1234:
871:
1113:
institutions were restored and reorganized. Efforts were made to revive activity within the FLN, and state institutions were reestablished systematically, starting with local assemblies and moving up through regional assemblies to the national level, with the election of a parliament. The process culminated with the adoption of a constitution (1976) that laid down
Algeria's political structure. This was preceded by a period of relatively open debate on the merits of the government-backed proposal, although the constitution itself was then adopted in a state-controlled referendum with no major changes. The constitution reintroduced the office of president. As the leader of the FLN, Boumédiène was the sole candidate for president, and was confirmed in office in a December referendum.
1049:
1418:
1475:
1278:
1125:
aspects of this system and the Boumédiène-era constitution are still in place.) However, throughout Boumédiène's era, the military remained the dominant force in the country's politics, and military influence permeated civilian institutions such as the FLN, parliament and government, undercutting the constitutionalization of the country's politics. Intense financial or political rivalries between military and political factions persisted, and was kept in check and prevented from destabilizing the government mainly by Boumédiène's overwhelming personal dominance of both the civilian and military sphere.
879:
471:
440:
3531:
1304:
717:
542:
1117:
982:
53:
1510:
1081:). Instead, he opted for a more systematic and planned programme of state-driven industrialization. Algeria had virtually no advanced production at the time, but in 1971 Boumédiène nationalized the Algerian oil industry, increasing government revenue tremendously (and sparking intense protest from the French government). He then put the soaring oil and gas resources—enhanced by the oil price shock of 1973—into building heavy industry, hoping to make Algeria the
1266:
827:, the new institution that governed the state. The members of the council were mostly from the army. Initially he did not have much influence, but after a group of military officers attempted a coup and tried to overthrow him in 1967, he consolidated his power. The oil industry was nationalized in 1971. From the 1970s, a gradual restoration of parliamentarism and civil institutions in Algeria was initiated. This process ended with the adoption of the
1462:
1405:
483:
452:
1433:
1496:
1233:
1062:
897:, and his date of birth as 16 August 1925, 23 August 1927, or in most sources as 1932. His father said in a 1965 interview that his date of birth was 23 August 1932. His birth name was Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba, and his father was a penniless wheat-farmer and a strict Muslim who did not speak French. According to the
1044:
Initially, he was seen as potentially a weak leader, with no significant power base except inside the army, and it was not known to what extent he commanded the officer corps. He remained
Algeria's undisputed leader until his death in 1978. No significant internal challenges emerged from inside the
1124:
At the time of his death, later that year, the political and constitutional order in
Algeria was virtually entirely of FLN design. This structure remained largely unchanged until the late 1980s, when political pluralism was introduced and the FLN lost its role as dominant single party. (Many basic
1128:
Algeria experienced significant economic and social development under his government. Between 1962 and 1982, the
Algerian population increased from 10 to 20 million people and, massively rural before independence, 45% of the population was urbanized. Annual per capita income, which did not exceed
1388:
expressed deep regret and said that Boumédiène "played an outstanding role in
Algeria's long struggle for independence. His devotion to duty and his contributions as an international statesman are well known. But it is for his efforts to help create and strengthen an independent, self-sufficient
1085:'s industrial centre. His years in power were in fact marked by a reliable and consistent economic growth, but after his death, in the 1980s, the drop in oil prices and increasingly evident inefficiency of the country's state-run industries, prompted a change in policy towards gradual economical
1363:
Boumédiène's state funeral took place in
Algiers on 29 December 1978. A crowd of two million mourners attended, breaking through police cordons and blocking the routes. The Algerian government promised to continue his socialist revolution and declared 90 days of official mourning. Despite their
1446:
1112:
Political stability reigned, however, as attempts at challenging the state were generally nipped in the bud. As chairman of the
Revolutionary Command Council, Boumédiène and his associates ruled by decree. During the 1970s, constitutional rule was gradually reinstated and civilian political
1100:
In the 1970s, along with the expansion of state industry and oil nationalization, Boumédiène declared a series of socialist revolutions, and strengthened the leftist aspect of his administration. A side-effect of this was the rapprochement with the hitherto suppressed remnants of the
1355:
around the same time. The death of Boumédiène left a power vacuum in
Algeria which could not easily be filled; a series of military conclaves eventually agreed to sidestep the competing left- and right-wing contenders, and designate the highest-ranking military officer, Colonel
1129:
2,000 francs in 1962, exceeds 11,000 francs twenty years later, while the enrolment rate varies from 75 to 95% depending on the region, far from the 10% of French
Algeria. However, Boumédiène’s regime prioritized industrial development, which led it neglecting agriculture.
