466:
683:
694:
whose image/brilliance is from the gods". The phrase "and non-Iran(ians)" had already been in use in the inscriptions of Shapur I, and in rare cases his coin mints, but was first regularized under
Hormizd. The extended title demonstrates the incorporation of new territory into the empire, however what was precisely seen as "non-Iran(ian)" (
46:
693:
While
Ardashir I and Shapur I generally used the title of "King of Kings of (Iran)ians" on their coinage, Hormizd had the title slightly modified, adding the phrase "and non-Iran(ians)". His full title thus read "the Mazda-worshiping, divine Hormizd, King of Kings of Iran(ians) and non-Iran(ians),
708:
between them. They most likely represented the shah. In the coinage of
Hormizd, the attendants face the temple and are wearing different crowns. The figure on the left side represents Hormizd, whilst the figure on the right—depending on its portrayal—represents the Iranian deities
499:, and which lasted from 253 to 256. This is supported by the reports of the Cappadocian conquests. Cappadocia does not appear to have been the only area that Hormizd fought in: according to the
487:
after its conquest by Shapur I in 252. Hormizd is believed to be many modern historians to have taken part in Shapur I's second Roman expedition, which took place in the Roman provinces of
599:
has suggested that it was possibly part of his attempt to control both religions, which were both seeking to become the main religion in the empire. According to the
Iranologist
700:) is not certain. The reverse of Hormizd's coin portrayed two attendants, an addition that was first made by Shapur I, on whose coinage both attendants are depicted wearing
623:
were linked together to design a festival that lasted six days. In primary sources, Hormizd is credited as the founder of the city of
Hormizd-Ardashir (present-day
1641:
1583:
633:) usually consider Hormizd to be its actual founder. He also founded the city of Ram-Hormizd-Ardashir (meaning "Ardashir's peace of Hormizd"), abbreviated as
540:
in southern Iran, which Shapur I had created in order to praise his sons by citing their names and titles. In the inscription, Hormizd is given the title of
525:
372:. His personal name was "Hormizd-Ardashir", a combination of "Hormizd" and "Ardashir", the latter being the Middle Persian form of the Old Persian
1478:
2263:
1350:
1249:
592:
permission to continue his preaching. It is unclear why
Hormizd supported Kartir and Mani, both of whom represented a different religion. The
629:
107:
1738:
59:
1646:
1588:
1359:
2258:
2243:
2268:
1655:
1597:
1544:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1387:
1321:
1297:
1212:
615:
sources, possibly indicating his accomplishments in warfare. It was seemingly under
Hormizd that the two New Year festivals (
517:
is an incorrect transliteration of
Hormizd, and may thus suggest that after plundering Cappadocia, Hormizd took part in the
1747:
304:; previously, the royal titulary had generally been "King of Kings of Iran". Hormizd I was succeeded by his eldest brother
1698:
36:
1276:
465:
271:. Hormizd I's brief time as ruler of Iran was largely uneventful. He built the city of Hormizd-Ardashir (present-day
1421:
The
Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature
674:), who ascended the throne with the aid of Kartir. According to local folklore, Hormizd was buried in Ram-Hormizd.
