Horatio Bottomley - Knowledge

618: 1232:, but the new venture lasted little more than a year before closing, having lost money from the start. In September 1929 he began an overseas lecture tour, which failed utterly, as did an attempt at a British tour during which he was received with indifference or hostility. By 1930 he was again bankrupt; his wife Eliza died that year, after which Bottomley's former son-in-law Jefferson Cohn (who owned it) evicted him from The Dicker. For the remaining years of his life he lived with his long-time mistress, the actress Peggy Primrose, whom Bottomley, in his years of riches, had vainly tried to promote to stardom. 1140:

worsened when he fell out with Bigland, after refusing to finance his former associate's scheme for turning water into petrol. The two had quarrelled during the war, when Bigland had attacked Bottomley in print. They had later reconciled, but after their second dispute Bigland turned vengeful. In September 1921 he published a leaflet describing the War Bond Club as Bottomley's "latest and greatest swindle". Against the advice of his lawyers, Bottomley sued for criminal libel, and brought other charges against Bigland of blackmail and extortion. The preliminary hearing, at

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of the two 1910 general elections; his tactics included recruiting men in boots tipped and heeled with iron, who marched outside his opponent's meetings and rendered the speeches inaudible. In June 1910 he founded the John Bull League, with a mission to promote "commonsense business methods" into government; readers of the magazine could join the League for a shilling (5p) a year. Although still nominally a Liberal, Bottomley had become a trenchant critic of his party, and often aligned himself with the

584:; Bottomley conducted his own defence. To most observers the case against him seemed impregnable. It was established that, through his nominees, Bottomley had repeatedly bought companies for far less than the prices approved by the Hansard Union directors, and had pocketed the difference. Bottomley did not deny this, insisting that use of nominees was an accepted commercial practice and that his actual profits had been much smaller than reported; his expenses, he said, had been enormous. 33: 953:. Macdonald's riposte—to label Bottomley "a man of doubtful parentage who had lived all his life on the threshold of jail"—backfired when the latter published Macdonald's birth certificate which showed that the Labour leader was himself illegitimate. Bottomley also criticized the neutrality policy of the United States, arguing the USA was using the war to increase its economic power at the expense of the European powers. Bottomley launched a series of attacks on President 869: 1075: 361:, Birmingham. This was Horatio's home for the following five years. Some biographers have emphasised the cruelty and humiliation of his time there; while discipline was certainly harsh, Horatio received a useful basic education, and won prizes for sporting activities. In later life he showed no resentment towards the institution, which he often visited, telling the children that "any success I have achieved in life started at this place." 746:

industry and of licensing hours and the introduction of state Old Age Pensions. Extra revenues could be raised, he suggested, by stamp duty on share transfers, taxes on foreign investment, and by appropriating dormant bank balances. He drew the government's attention to the long hours worked by domestic servants, and introduced a private bill limiting the working day to eight hours. He privately confided to the journalist

1212:, read out a letter in which Bottomley insisted that, however unorthodox his methods, he had not been guilty of conscious fraud; he accepted that his predicament was entirely his own fault. Chamberlain then moved Bottomley's expulsion, which was carried without dissent. One member expressed regret, "remembering the remarkable position which he occupied in the country". Bottomley spent the first year of his sentence in 992:

Committee (NWAC), a cross-party parliamentary body formed in 1917 to revitalise Britain's commitment to victory and to underline the justice of its cause. Bottomley described the committee as "a dodge for doctoring public opinion", and in January 1918 told Lloyd George, who had become prime minister in December 1916, that NWAC had failed in its purpose and should be replaced by a Director of Propaganda—but to no avail.

345:, who founded the National Republican League and became a controversial Member of Parliament. A longstanding friendship between Bradlaugh and Elizabeth Holyoake led to rumours that he, not William Bottomley, was Horatio's biological father—a suggestion that Bottomley, in later life, was prone to encourage. The evidence is circumstantial, mainly based on the marked facial resemblance between Bradlaugh and Bottomley. 1173: 314: 425:, and secondly successful South African planter Gilbert Moreland. In the year of his marriage, Bottomley left his job to become a full-time shorthand writer for Walpole's, a firm that provided recording and transcription services for the law courts. His competence impressed his employers sufficiently for them, in 1883, to offer him a partnership, and the firm became Walpole and Bottomley. 508: 791:, to handle the printing, but chaotic financial management meant that Odhams were rarely paid. This situation was resolved when the entire management of the magazine, including the handling of all receipts and payments, was transferred to Elias, leaving Bottomley free to concentrate on editing and journalism. Circulation rose rapidly, and by 1910 had reached half a million copies. 758: 1089:. Normally, these bonds cost £5; in Bottomley's club, subscribers bought units for a minimum payment of £1, and participated in an annual draw for prizes—up to £20,000, he said—funded from accrued interest. Contrary to Bottomley's public statements, not all the money subscribed was used to buy bonds. He had ambitions to become a press baron, to rival such as the Lords 799:, before a court of aldermen. As with the Hansard prosecution, the case against Bottomley appeared overwhelming; share issues in the Joint Stock Trust had been repeatedly re-issued, perhaps as many as six times. Once again Bottomley succeeded in obscuring the details and, by the power of his courtroom oratory, persuaded the court that the summons should be dismissed. 1193:, to a 15-minute adjournment each day so that he, Bottomley, could drink a pint of champagne, ostensibly for medicinal purposes. He faced 24 fraud charges, involving amounts totalling £170,000. The prosecution produced evidence that he had regularly used Victory Bonds Club funds to finance business ventures, private debts and his expensive lifestyle. 1028:, which faced a fragmented and unorganised opposition. In May 1919 Bottomley announced the formation of his "People's League", which he hoped would develop into a fully fledged political party with a programme opposing both organised labour and organised capital. No mass movement emerged, but Bottomley joined with other Independent MPs to form the 553:

negotiating, although the firms were not acquired. These outgoings and other expenses absorbed the Union's capital, and with few significant revenue streams it quickly ran out of money. Nonetheless, without any statement of accounts, in July 1890 Bottomley announced a profit for the year of £40,877 and declared a dividend of eight percent.