1066:
1227:, although there had been a modest thaw in relations during his first time in power. The heightened Moroccan-Algerian rivalry and the still unsolved Western Sahara question became a defining feature of Algerian foreign policy ever since and remains so today.
1064:
1149:, in which he became a prominent figure. He unconditionally supported freedom fighters, justice and equality seekers. He offered logistic assistance to anti-colonial movements and other militant groups across Africa and the Arab world, including the
1177:
in 1973, where
Algerian fighter jets participated in attacks together with Egyptians and Iraqis. It also deposited $ 200 million with the Soviet Union to finance arms purchases for Egypt and Syria. In response to the US support for Israel in the
1024:
The country's constitution and political institutions were abolished, and he ruled through a Revolutionary Council of his own mostly military supporters. Many of them had been his companions during the war years, when he was based around the
1277:
1065:
1109:), whose members were now co-opted into the government, where it gained some limited intellectual influence, although without formal legalization of their party. Algeria formally remained a single-party state under the FLN.
1684:
1168:
cause. In the early 1970s, Boumédiène famously said: "We are with Palestinians, whether they are the oppressed or the oppressor”. Algeria reinforced the Arab coalition with air forces against Israel in the
734:
2151:
2057:
1303:
2410:
1063:
1017:
in September 1963. He grew increasingly distrustful of Ben Bella's erratic style of government and ideological puritanism, and in June 1965, Boumédiène seized power in a bloodless
1775:
3308:
1137:
Boumédiène pursued a policy of non-alignment, maintaining good relations with both the communist bloc and the capitalist nations, and promoting third-world cooperation. In the
3303:
2445:
1676:
4198:
2832:
2782:
1611:
2943:
2787:
2450:
1801:
1393:. The Soviet press praised Boumédiène as "a great friend of the Soviet Union" and that he had "made a great contribution to Algeria's social and economic progress."
854:
From the beginning of 1978, Boumediene appeared less and less in public. He died on December 27, 1978, after unsuccessful treatment for a rare form of blood cancer,
4228:
4203:
2679:
3118:
2767:
2510:
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after the US supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. In response to Egypt's normalization of ties with Israel, Algeria along with other Arab countries condemned
741:
2918:
2694:
1944:
3123:
2752:
3248:
2968:
2933:
2644:
2714:
2596:
3579:
3133:
2659:
3128:
2998:
2913:
2724:
2704:
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2669:
2606:
2581:
2465:
1372:
paid tribute to Boumédiène and said he received the news of his death "with sorrow and sadness" and sent a delegation to attend the funeral. PLO leader
2812:
2772:
2654:
2649:
2624:
2475:
2470:
2425:
2135:
2041:
3273:
2729:
3233:
3193:
2908:
2898:
2762:
2709:
2699:
2601:
2500:
2460:
2415:
3293:
3588:
3138:
2842:
2837:
2777:
2742:
2664:
2561:
2505:
2440:
1339:. Rumors about his being assassinated or poisoned have surfaced occasionally in Algerian politics, especially after two other participants of the
3431:
3223:
2847:
2757:
2737:
2674:
2586:
2490:
2430:
2420:
998:
823:
in June 1965 and put him under house arrest. He abolished the constitution and the parliament, and he himself was the chairman of the 27-member
3962:
3213:
3168:
2857:
2689:
2639:
2629:
2591:
2400:
2797:
2719:
2551:
2455:
2078:
2893:
2802:
2792:
2495:
870:
4238:
2435:
2339:
1097:
and was more assertive than Ben Bella in Arabizing Algeria, especially between 1970 and 1977, and declared 1971 the year of Arabization.
