425:
214:
1167:
799:
1207:
266:
spots consist of rather coarser grains of quartz than occur in the matrix. The frequency with which this feature reappears in the less altered slates and hornfels is rather remarkable, especially as it seems certain that the spots are not always of the same nature or origin. Tourmaline hornfels are found sometimes near the margins of tourmaline granites; they are black with small needles of
20:
409:
and permeating vapors, regenerating a rock mass without the production of fusion (at least on a large scale). It has been argued, however, that often there is extensive chemical change owing to the introduction of matter from the granite into the rocks surrounding it. The formation of new feldspar in
379:
and other igneous rocks a third type of hornfels is produced. They consist essentially of feldspar with hornblende (generally of brown color) and pale pyroxene. Sphene, biotite and iron oxides are the other common constituents, but these rocks show much variety of composition and structure. Where the
610:
hornfels, and an ultra-high-temperature sanidinite regime. The latter is sometimes regarded as a separate facies. Maximum pressures are around 2 kbar and temperatures are around 300-500 C for the albite-epidote hornfels facies, 500-650 C for the hornblende hornfels facies, 650-800 C for the pyroxene
91:
planes, this structure is effaced or rendered inoperative in the hornfels. Though many hornfels show vestiges of the original bedding, they break across this as readily as along it; in fact, they tend to separate into cubical fragments rather than into thin plates. Sheet minerals may be abundant but
265:
deposited. More commonly there is a distinct spotting, visible on the surfaces of the hand specimens. The spots are round or elliptical, and may be paler or darker than the rest of the rock. In some cases they are rich in graphite or carbonaceous matter; in others they are full of brown mica; some
260:
In the rocks of this group cordierite also occurs, not rarely, and may have the outlines of imperfect hexagonal prisms that are divided up into six sectors when seen in polarized light. In biotite hornfels, a faint striping may indicate the original bedding of the unaltered rock and corresponds to
204:
to build up well-individualized crystals. The regeneration of the rock has been sufficient to efface most of the original structures and to replace the former minerals more-or-less completely by new ones. But crystallization has been hampered by the solid condition of the mass and the new minerals
175:
The structure of the hornfels is very characteristic. Very rarely do any of the minerals show crystalline form, but the small grains fit closely together like the fragments of a mosaic; they are usually of nearly equal dimensions. This has been called pflaster or pavement structure from the
673:
in the hornblende facies, which in turn gives way to forsterite, orthopyroxene, augite, plagioclase, and aluminum spinel in the pyroxene hornfels facies. The sanidinite facies for this composition differs from the pyroxene hornfels facies only in the disappearance of aluminum spinel.
410:
the hornfelses is pointed out as evidence of this. While this felspathization may have occurred in a few localities, it seems conspicuously absent from others. Most authorities at the present time regard the changes as being purely of a physical and not of a chemical nature.
400:
that contain the same minerals as the hornfels, but have a schistose instead of a hornfels structure. Among these may be mentioned cordierite and sillimanite gneisses, andalusite and kyanite mica-schists, and those schistose calcite-silicate rocks that are known as
342:
often occur. These rocks are fine-grained, and though often banded, are tough and much harder than the original limestones. They are excessively variable in their mineralogical composition, and very often alternate in thin seams with biotite hornfels and indurated
192:, sillimanite or feldspar may appear in great numbers. Often the whole of the grains are rendered semi-opaque in this way. The minutest crystals may show traces of crystalline outlines; undoubtedly they are of new formation and have originated
388:
and other secondary minerals either in veins or in cavities, there are usually rounded areas or irregular streaks containing a suite of new minerals, which may resemble those of the calcium-silicate hornfelses above described. The original
405:. That these are sediments that have undergone thermal alteration is generally admitted, but the exact conditions under which they were formed are not always clear. The essential features of hornfelsing are ascribed to the action of heat,
103:
intrusions in the upper or middle crust. Hornfels formed from contact metamorphism by volcanic activity very close to the surface can produce unusual and distinctive minerals. Changes in composition caused by fluids given off by the
229:, sedimentary slates and shales yield biotite hornfels in which the most conspicuous mineral is biotite mica, the small scales of which are transparent under the microscope and have a dark reddish-brown color and strong
1141:
52:
masses and have been rendered massive, hard, splintery, and in some cases exceedingly tough and durable. These properties are caused by fine grained non-aligned crystals with platy or prismatic
594:
The hornfels facies occupies the portion of the metamorphic pressure-temperature space of lowest pressure and low to high temperature. It is subdivided into a low-temperature regime of
393:, fluidal, vesicular or fragmental structures of the igneous rock are clearly visible in the less advanced stages of hornfelsing, but become less evident as the alteration progresses.
