1152:
130:
359:
112:
381:, dark-green, alternate and simple with a coarsely-serrated margin, varying from 3 to 10 centimetres (1 to 4 inches) in length. In autumn, leaves turn various shades of yellow, orange and red. Hornbeam saplings, stressed trees, and the lower branches of mature trees may exhibit
1436:
The complete encyclopedia of trees of the world : the ultimate reference and identification guide to more than 1300 of the most spectacular, best-loved and unusual trees around the globe, with 3000 specially commissioned illustrations, maps and
1510:
Forest, F.; Savolainen, V.; Chase, M. W.; Lupia, R.; Bruneau, A.; Crane, P. R. (2005). "Teasing apart molecular- versus fossil-based error estimates when dating phylogenetic trees: a case study in the birch family (Betulaceae)".
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billets are nearly white and are suitable for decorative use. For general carpentry, hornbeam is rarely used, partly due to the difficulty of working it.
1042:
707:
652:
608:
1108:
1075:
641:
1814:
446:; the bract may be either trilobed or simple oval, and is slightly asymmetrical. The asymmetry of the seedwing makes it spin as it falls, improving
2042:
2081:
450:. The shape of the wing is important in the identification of different hornbeam species. Typically, 10β30 seeds are on each seed catkin.
2130:
1605:
1990:
2055:
2003:
1358:
1683:
328:
is also occasionally known as blue-beech, ironwood, or musclewood, the first from the resemblance of the bark to that of the
2230:
2060:
415:). Female flowers give way to distinctive clusters of winged seeds that somewhat resemble the hops-like seeds of ironwood.
1689:
1444:
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1317:
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1335:
The world encyclopedia of trees: a reference and identification guide to 1300 of the world's most significant trees
2086:
2225:
2029:
1793:
1293:
1184:
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2068:
1475:(Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America".
370:
trees with a natural, rounded form growing 4.5β9 metres (15β30 feet) tall and wide; the exemplar speciesβthe
911:
565:
1982:
1969:
1736:
1717:
2156:
1559:
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The smooth, gray trunk and larger branches of a mature tree exhibit a distinctive muscle-like fluting.
2148:
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2008:
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129:
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1129:
regions of the northern hemisphere, with the greatest number of species in east Asia, particularly
2135:
1977:
1810:
335:, the other two from the hardness of the wood and the muscled appearance of the trunk and limbs.
2122:
1964:
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1097:
2047:
2117:
411:, produced in spring. Male and female flowers are on separate catkins, but on the same tree (
2109:
1239:
to provide hardwood poles. It is also used in parquet flooring and for making chess pieces.
1938:
1704:
1632:
1224:
The wood is used to construct carving boards, tool handles, handplane soles, coach wheels,
597:
569:
479:
1586:. 2.nd Ed., The Royal Horticultural Society, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, London, pp. 234, 235.
8:
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872:
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actions, shoe lasts, and other products where a very tough, hard wood is required.
1139:
895:
619:
586:
560:
371:
1133:. Only two species occur in Europe, only one in eastern North America, and one in
1231:
The wood can also be used as gear pegs in simple machines, including traditional
1176:
1151:
1036:
412:
394:
167:
2073:
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1619:
Dai, J.; Sun, B.; Xie, S.; Lin, Z.g; Wu, J.; Dao, K. (2013). "A new species of
1172:
447:
329:
310:
154:
1820:
1644:
2214:
1901:
1524:
1180:
1168:
1126:
879:β Oriental hornbeam - Hungary, Balkans, Italy, Crimea, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
290:
240:
62:
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1394:
1305:
593:β European hornbeam - Europe to Western Asia; naturalized in North America.
551:
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2016:
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213:
82:
47:
2021:
1951:
1218:
1093:β Asian Hornbeam, Chonosuki's Hornbeam - southern China, Korea, Japan
522:
378:
342:, is the original Latin name for the European species, although some
87:
31:
1872:
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2143:
1312:(Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1225:
1160:
1130:
465:
443:
404:
277:
141:
1378:"The Genera of Betulaceae in the Southeastern United States"
1741:
Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 432, 1754.
1623:(Betulaceae) from the Pliocene of Yunnan Province, China".
1418:"Hornbeam, American (Musclewood) | Nebraska Forest Service"
347:
1509:
458:
Formerly some taxonomists segregated them with the genera
407:
family, hornbeam flowers are wind-pollinated pendulous
550:. The fossil record of the genus extends back to the
374:βreaches a maximum height of 32 m (105 ft).
1805:
1803:
1439:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 10 September 2021.