2019:
1905:
1867:
1761:
661:
1331:
In 1978, his appearances became increasingly rare. After lingering in a coma for 39 days, he died in Algiers of a rare blood disease,
2807:
2616:
1009:
in 1962. Boumédiène headed a powerful military faction within the government and was made defence minister by the Algerian president
699:
3093:
3572:
1106:
1074:
Economically, Boumédiène turned away from Ben Bella's focus on rural Algeria and experiments in socialist cooperative businesses (
4233:
828:
704:
3530:
648:
3023:
727:
1223:
claimed control over the territory. This ended the possibility of mending relations with Morocco, already sour after the 1963
1048:
4223:
1899:
1861:
1823:
John, Peter St. (1968). "Independent Algeria from Ben Bella to Boumédienne: I. The Counter-Revolution and Its Consequences".
1744:
1717:
1654:
990:
1332:
4213:
4173:
2520:
3557:
4243:
4188:
3565:
3424:
2983:
931:
832:
805:
709:
444:
406:
217:
3033:
1991:
3955:
1006:
967:
488:
475:
4193:
4183:
3444:
3323:
2181:
1977:
1936:
1421:
1150:
812:
Houari Boumediene. He received the rank of colonel and in 1960 became the commander of the military wing of the FLN.
786:
67:
17:
3018:
3592:
819:
appointed him Minister of Defense in 1961. He did not agree with Ben Bella's reforms, and later overthrew him in a
3113:
3048:
855:
2556:
2332:
2110:
824:
790:
612:
119:
3068:
1018:
820:
643:
4168:
4153:
3417:
3013:
1529:
3948:
3864:
1417:
628:
2272:
1389:
Algerian nation that he will be most remembered". A large United States delegation attended, which included
3103:
3098:
3078:
3058:
1145:-style change in political and trade relations. He sought to build a powerful third world bloc through the
907:
origins. He was educated at a Quranic school in Guelma until he was 14, then an Arabic secondary school in
883:
2822:
2205:
1141:, he called for a unity built on equal status for western and ex-colonial nations, and brought about by a
4218:
1077:
4208:
3698:
2325:
994:
4178:
3238:
1523:
1479:
1154:
1014:
4067:
3063:
3228:
1449:
1102:
3038:
2354:
2088:
1474:
4107:
3971:
3879:
3798:
3768:
3298:
3253:
3178:
2923:
2888:
683:
174:
3929:
3268:
3143:
1770:
1340:
1284:
1265:
899:
878:
767:
678:
1797:
1644:
894:
4087:
3713:
3678:
3488:
3368:
3053:
3043:
2948:
2013:
1889:
1734:
1707:
1344:
1291:
3456:
3338:
1851:
1013:, whose ascent to power he had assisted as chief of staff. Boumédiène was also appointed as
4163:
4158:
4017:
3904:
3874:
3839:
3793:
3728:
3658:
3623:
3587:
3520:
3509:
3440:
3398:
3388:
3088:
2953:
2938:
2541:
2370:
2295:
1533:
1146:
1038:
908:
847:
and offered logistic assistance to anti-colonial movements and freedom fighters across the
794:
620:
602:
583:
71:
3083:
3008:
2103:"ALGERIA: ABOUT ONE MILLION MOURNERS DISRUPT FUNERAL OF LATE PRESIDENT HOUARI BOUMEDIENNE"
1093:
as the state ideology and declared Islam the state religion. He was a strong supporter of
8:
4117:
3514:
3393:
3108:
1212:
1002:
923:
915:
328:
3914:
1045:
government after the 1967 coup attempt. After the coup, he insisted on collective rule.
