
4102:Hagras, Hamada (2019).
3904:Encyclopædia Britannica
3784:Becker, Jasper (2007).
3757:Becker, Jasper (1998).
3611:) regnal period of the
3603:21 October 1328 is the
3534:Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
3412:The Legendary Liu Bowen
2990:Zhu Shizhen (1281–1344)
2804:Lady, of the Gao clan (
2767:Lady, of the Lin clan (
2498:Zhu Hui, Prince of Gu (
2411:Zhu Zi, Prince of Tan (
2078:Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
1780:The Hundred-word Eulogy
1658:Hongwu tried to remove
1153:. One of his generals,
1090:, which ruled Sichuan.
8417:Ming dynasty Buddhists
8099:Merged into the Crown
7981:Quotations related to
7910:. Columbia University.
7739:CHAN, HOK-LAM (2007).
7493:. BRILL. p. 120.
7017:10.1353/late.2004.0010
6284:"Xi'an City Wall 西安城墙"
5809:CHAN, HOK-LAM (2009).
4124:10.36816/SHEDET.006.08
3632:voided the era of the
3290:She Who Became the Sun
2118:
2105:Patricia Buckley Ebrey
2080:
2040:to replace Archbishop
1874:
1802:Code of the Great Ming
1793:
1552:Code of the Great Ming
1525:
1507:familial extermination
1362:
1116:
1033:
1007:weapons. Another one,
936:among the predominant
904:
549:Vastly Martial Emperor
55:National Palace Museum
7973:at Wikimedia Commons
7816:in the United States.
7797:in the United States.
7778:in the United States.
6756:. BRILL. p. 82.
6561:Zhengyuan Fu (1996).
6343:John Makeham (2008).
5970:People's Daily Online
4843:Linda Cooke Johnson,
4394:26 April 2019 at the
3424:. It was produced by
3153:Lord Chen (1235–1334)
2842:) on 21 December 1384
2252:; d. 1402), a son of
2226:Noble Consort Chengmu
2114:
2072:A stele carried by a
2071:
2022:named "Nieh-ku-lun" (
1990:Further information:
1976:Ancestral Injunctions
1963:Ancestral Injunctions
1858:
1787:
1753:) which inspired the
1735:Ancestral Injunctions
1523:
1352:
1108:
1031:
1022:Battle of Lake Poyang
902:
694:Emperor Taizu of Ming
272:, Prince Ding of Zhou
8442:People from Fengyang
8432:Medieval legislators
7729:20 December 2007 p.8
7565:R. G. Grant (2005).
7343:Li Kangying (2010),
7122:"皇明祖訓 - 维基文库,自由的图书馆"
4862:8 April 2019 at the
4847:. SUNY Press, 1993.
4447:Lu, Hanchao (2005).
4378:Farmer (1995), p. 36
4300:. News.eastday.com.
3811:Teng Ssu-yü (1976).
3709:. pp. 258–259.
3539:Ming–Tibet relations
2827:Princess Chongning (
2760:; 1387–1476) in 1413
2212:Married Ouyang Lun (
2074:giant stone tortoise
2042:John of Montecorvino
1996:Sino-Roman relations
1731:Grand Pronouncements
1128:imperial examination
912:sect related to the
752:Red Turban Rebellion
419:開天行道肇紀立極大聖至神仁文義武俊德成功
278:, Prince Zhao of Chu
251:, Crown Prince Yiwen
7573:. DK Pub. pp.
7278:10.1093/cjip/pos006
7005:Late Imperial China
6958:Sulla Via del Catai
5895:(1). Archived from
5278:Xu Zhenqing (徐禎卿).
5119:Schneewind, Sarah,
4519:Google Books Search
2856:Princess Shouchun (
2836:Married Niu Cheng (
2440:Married Zhang Lin (
2287:Thirteenth daughter
2261:Princess Huaiqing (
2209:), fourth daughter
1895:and the Vietnamese
1384:traditional Chinese
1137:scholar-bureaucrats
914:White Lotus Society
815:Hundred-word Eulogy
8462:Burials in Nanjing
8447:History of Nanjing
7540:Fordham University
6294:on 29 October 2017
5539:on 4 January 2016.
4810:Edward L. Farmer,
4509:(5 December 2003)
4328:元末明初的士人活動 – 歷史學科中心
4297:鞍山老人万里寻祖20年探出"小云南"
4156:Birth of an Empire
4151:Yates, Robin D. S.
3301:, a 2021 novel by
3250:In popular culture
2865:Married Fu Zhong (
2833:), third daughter
2776:Princess Nankang (
2754:Married Zhao Hui (
2745:Princess Baoqing (
2651:Married Yin Qing (
2642:Princess Hanshan (
2487:Married Guo Zhen (
2473:Prince Jian of Dai
2456:, of the Guo clan
2388:Prince Zhao of Chu
2367:Prince Huang of Lu
2331:), fifth daughter
2322:, of the Guo clan
2243:), first daughter
2183:Princess Ningguo (
2165:Prince Gong of Jin
2129:Consorts and issue
2085:Xiaoling Mausoleum
2081:
2030:John V Palaiologos
1939:eastern barbarians
1935:Ashikaga shogunate
1875:
1794:
1692:King Zhou of Shang
1668:Mengzi, Jin Xin II
1526:
1376:simplified Chinese
1363:
1208:Fish Scale Records
1117:
1034:
905:
770:. He claimed the
8477:Chinese reformers
8472:Red Turban rebels
8467:Founding monarchs
8399:
8398:
8104:
8103:
8044:Succeeded by
7969:Media related to
7896:978-0-520-04733-4
7842:978-0-8476-9580-5
7654:"明代宫妃殉葬制度与明朝"祖制""
7638:978-0-674-03519-5
7584:978-0-7566-1360-0
7317:978-0-231-14188-8
7199:978-0-521-82274-9
7160:978-0-8047-1105-0
7126:zh.wikisource.org
7094:978-7-5085-0533-6
7051:978-981-230-837-5
6866:Ebrey Buckley, P.