309:derives from the hardness of the woods (likened to
1800:
1774:"2013 BONAP North American Plant Atlas. TaxonMaps"
1463:Pigg, K.B.; Manchester, S.R.; Wehr, W.C. (2003). "
1462:
317:, "tree" (cognate with Dutch ββBoomββ and German
2212:
558:of northwestern North America, with the species
1578:
1576:
1191:(recorded on European hornbeam) as well as the
626:β Sawa hornbeam - Primorye, China, Korea, Japan
1254:
1252:
1819:Eichhorn, Markus; Haran, Brady (2011-12-01).
1818:
1115:β China, Korea, Himalayas, northern Indochina
289:. The 30β40 species occur across much of the
1618:
1590:
1573:
1217:, giving rise to the name "ironwood". Dried
1143:can be found in Europe, Turkey and Ukraine.
1249:
1125:The 30β40 species occur across much of the
1120:
604:β American hornbeam - Eastern North America
1737:Flora of North America, Vol. 3, Hornbeam,
1503:
1458:
1456:
1268:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
564:described from fossil fruits found in the
110:
1604:. Rogers Trees and Shrubs. Archived from
1393:
1159:Hornbeams are used as food plants by the
1851:
1150:
362:European hornbeam in Germany, during May
357:
1477:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1453:
1104:β Korean hornbeam - China, Korea, Japan
2213:
1668:English Names for Korean Native Plants
1375:
1332:
1877:
1876:
1359:"Carpinus caroliniana - Plant Finder"
1304:
670:β central and east-central China
502:are often grouped into two subgenera
2149:EC30B96A-FF8F-FFC1-5605-8A47FC27FC87
2097:358214d0-c5a3-4161-a5dd-b3d4c4a1bee6
1539:
1298:
833:Z.C.Chen ex Y.S.Wang & J.P.Huang
802:β southern China, northern Indochina
648:β Nepal, Himalayas of northern India
998:) β Caucasus and northern Iran
780:β Aka-shide hornbeam - Japan, Korea
486:. However, modern botanists place
366:Hornbeams are small, slow-growing,
13:
1852:Eichhorn, Markus (December 2011).
1780:
338:The botanical name for the genus,
14:
2242:
1845:
1776:. Biota of North America Program.
1718:Flora of China, Vol. 4 Page 289,
1726:Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753.
723:N.H.Xia, K.S.Pang & Y.H.Tong
442: in) long, held in a leafy
346:derive it from the Celtic for a
128:
35:
2162:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:13480-1
1766:
1745:
1730:
1711:
1659:
1625:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1612:
1382:Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
1363:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
300:
1794:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1428:
1410:
1369:
1351:
1326:
1310:New Flora of the British Isles
1278:
353:
1:
1288:. Cambridge University Press
1242:
767:Z. Qiang Lu & J. Quan Liu
403:As with other members of the
1213:Hornbeams yield a very hard
747:β Taiwan, southeastern China
393:(leafdrop) is delayed until
7:
2231:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1185:Svensson's copper underwing
1047:Z.Qiang Lu & J.Quan Liu
957:β Putuo hornbeam - Zhejiang
912:Klondike Mountain Formation
778:(Siebold & Zucc.) Blume
736:β Japanese hornbeam - Japan
712:(H.J.P.Winkl.) H.J.P.Winkl.
615:β Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei
566:Klondike Mountain Formation
453:
10:
2247:
1821:"The Hornbeam's Heartbeat"
1560:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1555:Plants of the World Online
1272:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1146:
979:β Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou
575:
385:βwhere leaves wither with
261:Siebold & Zucc. (1846)
119:European hornbeam foliage
1885:
1789:Miscellaneous Publication
1760:Altervista Flora Italiana
1645:10.1007/s00606-012-0750-1
1337:. London?: Lorenz Books.
1071:β Mexico, Central America
580:43 species are accepted.
255:
248:
125:Scientific classification
123:
118:
109:
23:
16:Genus of flowering plants
1866:University of Nottingham
1829:University of Nottingham
1676:Korea National Arboretum
1525:10.1600/0363644053661850
1376:Furlow, John J. (1990).
1264:L., Sp. Pl.: 998 (1753)"
1121:Distribution and habitat
984:Carpinus Γ schuschaensis
900:Pigg, Manchester, &
846:β Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
822:S.B.Liang & F.Z.Zhao
305:The common English name
1208:
1060:β Zhejiang: Tianmu Shan
1026:Carpinus tengshongensis
686:Carpinus gigabracteatus
422:about 3β6 millimetres (
2226:Taxa described in 1753
1395:10.5962/bhl.part.24925
1156:
1098:Carpinus turczaninovii
940:Carpinus purpurinervis
884:Carpinus paohsingensis
818:Carpinus mengshanensis
807:Carpinus luochengensis
752:Carpinus kweichowensis
681:β Guizhou: Guiyang Shi
535:ancestor somewhere in
531:likely evolved from a
363:
313:) and the Old English
2118:Paleobiology Database
1678:. 2015. p. 400.