889:
Not much is known about Boumédiène's early life. His place of birth variously appear as
340:
4052:
3987:
3859:
3653:
3613:
3203:
2903:
2827:
2360:
2259:
1832:
1543:
1365:
1252:
1248:
1200:
789:
of independent Algeria from 1965 until his death in 1978. He served as Chairman of the
673:
3788:
3504:
3383:
966:, then the highest rank in the FLN forces, and from 1960 he was chief of staff of the
4007:
4002:
3940:
3834:
3803:
3753:
3313:
3278:
3218:
2873:
2576:
2395:
2375:
2177:
2143:
2049:
1983:
1973:
1895:
1857:
1740:
1713:
1650:
1619:
1244:
858:. His funeral was attended by two million mourners. He was succeeded as president by
209:
4127:
4032:
3208:
1037:". One prominent member of this circle was Boumédiène's long-time foreign minister,
4082:
3869:
3829:
3633:
3483:
3363:
3263:
3028:
3003:
2634:
2611:
1501:
1357:
1256:
1243:
to discuss previous talks with Soviet leaders. From left to right: Iraqi president
1183:
859:
240:
111:
4047:
4042:
4037:
3738:
1765:
3982:
3924:
3909:
3854:
3748:
3708:
3693:
3494:
3466:
3373:
3348:
3283:
3258:
3183:
2852:
2526:
2480:
2288:
2083:
1578:
1537:
1515:
1310:
1208:
1010:
927:
831:
in 1976. The presidency was reinstated, and Boumediene was the sole candidate in
816:
758:
668:
541:
142:
52:
3173:
3153:
1796:
Ottaway, Professor Marina; Ottaway, David; Ottaway, Marina (December 15, 1970).
716:
4122:
4072:
4062:
3992:
3849:
3808:
3733:
3718:
3688:
3648:
3643:
3628:
3608:
3409:
3288:
3243:
3198:
3148:
2988:
2485:
2390:
2317:
1348:
1318:
1314:
1295:
1204:
1197:
1174:
1138:
1090:
1086:
955:
836:
656:
376:
252:
197:
4097:
3894:
3889:
3188:
4147:
4112:
4102:
4027:
3884:
3783:
3763:
3743:
3703:
3618:
2147:
2053:
1623:
1373:
1987:
1891:
Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring
1116:
4132:
4092:
4012:
3773:
3663:
3461:
3343:
3163:
3158:
3073:
2405:
2380:
1972:(Revised ed.). San Francisco: American Mideast Research. p. 278.
1390:
1385:
1381:
1288:
1165:
981:
935:
578:
517:
1164:
Algeria remained strongly opposed to Israel and a strong supporter of the
4077:
3899:
3844:
3824:
3758:
3723:
3477:
3358:
2973:
2928:
2817:
2747:
2571:
2385:
2305:
1967:
1369:
1187:
1179:
1170:
1094:
1034:
840:
804:, he was educated at the Islamic Institute in Constantine. He joined the
2198:"لمَّا اعترف "هواري بومدين" بفضل المغرب في انتصار الجزائر على الاستعمار"
1836:
1509:
4022:
3919:
3683:
3668:
2963:
2883:
2566:
2546:
1220:
947:
848:
2102:
954:
in western Algeria, where he served as an officer during the war, and
3778:
2958:
1142:
1052:
Houari Boumediene standing in a row with the other politicians, 1965.
943:
809:
1445:
3673:
3499:
3378:
1224:
1182:, Algeria severed diplomatic ties with USA. It participated in the
995:
declared its independence, a move affirmed by the French government
588:
521:
4057:
3328:
1937:"What is behind Algeria and Palestine's footballing love affair?"
1467:
1410:
1216:
1082:
1026:
963:
951:
904:
782:
507:
457:
396:
392:
2012:
Assessment, United States Congress Office of Technology (1977).
1196:
A significant regional event was his 1975 pledge of support for
2197:
1352:
1336:
890:
844:
801:
372:
2134:
Times, James M. Markham Special to The New York (1978-12-29).
1384:, who had built close relations with Boumédiène. US President
914:
In 1952, when France was recruiting Algerians to fight in the
1377:
1240:
1158:
1030:
919:
1120:
Boumediene with Cuban communist leader Fidel Castro in 1972.
2536:
1438:
1193:
Algeria bought the majority of arms from the Soviet Union.
959:
793:
from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976 and thereafter as
1041:, who served as Algeria's president from 1999 until 2019.
2867:
1732:
1173:
in 1967, and sent an armored brigade of 150 tanks in the
2174:
Cuba, 1953-1978: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature
1928:
1831:(7). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 290–296.
1768:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
1376:
attended the funeral with the second in command of his
835:, winning with 99.46 per cent of the votes. He pursued
573:
3970:
874:
The house where Boumediene was born in Douar Beni Aadi
1795:
865:
1491:
772:
4199:Members of the National Liberation Front (Algeria)
3589:Chairpersons of the Organisation of African Unity
2176:. Kraus International Publications. p. 910.