237:
and iron oxides frequently occur in lesser quantity. In these biotite hornfels the minerals, which consist of aluminium silicates, are commonly found; they are usually andalusite and
646:, plagioclase, and characteristic trace garnet in the pyroxene hornfels facies and sanidinite facies, the latter two being indistinguishable for this composition of protolith.
143:
hornfels are often white, yellow, pale-green, brown and other colors. Green and dark-green are the prevalent tints of the hornfels produced by the alteration of
697:, cordierite, and orthopyroxene in the pyroxene hornfels facies. The sanidinite facies features quartz, plagioclase, sillimanite, cordierite, orthopyroxene,
60:, meaning "hornstone", because of its exceptional toughness and texture both reminiscent of animal horns. These rocks were referred to by miners in northern
1145:
1973:
396:
In some districts hornfelsed rocks occur that have acquired a schistose structure through shearing, and these form transitions to schists and
1191:
1182:
823:
814:
274:, there must have been some permeation of vapors from the granite into the sediments. Rocks of this group are often seen in the Cornish
147:. Although for the most part the constituent grains are too small to be determined by the unaided eye, there are often larger crystals (
56:, characteristic of metamorphism at high temperature but without accompanying deformation. The term is derived from the German word
924:
1238:
1116:
712:, quartz, tremolite, talc, and forsterite for the albite-epidote hornfels facies; calcite, dolomite, quartz, tremolite,
1081:
Stewart, F. H. (September 1942). "Chemical data on a silica-poor argillaceous hornfels and its constituent minerals".
970:
908:
253:
in thin sections, or it may be white with the cross-shaped dark enclosures of the matrix that are characteristic of
1051:
880:
852:
452:
295:
197:
2242:
618:. For a mafic protolith, the albite-epidote hornfels facies is characterized by albite and epidote or
1211:
741:
736:
Hornfels have the ability to resonate when struck. Michael
Tellinger had described these stones in
1303:
1271:
1231:
45:
716:, and forsterite for the hornblende hornfels facies; calcite, quartz, diposide, forsterite, and
1723:
287:
200:
at a high temperature and in the solid state so that there was little freedom for the mineral
1688:
804:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1090:
995:
986:
Harry, W. T. (December 1952). "Basic hornfels at a gabbro contact near
Carlingford, Eire".
720:
for the pyroxene hornfels facies; and calcite, quartz, diopside, forsterite, wollastonite,
270:
that under the microscope are dark brown and richly pleochroic. As the tourmaline contains
120:
which occupies the lowest pressure portion of the metamorphic pressure-temperature space.
8:
650:
128:
96:
1094:
999:
1519:
1224:
757:
709:
689:
in the albite-epidote facies; quartz, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite, cordierite, and
470:
445:
117:
88:
1479:
966:
904:
876:
848:
483:
438:
347:. When perfused with boric and fluoric vapors from the granite they may contain much
233:. There is also quartz, and often a considerable amount of feldspar, while graphite,
693:
in the hornblende hornfels facies; and quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, andalusite,
205:
are formless and have been unable to reject impurities, but have grown around them.
2171:
1883:
1670:
1539:
1178:
1102:
1098:
1003:
810:
465:
65:
1983:
1743:
1596:
476:
431:
2176:
2018:
1611:
1534:
1296:
847:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. pp. 12, 26.
460:
385:
140:
49:
1120:
1007:
903:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 422, 428.
163:
scattered through the fine matrix, and these may become very prominent on the
2236:
2221:
2136:
2101:
1948:
1514:
1419:
1291:
1195:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 710–711.
1186:
1173:
827:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 710–711.
818:
805:
639:
614:
The actual minerals present in each facies depends on the composition of the
148:
53:
213:
2146:
2126:
1998:
1645:
1623:
1564:
1469:
1414:
1399:
1253:
737:
721:
717:
649:
For an ultramafic protolith, the albite-epidote facies is characterized by
424:
257:. Sillimanite usually forms exceedingly minute needles embedded in quartz.