6682:978-0-231-51799-7
6655:978-0-231-11270-3
6628:978-0-674-04955-0
6601:978-1-883191-07-8
6574:978-1-56324-779-8
6547:978-90-04-13919-0
6508:978-1-136-02208-1
6469:978-0-674-72604-8
6442:978-90-04-16367-6
6383:978-0-521-24332-2
6356:978-0-500-25142-3
6318:hua.umf.maine.edu
6288:hua.umf.maine.edu
6269:978-0-231-51354-8
6242:978-1-135-93562-7
6215:978-0-312-38696-2
6146:978-9971-69-505-7
6089:978-0-8047-5174-2
6062:978-90-04-10391-7
6035:978-962-209-501-4
6008:978-0-521-24332-2
5598:978-0-7614-7613-9
5533:literature.org.cn
5491:978-0-521-24332-2
5316:978-0-520-04804-1
5146:978-0-521-24332-2
5073:Thomas H.C. Lee,
5060:978-0-521-24332-2
5021:978-0-521-24332-2
4828:978-90-04-10391-7
4797:978-0-691-13597-7
4515:978-0-674-01212-7
4460:978-0-8047-5148-3
4365:978-90-04-10391-7
4193:978-1-4985-7432-7
4166:978-0-520-28974-1
3885:978-1-139-05475-1
3716:978-0-231-03801-0
3591:on that same day.
3528:Huang Ming Zu Xun
3408:as Zhu Yuanzhang.
3386:as Zhu Yuanzhang.
3332:as Zhu Yuanzhang.
3316:Born to be a King
3246:
3245:
2791:Married Hu Guan (
2788:), 11th daughter
2513:), 15th daughter
2507:Princess Ruyang (
2431:Princess Fuqing (
2406:Prince Gong of Qi
2354:Married Li Jian (
2345:Princess Daming (
2340:) on 11 June 1382
2334:Married Lu Xian (
2325:Princess Runing (
2231:Princess Lin'an (
2203:Princess Anqing (
2158:Prince Min of Qin
2144:, of the Ma clan
2142:Empress Xiaocigao
2054:Mediterranean Sea
1919:Japanese pirates
1672:Mengzi, Li Lou II
1394:
1276:The Yuan dynasty
796:Jingnan Rebellion
772:Mandate of Heaven
768:Mongolian Plateau
700:), personal name
678:
677:
670:
669:
623:Yale Romanization
564:Standard Mandarin
518:
517:
450:
449:
283:Prince Gong of Qi
259:Prince Min of Qin
218:Empress Xiaocigao
8484:
8275:Prince of Lu (魯)
8264:Prince of Lu (潞)
8244:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8107:
8106:
8070:Emperor of China
8054:Preceded by
8013:
8006:
7988:
7987:
7980:
7968:
7954:
7947:"Chapter. 1–3".
7943:
7934:
7911:
7900:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7805:
7804:
7786:
7785:
7767:
7766:
7756:
7755:
7745:
7736:
7730:
7723:
7717:
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7707:
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7677:
7676:
7671:
7669:
7649:
7643:
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7622:
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7562:
7556:
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7553:
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7484:
7478:
7468:
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7431:
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7213:
7211:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7120:Zhu, Yuanzhang.
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7035:
7029:
7028:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6955:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6908:Ming Qing Yanjiu
6905:
6896:
6890:
6881:Patricia Ebrey,
6879:
6873:
6863:
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6852:
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6398:"pp. 45, 47, 51"
6394:
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6360:
6340:
6334:
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6331:
6329:
6310:
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6301:
6299:
6290:. Archived from
6280:
6274:
6273:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6226:
6220:
6219:
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6193:
6192:
6190:
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5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5964:Zhang, Hongjie.
5961:
5955:
5954:
5950:Monumenta Serica
5945:
5939:
5938:
5918:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5899:on 10 March 2021
5884:
5875:
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5614:
5612:
5610:
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5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5535:. Archived from
5523:
5517:
5514:
5508:
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5505:
5503:
5475:
5469:
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5466:
5464:
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5260:
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5210:
5201:. Archived from
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5157:
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4387:Zhang Wenxian. "
4385:
4379:
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3926:
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3896:
3890:
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3816:
3814:"Chu Yüan-chang"
3808:
3802:
3801:
3781:
3775:
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3754:
3748:
3747:
3727:
3721:
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3691:
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3665:
3659:
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3650:
3647:
3641:
3638:Chinese New Year
3626:
3620:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3517:
3515:Biography portal
3512:
3511:
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3419:
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3380:
3359:
3358:
3343:
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3322:
3281:. Zhu Yuanzhang
3270:
3269:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2852:
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2809:
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2646:
2632:
2631:
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2612:
2611:
2607:Prince Zhu Nan (
2603:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2516:Married Xie Da (
2512:
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2503:
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2492:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2464:
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2445:
2444:
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2329:
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2236:
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2196:
2188:
2187:
2027:
2026:
2020:Byzantine Empire
1986:Byzantine Empire
1882:
1881:
1871:Huang-Ming Zuxun
1868:
1867:
1815:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1737:". He wrote the
1710:
1709:
1689:
1688:
1682:Mencius Abridged
1679:
1678:
1648:
1637:
1625:Education policy
1608:Tu Pien Hsin Shu
1561:
1541:
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1500:
1499:
1414:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1381:
1336:
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1285:
1284:
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1267:
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1229:
1171:White Lotus Sect
1115:
1112:
1017:in later years.