1798:"Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution"
1642:
4145:
3439:
2347:
1925:L'Algérie, Claudine Rulleau and Paul Balta, 2000
1726:
218:Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity
4229:Secretaries-general of the Non-Aligned Movement
4204:National Liberation Front (Algeria) politicians
1789:
997:. Boumédiène and Ahmed Ben Bella overthrew the
1934:
1705:
950:, the name of the patron saint of the city of
3956:
3573:
3425:
2333:
2018:. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment.
1935:Linah Alsaafin, Ramy Allahoum (20 Dec 2021).
1677:"Houari Boumediene: Ideologue and Pragmatist"
735:
230:13 September 1968 – 6 September 1969
1070:1972 newsreel about Algeria under Boumédiène
785:military officer and politician who was the
781:; 23 August 1932 – 27 December 1978) was an
84:10 December 1976 – 27 December 1978
41:
2273:Video clip of a speech by Houari Boumédiène
1294:, Boumédiène, and the Iraqi vice-president
3963:
3949:
3580:
3566:
3432:
3418:
2340:
2326:
2042:"Hard-Line Arab Bloc Is Formed at Tripoli"
2011:
1636:
1526:, an airport near Algiers named after him.
742:
728:
187:5 September 1973 – 16 August 1976
51:
1033:, which caused analysts to speak of the "
893:, the village of Clauzel near Guelma, or
700:1976 Algerian National Charter referendum
175:Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement
2171:
1709:A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962
1699:
1115:
1060:
1047:
985:Boumediene with Ahmed Ben Bella in 1962.
980:
877:
869:
270:19 June 1965 – 10 December 1976
132:19 June 1965 – 10 December 1976
98:as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council
2239:, Stock, coll. Les Grands Leaders, 1976
2235:Francos, Ania, and Jean-Pierre Séréni,
2222:
2015:Transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas
1670:
1668:
1666:
903:, his family is Arabic-speaking and of
705:1976 Algerian constitutional referendum
14:
4146:
3094:Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte
2136:"Algerians Mourn at Boumediene's Bier"
1965:
1887:
1853:Interpreting Islamic Political Parties
1335:, following unsuccessful treatment in
593:
27:President of Algeria from 1976 to 1978
3944:
3561:
3413:
2321:
2133:
2129:
2127:
1947:from the original on 23 November 2023
1849:
1759:
1739:. Yale University Press. p. 65.
1674:
1649:. Taylor & Francis. p. 191.
1643:Thomas M. Leonard (18 October 2013).
1612:"Algerians Mourn Death of Boumediene"
1190:and severed ties with Egypt in 1977.
976:
973:He was married to Anissa al-Mansali.
843:policies. He was strongly opposed to
2228:Balta, Paul, and Claudine Roulleau,
2039:
1822:
1733:Martin Evans; John Phillips (2007).
1663:
1646:Encyclopedia of the Developing World
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1549:
1396:
1347:(d. 1980) and his Minister of Court
1326:
3024:Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon
1687:from the original on 8 January 2022
1582:
762:
710:1976 Algerian presidential election
42:
24:
4239:Directors of intelligence agencies
3972:Chairs of the Non-Aligned Movement
2124:
1800:. University of California Press.
1774:(3rd ed.). Brill Publishers.
1736:Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed
1313:, Boumediene and Syrian President
1287:was signed by (left to right) the
1056:
866:Early life and War of Independence
25:
4255:
2411:Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman
2250:
1804:from the original on May 21, 2024
1675:Smith, J. Y. (28 December 1978).
1597:
1247:, Boumediene, Egyptian president
1132:
649:1967 Algerian coup d'état attempt
3529:
3034:Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont
1706:Alistair Horne (9 August 2012).