144:
109:
1052:"Graphitic hornfels dikes in the Ronda high-temperature peridotite massif"
740:
also known as "ring-stones" due to their ability to ring like a bell. The
2035:
1926:
1906:
1896:
1823:
1773:
1698:
1544:
1484:
1454:
1409:
1367:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1276:
694:
665:, orthopyroxene, hornblende, chlorite, and characteristic minor aluminum
631:
582:
500:
390:
323:
254:
238:
87:) may have been more or less fissile owing to the presence of bedding or
2201:
2186:
2161:
2156:
2066:
2051:
1968:
1936:
1901:
1891:
1873:
1853:
1798:
1778:
1733:
1655:
1640:
1616:
1576:
1549:
1529:
1504:
1464:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1404:
1313:
745:
725:
698:
690:
686:
662:
623:
603:
339:
331:
250:
234:
189:
164:
160:
152:
71:
Most hornfels are fine-grained, and while the original rocks (such as
2216:
2206:
2196:
2181:
2151:
2131:
2116:
2111:
2076:
2071:
2030:
2023:
1988:
1958:
1943:
1921:
1863:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1813:
1793:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1713:
1678:
1591:
1559:
1509:
1499:
1474:
1449:
1444:
1384:
1345:
1308:
682:
670:
658:
615:
344:
327:
291:
230:
100:
84:
72:
35:
24:
2191:
2166:
2091:
2061:
2056:
1978:
1963:
1911:
1808:
1783:
1660:
1635:
1628:
1606:
1601:
1554:
1494:
1379:
1330:
1320:
1266:
713:
627:
607:
578:
489:
406:
376:
356:
352:
307:
262:
201:
185:
105:
1172:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2211:
2141:
2106:
2081:
2013:
1848:
1788:
1728:
1693:
1586:
1434:
1394:
1362:
1357:
1261:
1216:
705:
619:
599:
402:
381:
368:
348:
311:
242:
177:
132:
124:
61:
32:
1117:"2014 Ancient Hidden Technology of the Annunaki (Fallen Angels)"
2121:
2096:
1993:
1953:
1916:
1818:
1683:
1581:
1571:
1524:
1489:
1459:
1389:
1374:
1352:
1286:
1281:
1206:
1083:
Mineralogical
Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society
678:
666:
643:
635:
595:
397:
372:
335:
319:
315:
299:
267:
246:
181:
156:
23:
A sample of banded hornfels, formed by contact metamorphism of
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
638:
in the hornblende hornfels facies, which in turn gives way to
2086:
2008:
2003:
1868:
1833:
1753:
1708:
1703:
894:
892:
271:
80:
76:
28:
611:
hornfels facies, and above 800 C for the sanidinite facies.
359:, but the altiminous silicates are absent from these rocks.
1858:
1803:
1718:
1650:
1142:"The Musical Stones of Skiddaw - Allerdale Borough Council"
1014:
875:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 367, 512.
654:
494:
303:
226:
136:
19:
889:
866:
864:
290:
hornfels that arise from the thermal alteration of impure
245:
appears also in hornfels, especially in those that have a
127:
hornfels) are dark-brown to black with a somewhat velvety
275:
249:
character. The andalusite may be pink and is then often
196:. This leads us to believe that the whole rock has been
861:
48:
rocks that have been baked and hardened by the heat of
873:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
302:, but where there has been originally an admixture of
139:. Also, most common hornfels have a black streak. The
380:
original mass was decomposed and contained calcite,
760: – List of rock types recognized by geologists
306:or clay lime-bearing silicates are formed, such as
965:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 195.
1043:
838:
836:
834:
2234:
1034:
901:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
925:"Holwick Scar & Low Force : Pamphlet"
831:
278:-mining districts, especially near the lodes.
1232:
954:
898:
180:may also enclose particles of the others; in
1074:
899:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
704:For a calcareous protolith, the sequence is
587:occupy the low pressure region of the space.
1049:
1239:
1225:
870:
979:
677:For a pelitic protolith, the sequence is
602:hornfels, a medium-temperature regime of
286:A second great group of hornfels are the
176:resemblance to rough pavement work. Each
1050:Dickey, John S.; Obata, Masaaki (1974).
871:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
845:An introduction to metamorphic petrology
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
212:
18:
1080:
842:
606:hornfels, a high-temperature regime of
2235:
731:
1220:
1177:
985:
960:
809:
771:
951:, Durham: Durham County Council p20
585:space. The various hornfels facies
261:small changes in the nature of the
95:Hornfels most commonly form in the
13:
1246:
1144:. Allerdale.gov.uk. Archived from
217:Hornfels sample (Normandy, France)
14:
2254:
1200:
1119:. see from 43 min. Archived from
184:, for example, small crystals of
1205:
1165:
797:
630:. This gives way to hornblende,
423:
131:owing to the abundance of small
1134:
1109:
1031:Blatt and Tracy, p.378-380, 512
208:
44:is the group name for a set of
1103:10.1180/minmag.1942.026.178.04
941:
917:
661:, and chlorite, giving way to
123:The most common hornfels (the
1:
947:Lawrence, D. J. D et al 2004
930:. Explorenorthpennines.org.uk
764:
843:Yardley, Bruce W.D. (1989).
281:
170:
112:) sometimes take place. The
7:
751:
728:for the sanidinite facies.
10:
2259:
963:Introduction to mineralogy
961:Nesse, William D. (2000).
221:
16:Group of metamorphic rocks
2044:
1882:
1669:
1252:
1008:10.1017/S0016756800068114
949:Durham Geodiversity Audit
742:Musical Stones of Skiddaw
413:
362:
1304:Basaltic trachyandesite
1272:Alkali feldspar granite
1192:Encyclopædia Britannica
824:Encyclopædia Britannica
701:, and aluminum spinel.
92:are aligned at random.
577:Metamorphic facies in
218:
38:
1689:Banded iron formation
1214:at Wikimedia Commons
1056:American Mineralogist
334:, various feldspars,
216:
22:
748:made from hornfels.
744:are an example of a
1095:1942MinM...26..260S
1040:Yardley 1989, p.161
1000:1952GeoM...89..411H
988:Geological Magazine
732:Acoustic properties
167:faces of the rock.
46:contact metamorphic
2045:Specific varieties
1062:(11–12): 1183–1189
758:List of rock types
219:
118:metamorphic facies
39:
2243:Metamorphic rocks
2230:
2229:
1480:Nepheline syenite
1210:Media related to
1179:Flett, John Smith
811:Flett, John Smith
592:
591:
588:
486:
479:
457:
448:
441:
434:
294:. The purer beds
135:of shining black
50:intrusive igneous
2250:
2172:Rapakivi granite
1884:Metamorphic rock
1671:Sedimentary rock
1540:Quartz monzonite
1241:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1196:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1089:(178): 260–266.
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1012:
1011:
983:
977:
976:
958:
952:
945:
939:
938:
936:
935:
929:
921:
915:
914:
896:
887:
886:
868:
859:
858:
840:
829:
828:
803:
801:
800:
794:
685:, chlorite, and
634:, pyroxene, and
576:
482:
475:
451:
444:
437:
430:
427:
418:
417:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2040:
1984:Pseudotachylite
1878:
1665:
1597:Tephriphonolite
1248:
1245:
1203:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1015:
984:
980:
973:
959:
955:
946:
942:
933:
931:
927:
923:
922:
918:
911:
897:
890:
883:
869:
862:
855:
841:
832:
798:
796:
795:
772:
767:
754:
734:
681:, plagioclase,
586:
571:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
498:
492:
487:
480:
473:
468:
463:
458:
454:
449:
442:
435:
416:
365:
284:
224:
211:
173:
114:hornfels facies
17:
12:
11:
5:
2256:
2246:
2245:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Rhomb porphyry
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2019:Talc carbonate
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1612:Trachyandesite
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Quartz diorite
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:Picrite basalt
1294:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:Types of rocks
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1202:
1201:External links
1199:
1198:
1197:
1187:Chisholm, Hugh
1159:
1158:
1133:
1108:
1073:
1042:
1033:
1013:
994:(6): 411–416.