499:. His business affairs were proceeding less serenely; he quarrelled with his partner Douglas MacRae, and the two decided to separate. Bottomley described the "Quixotic impulse" that led him to let MacRae divide the assets: "He was a printer, and I was a journalist—but he took the papers and left me the printing works". 1197:

a penny of the Club's money". The weight of evidence suggested otherwise; Salter's summing up, described by a biographer as "masterly; lucid and concise, yet complete", went heavily against Bottomley, and the jury required only 28 minutes to convict him on all but one of the charges. He was sentenced to seven years'

393:, a skill which helped him to get a better job with a larger legal firm. He also came into closer contact with the Holyoake circle, where he acted as an unpaid assistant in the group's publishing activities. He met Bradlaugh, who encouraged the young man to read more widely and introduced him to the ideas of 353:. After a year they were boarded out to foster-parents, at their uncle George Jacob's expense. This arrangement lasted until 1869 when Florence was formally adopted by her foster-family. At this point Holyoake felt unable to continue supporting Horatio financially, and arranged for him to be admitted to 1439:, of the financial details of a meeting in Swindon. Total takings after Entertainment Tax were £125, of which £88 went to Bottomley and the balance (£37) to a servicemen's benevolent fund. Messinger records that Bottomley generally pocketed between 65 and 85 per cent of the proceeds of these meetings. 560:

of £50,000. By the end of 1890, many City figures were suspicious of the Hansard Union, and were calling it "Bottomley's swindle". Despite Bottomley's outward optimism, in December 1890 the company defaulted on the payment of debenture interest and in May 1891, amid growing rumours of insolvency, the

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Bottomley, who defended himself, claimed that his legitimate expenses in connection with the club, and repayments made to Victory Bonds Club members, exceeded total receipts by at least £50,000: "I swear I have never made a penny out of it. I swear before God that I have never fraudulently converted

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During the war, in his self-appointed role as spokesman for the "man in the street", Bottomley addressed more than 300 public meetings, in all parts of the country. For recruitment rallies he provided his services free; for others, he took a percentage of the takings. His influence was enormous; the

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One of the prosecuting team at the Guildhall observed that it would be a long time before anyone risked another prosecution against Bottomley: "But he might ... grow careless, and then he will fail". Despite the adverse publicity, Bottomley was returned by the electors of Hackney South at each

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was a similar success. He hoped that these morale-boosting activities would lead to a formal government position, but although from time to time there were rumours of a Cabinet post, no appointment was announced. In the later stages of the war Bottomley was a regular critic of the National War Aims

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In 1913 Bottomley met a Birmingham businessman, Reuben Bigland, and together they began running large-scale sweepstakes and lotteries, operated from Switzerland to circumvent English law. Again doubts arose about the genuineness of declared winners; the winner of the £25,000 sweepstake for the 1914

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asserts, "a truly amazing success story, the product of reckless audacity, astonishing energy, and extreme good fortune". Bottomley won plaudits when he announced that he would pay £250,000 to the creditors of the Hansard Union; the bulk of this payment was offered in shares in one or other of his

368:, gave him a home, while he worked as an errand boy in a Birmingham building firm. This arrangement lasted only a few months before Horatio, impatient to be reunited with his sister from whom he had been separated for six years, went to London where he began an apprenticeship with a wood engraver. 299:

In 1918, having been discharged from bankruptcy, Bottomley re-entered parliament as an Independent member. In the following year, he launched his fraudulent "Victory Bonds" scheme which, when exposed, led to his conviction, imprisonment and expulsion from parliament. Released in 1927, he attempted

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Bottomley's stint sewing mailbags is the source of what Symons terms the best-known of all Bottomley stories. A visitor, variously described as a Home Office inspector, a personal friend, a prison chaplain, etc., observed him at work, and remarked "Ah, Bottomley, sewing?" – to which he replied at

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In 1880 Bottomley married Eliza Norton, the daughter of a debt collector. Bottomley's biographers have tended to regard this early, unambitious marriage as a mistake on his part; she was not equipped, intellectually or socially, to help him advance in the world. They had a daughter, Florence, who

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speculates that Bottomley was protected from prosecution because of his knowledge of wider scandals in the government, particularly after Lloyd George's coalition assumed power in 1916. Symons acknowledges Bottomley's "wonderfully rich public personality" but suggests that there was no substance

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Among Bottomley's principal biographers, Hyman suggests that his financial fecklessness and disregard for consequences may have originated from his deprived background and sudden acquisition of wealth in the 1890s. "Success went to his head and he started spending money like a drunken sailor and

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If had a humbug of his own, he made mincemeat of the humbug of others, excoriating the more extreme claims made on behalf of the League of Nations, dismissing most forces in international politics except those based on power and ridiculing the naivest sorts of Labour claim to have discovered an

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Although in 1912 Bottomley had expressed contempt for parliament, he privately hankered to return. When the war ended in November 1918 and a general election was announced, he knew that to be a candidate in that election he needed a discharge from his bankruptcy. A payment of £34,000 in cash and

823:, wrote that "is absence from the House of Commons has impoverished the public stock of gaiety, of cleverness, of common sense". Before his bankruptcy, Bottomley had ensured that his main assets were legally owned by relatives or nominees, and was thus able to continue his extravagant lifestyle. 745:

Over the following months and years, he overcame much of the initial hostility, partly by his self-deprecating good humour (as when he described himself as "more or less honourable") but also because his populist approach to legislation was attractive. He proposed rational reforms of the betting

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Bottomley's parliamentary ambitions were suddenly halted in 1912 when he was successfully sued for £49,000 by one of his Joint Stock Trust victims. Unable to pay, and with massive debts, he was bankrupted with liabilities totalling £233,000. Since bankrupts are ineligible to sit in the House of

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In June 1906 Bottomley announced the John Bull Investment Trust, in which, for a minimum subscription of £10, investors could share "that special and exclusive information which is obtainable only as the result of extensive City experience". Bottomley's earlier City activities were coming under

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and adjoining areas in the early 1890s had created an easily exploitable investment boom; as Bottomley's biographer Alan Hyman observes, "A hole in the ground ... could be boosted into a very promising gold-mine, and investors only found that they had backed a loser after the mine had been

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Bottomley was again the Liberal candidate for Hackney South. After a vigorous campaign he defeated his Conservative opponent by more than 3,000—the largest Liberal majority in London, he informed the House of Commons in his maiden speech on 20 February 1906. According to Hyman, this speech was

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Meanwhile, dogged by poor administration and inadequate accounting, the Victory Bonds Club was sliding into chaos. Public unease grew, and soon hundreds of subscribers were demanding their money back—slipshod record-keeping meant that some were repaid several times over. Bottomley's position

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He was helped in his case by the slackness with which the prosecution presented its evidence, and their failure to call key witnesses. He was further helped by the indulgence which Hawkins showed him, and by his own convincing oratory. The essence of his argument was that he was the victim of

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of Singapore thought that Bottomley could have rivalled Lloyd George as a national leader: "Though he deserved his fate, the news of his passing will awaken the many regrets for the good which he did when he was Bottomley the reformer and crusader and the champion of the bottom dog". A later

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he stood as an Independent, under the slogan "Bottomley, Brains and Business", and achieved a massive victory, with almost 80 per cent of the votes cast. "I am now prepared to proceed to Westminster to run the show", he informed a local newspaper. He would be, he said, the "unofficial prime

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This board approved the purchase by Bottomley of several printing businesses—he used intermediaries to disguise his considerable personal profits from these transactions. He also persuaded the board to give him £75,000 as a down payment for some publishing firms in Austria for which he was

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machinations by the Official Receiver and the Debenture Corporation, who had been determined to win prestige by bringing Bottomley down and wrecking his company. On 26 April, after Hawkins had summed up massively in his favour, Bottomley was acquitted, along with the other defendants.