2253:
1731:
1177:
603:, Hormizd was like his two predecessors, a "lukewarm Zoroastrian". Hormizd is usually given the epithet of
2248:
496:
1401:
Decline and Fall of the
Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
1916:
1344:
1268:
1243:
88:
1257:
Brunner, Christopher (1983). "Geographical and Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy". In
627:), however, in some instances Ardashir I is also attributed as its founder. Modern historians (citing
428:
300:
It was under Hormizd I that the title of "King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran" became regularized in
1724:
1506:
1490:
492:
1332:
670:). Hormizd was not succeeded by his son Hormozdak, but by his brother Bahram (who became known as
443:
228:
83:
2273:
518:
1608:
1554:
1461:
600:
529:
454:
1716:
1360:"The Arab Conquest of Persia: The Khūzistān Province before and after the Muslims Triumph"
8:
2238:
2116:
1510:
1264:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
1218:
439:
as the sovereigns of Iran in 224, when Ardashir I defeated and killed the last Arsacid
1457:
1651:
1593:
1570:
1540:
1535:
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2013). "Sasanian Political Ideology". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
1443:
1424:
1405:
1383:
1317:
1293:
1272:
1222:
1208:
416:
365:
357:
158:
1200:
501:
484:
301:
264:
1621:
1523:
1494:
2136:
1751:
1673:
1399:
1287:
1262:
1258:
686:
436:
236:
111:
50:
1465:
1231:
1558:
1307:
743:
612:
596:
589:
533:
349:
329:
325:
294:
204:
173:
1204:
567:
Little is known of Hormizd's reign. He reportedly gave the Zoroastrian priest
2232:
2176:
2036:
1311:
440:
239:
45:
2076:
1936:
545:
480:
268:
1438:
Schindel, Nikolaus (2013). "Sasanian Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
965:
2126:
2096:
1946:
1896:
1866:
1846:
705:
701:
682:
634:
593:
585:
488:
424:
341:
337:
290:
276:
645:, whose royal residence would later serve as an important place for the
2196:
2156:
2146:
2086:
2046:
2026:
2016:
1876:
1836:
1816:
1766:
1028:
660:
537:
469:
435:, the founder of the Sasanian Empire. The Sasanians had supplanted the
432:
244:
2186:
2006:
1906:
1886:
1856:
1806:
649:
642:
620:
1191:
1184:. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
544:("Great King of the Armenians"). The 4th-century Armenian historian
2066:
1926:
1796:
1776:
1708:
1691:
1379:
671:
638:
506:
479:
Hormizd is first mentioned during the wars of Shapur I against the
473:
412:
393:
305:
253:
252:, who ruled from May 270 to June 271. He was the third-born son of
183:
139:
129:
573:
2206:
2056:
1996:
1976:
1956:
714:
555:
When Shapur I was on his deathbed, he crowned Hormizd as the new
510:
404:
403:). According to folklore, Hormizd's mother was a daughter of the
333:
168:
1986:
1966:
1826:
818:
710:
696:
616:
568:
420:
408:
280:
194:
100:
1466:"ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language"
1116:
1114:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
2166:
2106:
873:
871:
869:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
748:
Mazdēsn bay Ōhrmazd šāhān šāh Ērān ud Anērān kēčihr az yazdān
624:
580:
571:
clothes that were worn by the upper class, the cap and belt (
509:
assisted Shapur I and a certain Odomastes in the conquest of
285:
275:), which remains a major city today in Iran. He promoted the
272:
883:
854:
806:
1746:
1155:
1126:
1111:
1040:
381:
249:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1101:
1099:
1086:
1084:
1082:
866:
763:
733:
Also spelled "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians".
842:
548:
states that this title was only given to the heir of the
1573:; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (2015).
1569:
1057:
1055:
1034:
1006:
1004:
1138:
1096:
1079:
928:
926:
924:
922:
423:
was his younger brother. Hormizd had two sisters named
1067:
907:
830:
267:, and also took part in his father's wars against the
1052:
1001:
977:
955:
953:
919:
26:
1016:
895:
1192:"Cities and Mint Centers Founded by the Sasanians"
1190:
989:
938:
950:
2230:
677:
1575:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism
1313:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
1286:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2008).
1176:
971:
1732:
1581:
1456:
1376:The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
1285:
1161:
1132:
1120:
824:
812:
584:). Like his father, Hormizd also granted the
1397:
889:
328:version of the name of the supreme deity in
1739:
1725:
1619:
1357:
1349:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1248:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1046:
860:
380:), meaning "whose reign is through truth (
44:
1470:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4-5
578:) and appointed him as the chief priest (
1582:Vevaina, Yuhan; Canepa, Matthew (2018).
1534:
1528:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5
1521:
1505:
1499:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5
1489:
1437:
1178:Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir
1149:
1105:
1090:
932:
877:
800:
681:
464:
1647:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1639:
1626:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
1589:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1553:
1483:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6
1476:
1330:
1306:
1256:
1229:
1073:
1022:
1010:
983:
913:
901:
848:
215:, better known by his dynastic name of
2231:
1337:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 5
1188:
1061:
1035:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015
297:permission to continue his preaching.