1333:Cutler, Tony (2020).
1154:
1054:Carpinus tientaiensis
635:K.W.Liu & Q.Z.Lin
418:The fruit is a small
361:
1796:. 1972. p. 297.
1705:Korea Forest Service
1087:Carpinus tschonoskii
1014:Carpinus shimenensis
1003:Carpinus shensiensis
962:Carpinus rankanensis
851:Carpinus monbeigiana
829:Carpinus microphylla
763:Carpinus langaoensis
598:Carpinus caroliniana
570:Republic, Washington
523:phylogentic analysis
1637:2013PSyEv.299..643D
1286:The Names of Plants
1167:species, including
1065:Carpinus tropicalis
873:Carpinus orientalis
796:Carpinus londoniana
697:Carpinus hebestroma
675:Carpinus firmifolia
664:Carpinus fargesiana
631:Carpinus dayongiana
295:Northern Hemisphere
276:trees in the plant
1284:Gledhill D. 1985.
1235:. It is sometimes
1199:C. currucipennella
1157:
1069:(Donn.Sm.) Lundell
973:Carpinus rupestris
951:Carpinus putoensis
946:β Guizhou, Guangxi
929:Carpinus pubescens
918:Carpinus polyneura
868:β Sichuan, Guizhou
862:Carpinus omeiensis
840:Carpinus mollicoma
785:Carpinus lipoensis
774:Carpinus laxiflora
741:Carpinus kawakamii
719:Carpinus insularis
659:β Sichuan, Guangxi
364:
2208:
2207:
2105:Open Tree of Life
1879:Taxon identifiers
1685:978-89-97450-98-5
1600:Carpinus fangiana
1513:Systematic Botany
1082:β Yunnan, Guizhou
1043:Carpinus tibetana
866:Hu & W.P.Fang
758:β Guizhou, Yunnan
730:Carpinus japonica
708:Carpinus henryana
679:(H.J.P.Winkl.) Hu
653:Carpinus fangiana
609:Carpinus chuniana
490:in the subfamily
372:European hornbeam
333:Fagus grandifolia
326:American hornbeam
267:
266:
262:
244:
2238:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2187:
2178:
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2074:NHMSYS0000456938
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1825:test-tube.org.uk
1807:
1798:
1797:
1784:
1778:
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1764:
1763:
1755:Carpinus betulus
1749:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1688:. Archived from
1673:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1584:Carpinus betulus
1580:
1571:
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1349:
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1302:
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1282:
1276:
1275:
1256:
1140:Carpinus betulus
1114:
1109:Carpinus viminea
1103:
1092:
1081:
1076:Carpinus tsaiana
1070:
1059:
1048:
1031:
1019:
1009:β Gansu, Shaanxi
1008:
989:
978:
967:
956:
945:
935:β China, Vietnam
934:
924:β southern China
923:
905:
896:Carpinus perryae
889:
878:
867:
856:
845:
834:
823:
812:
801:
790:
779:
769:β Shaanxi, China
768:
757:
746:
735:
724:
714:β southern China
713:
702:
691:
680:
669:
658:
647:
642:Carpinus faginea
636:
625:
620:Carpinus cordata
614:
603:
592:
587:Carpinus betulus
561:Carpinus perryae
441:
440:
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431:
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426:
260:
239:
133:
132:
114:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
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1815:Wayback Machine
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1177:feathered thorn
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1118:
1113:Lindl. ex Wall.
1112:
1101:
1090:
1079:
1068:
1057:
1046:
1037:Yunnan Province
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1017:
1006:
987:
976:
965:
954:
943:
932:
921:
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876:
865:
857:β Tibet, Yunnan
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525:has shown that
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293:regions of the
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2198:wfo-4000006782
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1846:External links
1844:
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1799:
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1744:
1729:
1719:
1710:
1695:on 25 May 2017
1684:
1658:
1631:(3): 643β658.
1611:
1608:on 2011-07-15.
1589:
1572:
1538:
1519:(1): 118β133.
1502:
1489:10.1086/376816
1483:(5): 807β822.
