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200:"You have already deprived us of our fathers, our sons, our husbands, and our brothers, whom you accused of having wronged you; if you take away our property also, you reduce us to a condition unbecoming our birth, our manners, our sex. Why should we pay taxes when we have no part in the honours, the commands, the state-craft, for which you contend against each other with such harmful results? 'Because this is a time of war,' do you say? When have there not been wars, and when have taxes ever been imposed on women, who are exempted by their sex among all mankind?"
187:; however, this source of revenue did not prove to be lucrative enough, and the three men voted to place a tax on Rome's 1,400 most wealthy women. The women, outraged at having been taxed for a war they had no control over, chose Hortensia to articulate their concerns to the triumvirs. (In wartime women were allowed to break tradition and engage in public speaking). Along with a large group of interested citizens, the women marched to the
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Hortensia also questioned the double standard of taxing women but excluding them from public office. Appian quoted
Hortensia, stating, "Why should we pay taxes when we do not share in the offices, honours, military commands, nor, in short, the government for which you fight between yourselves with
218:. The next day, the three men reduced the number of women subject to the tax to 400, and instead, compensated for the loss of revenue by forcing male property-owners to lend money to the state and contribute to war expenses.
231:"For by bringing back her father's eloquence, she brought about the remission of the greater part of the tax. Quintus Hortensius lived again in the female line and breathed through his daughter's words."
226:
Hortensia's speech was later praised by contemporaries as the embodiment of the nuanced oratory technique for which her father had been known. Of this, Valerius
Maximus wrote:
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Outraged at having had their authority challenged by a group of women, Octavian, Antony, and
Lepidus tried unsuccessfully to dismiss the women from the
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108:. Her father was well known among Romans due to his moving sermons on history and law and from his rivalry with his fellow orator
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documented
Hortensia's speech. Though the words are not exactly hers, Appian's translation carries the themes of Hortensia:
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Hortensia making her case to the Roman authorities on a colored woodcut from the 15th-century German translation of
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183:). To fund the ongoing war, the triumvirs had resorted to selling the property of wealthy citizens killed by
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Little is known about the life of
Hortensia aside from her career as an orator. She was the daughter of
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112:. As a member of the aristocracy, Hortensia grew up in a wealthy household, and thus had access to
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in 42 BC that resulted in the partial repeal of a tax on wealthy Roman women.
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by reading speeches by the likes of her father and prominent Greek orators.
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88:. She is best known for giving a speech in front of the members of the
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Hortensia is also believed to have been married to her second cousin
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Fathers and
Daughters in Roman Society: Women and the Elite Family
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Best, Edward (1970). "Cicero, Livy, and
Educated Roman Women".
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Hortensia is the main character and subject of the 2016 novel
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The angry matrons, led by
Hortensia, address the triumvirs.
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from a young age. She later concentrated on the study of
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In 42 BC, nearly all of Rome's state-sponsored military
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282:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 161.
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365:Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri viii.3.3
155:, which were under the command of triumvirs
280:Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World
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139:Speech before the Second Triumvirate
133:Quintus Servilius Caepio the Younger
303:Hallett, Judith P. (14 July 2014).
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329:Appian. The Civil Wars. IV, 32-33.
16:1st century BC female Roman orator
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80:, earned renown during the late
436:"Institutio Oratoria. I, i, 6"
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157:Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
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392:Uppity Women of Ancient Times
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104:apparently by his first wife
340:Memorable Doings and Sayings
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62:Quintus Hortensius Hortalus
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464:1st-century BC Roman women
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129:Quintus Servilius Caepio
52:Quintus Servilius Caepio
418:Encyclopædia Britannica
206:such harmful results?"
161:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
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41:Concerning Famous Women
244:Rivals of the Republic
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181:Gaius Cassius Longinus
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469:1st-century BC Romans
379:The Classical Journal
249:Annelise Freisenbruch
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110:Marcus Tullius Cicero
388:Leon, Vicki (1995).
210:Impact of the speech
177:Marcus Junius Brutus
237:In popular culture
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102:Quintus Hortensius
90:Second Triumvirate
78:Quintus Hortensius
37:Giovanni Boccaccio
474:Women in politics
371:Secondary sources
338:Valerius Maximus
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414:"Hortensia"
189:Roman Forum
453:Categories
441:2007-05-11
424:2007-05-07
396:. Conari.
350:References
459:Hortensii
255:Footnotes
131:, son of
70:Hortensia
23:Hortensia
278:(2001).
122:rhetoric
153:legions
106:Lutatia
420:. 2007
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381:: 203.
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222:Praise
216:rostra
193:Appian
163:, and
86:orator
58:Parent
48:Spouse
342:8.3.3
114:Greek
398:ISBN
311:ISBN
284:ISBN
179:and
116:and
96:Life
247:by
74:fl.
39:'s
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