1508:
1494:
1473:
1460:
1444:
1431:
1416:
1403:
1302:
1276:
1264:
1232:
791:Revolutionary Council of Algeria
715:
540:
481:
469:
450:
438:
2208:from the original on 2024-03-25
2190:
2165:
2154:from the original on 2023-03-28
2113:from the original on 2023-02-28
2095:
2071:
2060:from the original on 2020-09-19
2033:
2022:from the original on 2023-04-04
2005:
1994:from the original on 2024-05-21
1959:
1919:
1908:from the original on 2023-04-06
1881:
1870:from the original on 2023-02-23
1843:
1816:
1778:from the original on 2020-08-01
1333:Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
856:Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
779:Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba
489:Algerian People's National Army
4234:Leaders who took power by coup
3545:
1753:
1572:
1556:
360:Mohamed ben Brahim Boukherouba
13:
1:
3114:François Louis Alfred Durrieu
3049:Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
2260:Le règne de Houari Boumediène
1712:. Pan Macmillan. p. 29.
1360:, as a compromise selection.
1215:to Algerian territory, after
958:, the patron saint of nearby
629:Organisation of African Unity
4224:Defense ministers of Algeria
3304:Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier
3104:Edmond-Charles de Martimprey
3099:Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat
3069:Nicolas Théodule Changarnier
2348:Historical rulers of Algeria
2237:Un Algérien nommé Boumédiène
2172:Chilcote, Ronald H. (1986).
2087:. 1979-02-12. Archived from
2040:Howe, Marvine (1977-12-06).
1591:
936:Algerian War of Independence
926:. It was there he first met
884:Algerian War of Independence
7:
4214:People from Guelma Province
4174:Algerian military personnel
3014:Anne Jean Marie René Savary
2446:Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh
1888:Ennaji, Moha (2014-04-16).
1530:Houari Boumédienne District
1487:
970:, the FLN's military wing.
833:an election later that year
773:
10:
4260:
4244:Algerian Arab nationalists
4189:Vice presidents of Algeria
2246:, Presses de la Cité, 1978
2230:La Stratégie de Boumédiène
962:). He reached the rank of
922:, where he studied at the
291:Chief of Staff in the West
3978:
3817:
3599:
3538:
3527:
3452:
3322:
3239:Jean-Marie Charles Abrial
3079:Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul
2982:
2866:
2823:Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha
2519:
2353:
2302:
2293:
2285:
2280:
1812:– via Google Books.
1760:Bozzo, Anna (June 2013).
1524:Houari Boumediene Airport
1480:Order of Ouissam Alaouite
1351:(d. 1978) — also died of
1015:Vice President of Algeria
932:National Liberation Front
806:National Liberation Front
694:Elections and referendums
644:1965 Algerian coup d'état
619:Secretary General of the
527:
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4184:Algerian revolutionaries
3229:Jules-Gaston Henri Carde
2833:Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji
1969:The crossing of the Suez
1850:Salih, M. (2009-09-28).
1380:guerrilla organization,
1103:Algerian Communist Party
808:in 1955 and adopted the
549:This article is part of
476:National Liberation Army
259:Head of State of Algeria
3254:Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton
2451:Said I bin Abu Tashufin
2244:L'Algérie de Boumediène
1583:محمد بن إبراهيم بوخروبة
1422:National Order of Merit
1255:and Sudanese president
1239:Arab heads of state in
3269:Marcel-Edmond Naegelen
3144:Louis Henri de Gueydon
3064:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
2680:Muhammad II the eunuch
1771:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1341:1975 Algiers Agreement
1285:1975 Algiers Agreement
1121:
1071:
1053:
1005:with support from the
999:provisional government
986:
900:Encyclopaedia of Islam
886:
882:Boumediène during the
875:
4169:Algerian nationalists
4154:Presidents of Algeria
3489:Abdelmalek Benhabyles
3441:Presidents of Algeria
3369:Abdelmalek Benhabyles
3119:Jean Walsin-Esterhazy
3054:Marie Alphonse Bedeau
3044:Thomas Robert Bugeaud
3039:Sylvain Charles Valée
2511:Al Hassan ben Abu Muh
1966:Shazly, Saad (2003).
