31:
84:
475:. The reason for their defection was in order to preserve their status and wealth. However, according to the Khuzestan Chronicle, the Asawira first defected to the Arabs after they entered Shushtar. The brother of Hormuzan, Shahriyar, is said to have been a part of the Asawira. According to Pourshariati, the story of the Asawira helping the Arabs in their conquest of Khuzestan, may have been false. Nevertheless, it is known that Hormuzan was after his surrender taken by the Arabs and brought to their capital
509:, was asked to convert. He refused, and so Umar called his executioner to kill him as he represented the last of the Persian leadership. At that point Hormuzan asked for some water, claiming that it would be cruel to kill him while thirsty. Umar had water brought, and upon Hormuzan obtaining a pledge of safety until he'd finished drinking he threw the cup to the ground. He then asked the Caliph if he would keep his word, and Umar agreed and spared his life. Immediately afterwards, Hormuzan converted to
179:
425:
299:
247:, Hormuzan may have belonged to a Persian family instead of a Parthian one. Although his origin is disputed, it is known that he was part of the Parsig (Persian) faction which is first mentioned in 628 and played a major role in Sasanian politics. Hormuzan ruled his birthplace Mihragan-kadag as a part of his family domain, and all of
496:
Hormuzan, on obtaining an audience, pretended thirst and asked for a cup of water, which was given him; he then looked suspiciously around, as if he expected to be stabbed while drinking. "Fear nothing," said Umar; "your life is safe till you have drunk the water." The crafty
Persian flung the cup to
398:
who had been making incursions into Pars and
Khuzestan. Hormuzan shortly clashed with an Arab army to the west of Hormizd-Ardashir, but was easily defeated and thus retreated back to the city, where he sued for peace. The Arabs asked for tribute in exchange for peace, which he agreed to. However, he
451:
Al-Nu'man did as he told him, and with a small portion of his army, charged into
Shushtar. Hormuzan then retreated to the citadel and continued his resistance. The surviving men of Hormuzan who were in citadel along with him, killed their own family members and threw their property into the river
448:, during the siege, an Iranian defector named Sina (or Sinah) went to al-Nu'man and pleaded for his life to be spared in return for showing him a way into the city. Al-Nu'man agreed, and Sina told him to: "attack via the outlet of the water, and then you will conquer the city."
386:
against the Arabs. Yazdegerd III supported him in these raids, and believed that it was possible to regain the territories which had been taken by the Arabs. Hormuzan, along with the rest of the survivors of al-Qadisiyyah, later regrouped again and fought the Arabs at the
531:, instead of punishing Ubayd Allah for his actions, had him pardoned. This was not well received by some of Hormuzan's Arab supporters who strongly protested to Uthman and even later tried to take action against Ubayd Allah, who managed to flee to the governor of Syria,
436:
However, he later stopped paying tribute, and a result clashed with the Arabs again, who inflicted a defeat on him. The cities of
Khuzestan were slowly one by one seized. Sometime later in 641, after a defeat at Ram-Hormizd, Hormuzan fled to
441:, and was defeated near the city, which cost him the lives of 900 of his men, while 600 were captured and would later be executed. Nevertheless, he managed to reach the city. The Arabs then laid siege to the city.
962:
The Seven Great
Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, Vol 7. (of 7): The Sassanian the History, Geography and Antiquities of Chaldaea, Assyria, Babylon, Media, Persia, Parthia and Sassanian or New Persian
391:
in 637. The
Sasanian army was once again defeated and Mihran Razi was killed. Hormuzan then withdrew once again to Hormizd-Ardashir, where he chose to stay in case the Arabs should invade his domains.
463:, along with another person, asked the Arabs for some of their plunder in exchange for how to enter the city. The Arabs agreed, and after some time, they managed to enter the city. According to
444:
Fortunately for
Hormuzan, Shushtar was well fortified due to the rivers and canals that surrounded it on almost all sides. There are several versions of how the city was captured; according to
1092:
367:. During the battle, the Sasanian army was defeated, and Shahriyar, along with Musel, Bahman, Jalinus and Rostam, were killed. The Arabs then besieged Ctesiphon.
1082:
371:
1102:
258:. The rebelling Arabs managed to defeat the Sasanians at the battle, but order was soon restored by Ruzbi, the frontier governor (
946:
1107:
1034:
935:
882:
861:
1117:
1112:
318:
1053:
1013:
992:
971:
911:
786:
1072:
1087:
1077:
408:
306:
248:
141:
502:
In contrast, the Arab tradition holds that
Hormuzan, when first brought as a prisoner before the Rashidun
523:
in making important fiscal and institutional changes. However, in 644, Hormuzan was killed by Umar's son
240:
30:
874:
Decline and Fall of the
Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
903:
399:
soon stopped paying tribute, and raised an army which included the Kurds he previously had fought. The
149:
314:
841:
287:
83:
467:, during the siege, the Arabs were reinforced with a group of professional Iranian elites under
378:), where they tried to repel the Arab army, but were once again defeated. Hormuzan then fled to
1044:
Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad; Aḥmad Jād al-Mawlā, Muḥammad; Muḥammad al-Bajāwī, ʻAlī (2003).