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a few days later. A large crowd heard the Reverend Basil Bourchier express the hope that "no one here today will forget what Mr Bottomley did to revive the spirits of our men at the Front". Four years later, in accordance with Bottomley's wishes, Primrose scattered his ashes on the

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as a "musty, rusty, corrupt system" that urgently needed replacement. Through his newly formed Business League he addressed large crowds as he called for government run by businessmen not politicians. As always, Bottomley's lifestyle required fresh sources of income, and in 1912

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to give the government an independent and, I hope, an intelligent support, so long as it proceeds on the lines of robust and healthy democracy, but I am also here to oppose all fads and 'isms and namby-pamby interference with the liberty and freedom of our common citizenship.

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notes his ability to charm the public even while swindling them; one victim, cheated of £40,000, apparently insisted: "I am not sorry I lent him the money, and I would do it again". If London had had a mayor in those days, says Engel, Bottomley would have won in a landslide.

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published Bottomley's article "Why Not a Women's Parliament?", suggested as a form of compromise with what he termed the "Suffragette Problem". He suggested that WW I guaranteed that "things will never be the same again" and the status of women was profoundly changed.

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The Hansard Union case, far from damaging Bottomley's reputation, had left a general impression that he was a financial genius. He avoided the stigma of bankruptcy by arranging a scheme of repayment with his creditors, and swiftly embarked on a new career promoting

1058:, the government will approach America with a view to her accepting the mandate for the government of that country". On other occasions he helped the government, as when in January 1919, he was called upon in his role of "Soldier's Friend" to help pacify troops in 1220:

where, although conditions were squalid, he was given lighter work. He was released on 29 July 1927, after serving just over five years, and returned to The Dicker, still his family home, owned at the time of his bankruptcy by his son-in-law, Jefferson Cohn.

476:, a former sewing-machine salesman. In 1886 Bottomley's company acquired its own printing works through a merger with the printing firm of MacRae and Co., and after the absorption of another advertising and printing firm, became MacRae, Curtice and Company. 437:. This journal recorded the business of Hackney's local "parliament"—essentially a debating society that mirrored the proceedings at Westminster. Advertisements from local tradesmen kept the paper mildly profitable. Bottomley produced a sister-paper, the 860:

Derby proved on enquiry to be the sister-in-law of one of Bottomley's close associates. Bottomley insisted this was a coincidence; years later, it was revealed that all but £250 of the prize had been paid into a bank account controlled by Bottomley.

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in London, the second child and only son of William King Bottomley, a tailor's cutter, and Elizabeth, née Holyoake. William Bottomley's background is obscure, but Elizabeth belonged to a family of well-known radical agitators—her brother

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to maturity he began to show signs of the characteristics that would be much in evidence in his later life: greed for fleshly pleasures, a thirst for fame, spontaneous generosity, combined with a charm that, according to his biographer

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in September 1932, where he performed a monologue of reminiscences that, according to Symons, puzzled rather than amused his audience. Following a health breakdown, he lived with Primrose in quiet poverty until his final illness.

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on 18 February 1922, at the end of which it took the jury only three minutes to find Bigland not guilty. Bottomley, himself now under police investigation, was ordered to pay the costs of the trial. A few days afterwards, he was

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scrutiny, particularly the multiple reconstructions of his now-bankrupt Joint Stock Trust Company. After a long investigation, which Bottomley did all he could to frustrate, in December 1908 he was summoned to appear at the

937:, he used this column to label the Germans as "unnatural freaks", and called for their extermination. Britain's war effort, he maintained, was being hampered by squeamish politicians; he reserved particular venom for the 1016:

bonds, and some hasty reorganisation of outstanding debts, was sufficient for an acquiescent Official Receiver to grant the discharge just in time for Bottomley to hand in his nomination papers in Hackney South. In the

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Bottomley's obituaries dwelt on the common theme of wasted talent: a man of brilliant natural abilities, destroyed by greed and vanity. "He had personal magnetism, eloquence, and the power to convince", wrote his

660:. According to Symons, when he resigned the candidature on the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings, he had the constituency in his pocket. By 1900 his star was again in the ascendant, and he was invited by the 389:. Here he picked up a working knowledge of English legal procedures and was soon carrying a workload far exceeding the normal duties of an office junior. With his uncle's encouragement he learned shorthand at 711:

as a major inland waterway, the "London and South-Western Canal". Bottomley later made a substantial out-of-court settlement of an action brought by investors who had bought worthless shares in the canal.

685:, to which he contributed a regular column, "The World, the Flesh and the Devil". Another feature was Bottomley's employment of celebrity guest editors for special editions; among these were the comedian 348:

William Bottomley died in 1864 and Elizabeth a year later. Horatio and his elder sister, Florence, were initially looked after by their uncle William Holyoake, an artist living in the London district of

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The libel trial began on 23 January 1922; to prevent further damaging disclosures in court, Bottomley's lawyers offered no evidence, and Bigland was discharged. The extortion case went ahead in

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with a capital of £500,000. Bottomley boosted the company's credentials by persuading several notable City figures to join the company's board of directors. These included Sir Henry Isaacs, the

679:, were facing charges of fraud and misrepresentation. Bottomley ceased his operations, and resumed his earlier role of newspaper proprietor. In 1902 he bought a failing London evening paper, 703:

The paper was not a financial success, and Bottomley sold it in 1904. He had not given up altogether on speculative money-making schemes, and in 1905 began an association with the financier

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for the war effort, addressing well over 300 public meetings. His influence was such that it was widely expected that he would enter the War Cabinet, although he received no such offer.

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on 14 January 1915, Bottomley was fully in tune with the national temper when he proclaimed: "We are fighting all that is worst in the world, the product of a debased civilisation".

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remained an ample source of funds, and Bottomley boasted that although nominally bankrupt, "I never had a better time in my life—plenty of money and everything else I want as well".

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By 1897, through skilful exploitation of demand and by frequent reconstruction of failing companies, Bottomley had accumulated a considerable personal fortune. It was, the historian

4064: 668:. He lost by only 280 votes, after a bitterly fought campaign in which Bottomley was described in a newspaper article as a "bare-faced swindler ... ... place is at the 2875: 902:

campaigned relentlessly against the "Germhuns", and against British citizens carrying German-sounding surnames—the danger of "the enemy within" was a persistent Bottomley theme.

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unsuccessfully to relaunch his business career and eked out a living by lecturing and appearances in music halls. His final years before his death in 1933 were spent in poverty.