978:
971:
953:
940:
916:
909:
888:
881:
860:
853:
830:
819:Chisholm, Hugh
769:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
753:
750:
733:
730:
590:
589:
573:
572:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
499:
488:
481:
474:
469:
464:
459:
450:
443:
436:
429:
421:
415:
412:
364:
361:
283:
280:
223:
220:
210:
207:
198:recrystallized
172:
169:
149:porphyroblasts
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2255:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Litchfieldite
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Hyaloclastite
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Litchfieldite
1947:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Phonotephrite
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Hyaloclastite
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:Alkali basalt
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1174:public domain
1163:
1162:
1148:on 2010-06-19
1147:
1143:
1137:
1123:on 2016-08-09
1122:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
974:
972:9780195106916
968:
964:
957:
950:
944:
926:
920:
912:
910:9780521880060
906:
902:
895:
893:
884:
878:
874:
867:
865:
856:
850:
846:
839:
837:
835:
826:
825:
820:
816:
812:
807:
806:public domain
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
770:
759:
756:
755:
749:
747:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
640:orthopyroxene
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
584:
580:
575:
574:
502:
496:
491:
485:
478:
472:
467:
462:
456:
447:
440:
433:
428:
426:
420:
419:
411:
408:
404:
399:
394:
392:
387:
383:
378:
374:
370:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
338:, quartz and
337:
333:
330:; with these
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:recrystallize
293:
289:
288:calc–silicate
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
215:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:igneous rocks
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
98:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2147:Luxullianite
2127:Lapis lazuli
2072:Blue Granite
1999:Serpentinite
1974:Metapsammite
1931:
1724:Conglomerate
1646:Trondhjemite
1624:Trachybasalt
1565:Pantellerite
1470:Monzogranite
1415:Hornblendite
1400:Granodiorite
1254:Igneous rock
1204:
1190:
1150:. Retrieved
1146:the original
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:the original
1111:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1059:
1055:
1045:
1036:
991:
987:
981:
962:
956:
948:
943:
932:. Retrieved
919:
900:
872:
844:
822:
738:South Africa
735:
722:monticellite
718:wollastonite
703:
676:
648:
613:
593:
422:
395:
366:
285:
259:
225:
209:Compositions
193:
174:
122:
113:
110:metasomatism
94:
70:
57:
41:
40:
2036:Whiteschist
1927:Greenschist
1907:Cataclasite
1897:Amphibolite
1824:Phosphorite
1774:Itacolumite
1699:Calcarenite
1545:Quartzolite
1485:Nephelinite
1455:Lamprophyre
1410:Harzburgite
1368:Napoleonite
1341:Charnockite
1336:Carbonatite
1326:Blairmorite
1277:Anorthosite
695:sillimanite
632:plagioclase
622:with minor
583:temperature
471:Amphibolite
455:Pumpellyite
446:Greenschist
391:porphyritic
324:vesuvianite
255:chiastolite
239:sillimanite
190:iron oxides
188:, biotite,
2202:Teschenite
2187:Shonkinite
2162:Pietersite
2157:Novaculite
2067:Borolanite
2052:Adamellite
1969:Metapelite
1937:Calcflinta
1902:Blueschist
1892:Anthracite
1874:Wackestone
1854:Travertine
1799:Lumachelle
1779:Jaspillite
1734:Diamictite
1656:Websterite
1641:Troctolite
1617:Benmoreite
1577:Shonkinite
1550:Rhyodacite
1530:Pyroxenite
1505:Peridotite
1465:Lherzolite
1440:Kimberlite
1430:Ignimbrite
1425:Icelandite
1405:Granophyre
1314:Shoshonite
1152:2015-03-17
1127:2016-06-02
934:2015-03-17
882:0716724383
854:0582300967
765:References
746:lithophone