777:
Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad; Aḥmad Jād al-Mawlā, Muḥammad; Muḥammad al-Bajāwī, ʻAlī (2003).
452:
rather than let the Arabs take them. In the end, Hormuzan was eventually forced to surrender.
429:
335:, prepared to make a counter-attack, raising an army which included the Parsig faction under
244:
524:
364:
356:
254:
Hormuzan is first mentioned in 609 as one of the
Sasanian officers who participated in the
202:
167:
374:, Mihran Razi and Piruz Khosrow, including the rest of the survivors, regrouped at Bavel (
8:
1097:
456:
268:. In 628, Khosrow II was overthrown by his son Kavadh II, who crowned himself as the new
948:
The Arab Conquest of Persia: The Khūzistān Province before and after the Muslims Triumph
1043:
776:
404:
72:
394:
Hormuzan continued his raids into Meshan and also began raiding Iraq. He repelled the
235:), but this is most likely incorrect, since Kavadh's mother was not an Iranian, but a
1049:
1030:
1009:
988:
967:
931:
907:
878:
857:
782:
497:
the ground, and Umar felt that he had been outwitted, but that he must keep his word.
332:
255:
153:
421:, and once again sought a peace treaty, which he was granted in return for tribute.
892:
Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath". In
513:, explaining that he had not wanted it said that he'd converted for fear of death.
488:
388:
236:
1024:
1003:
982:
960:
925:
897:
893:
872:
849:
845:
468:
340:
303:
206:
145:
87:
56:
921:
411:, who defeated Hormuzan in 638 at Hormizd-Ardashir, and forced the city to pay
198:
194:
119:
52:
48:
899:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
178:
1066:
1026:
Sāsānid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʿAyyārān and Futuwwa
532:
527:, after an involvement in a plot which killed Umar. Umar's successor, Caliph
424:
336:
279:
99:
464:
275:
344:
274:(king of kings) of the Sasanian Empire. Three days later, Kavadh ordered
127:
854:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XII/5: Homosexuality III–Human migration II
214:
186:
182:
856:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 460–461.
445:
418:
348:
343:
and Hormuzan; the Pahlav (Parthian) faction under Rostam himself and
322:
298:
278:
to execute his father. In 632, after a period of coups and revolts,
156:
in 642. Two years later, he was accused of the assassination of the
618:
438:
360:
225:
157:
137:
472:
375:
352:
327:
283:
265:
260:
1005:
The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall from Original Sources
213:. According to some sources, Hormuzan was the brother-in-law of
528:
517:
503:
476:
400:
383:
325:, the capital of the Sasanian Empire. The Sasanian army chief (
160:
68:
748:
746:
593:
591:
578:
576:
574:
549:
547:
510:
460:
413:
395:
379:
39:, who is found sleeping soundly in the shadow of a palm tree.
781:(1 ed.). Bayrūt: al-Maktabah al-ʻAsriyah. p. 134.
209:. He had a brother named Shahriyar, who was the governor of
795:
743:
701:
699:
520:
506:
282:(r. 632–651) was crowned as king of the Sasanian Empire at
270:
210:
163:
36:
984:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
733:
731:
729:
716:
714:
674:
672:
588:
571:
544:
659:
657:
696:
382:
in Khuzestan, which he used as his base in his raids in
726:
711:
684:
669:
608:
606:
459:, similar to the version by al-Tabari, a defector from
251:, one of the richest provinces of the Sasanian Empire.
152:. He was later taken prisoner by the Muslims after the
819:
654:
642:
290:, where the Sasanian family had founded their empire.
758:
630:
603:
559:
293:
987:. London and New York: Cambridge University Press.
807:
1093:Prisoners and detainees of the Rashidun Caliphate
1048:(1st ed.). Bayrūt: al-Maktabah al-ʻAsriyah.
1064:
407:, responded by sending an army under a certain
359:. The army also included the military officer
1008:. London and New York: Kessinger Publishing.