263:), under whom he was governor-king of
1720:
1606:
1515:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
1180:(1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.).
959:
16:King of Kings of Iran from 270 to 271
1418:
1404:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
836:
611:(both meaning "brave") in Manichean
232:
27:
1650:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1592:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1537:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
1440:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
1373:
995:
944:
13:
1699:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
1633:
392:Hormizd was the third-born son of
316:The name of Hormizd (also spelled
37:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
14:
2285:
2264:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
1232:"Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia"
1398:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
736:
704:, whilst looking away from the
665:
654:
448:
398:
258:
1644:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1586:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1316:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240.
1292:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–200.
727:
411:. His two elder brothers were
1:
2259:Sasanian governors of Armenia
2244:3rd-century Sasanian monarchs
1577:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
757:
678:Coinage and imperial ideology
502:Scriptores Historiae Augustae
387:
283:to the rank of chief priest (
69:
2269:3rd-century kings of Armenia
1419:Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2014).
1339:. London et al. p. 472.
311:
7:
2221:usurpers or rival claimants
1620:Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986).
1539:. Oxford University Press.
1522:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2004).
1442:. Oxford University Press.
1197:Ancient Iranian Numismatics
637:. He refounded the city of
524:Hormizd is mentioned in an
10:
2290:
1358:Jalalipour, Saeid (2015).
1269:Cambridge University Press
1170:
483:. He was made the king of
356:. The name is attested in
2219:
1761:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1667:
1205:10.1163/9789004460720_012
1162:Curtis & Stewart 2008
1133:Curtis & Stewart 2008
1121:Curtis & Stewart 2008
825:Schmitt & Bailey 1986
813:Vevaina & Canepa 2018
200:
189:
179:
167:
157:
149:
145:
135:
125:
117:
106:
96:
79:
65:
58:
43:
34:
23:
1640:Daryaee, Touraj (2018).
1182:The History of Al-Ṭabarī
720:
562:
1230:Brosius, Maria (2000).
1189:Badiyi, Bahram (2020).
630:Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr
519:siege of Antioch in 253
460:
1622:"Ardašīr I i. History"
1607:Weber, Ursula (2016).
690:
476:
431:. His grandfather was
1613:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1374:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1331:Gignoux, Ph. (1983).
1236:Encyclopaedia Iranica
685:
559:of Iran, in May 270.
468:
2254:Shahnameh characters
1642:"Hormizd I Ardashir"
1563:Encyclopædia Iranica
1555:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor
1477:Schmitt, R. (1986).
1271:. pp. 747–778.
601:Prods Oktor Skjaervo
455:Battle of Hormozdgan
193:unnamed daughter of
2117:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
1628:. pp. 371–376.
1530:. pp. 462–464.
1507:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
1501:. pp. 514–522.
1491:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
1485:. pp. 654–655.
1472:. pp. 445–465.
974:, v. 5: pp. 39, 43.
972:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
880:, pp. 514–522.
863:, pp. 371–376.
851:, pp. 654–655.
827:, pp. 445–465.
803:, pp. 462–464.
528:on the wall of the
352:transliteration is
2249:3rd-century births
1571:Stausberg, Michael
1511:"Sasanian dynasty"
839:, p. 341-343.
691:
619:) in the month of
542:Wuzurg Šāh Arminān
505:, the Roman rebel
477:
121:May 270 – June 271
2226:
2225:
2211:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1756:
1715:
1714:
1706:Succeeded by
1657:978-0-19-866277-8
1599:978-0-19-866277-8
1546:978-0-19-973330-9
1449:978-0-19-973330-9
1430:978-1-4724-2552-2
1411:978-1-84511-645-3
1389:978-1-61069-391-2
1345:cite encyclopedia
1323:978-0-85771-666-8
1299:978-0-85771-972-0
1244:cite encyclopedia
1214:978-90-04-46072-0
1049:, pp. 15–16.
892:, pp. 46–47.