2283: 629:. He took numerous mistresses, whom he visited in several discreet flats in different districts of London. He owned several racehorses, which achieved prestigious victories—the 448:

In 1885 he formed the Catherine Street Publishing Association and, using borrowed capital, acquired or started several magazines and papers. These included, among others, the

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Bottomley's association with Bradlaugh had awakened his interests in publishing and politics, and in 1884 he launched his first entrepreneurial venture, a magazine called the

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In 1874, when Horatio was 14 and due to leave the orphanage, he ran away without waiting for the formalities. His aunt Caroline Praill—his mother's sister—who lived in nearby

1136:. Bottomley was made editor for life, but a year later Odhams terminated this arrangement with a final pay-off of £25,000, which ended Bottomley's connection with the paper. 1413:

The historian G. R. Searle has observed that Smith, later Lord Birkenhead, always had a soft spot for Bottomley, in whom he may have seen certain of his own characteristics.

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style that, despite occasional lapses in taste, proved immensely popular. Among its regular features, Bottomley revived his "The World, the Flesh and the Devil" column from

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debenture holders petitioned for the company's compulsory winding-up. In the same month Bottomley, who had taken at least £100,000 from the company, filed a petition for

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Bottomley was, at least for a year or so, a diligent parliamentarian who spoke on a range of issues, and from time to time teased the government as when, during the

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described Serbia as "a hotbed of cold-blooded conspiracy and subterfuge", and called for it to be wiped from the map of Europe. When Britain declared war on the

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Although the government was wary of Bottomley it was prepared to make use of his influence and popularity. In April 1915 the then Chancellor of the Exchequer,

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Although now 67 years old and in indifferent health, Bottomley tried to resurrect his business career. He raised sufficient capital to start a new magazine,

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once: "No, reaping". Symons believes that "in spite of its apocryphal sound", the story is essentially true, and illustrates Bottomley's wit and resilience.

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At the age of 26, Bottomley became the company's chairman. His advance in the business world was attracting wider notice, and in 1887 he was invited by the

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views. Financial extravagance and mismanagement continued to blight his career, and in 1912 he had to resign from parliament after being declared bankrupt.

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in East Sussex. He called it "The Dicker", and over the years extended and developed it into a large country mansion, where he entertained extravagantly.

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in October 1921, at which Bottomley's methods were revealed, proved disastrous to his credibility. Nevertheless, Bigland was committed for trial at the

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Bottomley had retained his parliamentary ambitions and in 1890, before the Hansard Union crash, had been adopted as the Liberal candidate for

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Undismayed by the loss of his papers, Bottomley embarked on an ambitious expansion scheme. On the basis of a lucrative contract to print the

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Alongside his parliamentary duties, Bottomley was engaged in launching his biggest and boldest publishing venture, the weekly news magazine

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minister ... watching the government's every move" to ensure that it acted in the interests of "our soldiers, sailors and citizens".

3168: 457: 3410: 3961: 3927: 661: 277: 56: 1164:, on charges of fraudulent conversion of Victory Bond Club funds. After a brief hearing he was committed for trial at the Old Bailey. 569:, he could not say where the money had gone and professed total ignorance of the company's book-keeping. After further enquiries, the 1295:

obituarist. "He might have been a leader at the Bar, a captain of industry, a great journalist. He might have been almost anything".

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As his wealth increased, Bottomley adopted an increasingly ostentatious lifestyle. In London he lived in a luxurious apartment in

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Paris 1918: The War Diary of the British Ambassador, the 17th Earl of Derby, ed. David Dutton, Liverpool University Press, p. 12

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Bottomley initially misread the international crisis that developed during the summer of 1914. After the murder of the Austrian

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By the turn of the 19th–20th centuries the boom in speculative shares had abated; some of Bottomley's fellow promoters, such as

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reports of debates in the Westminster parliament, at the beginning of 1889 he founded the Hansard Publishing Union Limited,

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Charles Bradlaugh, whose facial resemblance to Bottomley helped foster the rumour that he was the latter's biological father

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on 4 August, Bottomley quickly reversed his position, and within a fortnight was demanding the elimination of Germany.

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behind the presentation: throughout his adult life, Bottomley was "more a series of public attitudes than a person".

581: 247:, at 24 he founded his own publishing company, which launched numerous magazines and papers, including, in 1888, the 3896: 645:—but he often lost large sums through unwise bets. Quite early in his rise to wealth he bought a modest property in 3910: 1423: 1141: 921:, who detested Bottomley, thought that he represented the national spirit and that he might become prime minister. 630: 1032:, with a distinct policy stance including the enforcement of war reparations, the superiority of Britain over the 4024: 1029: 958: 562: 3970: 3936: 3901: 1777:

Dictionary of World Biography: The 20th Century A- GI: Volume VII, ed. Frank N. Magill, Routledge, 1999, p. 382

1205: 977: 468: 265:, Bottomley, who defended himself, was acquitted. He subsequently amassed a fortune as a promoter of shares in 4059: 4054: 4044: 845: 381:

Bottomley soon gave up his apprenticeship, and after a series of humdrum jobs found work in the offices of a

2751:: Patriotism and Propaganda in First World War Britain: The National War Aims Committee and Civilian Morale" 3437: 3266: 1404:

Under English law, the Lord Mayor and aldermen of the City of London were empowered to act as magistrates.

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could never break the habit." It was a wonder, says Hyman, that he stayed out of prison as long as he did.

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Hooley's and Bottomley's paths would cross several times in future years; they were inmates together in

672:, not at Westminster". He was subsequently awarded £1,000 libel damages against the writer, Henry Hess. 511:

Sir Henry Hawkins, the judge before whom Bottomley appeared, and was acquitted, on fraud charges in 1893

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Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson and the guilt of Germany : an essay in the pre-history of appeasement

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In July 1919 Bottomley announced his "Victory Bonds Club", based on the government's latest issue of

1051: 783:, and also adapted that paper's slogan: "If you read it in John Bull, it is so". Bottomley persuaded 771:, half of the initial capital for which was provided by Hooley. From its first issue on 12 May 1906 3919: 1037: 742:

received in "chilling silence" by a House that was well aware of Bottomley's chequered reputation.

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After the dismissal of his appeal in July, Bottomley was expelled from the House of Commons. The

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began to organise competitions for cash prizes. Bottomley successfully sued the secretary of the

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Bottomley's country home, "The Dicker", photographed in 2010. It forms part of St Bede's School.

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in damages. These competitions helped to raise the magazine's circulation to 1.5 million.

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English financier, journalist, editor, newspaper proprietor, swindler, and Member of Parliament

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to be their candidate in a parliamentary by-election. He accepted, and although defeated by

4049: 4004: 3999: 2424:"He was a shameless liar and thief. He went to Wormwood Scrubs. He was a lovable scallywag" 767: 642: 638: 528: 422: 232: 212: 207: 8: 1217: 1189:. As the case was beginning, Bottomley secured the agreement of the prosecuting counsel, 1157: 1090: 878:, 10 September 1915, illustrating Bottomley's public meetings on behalf of the war effort 704: 634: 398: 3799: 3735: 3583: 3106: 2746: 1590: 1530: 1249: 997: 965: 776: 480: 273: 169: 1806: 1636: 3847: 3826: 3822:

Boardroom Scandal: The Criminalization of Company Fraud in Nineteenth-Century Britain

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After leaving the House of Commons, Bottomley denounced Parliament in the pages of

538: 402: 239:, which he later put to effective use in his court appearances. After working as a 231:

before beginning his career, aged 14, as an errand boy. Subsequent experience as a

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on the libel charge, and to Shropshire Assizes on charges of attempted extortion.