1762:"Boumedienne, Houari"
1368:, Egyptian president
1364:differences over the
1292:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
1119:
1089:. Boumédiène imposed
1069:
1051:
984:
918:, Boumédiène went to
881:
873:
825:Revolutionary Council
613:Revolutionary Council
496:Years of service
307:Chief of the Wilaya 5
120:Revolutionary Council
3521:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
3510:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
3399:Abdelmadjid Tebboune
3389:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
3124:Henri-Gabriel Didier
3089:Jacques Louis Randon
2999:Louis-Auguste-Victor
2753:Mahmud Bursali Pacha
2542:Hayreddin Barbarossa
2371:Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan
2296:President of Algeria
2223:General bibliography
1478:Grand Cordon of the
1147:Non-Aligned Movement
1039:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
795:president of Algeria
787:second head of state
662:Algerian involvement
621:Non-Aligned Movement
603:President of Algeria
584:1962 Algerian crisis
72:President of Algeria
3515:Abdelkader Bensalah
3394:Abdelkader Bensalah
3329:Republic of Algeria
3249:Yves-Charles Chatel
3109:Patrice de MacMahon
2969:Muhammad VI ben Ali
2645:Mami Muhammad Pasha
2204:(in Arabic). 2020.
1681:The Washington Post
1450:Order of José Martí
1251:, Syrian president
1213:liberation movement
1161:and other nations.
1003:Benyoucef Benkhedda
924:Al-Azhar University
653:Year of Arabization
627:Chairperson of the
329:Abdelhafid Boussouf
4219:People from Guelma
3457:Abderrahmane Farès
3339:Abderrahmane Farès
3204:Jean-Baptiste Abel
3179:Édouard Laferrière
3134:Romuald Vuillermoz
2954:Mohammed Khaznadji
2695:Köse Mustafa Pacha
2660:Hadji Shaban Pasha
2527:Regency of Algiers
2396:Abu Said Uthman II
2361:Kingdom of Tlemcen
2281:Political offices
2266:, 27 décembre 2008
2242:Minces, Juliette,
2140:The New York Times
2046:The New York Times
1764:. In Fleet, Kate;
1544:El Mouradia Palace
1366:Camp David Accords
1271:Boumédiène in 1972
1253:Nureddin al-Atassi
1249:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1201:self-determination
1122:
1072:
1054:
987:
977:After independence
938:in 1955, adopting
887:
876:
674:Western Sahara War
57:Boumédiène in 1978
4209:Muslim socialists
4141:
4140:
3938:
3937:
3555:
3554:
3472:Houari Boumédiène
3407:
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3354:Houari Boumédiène
3314:Christian Fouchet
3279:Jacques Soustelle
3219:Maurice Viollette
3129:Charles de Bouzet
3084:Aimable Pélissier
3009:Pierre Berthezène
2874:Deylik of Algiers
2725:Mustafa III Pasha
2705:Mustapha IV Pasha
2685:Mustapha II Pasha
2670:Daly Hassan Pasha
2607:Ahmad Pasha Qabia
2582:Mehmed Tekkelerli
2577:Muhammad Kurdogli
2521:Ottoman governors
2466:Abu Abbas Ahmad I
2406:Abu Hammu II Musa
2376:Abu Said Uthman I
2316:
2315:
2303:Succeeded by
1901:978-1-317-81362-0
1863:978-0-230-10077-0
1746:978-0-300-10881-1
1719:978-1-4472-3343-5
1656:978-1-135-20515-7
1562:Also transcribed
1550:Explanatory notes
1397:Awards and honors
1327:Death and funeral
1245:Abdul Rahman Arif
1207:refugees and the
1067:
940:Houari Boumédiène
797:until his death.