131:
870:
801:
624:
597:
553:
455:According to another version written in the
370:Hormuzan managed to survive, and along with
193:Hormuzan was a wealthy aristocrat native to
944:
752:
720:
705:
690:
678:
663:
29:
1083:People executed by the Rashidun Caliphate
958:
891:
764:
737:
648:
516:While in Medina, he advised the Rashidun
140:aristocrat who served as the governor of
980:
840:
825:
582:
423:
363:and his son, known in Arabic sources as
297:
177:
173:
1065:
1022:
920:
636:
612:
565:
482:
35:Hormuzan being brought before caliph
1001:
877:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
813:
317:, and by 636, they were camping at
132:
13:
14:
1129:
294:The Arab invasion of western Iran
1103:Governors of the Sasanian Empire
1029:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
82:
871:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
770:
487:What happened after is told by
230:
219:
927:Iraq After The Muslim Conquest
1:
1108:History of Khuzestan province
538:
417:(poll-tax). Hormuzan fled to
286:, an ancient Iranian city in
201:, and belonged to one of the
170:, the deceased caliph's son.
224:) and the maternal uncle of
7:
315:Muslim Arabs invaded Persia
10:
1134:
1118:7th-century Iranian people
1002:Muir, Sir William (2004).
981:Madelung, Wilferd (1998).
959:Rawlinson, George (2004).
945:Jalalipour, Saeid (2014).
904:Cambridge University Press
834:
491:, in summary, as follows:
409:Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di
1113:Generals of Yazdegerd III
966:. Library of Alexandria.
148:military officers at the
105:
93:
78:
62:
44:
28:
21:
627:, pp. 232–233, 269.
1073:Executed Iranian people
1023:Zakeri, Mohsen (1995).
150:Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
1088:Generals of Khosrow II
1078:7th-century executions
500:
433:
310:
190:
930:. Gorgias Press LLC.
493:
430:Sasanian architecture
427:
301:
181:
174:Family and early life
144:, and was one of the
842:Shahbazi, A. Shapur.
365:Shahriyar bin Kanara
357:Musel III Mamikonian
203:seven Parthian clans
166:, and was killed by
585:, pp. 460–461.
483:Captivity and death
457:Khuzestan Chronicle
109:Shahrdar (governor)
922:Morony, Michael G.
434:
321:, a city close to
311:
191:
73:Rashidun Caliphate
1036:978-3-447-03652-8
937:978-1-59333-315-7
906:. pp. 1–57.
884:978-1-84511-645-3
863:978-0-933273-79-5
802:Pourshariati 2008
755:, pp. 12–13.
625:Pourshariati 2008
598:Pourshariati 2008
554:Pourshariati 2008
351:contingent under
333:Rostam Farrokhzad
256:Battle of Dhi Qar
113:
112:
1125:
1059:
1040:
1019:
998:
977:
955:
953:
941:
917:
894:Frye, Richard N.
888:
867:
850:Yarshater, Ehsan
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
792:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
741:
735:
724:
718:
709:
703:
694:
688:
682:
676:
667:
661:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
601:
595:
586:
580:
569:
563:
557:
551:
489:George Rawlinson
389:battle of Jalula
380:Hormizd-Ardashir
234:
232:
223:
221:
197:, a district in
154:fall of Shushtar
135:
134:
95:
86:
33:
19:
18:
16:Sasanian general
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1037:
1016:
995:
974:
951:
938:
914:
885:
864:
837:
832:
824:
820:
812:
808:
800:
796:
789:
775:
771:
763:
759:
753:Jalalipour 2014
751:
744:
736:
727:
721:Jalalipour 2014
719:
712:
706:Jalalipour 2014
704:
697:
691:Jalalipour 2014
689:
685:
679:Jalalipour 2014
677:
670:
664:Jalalipour 2014
662:
655:
647:
643:
635:
631:
623:
619:
611:
604:
596:
589:
581:
572:
564:
560:
552:
545:
541:
485:
471:, known as the
469:Siyah al-Uswari
403:(ruler) of the
341:Bahman Jadhuyih
296:
243:. According to
239:princess named
229:
218:
207:Sasanian Empire
176:
88:Sasanian Empire
67:
57:Sasanian Empire
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1046:Qiṣaṣ al-ʻArab
1041:
1035:
1020:
1014:
999:
993:
978:
972:
956:
942:
936:
918:
912:
889:
883:
868:
862:
836:
833:
831:
830:
818:
816:, p. 176.
806:
804:, p. 238.
794:
787:
779:Qiṣaṣ al-ʻArab
769:
765:Rawlinson 2004
757:
742:
738:Zarrinkub 1975
725:
710:
695:
683:
668:
653:
649:Zarrinkub 1975
641:
639:, p. 192.
629:
617:
615:, p. 193.
602:
600:, p. 236.
587:
570:
568:, p. 114.