3878: 3795: 3604: 1303: 1277: 906: 816: 676: 610: 462: 249: 217: 3953: 3943: 3666: 3121: 1889: 1605: 1545: 1108:. The papers were not financially successful, and in 1921 Bottomley closed the 954: 918: 895: 570: 394: 382: 244: 126: 79: 3544:

Not Only the "dangerous trades": Women's Work and Health in Britain, 1880–1914

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The farthing was the smallest coin in UK legal tender, worth one quarter of a

591: 472:, London's first specialist business paper, which had been founded in 1884 by 3993: 3775: 3574: 3533: 3398: 1355: 1322: 808: 460:, the future press magnate Lord Northcliffe, worked as a sub-editor; and the 414: 322: 292:

revived his fortunes; as a journalist and orator, Bottomley became a leading

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instituted prosecutions for fraud against Bottomley, Isaacs and two others.

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White-Collar Crime in Modern England: Financial Fraud and Business Morality

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In October 1919 he used War Bonds funds to buy two obscure newspapers, the

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Ernest Hooley, the financier who was Bottomley's partner in several schemes

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floated as a public company and they had paid hard cash for their shares".

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The Nightmare of History: The Fictions of Virginia Woolf and D.H. Lawrence

1363: 1258: 1201:. Humphreys commented later: "It was not I that floored him, but Drink". 984: 969: 942: 697: 409: 289: 266: 262: 258: 236: 3503:

The Impact of Labour 1920–1924: The Beginning of Modern British Politics

983:, he was a considerable success with the troops; his later visit to the 441:, covering that borough's local parliament, before merging the two into 1291: 1152: 1145: 1059: 988: 669: 650: 602: 386: 350: 331: 293: 195: 1074: 707:. Among their joint enterprises was the promotion of the defunct, dry 495:, fought a strong campaign which won him a congratulatory letter from 1358:

portrays Bottomley in a radio play by Allen Saddler about him called

690: 557: 365: 358: 240: 228: 220:. His career came to a sudden end when, in 1922, he was convicted of 191: 815:

Commons, he had to resign his seat; after his departure, the future

732:

Horatio Bottomley, maiden speech, House of Commons, 20 February 1906

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who were in a state of mutiny over delays in their demobilisation.

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Independent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom

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Horatio Bottomley » 14 Aug 1953 » The Spectator Archive

3868: 3173: 2870: 2278: 2210: 531:, Coleridge Kennard, co-founder (with Harry Marks) of the London 516: 492: 321:

Bottomley was born on 23 March 1860, at 16 Saint Peter's Street,

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on 26 May 1933 at the age of 73, and his body was cremated at

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In March 1915 Bottomley began a regular weekly column for the

210:. He is best known for his editorship of the popular magazine 1176:

Bottomley in court, after his sentencing; a depiction by the

334:

movement and in later life a leading figure in the growth of

221: 2214:. Hansard online. 20 February 1906. pp. cols. 282–302. 1804: 1426:. Its award as damages was a recognised gesture of contempt. 1081:

advertises Bottomley's "Victory Bonds" scheme, 12 July 1919.

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s deputy editor, until his premature death in October 1920.

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Company promoter, newspaper proprietor, would-be politician

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Bottomley's last public venture was an engagement at the

4065:

Expelled members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

3177:. Hansard online. 1 August 1922. pp. col. 1285–88. 1462:

to house the newly established St Bede's Senior School.

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British Propaganda and the State in the First World War

3452:"BBC Radio 4 Extra - Allen Saddler - Man of the People" 905:

On 14 September 1914 he addressed a large crowd at the

2282:. Hansard online. 25 August 1909. pp. col. 2092. 949:, who opposed the war, and demanded they be tried for 3648:

Patriotism and Propaganda in First World War Britain

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The funds for the dividend payment were raised by a