994:
986:
985:
977:
976:
934:neo-Confucianism
868:
867:
862:
861:
817:praising Islam.
733:founding emperor
730:
726:
714:
709:
708:
699:
687:
684:(21 October 1328
666:
665:
645:
644:
631:
630:
610:
609:
608:
593:
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579:
578:
555:
554:
541:
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520:
519:
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445:
444:
424:
423:
405:
404:
400:聖神文武欽明啟運俊德成功統天大孝
386:
385:
352:
351:
340:
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318:
317:
309:
308:
293:
292:
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231:
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150:
100:Emperor of China
52:
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31:
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8094:
8080:Chinese royalty
8073:
8065:
8056:Ukhaghatu Khan
8049:
8047:Jianwen Emperor
8040:
8032:
8026:
8007:
8005:21 October 1328
8001:
8000:
7993:
7992:Hongwu Emperor
7962:
7957:
7950:History of Ming
7946:
7931:
7897:
7852:
7850:
7843:
7824:
7822:Further reading
7802:
7783:
7764:
7760:
7759:
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6025:Chinese Archery
6020:
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5966:"朱元璋为什么要删《孟子》?"
5962:
5958:
5947:
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5919:
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5878:
5872:History of Ming
5870:
5866:
5845:
5841:
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5829:
5807:
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5772:
5762:
5760:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5714:
5710:
5700:
5698:
5683:
5679:
5669:
5667:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5599:
5583:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5563:on 4 March 2012
5553:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5492:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5455:. 14 May 2015.
5451:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5429:. 13 May 2015.
5419:
5418:
5414:
5404:
5402:
5395:gutenberg-e.org
5389:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5372:
5365:gutenberg-e.org
5359:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5335:gutenberg-e.org
5329:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5301:
5297:
5289:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5261:
5257:
5246:
5242:
5236:History of Ming
5234:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5205:on 1 March 2012
5195:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5174:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5131:
5127:
5118:
5114:
5105:
5101:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5072:
5068:
5061:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5022:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4990:
4983:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4874:
4870:
4864:Wayback Machine
4857:On Google Books
4842:
4838:
4832:On Google Books
4814:. BRILL, 1995.
4809:
4805:
4798:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4756:
4752:
4737:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4700:
4684:
4680:
4665:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4617:
4613:
4598:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4555:. 25 May 2017.
4547:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4445:
4441:
4431:History of Ming
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4396:Wayback Machine
4386:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4352:
4348:
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4325:
4324:
4317:
4307:
4305:
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4294:
4293:
4286:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4219:
4215:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4143:Shelach, Gideon
4136:
4132:
4106:
4100:
4091:
4075:
4071:
4053:Wayback Machine
4044:Chan Hok-lam. "
4043:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3934:Chinese Culture
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3860:Denis Twitchett
3856:
3852:
3837:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3701:, eds. (1976).
3692:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3669:Jiajing Emperor
3667:Changed by the
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3634:Jianwen Emperor
3627:
3623:
3605:Julian calendar
3602:
3595:
3566:
3562:
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3513:
3508:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:Monarchy portal
3485:
3478:
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3466:
3464:
3461:
3432:Zhenming Tianzi
3312:
3257:
3252:
3247:
2895:
2246:Married Li Qi (
2135:History of Ming
2131:
2123:
2101:
2093:human sacrifice
2089:Purple Mountain
2066:
2046:History of Ming
2011:History of Ming
2006:
1988:
1931:
1923:Main articles:
1921:
1905:
1853:
1782:
1776:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1627:
1599:
1597:Economic policy
1576:of silver (one
1530:History of Ming
1518:
1452:Grand Secretary
1436:
1428:Ministry of War
1347:
1257:
1219:Hongtong County
1199:
1123:
1113:
1103:
897:
847:
792:Jianwen Emperor
706:
685:
643:Hung4-mou5 dai3
546:Literal meaning
428:
362:Posthumous name
356:
322:
313:Zhu Yuanzhang (
287:
235:
227:
223:
220:
207:
201:
180:
176:
165:Fengyang County
155:
154:21 October 1328
153:
133:Jianwen Emperor
93:Jianwen Emperor
84:23 January 1368
61:
50:
26:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8490:
8480:
8479:
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8019:
8018:Regnal titles
8015:
8014:
7994:
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7983:Hongwu Emperor
7971:Hongwu Emperor
7961:
7960:External links
7958:
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7500:978-9004103917
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7238:978-0521243322
7237:
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7178:
7159:
7139:
7112:
7093:
7087:. p. 35.