890:Pourshariati 2008
530:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
417:Shapur Meshanshah
415:(the eldest) and
235:), was the third
210:
209:
92:
2281:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2172:
2169:
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2152:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2037:Bahram VI Chobin
2032:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1982:
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1972:
1969:
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1939:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1902:
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1889:
1882:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1754:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1689:Preceded by
1684:
1674:Sasanian dynasty
1665:
1664:
1661:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1578:
1566:
1550:
1531:
1518:
1502:
1486:
1473:
1453:
1434:
1415:
1393:
1370:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1340:
1327:
1303:
1289:The Sasanian Era
1282:
1259:Yarshater, Ehsan
1253:
1247:
1239:
1226:
1194:
1185:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
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1038:
1032:
1026:
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1008:
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993:
987:
981:
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957:
948:
942:
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905:
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864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
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810:
804:
798:
751:
740:
734:
731:
669:
667:
658:
656:
452:
450:
402:
400:
302:Sasanian coinage
262:
260:
234:
213:Hormizd-Ardashir
86:
74:
71:
48:
30:
29:
21:
20:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2137:Farrukh Hormizd
2135:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1757:
1752:Sasanian Empire
1745:
1711:
1702:
1694:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1658:
1636:
1634:Further reading
1600:
1547:
1450:
1431:
1412:
1390:
1362:
1342:
1341:
1324:
1308:Daryaee, Touraj
1300:
1279:
1241:
1240:
1238:. London et al.
1215:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1053:
1047:Jalalipour 2015
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
951:
943:
939:
931:
920:
912:
908:
900:
896:
888:
884:
876:
867:
861:Wiesehöfer 1986
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
823:
819:
815:, p. 1110.
811:
807:
799:
764:
760:
755:
754:
741:
737:
732:
728:
723:
680:
664:
653:
565:
463:
447:
397:
390:
314:
289:) and gave the
257:
112:Sasanian Empire
89:Arsacid dynasty
72:
60:King of Armenia
54:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1579:
1567:
1551:
1545:
1532:
1519:
1503:
1487:
1474:
1454:
1448:
1435:
1429:
1416:
1410:
1395:
1388:
1371:
1355:
1328:
1322:
1304:
1298:
1283:
1277:
1254:
1227:
1213:
1186:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1154:
1152:, p. 835.
1137:
1125:
1110:
1108:, p. 805.
1095:
1093:, p. 836.
1078:
1076:, p. 758.
1066:
1064:, p. 210.
1051:
1039:
1037:, p. 383.
1027:
1015:
1000:
998:, p. 246.
988:
976:
964:
949:
947:, p. 233.
937:
918:
916:, p. 472.
906:
894:
882:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
761:
759:
756:
753:
752:
744:Middle Persian
735:
725:
724:
722:
719:
679:
676:
668: 590–628
657: 531–579
613:Middle Iranian
597:Touraj Daryaee
564:
561:
534:Naqsh-e Rostam
462:
459:
451: 213–224
437:Arsacid Empire
401: 240–270
389:
386:
376:(also spelled
344:equivalent is
330:Zoroastrianism
326:Middle Persian
313:
310:
261: 240–270
233:𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣
229:Middle Persian
219:(also spelled
208:
207:
205:Zoroastrianism
202:
198:
197:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
174:House of Sasan
171:
165:
164:
161:
155:
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147:
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137:
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127:
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98:
94:
93:
81:
77:
76:
67:
63:
62:
56:
55:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:𐭠𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭬𐭦𐭣
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2286:
2275:
2274:City founders
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2218:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2177:Yazdegerd III
2174:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2114:
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2098:
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2074:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
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1874:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:Bailey, H. W.
1459:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:. Routledge.
1422:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1333:"Ādur-Anāhīd"
1329:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1278:0-521-24693-8
1274:
1270:
1267:. Cambridge:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1164:, p. 24.
1163:
1158:
1151:
1150:Schindel 2013
1146:
1144:
1142:
1135:, p. 23.
1134:
1129:
1123:, p. 21.
1122:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1106:Shayegan 2013
1102:
1100:
1092:
1091:Schindel 2013
1087:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1013:, p. 10.
1012:
1007:
1005:
997:
992:
986:, p. 76.