417:, could "tempt the banknotes out of men's pockets". 284:, which became a platform for Bottomley's trenchant 280:. In the same year, he founded the popular magazine 3846:. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses Inc. 3734: 3105: 2874:. Hansard online. 3 May 1920. pp. col. 1701. 2779: 1873: 1635: 1589: 1529: 848:for suggesting that many of the prizewinners were 308: 190:(23 March 1860 – 26 May 1933) was an English 4035:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies 3431: 1805:Australian Press Association (19 February 1930). 1054:, he asked whether, "in view of the breakdown of 3991: 3874:contributions in Parliament by Horatio Bottomley 3715:. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 3588:. Littlehampton, West Sussex: Cassell & Co. 3485:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. 3897:Horatio Bottomley (Hansard) - hansard 1803-2005 3524:(1911). "Courts of Summary Jurisdiction etc.". 1807:"Second marriage. Horatio Bottomley's daughter" 1345:portrays Bottomley in the 1972–1973 miniseries 1185:Bottomley's trial began on 19 May 1922, before 216:, and for his nationalistic oratory during the 37:Bottomley addressing a WWI recruiting rally in 1216:where he sewed mailbags, and the remainder in 1120:. To bolster its fortunes, he transferred his 664:Liberals to be their candidate in that year's 452:, a prestigious local government publication; 261:on fraud charges in 1893. Despite evidence of 3975:expelled 1 August 1922 after fraud conviction 3103: 1026:Lloyd George's Liberal–Conservative coalition 601:gold mining shares. The discovery of gold in 3267:"Why Does Anyone Want To Go To Your School?" 3116:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2627: 2625: 2200: 2198: 1884:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1646:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1600:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1540:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 830: 272:In 1906 Bottomley entered parliament as the 224:and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment. 3879:Newspaper clippings about Horatio Bottomley 3630:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3331:obituary, May 1933, quoted in Hyman, p. 290 3274:Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference 968:, asked him to speak to shipworkers on the 852:nominees or employees, but received only a 502: 3434:Trevor Griffiths: Politics, Drama, History 2908:"1919: Britain on the Brink of Revolution" 2489: 2487: 2485: 1272:inexhaustible supply of wealth and wages. 428: 31: 3737:Corruption in British Politics, 1895–1930 3694:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3651:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 3623: 3609:. Leicester: Leicester University Press. 3561: 3506:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2842: 2840: 2838: 2622: 2195: 864:First World War: orator and propagandist 466:. The last-named was set up to rival the 69:28 December 1918 – 1 August 1922 3712:Reputation, Celebrity and Defamation Law 3540: 3520: 3252: 3250: 2828: 2826: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1171: 1073: 867: 756: 616: 506: 312: 4010:English politicians convicted of crimes 3499: 3113:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2650: 2648: 2646: 2482: 2206:"King's Speech (Motion for an Address)" 2119: 2117: 2115: 1951: 1949: 1881:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1831: 1829: 1643:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1597:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1537:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1374: 1309:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 257:of his company, which led to his first 4015:British politicians convicted of fraud 3992: 3839: 3818: 3794: 3774: 3758:A New England? Peace and War 1886–1918 3755: 3729: 3665: 3644: 3602: 3585:The Rise and Fall of Horatio Bottomley 3413:from the original on 21 September 2016 2905: 2835: 2744: 2421: 2183:from the original on 19 September 2018 2131: 2129: 2051: 2049: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1939: 1937: 1896:from the original on 24 September 2015 1871: 1764: 1762: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1581: 1527: 1492:from the original on 19 September 2018 1335: 341:Among Holyoake's close associates was 104:8 February 1906 – 16 May 1912 3708: 3581: 3397: 3247: 3229: 2935: 2823: 2755:The Times Higher Education Supplement 2711: 2434:from the original on 17 December 2014 1633: 1627: 1587: 1504: 1024:The 1918 parliament was dominated by 890:, allegedly with Serbian complicity, 421:married firstly American millionaire 3687: 3478: 3104:Hanbury, H.G.; Mooney, Hugh (2004). 2761:from the original on 16 October 2014 2643: 2415: 2112: 2001: 1946: 1826: 1435:Hyman quotes a summary, provided by 1018:general election on 14 December 1918 3892:Horatio Bottomley | Financial Times 3825:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2126: 2046: 2010: 1967: 1934: 1759: 1723: 1691: 1458:In 1979 The Dicker was acquired by 1010: 253:. He overreached with an ambitious 13: 2910:. International Marxist Tendency. 2878:from the original on 17 March 2016 2745:Purdue, A. W. (15 November 2012). 2422:Parris, Matthew (11 August 2001). 2286:from the original on 26 March 2016 2218:from the original on 17 March 2016 14: 4081: 3861: 3403:"Absolute bounders we have loved" 3352:from the original on 14 July 2014 3283:from the original on 14 July 2014 3181:from the original on 4 March 2016 3169:"Mr Bottomley Expelled the House" 2914:from the original on 17 June 2014 1552:from the original on 14 July 2014 1005: 227:Bottomley spent five years in an 3911:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3569:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 3528:. London: Butterworth & Co. 3444: 3425: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3334: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3259: 3238: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2926: 2899: 2890: 2858: 2849: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2773: 2738: 2729: 2720: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 1452: 1442: 750:that his ambition was to become 739:general election of January 1906 3174:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2871:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2657: 2634: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2279:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2211:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2165: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2037: 2028: 2019: 1992: 1983: 1958: 1925: 1916: 1872:Porter, Dilwyn (January 2011). 1865: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1817: 1798: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1714: 1528:Morris, A.J.A. (January 2011). 1429: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1385: 1282:The Impact of Labour: 1920–1924 1030:Independent Parliamentary Group 371: 309:Family background and childhood 235:gave him a useful knowledge of 2782:"Why Not a Women's Parliament" 1705: 1682: 1673: 1634:Royle, Edward (January 2011). 1588:Royle, Edward (January 2011). 1572: 1474: 1167: 376: 1: 4030:Hackney Members of Parliament 1142:Bow Street Magistrates' Court 3756:Searle, Geoffrey R. (2004). 3671:Great Parliamentary Scandals 3526:The Laws of England Vol. XIX 3438:University of Michigan Press 3342:"Death of Horatio Bottomley" 3137:UK public library membership 3107:"Salter, Sir Arthur Clavell" 2977:Hyman, pp. 197–98 and 208–09 1910:UK public library membership 1667:UK public library membership 1621:UK public library membership 1566:UK public library membership 1531:"Bottomley, Horatio William" 1366:in 1986 and in June 2022 on 1362:. It was first broadcast on 1264: 1112:and changed the name of the 7: 3883:20th Century Press Archives 3760:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3741:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3624:Messinger, Gary S. (1992). 