7080:Islam in China
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6991:
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6840:978-0295804002
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5839:
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5770:
5749:"关于明朝的籍贯与户籍问题"
5739:
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5167:People's Daily
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4923:978-0521243322
4922:
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4889:978-0521243322
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4784:Andrade, Tonio
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4420:Dreyer, 22–23.
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4268:
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4232:978-1139054751
4231:
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4192:
4172:
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4117:(6): 134–158.
4089:
4085:978-9629962395
4069:
4065:978-9629962395
4034:
4004:
3973:10.2307/202464
3967:(1): 103–117.
3951:
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3797:978-1426202100
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3549:Hongwu Tongbao
3546:
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3504:
3501:History portal
3490:
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3441:
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3303:Xiran Jay Zhao
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2282:Tenth daughter
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2201:
2200:
2199:
2181:
2175:
2172:Yongle Emperor
2168:
2161:
2151:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2100:
2097:
2065:
2062:
2038:Pope John XXII
1987:
1984:
1980:Yongle Emperor
1969:Jinghang Canal
1920:
1917:
1904:
1901:
1852:
1851:Foreign policy
1849:
1778:Main article:
1775:
1772:
1727:Great warnings
1720:Forbidden City
1650:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1615:paper currency
1598:
1595:
1591:sumptuary laws
1517:
1514:
1481:Yongle Emperor
1435:
1432:
1346:
1343:
1256:
1253:
1204:Yellow Records
1198:
1195:
1102:
1099:
1038:Zhang Shicheng
940:population in
916:. then led by
896:
893:
889:Buddhist monks
846:
843:
746:surged across
744:peasant revolt
713:Chu Yüan-chang
682:Hongwu Emperor
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
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629:Hùhng-móuh dai
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616:Yue: Cantonese
612:
611:
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558:Transcriptions
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523:Hongwu Emperor
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328:
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311:
304:Zhu Xingzong (
301:
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265:Yongle Emperor
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215:
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209:
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179:(aged 69)
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161:Henan Jiangbei
157:Hao Prefecture
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42:
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24:Hongwu Emperor
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3:
2:
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8251:Southern Ming
8248:
8235:
8232:
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8190:(Restoration)
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8092:Prince of Wu
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8016:
8011:
8004:
7999:
7998:
7989:
7986:
7985:at Wikiquote
7984:
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7930:0-8047-1105-4
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7877:0-520-22154-0
7874:
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7834:
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7814:public domain
7809:
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7795:public domain
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7776:public domain
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7697:
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7663:
7659:
7658:《华中师范大学研究生学报》
7655:
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3823:Fang Chaoying
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3404:and starring
3403:
3402:Feng Xiaoning
3393:
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3375:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:Tang Guoqiang
3363:
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3336:Zhu Yuanzhang
3334:
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3328:and starring
3327:
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3304:
3300:
3299:
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2117:
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2106:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:in 1333. The
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:former bishop
2031:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1845:Jinjue Mosque
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1790:Jinjue Mosque
1786:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1711:) in 1162 by
1704:
1703:equestrianism
1700:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1647:
1636:
1622:
1620:
1616:
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1603:
1594:
1592:
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1584:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1516:Legal reforms
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1367:Northern Yuan
1360:
1356:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1262:
1255:Social policy
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:Five Classics
1129:
1122:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
979:
971:
966:
964:
963:Chen Youliang
959:
958:Yangtze River
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
901:
895:Rise to power
892:
890:
884:
882:
877:
875:
874:Southern Song
870:
856:
852:
842:
838:
835:
834:secret police
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:(present-day
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:Northern Yuan
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
722:
719:
718:courtesy name
715:
703:
702:Zhu Yuanzhang
695:
691:
683:
673:
661:
659:
655:
652:
648:
640:
638:
634:
626:
624:
620:
617:
613:
607:
602:
600:
596:
588:
586:
582:
574:
572:
568:
565:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
534:
530:
526:
521:
513:
509:
505:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
477:
474:
471:
469:
465:
462:
459:
457:
453:
438:
435:
431:
422:
415:
411:
408:
403:
396:
392:
389:
384:
377:
373:
370:
369:
366:
363:
359:
346:
343:
334:
333:
330:
325:
312:
303:
302:
299:
294:
290:
284:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
266:
262:
260:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
244:
242:
238:
219:
214:
210:
205:
204:Ming Xiaoling
199:
195:
191:
188:(present-day
187:
183:
174:
170:
166:
163:(present-day
162:
158:
146:Zhu Chongba (
145:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
45:
40:
35:
22:
19:
8345:N. Dynasties
8341:S. Dynasties
8152:
8098:
8091:
8086:
8068:
8062:Yuan dynasty
8058:Toghon Temür
8035:
8029:Ming dynasty
8023:
8012:24 June 1398
8009:
8002:
7997:House of Zhu
7995:
7975:
7963:
7948:
7939:
7919:. Stanford:
7916:
7906:
7885:
7879:(Paperback).
7867:. Berkeley:
7862:
7851:. Retrieved
7831:
7811:
7807:
7792:
7788:
7773:
7769:
7754:(1): 45–103.