985:
980:
973:
968:
961:
956:
954:
946:
941:
934:
933:Shahbazi 2005
929:
927:
925:
923:
915:
910:
903:
898:
891:
886:
879:
878:Shahbazi 1988
874:
872:
870:
862:
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
826:
821:
814:
809:
802:
801:Shayegan 2004
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
762:
749:
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739:
730:
726:
718:
716:
712:
707:
703:
699:
698:
688:
684:
675:
673:
662:
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
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622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
577:
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570:
560:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
475:
471:
467:
458:
456:
445:
442:
441:King of Kings
438:
434:
430:
429:Shapurdukhtak
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:, whilst the
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
255:
251:
247:
246:
241:
240:King of Kings
238:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
172:
170:
166:
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160:
156:
152:
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144:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
90:
85:
82:
78:
68:
64:
61:
57:
52:
47:
42:
39:
38:
33:
22:
19:
2077:Ardashir III
1937:Yazdegerd II
1786:
1697:
1680:
1672:
1645:
1625:
1612:
1587:
1574:
1562:
1536:
1527:
1514:
1498:
1482:
1479:"Artaxerxes"
1469:
1439:
1420:
1400:
1375:
1366:
1336:
1312:
1288:
1263:
1235:
1196:
1181:
1157:
1128:
1074:Brunner 1983
1069:
1042:
1030:
1023:Skjærvø 2012
1018:
1011:Daryaee 2014
991:
984:Daryaee 2014
979:
967:
940:
914:Gignoux 1983
909:
902:Brosius 2000
897:
885:
856:
849:Schmitt 1986
844:
832:
820:
808:
747:
738:
729:
702:mural crowns
695:
692:
689:of Hormizd I
646:
628:
608:
604:
579:
576:ud kamarband
572:
566:
556:
554:
549:
546:Agathangelos
541:
523:
514:
500:
481:Roman Empire
478:
444:Artabanus IV
391:
377:
373:
369:
361:
353:
345:
321:
317:
315:
299:
284:
269:Roman Empire
243:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:
84:Tiridates II
53:of Hormizd I
35:
18:
2210:(pretender)
2200:(pretender)
2190:(pretender)
2127:Azarmidokht
2097:Khosrow III
2000:(498/9–531)
1990:(496–498/9)
1947:Hormizd III
1897:Yazdegerd I
1867:Ardashir II
1847:Adur Narseh
1524:"Hormozd I"
1458:Schmitt, R.
1394:(2 volumes)
1199:: 203–233.
1062:Badiyi 2020
706:fire temple
647:shahanshahs
635:Ram-Hormizd
594:Iranologist
526:inscription
513:. The name
425:Adur-Anahid
342:Old Persian
338:Ahura Mazda
332:, known in
277:Zoroastrian
126:Predecessor
80:Predecessor
2239:271 deaths
2233:Categories
2197:Bahram VII
2157:Khosrow IV
2147:Hormizd VI
2087:Shahrbaraz
2047:Khosrow II
2027:Khosrow II
2017:Hormizd IV
1877:Shapur III
1837:Hormizd II
1817:Bahram III
1767:Ardashir I
1669:Hormizd I
1495:"Bahrām I"
960:Weber 2016
758:References
661:Khosrow II
586:Manichaean
557:shahanshah
550:shahanshah
538:Persepolis
497:Cappadocia
470:Gold dinar
433:Ardashir I
388:Background
291:Manichaean
245:shahanshah
108:Shahanshah
73: 252
2187:Peroz III
2180:(632–651)
2170:(631–632)
2160:(630–636)
2150:(630–632)
2140:(630–631)
2130:(630–631)
2080:(628–630)
2060:(591–596)
2050:(591–628)
2040:(590–591)
2020:(579–590)
2010:(531–579)
2007:Khosrow I
1980:(488–496)
1970:(484–488)
1960:(459–484)
1950:(457–459)
1940:(438–457)
1930:(420–438)
1907:Shapur IV
1900:(399–420)
1890:(388–399)
1887:Bahram IV
1880:(383–388)
1870:(379–383)
1860:(309–379)
1857:Shapur II
1840:(303–309)
1830:(293–303)
1810:(274–293)
1807:Bahram II
1800:(271–274)
1790:(270–271)
1787:Hormizd I
1780:(240–270)
1770:(224–242)
1755:(224–651)
1584:"Ohrmazd"
1223:242624054
837:Rapp 2014
650:Khosrow I
643:Dastagird
621:Farwardin
609:yaxī/yaxē
515:Odomastes
453:) at the
419:, whilst
378:Artaxšaçā
354:Hormisdas
346:Auramazdā
324:) is the
312:Etymology
225:Ohrmazd I
221:Hormozd I
217:Hormizd I
163:Hormozdak
136:Successor
97:Successor
24:Hormizd I
2067:Kavad II
1927:Bahram V
1797:Bahram I
1777:Shapur I
1709:Bahram I
1703:270–271
1692:Shapur I
1683:June 271
1609:"Narseh"
1559:"Kartīr"
1557:(2012).