558:
556:, p. 240.
542:
540:
537:
484:
481:
405:Rashidun Arabs
295:
292:
222: 590–628
195:Mihragan-kadag
175:
172:
120:Middle Persian
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
80:
76:
75:
64:
60:
59:
49:Mihragan-kadag
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1130:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1057:
1055:9953-34-054-4
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1015:1-4179-4889-2
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
996:
994:0-521-64696-0
990:
986:
985:
979:
975:
973:1-4655-0672-1
969:
965:
964:
957:
950:
949:
943:
939:
933:
929:
928:
923:
919:
915:
913:0-521-20093-8
909:
905:
902:. Cambridge:
901:
900:
895:
890:
886:
880:
876:
875:
869:
865:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:
828:, p. 69.
827:
826:Madelung 1998
822:
815:
810:
803:
798:
790:
788:9953-34-054-4
784:
780:
773:
766:
761:
754:
749:
747:
740:, p. 15.
739:
734:
732:
730:
722:
717:
715:
708:, p. 10.
707:
702:
700:
692:
687:
680:
675:
673:
665:
660:
658:
651:, p. 14.
650:
645:
638:
633:
626:
621:
614:
609:
607:
599:
594:
592:
584:
583:Shahbazi 2004
579:
577:
575:
567:
562:
555:
550:
548:
543:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
519:
514:
512:
508:
505:
499:
498:
492:
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
449:
447:
442:
440:
431:
426:
422:
420:
416:
415:
410:
406:
402:
397:
392:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:Piruz Khosrow
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
319:al-Qadisiyyah
316:
308:
305:
300:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:Yazdegerd III
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
227:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
188:
184:
180:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
129:
125:
121:
117:
108:
104:
101:
100:Sasanian army
98:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
65:
61:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
20:
1045:
1025:
1004:
983:
961:
947:
926:
898:
873:
853:
821:
809:
797:
778:
772:
760:
723:, p. 8.
693:, p. 9.
686:
681:, p. 7.
666:, p. 6.
644:
632:
620:
561:
515:
501:
495:
494:
486:
465:al-Baladhuri
454:
450:
443:
435:
432:in Shushtar.
412:
393:
369:
326:
313:In 633, the
312:
276:Mihr Hormozd
269:
259:
253:
245:Pourshariati
192:
123:
115:
114:
954:. Sasanika.
637:Morony 2005
613:Morony 2005
566:Zakeri 1995
525:Ubayd Allah
428:Remains of
419:Ram-Hormizd
345:Mihran Razi
168:Ubayd Allah
128:New Persian
1098:644 deaths
1067:Categories
846:"HORMOZĀN"
539:References
533:Mu'awiya I
372:Nakhiragan
271:shahanshah
233: 628
215:Khosrow II
187:Khosrow II
183:Gold dinar
79:Allegiance
924:(2005) .
814:Muir 2004
446:al-Tabari
347:; and an
323:Ctesiphon
307:Khuzestan
249:Khuzistan
237:Byzantine
142:Khuzestan
124:Hormazdān
844:(2004).
439:Shushtar
361:Kanadbak
349:Armenian
304:Sasanian
226:Kavad II
158:Rashidun
146:Sasanian
136:) was a
116:Hormuzan
94:Service/
23:Hormuzan
896:(ed.).
852:(ed.).
835:Sources
473:Asawira
376:Babylon
353:Jalinus
328:spahbed
302:Map of
284:Estakhr
266:al-Hira
261:marzban
205:of the
138:Persian
1052:
1033:
1012:
991:
970:
963:Empire
934:
910:
881:
860:
785:
529:Uthman
518:Caliph
504:Caliph
477:Medina
401:caliph
384:Meshan
161:caliph
133:هرمزان
96:branch
69:Medina
952:(PDF)
848:. In
511:Islam
461:Qatar
414:jizya
396:Kurds
264:) of
241:Maria
199:Media
53:Media
1050:ISBN
1031:ISBN
1010:ISBN
989:ISBN
968:ISBN
932:ISBN
908:ISBN
879:ISBN
858:ISBN
783:ISBN
521:Umar
507:Umar
355:and
288:Pars
211:Susa
164:Umar
106:Rank
63:Died
45:Born
37:Umar
331:),
185:of
66:644
1069::
745:^
728:^
713:^
698:^
671:^
656:^
605:^
590:^
573:^
546:^
535:.
479:.
339:,
231:r.
220:r.
130::
126:,
122::
71:,
55:,
51:,
1058:.
1039:.
1018:.
997:.
976:.
940:.
916:.
887:.
866:.
791:.
767:.
309:.
228:(
217:(
189:.
118:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