7751:
7747:
7734:
7721:
7712:
7700:. Retrieved
7691:
7688:"明清宫人殉葬制度研究"
7681:
7673:
7666:. Retrieved
7657:
7647:
7627:
7620:
7600:
7593:
7568:
7560:
7550:17 September
7548:. Retrieved
7535:
7509:. Retrieved
7489:
7482:
7466:
7429:
7413:
7345:
7338:
7326:. Retrieved
7306:
7299:
7291:
7286:
7269:
7265:
7259:
7247:. Retrieved
7227:
7220:
7208:. Retrieved
7188:
7181:
7169:. Retrieved
7149:
7142:
7130:. Retrieved
7128:(in Chinese)
7125:
7115:
7105:22 September
7103:. Retrieved
7079:
7072:
7062:22 September
7060:. Retrieved
7040:
7033:
7008:
7004:
6994:
6978:11574/183660
6961:
6957:
6944:
6928:11574/183660
6911:
6907:
6894:
6877:
6861:
6849:. Retrieved
6829:
6823:
6811:. Retrieved
6791:
6784:
6772:. Retrieved
6752:
6745:
6713:
6709:
6703:
6691:. Retrieved
6671:
6664:
6644:
6637:
6617:
6610:
6590:
6583:
6563:
6556:
6536:
6529:
6517:. Retrieved
6497:
6490:
6478:. Retrieved
6458:
6451:
6431:
6424:
6412:. Retrieved
6392:
6372:
6365:
6345:
6338:
6326:. Retrieved
6317:
6308:
6296:. Retrieved
6292:the original
6287:
6278:
6258:
6251:
6231:
6224:
6204:
6197:
6185:. Retrieved
6176:
6167:
6155:. Retrieved
6135:
6128:
6116:. Retrieved
6108:san.beck.org
6107:
6098:
6078:
6071:
6051:
6044:
6024:
6017:
5997:
5990:
5978:. Retrieved
5969:
5959:
5949:
5943:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5901:. Retrieved
5897:the original
5892:
5887:杨一凡 (1981).
5871:
5867:
5842:
5830:. Retrieved
5818:
5814:
5804:
5792:. Retrieved
5783:
5780:"明代户籍是如何管控的"
5778:陈宝良 (2014).
5773:
5761:. Retrieved
5752:
5747:高寿仙 (2013).
5742:
5730:. Retrieved
5721:
5716:王毓铨 (1959).
5711:
5699:. Retrieved
5690:
5680:
5668:. Retrieved
5659:
5649:
5637:. Retrieved
5632:
5619:
5607:. Retrieved
5587:
5565:. Retrieved
5561:the original
5557:sxskw.org.cn
5556:
5545:
5537:the original
5532:
5521:
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5480:
5473:
5461:. Retrieved
5447:
5435:. Retrieved
5426:Live Science
5424:
5415:
5403:. Retrieved
5394:
5385:
5373:. Retrieved
5364:
5355:
5343:. Retrieved
5334:
5325:
5305:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5274:
5266:
5258:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5219:
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5203:the original
5198:
5187:
5175:. Retrieved
5166:
5155:
5135:
5128:
5120:
5115:
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5102:
5094:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5069:
5049:
5042:
5030:. Retrieved
5010:
5003:
4991:. Retrieved
4971:
4964:
4952:. Retrieved
4946:
4939:
4927:. Retrieved
4912:
4905:
4893:. Retrieved
4878:
4871:
4866:, pp. 26–27.
4844:
4839:
4811:
4806:
4787:
4778:
4759:
4753:
4726:
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4688:
4681:
4654:
4648:
4639:
4620:
4614:
4581:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4552:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4503:
4496:
4476:
4469:
4449:
4442:
4429:
4425:
4416:
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4399:
4383:
4374:
4355:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4306:. Retrieved
4279:
4264:
4249:
4222:
4216:
4182:
4175:
4155:
4133:
4114:
4110:
4076:
4072:
4056:
4025:. Retrieved
4017:Khan Academy
4016:
4007:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3933:
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3903:
3894:
3863:
3853:
3826:
3806:
3786:
3779:
3759:
3752:
3732:
3725:
3702:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3624:
3613:Yuan dynasty
3589:Ming dynasty
3585:Prince of Wu
3563:
3473:China portal
3443:
3431:
3411:
3389:
3371:
3351:
3335:
3315:
3296:
3288:
3272:
3260:
2967:Empress Heng
2320:Consort Ning
2286:
2281:
2254:Li Shanchang
2134:
2132:
2124:
2115:
2102:
2082:
2058:Matteo Ricci
2049:
2045:
2016:Qing dynasty
2009:
2007:
1975:
1973:
1961:
1959:
1932:
1911:to help the
1906:
1897:Trần dynasty
1876:
1860:
1826:
1822:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1765:
1759:
1738:
1734:
1733:", and the "
1730:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1696:
1681:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1619:copper coins
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1544:Tang dynasty
1533:
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1527:
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1476:
1469:
1465:someone else
1464:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1402:
1397:
1371:
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1353:View of the
1339:
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1326:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1244:
1233:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1197:Land reforms
1188:
1167:Manicheanism
1155:Chang Yuchun
1151:slow slicing
1144:
1141:
1124:
1092:
1081:
1061:Toghon Temür
1058:
1050:Song dynasty
1035:
1019:
1012:
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980:
967:
953:Ming dynasty
946:
942:China proper
930:Confucianism
918:Han Shantong
906:
885:
878:
871:
848:
839:
819:
800:
760:Yuan dynasty
748:China proper
741:
737:Ming dynasty
720:
711:
701:
693:
681:
679:
651:Southern Min
571:Hanyu Pinyin
492:Empress Chun
420:
413:
409:
401:
394:
390:
382:
381:欽明啟運俊德成功統天大孝
375:
371:
200:30 June 1398
177:(1398-06-24)
175:24 June 1398
122:Yuan dynasty
118:Toghon Temür
81:Enthronement
43:
18:
8457:1398 deaths
8452:1328 births
8337:16 Kingdoms
7686:李晗 (2014).