1473:Palaeocarpinus
1452:
1446:978-1015282605
1445:
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1344:978-0754834755
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1173:common emerald
1155:Hornbeam trunk
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330:American beech
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1197:case-bearers
1196:
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1181:walnut sphinx
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1169:autumnal moth
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1811:Ghostarchive
1809:Archived at
1788:
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1703:– via
1697:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1667:
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1565:25 September
1563:. Retrieved
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552:Early Eocene
548:paraphyletic
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344:etymologists
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301:Common names
281:
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234:
233:
187:
174:
161:
148:
18:
2017:iNaturalist
1911:Wikispecies
1862:Brady Haran
1674:. Pocheon:
1437:photographs
1422:nfs.unl.edu
1388:(1): 1β67.
1189:winter moth
1165:Lepidoptera
1135:Mesoamerica
855:Hand.-Mazz.
725:β Hong Kong
492:Coryloideae
383:marcescence
377:Leaves are
354:Description
224:Coryloideae
220:Subfamily:
168:Angiosperms
2215:Categories
1854:"Hornbeam"
1834:2012-12-30
1699:8 December
1294:0521366755
1243:References
1203:C. ostryae
1194:Coleophora
992:C. betulus
824:β Shandong
690:Z.Qiang Lu
521:However,
496:Betulaceae
484:Corylaceae
413:monoecious
391:abscission
368:understory
287:Betulaceae
214:Betulaceae
1858:Test Tube
1233:windmills
1219:heartwood
1127:temperate
1058:W.C.Cheng
1030:W.C.Cheng
955:W.C.Cheng
835:β Guangxi
813:β Guangxi
811:J.Y.Liang
791:β Guizhou
514:subgenus
506:subgenus
379:deciduous
291:temperate
270:Hornbeams
138:Kingdom:
2221:Carpinus
2182:VASCAN:
2175:40001762
2170:Tropicos
1917:Carpinus
1896:Wikidata
1887:Carpinus
1864:for the
1813:and the
1739:Carpinus
1724:Carpinus
1653:16941126
1621:Carpinus
1549:Carpinus
1533:86080433
1497:19802370
1469:Carpinus
1404:43782230
1308:(2010).
1262:Carpinus
1237:coppiced
1163:of some
1034:Pliocene
968:β Taiwan
908:Ypresian
888:W.Y.Hsia
703:β Taiwan
556:Ypresian
545:Carpinus
533:Carpinus
512:Carpinus
508:Carpinus
504:Carpinus
500:Carpinus
488:Carpinus
482:family,
480:separate
454:Taxonomy
340:Carpinus
307:hornbeam
282:Carpinus
274:hardwood
250:Synonyms
235:Carpinus
210:Family:
181:Eudicots
99:Ypresian
24:Hornbeam
2048:1321456
2035:13480-1
1996:2875770
1902:Q158513
1633:Bibcode
1465:Corylus
1147:Ecology
1049:β Tibet
1020:β Hunan
977:A.Camus
933:Burkill
922:Franch.
890:β China
637:β Hunan
576:Species
543:making
478:) in a
461:Corylus
437:⁄
427:⁄
409:catkins
230:Genus:
204:Fagales
200:Order:
142:Plantae
2131:PLANTS
2110:619397
2094:NZOR:
1983:105705
1970:105705
1682:
1651:
1531:
1495:
1471:, and
1443:
1402:
1341:
1316:
1292:
1215:timber
1187:, and
1161:larvae
1091:Maxim.
1018:C.J.Qi
966:Hayata
904:, 2003
789:Y.K.Li
745:Hayata
701:Yamam.
646:Lindl.
602:Walter
539:subg.
528:Ostrya
471:Ostrya
468:) and
466:hazels
395:spring
387:autumn
243:(1753)
194:Rosids
103:Recent
2144:Plazi
2136:CARPI
2123:55066
2087:12989
2061:19503
2043:IRMNG
2022:54769
1957:1CIPG
1944:44522
1931:8VVZD
1693:(PDF)
1672:(PDF)
1649:S2CID
1529:S2CID
1493:S2CID
1400:JSTOR
1226:piano
1131:China
1102:Hance
877:Mill.
734:Blume
624:Blume
444:bract
405:birch
278:genus
188:Clade
175:Clade
162:Clade
149:Clade
2157:POWO
2082:NCBI
2056:ITIS
2030:IPNI
2009:2112
2004:GRIN
1991:GBIF
1952:EPPO
1720:ιΉ
θ³ζ₯ε±
1701:2016
1680:ISBN
1567:2024
1441:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1209:Uses
1201:and
902:Wehr
510:and
389:but
348:yoke
324:The
319:Baum
315:beam
311:horn
272:are
38:Preκ
2193:WFO
2185:952
2069:NBN
1978:FoC
1965:FNA
1939:EoL
1926:CoL
1757:L."
1641:doi
1629:299
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1521:doi
1485:doi
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568:of
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1032:β
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93:N
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78:J
73:T
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63:C
58:D
53:S
48:O
43:κ
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