1509:(2005).
1493:(1988).
1464:(1986).
1380:ABC-CLIO
1367:Sasanika
1310:(2014).
996:Kia 2016
945:Kia 2016
672:Bahram I
639:Artemita
588:prophet
507:Cyriades
474:Shapur I
405:Parthian
394:Shapur I
374:Ṛtaxšira
366:Georgian
358:Armenian
306:Bahram I
293:prophet
254:Shapur I
237:Sasanian
201:Religion
184:Shapur I
153:June 271
140:Bahram I
130:Shapur I
2207:Narsieh
2057:Vistahm
1997:Kavad I
1977:Kavad I
1957:Peroz I
1917:Khosrow
1750:of the
1261:(ed.).
1171:Sources
715:Anahita
687:Drachma
511:Antioch
493:Cilicia
485:Armenia
407:dynast
364:and in
334:Avestan
322:Hormozd
318:Ōhrmazd
279:priest
265:Armenia
110:of the
51:Drachma
1987:Jamasp
1967:Balash
1827:Narseh
1748:Rulers
1679:
1654:
1596:
1543:
1446:
1427:
1408:
1386:
1320:
1296:
1275:
1221:
1211:
711:Mithra
697:aneran
659:) and
617:Nowruz
581:mowbed
569:Kartir
495:, and
421:Narseh
413:Bahram
409:Mihrak
370:Urmizd
362:Ormizd
340:. The
286:mowbed
281:Kartir
195:Mihrak
190:Mother
180:Father
101:Narseh
2167:Boran
2120:(630)
2110:(630)
2107:Boran
2100:(630)
2090:(630)
2070:(628)
2030:(590)
1920:(420)
1910:(420)
1850:(309)
1820:(293)
1681:Died:
1363:(PDF)
1219:S2CID
721:Notes
625:Ahvaz
574:kulāf
563:Reign
536:near
489:Syria
350:Greek
273:Ahvaz
248:) of
169:House
159:Issue
118:Reign
75:– 270
66:Reign
1652:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1351:link
1318:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1250:link
1209:ISBN
590:Mani
461:Rise
427:and
384:)".
382:asha
295:Mani
250:Iran
150:Died
1201:doi
742:In
713:or
641:as
607:or
605:nēw
532:at
521:.
472:of
368:as
360:as
336:as
223:or
2235::
1624:.
1611:.
1561:.
1526:.
1513:.
1497:.
1481:.
1468:.
1460:;
1382:.
1378:.
1365:.
1347:}}
1343:{{
1335:.
1246:}}
1242:{{
1234:.
1217:.
1207:.
1195:.
1140:^
1113:^
1098:^
1081:^
1054:^
1003:^
952:^
921:^
868:^
765:^
746::
717:.
666:r.
655:r.
552:.
491:,
457:.
449:r.
399:r.
320:,
308:.
259:r.
231::
227:;
70:c.
1740:e
1733:t
1726:v
1660:.
1615:.
1602:.
1565:.
1549:.
1517:.
1452:.
1433:.
1414:.
1392:.
1369:.
1353:)
1326:.
1302:.
1281:.
1252:)
1225:.
1203::
1025:.
962:.
935:.
904:.
750:.
663:(
652:(
446:(
396:(
256:(
242:(
91:)
87:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