7652:孙冰 (2010).
7536:Fordham.edu
7328:28 November
7210:28 November
7171:28 November
7132:11 February
5937:(3): 13–17.
5856:Chronicle (
5854:Shanhaiguan
5685:吴钩 (2013).
5654:衔微 (1963).
5609:28 November
5263:Qian Qianyi
5199:longhoo.net
5194:长乐街:秦淮影照古廊房
5177:13 November
4517:pp.543–545
4339:30 December
4308:13 November
4278:楊一凡(1988).
4139:Pines, Yuri
3384:Chen Baoguo
2454:Consort Hui
2401:; d. 1390)
1869:) from the
1767:Huihui Lifa
1485:consort kin
1423:dynasties.
1359:Juyong Pass
1223:pagoda tree
1114: 1397
1088:Ming Yuzhen
1086:founded by
1014:Huolongjing
993:高築牆、廣積糧、緩稱王
926:Manichaeism
910:millenarian
855:Zhu Shizhen
731:), was the
690:temple name
483:Zhu Shizhen
434:Temple name
182:Ming Palace
114:Predecessor
51: 1377
8406:Categories
8329:3 Kingdoms
8299:(doubtful)
8095:1364–1368
8074:1368–1398
8041:1368–1398
7748:Asia Major
7473:, p.
7457:, p.
7436:, p.
7420:, p.
7404:, p.
7381:, p.
7272:(2): 136.
6964:(14): 97.
6914:(2): 125.
6763:9004103910
6298:17 January
5893:《北京政法学院学报》
5874:, vol.132.
5815:Asia Major
5209:23 January
5090:Ming Shilu
4699:9004103910
4501:Mote, J.F.
4487:0674012127
3982:1808/13251
3836:0231038011
3770:0805056688
3743:0295981091
3678:References
3362:Empress Ma
3346:Beijing TV
3310:Television
3298:Iron Widow
3045:Empress Yu
2163:Zhu Gang,
2154:Zhu Shuang
2110:Simon Leys
2099:Assessment
1818:Köke Temür
1810:Zhu Shuang
1739:Six Maxims
1564:Da Ming Lü
1534:Da Ming Lü
1445:Hu Weiyong
1441:chancellor
1355:Great Wall
1316:Yongle era
1278:Zhuse Huji
1179:Hu Weiyong
1119:See also:
1073:Köke Temür
1069:Zhu Shuang
970:Han Lin'er
845:Early life
822:chancellor
811:Wang Daiyu
784:his family
591:Hung-wu Ti
585:Wade–Giles
255:Zhu Shuang
8259:Hongguang
8234:Chongzhen
8024:New title
7471:Li (2010)
7455:Li (2010)
7434:Li (2010)
7418:Li (2010)
7402:Li (2010)
7379:Li (2010)
7025:144527758
6986:186876742
6936:186876742
6738:120199426
6730:1432-0657
5889:"明《大浩》初探"
5821:(1): 28.
5687:"戶口册上的中国"
5656:"明代的里甲制度"
5269:, vol.104
5238:, vol.139
4745:952155600
4673:964677310
4202:cite book
3991:0022-1953
3845:10195404M
3422:Liu Bowen
3330:Simon Yam
3279:Louis Cha
3277:novel by
2938:Zhu Chuyi
2915:Zhu Sijiu
2621:莊靖安榮惠妃 崔氏
2365:Zhu Tan,
1951:Guangzhou
1885:Srivijaya
1833:Guangdong
1699:Guozijian
1456:Ray Huang
1415:) of the
1065:Khanbaliq
1009:Liu Bowen
1005:gunpowder
1001:artillery
999:, was an
776:Khanbaliq
664:Âng-bú tē
577:Hóngwǔ Dì
507:Signature
327:Era dates
206:, Nanjing
129:Successor
109:1368–1398
89:Successor
8293:(regent)
8277:(regent)
8266:(regent)
8224:Taichang
8214:Longqing
8194:Chenghua
8188:Yingzong
8178:Yingzong
7847:Archived
7696:Archived
7692:《山东师范大学》
7662:Archived
7544:Archived
7505:Archived
7322:Archived
7243:Archived
7204:Archived
7165:Archived
7099:Archived
7056:Archived
6845:Archived
6813:30 April
6807:Archived
6774:30 April
6768:Archived
6687:Archived
6513:Archived
6474:Archived
6405:Archived
6322:Archived
6181:Archived
6151:Archived
6112:Archived
5980:26 March
5974:Archived
5832:16 April
5827:41649963
5794:26 March
5788:Archived
5763:26 March
5757:Archived
5753:北京联合大学学报
5732:26 March
5726:Archived
5701:26 March
5695:Archived
5670:26 March
5664:Archived
5639:26 March
5603:Archived
5567:25 March
5496:Archived
5457:Archived
5431:Archived
5399:Archived
5369:Archived
5339:Archived
5171:Archived
5026:Archived
4987:Archived
4860:Archived
4786:(2016),
4704:Archived
4606:51542679
4557:Archived
4392:Archived
4333:Archived
4302:Archived
4153:(2013).