3348:. 27 May 1933. p. 13. 2906:Sewell, Rob (16 May 2013). 2780:Bottomley, Horatio (1917). 1069: 976:, where, after dining with 752:Chancellor of the Exchequer 580:on 30 January 1893, before 565:. Under examination by the 290:The outbreak of war in 1914 10: 4086: 3541:Harrison, Barbara (1996). 3432:Stanton B. Garner (1999). 3301:Hyman, pp. 199–200 and 288 529:Lord Mayor-elect of London 408:As Bottomley emerged from 4040:People from Bethnal Green 3978: 3960:Member of Parliament for 3958: 3950: 3940: 3926:Member of Parliament for 3924: 3916: 3909: 3804:. London: Pelican Books. 3801:English History 1914–1945 3782:. London: Cresset Press. 3500:Cowling, Maurice (1971). 1254:Golders Green Crematorium 831:Sweepstakes and lotteries 456:, a boys' paper on which 188:Horatio William Bottomley 181: 165: 151: 141: 136: 132: 120: 108: 97: 85: 73: 62: 50: 46: 30: 23: 3920:Thomas Herbert Robertson 3673:. London: Robson Books. 3603:Lentin, Anthony (1985). 1591:"Holyoake, George Jacob" 1243: 1038:Charles Frederick Palmer 884:Archduke Franz Ferdinand 807:opposition in attacking 503:Hansard Publishing Union 202:, newspaper proprietor, 115:Thomas Herbert Robertson 41:, London, September 1915 1179:Illustrated London News 1106:Sunday Evening Telegram 1056:British rule in Ireland 787:, managing director of 694:Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji 576:The trial began in the 429:Publishing entrepreneur 303: 4025:Financial Times people 3982:Clifford Erskine-Bolst 3840:Wussow, Helen (1998). 3819:Taylor, James (2013). 3645:Monger, David (2012). 3122:10.1093/ref:odnb/35918 3067:Hyman, pp. 253 and 272 2144:Symons, pp. 64–65 1890:10.1093/ref:odnb/47898 1875:"Marks, Harry Hananel" 1606:10.1093/ref:odnb/33964 1546:10.1093/ref:odnb/31981 1393:Wormwood Scrubs prison 1274: 1248:Bottomley died at the 1210:Sir Austen Chamberlain 1182: 1082: 957:that lasted until the 930:. On 4 May, after the 879: 797:Guildhall Justice Room 762: 729: 696:and the labour leader 622: 512: 336:Co-operative societies 318: 92:Clifford Erskine-Bolst 3709:Rolph, David (2008). 3688:Robb, George (1992). 3479:Cook, Andrew (2009). 2654:Messinger, pp. 209–10 2493:Messinger, pp. 206–07 1652:10.1093/ref:odnb/3183 1269: 1175: 1077: 871: 760: 724: 620: 578:High Court of Justice 525:London Stock Exchange 510: 330:was a founder of the 328:George Jacob Holyoake 316: 3582:Hyman, Alan (1972). 3401:(30 November 1999). 3226:Symons, pp. 114, 262 2177:www.newstatesman.com 2073:Hyman, pp. 59 and 61 1811:The Brisbane Courier 1637:"Bradlaugh, Charles" 1375:Notes and references 846:Anti-Gambling League 539:Sir Roper Lethbridge 423:Jefferson Davis Cohn 208:Member of Parliament 52:Member of Parliament 3731:Searle, Geoffrey R. 3547:. Exeter: SRP Ltd. 3379:Searle 1987, p. 338 2896:Taylor 1970, p. 187 2866:"Government Policy" 2708:Symons, pp. 199–200 2640:Searle 2004, p. 768 2619:Searle 1987, p. 241 2583:Searle 2004, p. 723 2574:Symons, pp. 145–149 2502:Searle 1987, p. 341 2403:Taylor 2013, p. 255 2274:"Domestic Servants" 2007:Taylor 2013, p. 219 1955:Taylor 2013, p. 218 1482:"Horatio Bottomley" 1336:Cultural depictions 1206:Leader of the House 614:mining promotions. 4020:English fraudsters 3563:Humphreys, Travers 3256:Symons, pp. 270–71 3076:Symons, pp. 249–51 2959:Symons, pp. 230–31 2941:Symons, pp. 213–14 2832:Symons, pp. 222–24 2786:The Royal Magazine 2690:Symons, pp. 168–69 2592:Symons, pp. 173–74 2538:Symons, pp. 137–39 2511:Symons, pp. 134–35 2162:Searle 1987, p. 11 2153:Symons, pp. 112–13 1250:Middlesex Hospital 1183: 1158:summoned to appear 1118:Sunday Illustrated 1083: 998:The Royal Magazine 966:David Lloyd George 959:US entered the war 907:London Opera House 880: 872:Front page of the 763: 623: 599:Western Australian 513: 319: 3988: 3987: 3979:Succeeded by 3976: 3941:Succeeded by 3832:978-0-19-969579-9 3780:Horatio Bottomley 3767:978-0-19-928440-5 3722:978-0-7546-7124-4 3658:978-1-84631-830-6 3616:978-0-71851-251-4 3522:Halsbury, Earl of 3492:978-1-84868-327-3 3370:Hyman, pp. 291–92 3346:The Straits Times 3310:Hyman, pp. 289–90 3244:Hyman, pp. 286–87 3235:Hyman, pp. 282–83 3158:Humphreys, p. 218 3135:(Subscription or 3058:Humphreys, p. 219 3049:Hyman, pp. 249–51 3004:Hyman, pp. 181–82 2995:Hyman, pp. 168–69 2932:Hyman, pp. 195–96 2820:Hyman, pp. 194–95 2717:Messinger, p. 211 2601:Messinger, p. 208 2556:Hyman, pp. 136–38 2529:Hyman, pp. 133–34 2470:Hyman, pp. 126–27 2394:Symons, pp. 87–96 2358:Symons, pp. 76–77 2254:Symons, pp. 71–72 2082:Symons, pp. 41–42 2016:Symons, pp. 26–33 1908:(Subscription or 1853:Symons, pp. 18–19 1835:Messinger, p. 203 1756:Messinger, p. 202 1665:(Subscription or 1619:(Subscription or 1578:Messinger, p. 201 1564:(Subscription or 1368:BBC Radio 4 Extra 1360:Man of the People 1298:The Straits Times 1191:Travers Humphreys 1187:Mr Justice Salter 1034:League of Nations 911:Royal Albert Hall 709:Basingstoke Canal 582:Sir Henry Hawkins 567:Official Receiver 497:William Gladstone 458:Alfred Harmsworth 439:Battersea Hansard 343:Charles Bradlaugh 233:solicitor's clerk 185: 184: 25:Horatio Bottomley 4077: 4060:UK MPs 1918–1922 4055:UK MPs 1910–1918 4045:UK MPs 1906–1910 3974: 3951:Preceded by 3917:Preceded by 3907: 3906: 3857: 3836: 3815: 3796:Taylor, A. 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2134: 2127: 2122: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1899: 1897: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1656: 1654: 1632: 1628: 1618: 1610: 1608: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1555: 1553: 1526: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1486:Financial Times 1480: 1479: 1475: 1466: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1338: 1304:Maurice Cowling 1286: 1278:Maurice Cowling 1276: 1267: 1246: 1214:Wormwood Scrubs 1199:penal servitude 1170: 1072: 1044: 1013: 1008: 974:front in France 932:sinking of the 866: 833: 817:Lord Chancellor 735: 731: 722: 677:Whitaker Wright 658:North Islington 594: 505: 463:Financial Times 435:Hackney Hansard 431: 379: 374: 311: 306: 250:Financial Times 218:First World War 173: 166:Political party 161:London, England 160: 156: 147:London, England 146: 121: 109: 103: 98: 86: 74: 68: 63: 54: 42: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4083: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3977: 3957: 3954:Hector Morison 3952: 3948: 3947: 3944:Hector Morison 3942: 3939: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3876: 3863: 3862:External links 3860: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3837: 3831: 3816: 3810: 3792: 3776:Symons, Julian 3772: 3766: 3753: 3747: 3727: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3685: 3679: 3663: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3621: 3615: 3600: 3594: 3579: 3559: 3553: 3538: 3518: 3512: 3497: 3491: 3469: 3468: 3443: 3440:. p. 105. 3424: 3399:Engel, Matthew 3390: 3388:Symons, p. 274 3381: 3372: 3363: 3333: 3321: 3319:Symons, p. 273 3312: 3303: 3294: 3258: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3219: 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Lawrence 896:Central Powers 886:on 28 June in 865: 862: 832: 829: 789:Odhams Limited 723: 721: 714: 593: 590: 571:Board of Trade 504: 501: 489:Henry Stephens 469:Financial News 430: 427: 395:Charles Darwin 378: 375: 373: 370: 310: 307: 305: 302: 245:court reporter 183: 182: 179: 178: 167: 163: 162: 159:(aged 73) 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 127:Hector Morison 124: 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 95: 94: 89: 83: 82: 80:Hector Morison 77: 71: 70: 60: 59: 48: 47: 44: 43: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4082: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3983: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3962:Hackney South 3955: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3928:Hackney South 3921: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3855: 3853:0-934223-46-7 3849: 3845: 3844: 3838: 3834: 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p. 75 2319: 2310: 2301: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2236:Symons, p. 70 2233: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2100:Symons, p. 20 2097: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2050: 2043:Symons, p. 48 2040: 2034:Symons, p. 36 2031: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1995: 1986: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1928: 1919: 1911: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1830: 1820: 1813:. p. 10. 