726:akermanite
699:sapphirine
691:andalusite
687:cordierite
663:forsterite
651:serpentine
624:actinolite
604:hornblende
484:Sanidinite
439:Blueschist
345:quartzites
340:actinolite
332:phlogopite
251:pleochroic
235:tourmaline
161:andalusite
153:cordierite
66:whetstones
25:sandstones
2217:Variolite
2207:Theralite
2197:Tachylite
2182:Rodingite
2152:Mangerite
2132:Larvikite
2117:Jasperoid
2112:Jadeitite
2077:Epidosite
2031:Tectonite
2024:Soapstone
1989:Quartzite
1959:Migmatite
1944:Itabirite
1922:Granulite
1864:Turbidite
1844:Sylvinite
1839:Siltstone
1829:Sandstone
1814:Oil shale
1794:Limestone
1769:Gritstone
1764:Greywacke
1759:Geyserite
1749:Evaporite
1739:Diatomite
1714:Claystone
1679:Argillite
1592:Tachylyte
1560:Comendite
1510:Phonolite
1500:Pegmatite
1475:Monzonite
1450:Lamproite
1445:Komatiite
1385:Foidolite
1346:Enderbite
1309:Mugearite
1181:(1911). "
1066:23 August
813:(1911). "
683:muscovite
671:magnetite
659:tremolite
616:protolith
466:Granulite
453:Prehnite-
377:andesites
328:scapolite
292:limestone
282:Carbonate
247:schistose
231:dichroism
202:molecules
171:Structure
165:weathered
85:limestone
73:sandstone
36:intrusion
2237:Category
2192:Taconite
2167:Pyrolite
2092:Ganister
2062:Aphanite
2057:Appinite
1979:Phyllite
1964:Mylonite
1932:Hornfels
1912:Eclogite
1809:Mudstone
1784:Laterite
1744:Dolomite
1661:Wehrlite
1636:Trachyte
1629:Hawaiite
1607:Tonalite
1602:Tephrite
1555:Rhyolite
1520:Porphyry
1495:Obsidian
1380:Essexite
1331:Boninite
1321:Basanite
1267:Andesite
1212:Hornfels
1183:Hornfels
815:Hornfels
752:See also
714:diopside
710:dolomite
628:chlorite
608:pyroxene
579:pressure
477:Hornfels
432:Eclogite
407:pressure
403:cipolins
398:gneisses
386:chlorite
382:zeolites
369:diabases
357:datolite
353:fluorite
308:diopside
263:sediment
186:graphite
133:crystals
106:magmatic
101:granitic
89:cleavage
58:Hornfels
42:Hornfels
2212:Unakite
2142:Llanite
2107:Ijolite
2082:Felsite
2014:Suevite
1849:Tillite
1789:Lignite
1729:Coquina
1694:Breccia
1587:Syenite
1435:Ijolite
1395:Granite
1363:Diorite
1358:Diabase
1262:Adakite
1189:(ed.).
1176::
1091:Bibcode
996:Bibcode
821:(ed.).
808::
706:calcite
620:zoisite
600:epidote
461:Zeolite
373:basalts
349:axinite
336:pyrites
312:epidote
300:marbles
243:kyanite
222:Pelitic
194:in situ
178:mineral
125:biotite
116:is the
97:aureole
62:England
33:granite
2122:Kenyte
2097:Gossan
1994:Schist
1954:Marble
1917:Gneiss
1819:Oolite
1684:Arkose
1582:Sovite
1572:Scoria
1525:Pumice
1490:Norite
1460:Latite
1390:Gabbro
1375:Dunite
1353:Dacite
1287:Basalt
1282:Aplite
1185:". In
1170:
969:
907:
879:
851:
817:". In
802:
724:, and
679:quartz
667:spinel
644:augite
636:garnet
596:albite
414:Facies
320:sphene
316:garnet
268:schorl
241:, but
182:quartz
157:garnet
129:luster
108:body (
54:habits
29:shales
2087:Flint
2009:Slate
2004:Skarn
1869:Varve
1834:Shale
1754:Flint
1709:Chert
1704:Chalk
928:(PDF)
367:From
363:Mafic
272:boron
227:Clays
151:) of
81:slate
77:shale
31:by a
1859:Tufa
1804:Marl
1719:Coal
1651:Tuff
1068:2020
967:ISBN
905:ISBN
877:ISBN
849:ISBN
669:and
655:talc
626:and
536:1000
503:(°C)
495:kbar
355:and
326:and
304:sand
141:lime
137:mica
83:and
27:and
2222:Wad
1099:doi
1004:doi
533:900
530:800
527:700
524:600
521:500
518:400
515:300
512:200
509:100
298:as
276:tin
159:or
99:of
64:as
2239::
1097:.
1087:26
1085:.
1060:59
1058:.
1054:.
1016:^
1002:.
992:89
990:.
891:^
863:^
833:^
773:^
708:,
657:,
653:,
642:,
569:20
566:18
563:16
560:14
557:12
554:10
384:,
375:,
371:,
351:,
322:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
155:,
79:,
75:,
68:.
1240:e
1233:t
1226:v
1155:.
1130:.
1105:.
1101::
1093::
1070:.
1010:.
1006::
998::
975:.
937:.
913:.
885:.
857:.
598:-
581:-
551:8
548:6
545:4
542:2
539:0
506:0
501:T
497:)
493:(
490:P
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