4049:Archived
4021:Archived
3938:Archived
3908:Archived
3862:(eds.).
3825:(eds.).
3459:See also
2893:Ancestry
2873:Fu Youde
2824:Unknown
2694:Zhu Quan
2404:Zhu Fu,
2384:Zhu Zhen
2148:Zhu Biao
1955:Shandong
1889:Thailand
1841:Muhammad
1664:his work
1374:system (
1345:Military
1169:and the
1159:Shandong
1084:Ming Xia
1054:era name
1046:Hangzhou
922:Buddhism
881:Buddhist
851:Fengyang
788:Zhu Biao
637:Jyutping
501:Buddhism
497:Religion
319:, later)
281:Zhu Fu,
276:Zhu Zhen
263:Zhu Di,
249:Zhu Biao
167:, Anhui)
8209:Jiajing
8204:Zhengde
8199:Hongzhi
8183:Jingtai
8158:Jianwen
8087:Unknown
7702:4 April
7668:4 April
7511:5 April
7249:1 April
5903:5 April
5718:"明代的军户"
5635:. Brill
5293:(藍玉黨供狀)
5162:有趣的南京地名
4954:1 April
4929:1 April
4895:1 April
4834:. P 23.
4563:9 April
3569:Nanjing
3451:穿越时空的爱恋
3417:神機妙算劉伯溫
3379:傳奇皇帝朱元璋
2637:Zhu Zhi
2469:Zhu Gui
2377:昭敬充妃 胡氏
2087:on the
2076:at the
1943:sea ban
1903:Vietnam
1697:At the
1660:Mencius
1472:eunuchs
1409:Chinese
1370:as the
1247:and 68
1191:Mu Ying
1175:Nanjing
1147:flaying
997:Jiao Yu
989:Chinese
949:Nanjing
826:eunuchs
807:Ma Zhou
780:Beijing
735:of the
692:as the
533:Chinese
468:Dynasty
440:Taizu (
410:Emperor
391:Emperor
372:Emperor
234:
226:
222:
212:Consort
190:Nanjing
8369:W. Xia
8297:Dingwu
8291:Dongwu
8286:Yongli
8281:Shaowu
8270:Longwu
8229:Tianqi
8173:Xuande
8168:Hongxi
8163:Yongle
8153:Hongwu
8008:
7927:
7893:
7875:
7853:3 June
7839:
7806:
7787:
7768:
7635:
7608:
7581:
7497:
7357:
7314:
7235:
7196:
7157:
7091:
7048:
7023:
6984:
6934:
6837:
6799:
6760:
6736:
6728:
6693:3 June
6679:
6652:
6625:
6598:
6571:
6544:
6519:3 June
6505:
6480:3 June
6466:
6439:
6380:
6353:
6266:
6239:
6212:
6157:3 June
6143:
6086:
6059:
6032:
6005:
5925:Da Gao
5825:
5786:(17).
5691:国家人文历史
5595:
5488:
5313:
5252:胡惟庸黨案考
5248:Wu Han
5143:
5057:
5018:
4993:3 June
4979:
4920:
4886:
4851:
4826:
4818:
4794:
4766:
4743:
4733:
4696:
4671:
4661:
4627:
4604:
4594:
4513:
4484:
4457:
4436:vol. 1
4362:
4229:
4190:
4163:
4111:Shedet
4083:
4063:
4027:18 May
3999:202464
3997:
3989:
3944:11 May
3914:11 May
3882:
3843:
3833:
3794:
3767:
3740:
3713:
3406:Hu Jun
3255:Novels
2883:安惠王 朱楹
2816:肅莊王 朱楧
2722:韓憲王 朱松
2713:岷莊王 朱楩
2676:慶靖王 朱㮵
2601:伊厲王 朱㰘
2581:郢靖王 朱棟
2561:唐定王 朱桱
2541:湘獻王 朱柏
2481:永嘉貞懿公主
2462:蜀獻王 朱椿
2312:Zhu Mo
2178:Zhu Su
2121:Family
2050:Fu lin
2002:, and
1929:Haijin
1909:Champa
1893:Liuqiu
1837:Fujian
1829:Yunnan
1814:愍烈妃 王氏
1729:" or "
1587:Da Gao
1583:Da Gao
1568:Da Gao
1556:Da Gao
1503:Lan Yu
1411::
1405:system
1403:fubing
1398:weisuo
1386::
1378::
1372:weisuo
1312:corvée
1184:Lan Yu
1149:, and
1095:Yunnan
1042:Suzhou
991::
756:Mongol
721:Guorui
686:
658:Tâi-lô
489:Mother
479:Father
345:Hongwu
270:Zhu Su
197:Burial
59:Taipei
8313:Shang
8219:Wanli
8010:Died:
8003:Born:
7744:(PDF)
7660:(4).