1812: 1808: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1768:Symons, p. 17 1765: 1763: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1702:Parris, p. 80 1699: 1697: 1695: 1685: 1679:Symons, p. 15 1676: 1668: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1638: 1630: 1622: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1584: 1575: 1567: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1438: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1394: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1356:Patrick Mower 1353: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1323:Matthew Engel 1319: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1181: 1180: 1174: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:National News 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:National News 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:Victory Bonds 1080: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1003: 1000: 999: 993: 990: 986: 982: 979: 978:Field Marshal 975: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 935: 929: 928: 922: 920: 914: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 877: 876: 870: 861: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 828: 826: 822: 818: 812: 810: 806: 800: 798: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769: 759: 755: 753: 749: 743: 740: 734: 728: 719: 713: 710: 706: 705:Ernest Hooley 701: 699: 695: 692: 688: 684: 683: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 662:Hackney South 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 631:Stewards' Cup 628: 619: 615: 612: 611:A.J.A. 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Retrieved 3407:The Guardian 3406: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3354:. Retrieved 3345: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3285:. Retrieved 3261: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3183:. Retrieved 3172: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3125:. Retrieved 3111: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2986:Robb, p. 111 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2916:. Retrieved 2901: 2892: 2880:. Retrieved 2869: 2860: 2851: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2785: 2775: 2763:. Retrieved 2754: 2748: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2636: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2547:Rolph, p. 77 2543: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2475: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2436:. Retrieved 2427: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2381: 2376:Hyman, p. 86 2372: 2363: 2354: 2349:Hyman, p. 94 2345: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2288:. Retrieved 2277: 2268: 2263:Hyman, p. 77 2259: 2250: 2245:Hyman, p. 76 2241: 2232: 2220:. Retrieved 2209: 2187:19 September 2185:. Retrieved 2176: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2123:Robb, p. 110 2105: 2096: 2091:Hyman, p. 58 2087: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2055:Hyman, p. 56 2039: 2030: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1998:Hyman, p. 36 1994: 1989:Symons, p. 7 1985: 1960: 1931:Symons, p. 3 1927: 1922:Hyman, p. 29 1918: 1898:. Retrieved 1879: 1867: 1862:Robb, p. 116 1858: 1849: 1844:Hyman, p. 28 1840: 1819: 1810: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1773: 1752: 1747:Hyman, p. 21 1743: 1738:Hyman, p. 20 1734: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1684: 1675: 1655:. Retrieved 1641: 1629: 1609:. Retrieved 1595: 1583: 1574: 1554:. Retrieved 1535: 1496:19 September 1494:. Retrieved 1485: 1476: 1468: 1467: 1454: 1444: 1436: 1431: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1359: 1346: 1343:Timothy West 1328:The Guardian 1326: 1318:G. R. Searle 1314: 1307: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1270: 1259:Sussex Downs 1247: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1203: 1195: 1184: 1177: 1150: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1084: 1078: 1049: 1041: 1023: 1014: 996: 994: 963: 951:high treason 939:Labour Party 933: 925: 923: 915: 904: 899: 891: 881: 875:Daily Mirror 873: 858: 849: 841: 836: 834: 824: 813: 811:government. 805:Conservative 801: 793: 785:Julius Elias 780: 772: 766: 764: 748:Frank Harris 744: 736: 730: 725: 720:, bankruptcy 717: 716:Parliament, 702: 680: 674: 655: 647:Upper Dicker 624: 608: 595: 586: 575: 555: 551: 543:Conservative 534:Evening News 532: 514: 478: 467: 461: 453: 449: 447: 442: 438: 434: 432: 419: 407: 380: 372:Early career 363: 355:Josiah Mason 347: 340: 320: 298: 294:propagandist 281: 271: 248: 226: 211: 187: 186: 157:(1933-05-26) 122:Succeeded by 99: 87:Succeeded by 64: 18: 4050:UK MPs 1910 4005:1933 deaths 4000:1860 births 3872:1803–2005: 2749:Book review 1964:Cook, p. 80 1364:BBC Radio 4 1302:historian, 1168:Final years 1126:Illustrated 1095:Beaverbrook 985:Grand Fleet 970:River Clyde 943:Keir Hardie 821:F. 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Smith 698:Ben Tillett 639:Cesarewitch 474:Harry Marks 443:The Debater 410:adolescence 377:First steps 276:member for 269:companies. 267:gold-mining 263:malpractice 259:arraignment 243:writer and 237:English law 177:(1918–1922) 175:Independent 172:(1906–1912) 155:26 May 1933 110:Preceded by 75:Preceded by 3994:Categories 3329:Daily Mail 3139:required.) 1912:required.) 1669:required.) 1623:required.) 1568:required.) 1292:Daily Mail 1226:John Blunt 1162:Bow Street 1153:Shrewsbury 1146:Old Bailey 1091:Rothermere 1060:Folkestone 989:Scapa Flow 775:adopted a 670:Old Bailey 651:Eastbourne 637:, and the 603:Kalgoorlie 563:bankruptcy 491:, the ink 387:solicitors 351:Marylebone 332:Secularist 196:journalist 3575:753231983 3534:162532487 1469:Citations 1265:Appraisal 1230:John Bull 1134:John Bull 1130:Pictorial 1079:John Bull 1042:John Bull 995:In 1917, 961:in 1917. 941:leaders, 934:Lusitania 900:John Bull 892:John Bull 850:John Bull 842:John Bull 837:John Bull 825:John Bull 809:Asquith's 773:John Bull 768:John Bull 718:John Bull 691:cricketer 643:Newmarket 627:Pall Mall 558:debenture 366:Edgbaston 359:Erdington 282:John Bull 241:shorthand 229:orphanage 213:John Bull 192:financier 100:In office 65:In office 3798:(1970). 3778:(1955). 3733:(1987). 3669:(1996). 3565:(1945). 3411:Archived 3350:Archived 3278:Archived 3179:Archived 2912:Archived 2876:Archived 2759:Archived 2432:Archived 2284:Archived 2216:Archived 2181:Archived 1894:Archived 1550:Archived 1490:Archived 1395:in 1922. 1110:Telegram 1104:and the 1070:Downfall 888:Sarajevo 854:farthing 687:Dan Leno 635:Goodwood 385:firm of 286:populist 204:swindler 3885:of the 3881:in the 3869:Hansard 3788:1278478 3473:Sources 3461:27 July 2918:30 June 2792:: 8–10. 1900:17 June 1657:16 June 1611:16 June 1556:16 June 917:writer 781:The Sun 777:tabloid 737:In the 682:The Sun 649:, near 545:MP for 523:on the 521:floated 517:Hansard 493:magnate 485:Hornsey 170:Liberal 3850: 3829: 3808: 3786: 3764: 3745: 3719: 3698: 3677: 3655: 3634: 3613: 3592: 3573: 3551: 3532: 3510: 3489: 3417:2 July 3356:5 July 3287:3 July 3272:. 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