7021:S2CID
6982:S2CID
6954:(PDF)
6932:S2CID
6904:(PDF)
6851:1 May
6734:S2CID
6414:3 May
6408:(PDF)
6401:(PDF)
6328:4 May
6187:4 May
6118:4 May
5823:JSTOR
5755:(1).
5724:(8).
5693:(3).
5662:(4).
5629:(PDF)
5552:山西社科网
5528:ȼ䡢Ⱥʷ
5502:4 May
5463:4 May
5437:4 May
5405:4 May
5375:4 May
5345:4 May
5225:鳳凰台紀事
5223:馬生龍.
5032:2 May
4710:1 May
4280:明大誥研究
4107:(PDF)
3995:JSTOR
3817:. In
3555:Notes
3357:大腳馬皇后
3274:wuxia
3268:倚天屠龍記
2850:趙王 朱杞
2733:美人 張氏
2592:麗妃 葛氏
2572:惠妃 劉氏
2552:賢妃 李氏
2532:順妃 胡氏
2501:谷王 朱橞
2425:安妃 鄭氏
2414:潭王 朱梓
2398:定妃 達氏
2305:貴妃 趙氏
2296:貴妃 江氏
2064:Death
2000:Daqin
1925:Wokou
1913:Chams
1578:liang
1573:liang
1329:luyin
1271:lijia
1240:Anhui
1236:Hunan
1228:洪洞大槐樹
1163:Hunan
1101:Reign
1077:Bayad
758:-led
456:House
296:Names
241:Issue
228:(
224:
186:Zhili
106:Reign
73:Reign
8385:Qing
8381:Ming
8377:Yuan
8365:Song
8361:Liao
8353:Tang
8317:Zhou
8145:Ming
7925:ISBN
7891:ISBN
7873:ISBN
7855:2020
7837:ISBN
7704:2019
7670:2019
7633:ISBN
7606:ISBN
7579:ISBN
7552:2016
7513:2019
7495:ISBN
7355:ISBN
7330:2010
7312:ISBN
7251:2013
7233:ISBN
7212:2010
7194:ISBN
7173:2010
7155:ISBN
7134:2023
7107:2016
7089:ISBN
7064:2016
7046:ISBN
6853:2019
6835:ISBN
6815:2019
6797:ISBN
6776:2019
6758:ISBN
6726:ISSN
6695:2020
6677:ISBN
6650:ISBN
6623:ISBN
6596:ISBN
6569:ISBN
6542:ISBN
6521:2020
6503:ISBN
6482:2020
6464:ISBN
6437:ISBN
6416:2016
6378:ISBN
6351:ISBN
6330:2016
6300:2022
6264:ISBN
6237:ISBN
6210:ISBN
6189:2016
6159:2020
6141:ISBN
6120:2016
6084:ISBN
6057:ISBN
6030:ISBN
6003:ISBN
5982:2019
5905:2019
5859:山海关志
5834:2021
5796:2019
5784:人民论坛
5765:2019
5734:2019
5722:历史研究
5703:2019
5672:2019
5660:历史教学
5641:2019
5611:2010
5593:ISBN
5569:2010
5504:2016
5486:ISBN
5465:2016
5439:2016
5407:2016
5377:2016
5347:2016
5311:ISBN
5280:剪勝野聞
5211:2010
5179:2011
5141:ISBN
5055:ISBN
5034:2016
5016:ISBN
4995:2020
4977:ISBN
4956:2013
4931:2013
4918:ISBN
4897:2013
4884:ISBN
4849:ISBN
4824:ISBN
4816:ISBN
4792:ISBN
4764:ISBN
4741:OCLC
4731:ISBN
4712:2019
4694:ISBN
4669:OCLC
4659:ISBN
4625:ISBN
4602:OCLC
4592:ISBN
4565:2019
4511:ISBN
4482:ISBN
4455:ISBN
4360:ISBN
4341:2014
4310:2011
4265:孤樹裒談
4263:李默.
4250:國初事迹
4248:劉辰.
4227:ISBN
4208:link
4188:ISBN
4161:ISBN
4081:ISBN
4061:ISBN
4029:2020
3987:ISSN
3946:2020
3916:2020
3880:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3792:ISBN
3765:ISBN
3738:ISBN
3711:ISBN
3437:真命天子
3321:大明群英
2859:壽春公主
2830:崇寧公主
2779:南康公主
2748:寶慶公主
2704:妃 周氏
2687:妃 楊氏
2667:妃 余氏
2645:含山公主
2630:妃 韓氏
2510:汝陽公主
2434:福清公主
2348:大名公主
2328:汝寧公主
2264:懷慶公主
2234:臨安公主
2206:安慶公主
2186:寧國公主
2133:The
2008:The
1927:and
1880:不征之国
1866:不征之国
1859:The
1835:and
1798:Semu
1788:The
1750:聖諭六言
1687:孟子節文
1490:The
1421:Tang
1419:and
1393:lit.
1283:諸色戶計
1245:qing
1238:and
1206:and
1161:and
1075:, a
932:and
801:The
680:The
473:Ming
335:Wu (
172:Died
143:Born
8393:PRC
8389:ROC
8373:Jīn
8349:Sui
8333:Jìn
8325:Han
8321:Qin
8309:Xia
7577:–.
7475:168
7274:doi
7013:doi
6974:hdl
6966:doi
6924:hdl
6916:doi
6718:doi
5852:),
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