771:
755:Houari Boumédiène
752:
751:
594:Death and funeral
566:
565:
558:Houari Boumédiène
531:
530:
424:Houari Boumédiène
416:Anissa al-Mansali
210:William Gopallawa
34:Houari Boumédiène
18:Houari Boumediene
16:(Redirected from
4251:
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3264:Yves Chataigneau
3029:Bertrand Clauzel
3019:Théophile Voirol
3004:Bertrand Clauzel
2813:Hadj Mohamed Dey
2773:Buzenak-Muhammad
2715:Kassan Kaid Koça
2650:Dali Ahmed Pasha
2635:Hassan Veneziano
2625:Arab Ahmed Pasha
2597:Hasan Khüsro Aga
2476:Abu Tashufin III
2471:Abu Abdallah III
2426:Abul Hadjdjadj I
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1068:
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860:Chadli Bendjedid
829:new constitution
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774:Hawwārī Būmadyan
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3374:Mohamed Boudiaf
3349:Ahmed Ben Bella
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3234:Georges le Beau
3194:Maurice Varnier
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1011:Ahmed Ben Bella
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1263:
1261:
1238:
1231:
1175:Yom Kippur War
1139:United Nations
1134:
1133:Foreign policy
1131:
1091:Arab socialism
1087:liberalization
1058:
1055:
978:
975:
956:Sidi El Houari
867:
864:
837:Arab socialist
821:bloodless coup
750:
749:
747:
746:
739:
732:
724:
721:
720:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
689:
688:
687:
686:
681:
671:
666:
665:
664:
657:Yom Kippur War
654:
651:
646:
641:
633:
632:
625:
617:
607:
606:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
568:
567:
564:
563:
551:a series about
547:
545:
529:
528:
525:
524:
515:
511:
510:
505:
501:
500:
497:
493:
492:
466:
465:Branch/service
462:
461:
435:
431:
430:
426:
425:
422:
418:
417:
414:
410:
409:
404:
400:
399:
390:(aged 46)
384:
380:
379:
377:French Algeria
370:23 August 1932
359:
357:
353:
352:
348:
347:
344:
343:
338:
332:
331:
326:
320:
319:
309:
308:
304:
303:
293:
292:
288:
287:
277:
276:
275:Chief of Staff
272:
271:
261:
260:
256:
255:
253:Ahmadou Ahidjo
250:
244:
243:
238:
232:
231:
221:
220:
213:
212:
207:
201:
200:
198:Kenneth Kaunda
195:
189:
188:
178:
177:
170:
169:
159:
153:
152:
140:
134:
133:
123:
122:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
92:
86:
85:
75:
74:
64:
63:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4256:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
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4170:
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4157:
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4149:
4134:
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4129:
4126:
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4119:
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4111:
4109:
4106:
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4099:
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4079:
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4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3961:
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3898:
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3873:
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3868:
3866:
3863:
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3856:
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3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:African Union
3816:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
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3700:
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3677:
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3642:
3640:
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3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:African Unity
3598:
3594:
3593:African Union
3590:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3537:
3532:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:Roger Léonard
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Pierre Bordes
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Hussein Kodja
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:Ahmed Sharban
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Ibrahim Pasha
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Ahmed I Pasha
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Hassan Khodja
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Khüsrev Pacha
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Soliman Pasha
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Uluç Ali Reis
2615:
2613:
2612:Muhamad Pasha
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Yusuf I Pasha
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Abu Hammu III
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Abu Zayyan II
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Abu Thabid II
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2185:
2183:9780527168247
2179:
2175:
2168:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2107:British Pathé
2104:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1979:0-9604562-0-1
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:. Routledge.
1893:
1892:
1884:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1686:
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1678:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1492:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Yasser Arafat
1371:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
983:
974:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:nom-de-guerre
941:
937:
934:(FLN) in the
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:Indochina War
912:
910:
906:
902:
901:
896:
892:
885:
880:
872:
863:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
810:nom de guerre
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
769:
760:
756:
745:
740:
738:
733:
731:
726:
725:
723:
722:
718:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
639:
636:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:
605:
604:
600:
599:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
569:
560:
546:
543:
539:
538:
535:
534:
526:
523:
519:
516:
512:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
477:
467:
463:
459:
446:
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:
405:
401:
398:
394:
385:
381:
378:
374:
358:
354:
349:
345:
342:
339:
333:
330:
327:
321:
315:
310:
305:
299:
294:
289:
283:
278:
273:
267:
262:
257:
254:
251:
245:
242:
239:
233:
227:
222:
219:
214:
211:
208:
202:
199:
196:
190:
184:
179:
176:
171:
166:
160:
154:
149:
144:
141:
135:
129:
124:
121:
116:
113:
110:
104:
99:
93:
87:
81:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54:
49:
38:
31:
19:
3997:
3638:
3471:
3462:Ferhat Abbas
3353:
3344:Ferhat Abbas
3294:André Mutter
3214:Henri Dubief
3174:Louis Lépine
3169:Auguste Loze
3164:Jules Cambon
3159:Louis Tirman
3154:Albert Grévy
3074:Viala Charon
2889:Muhammad III
2858:Deli Ibrahim
2788:Ismail Pasha
2690:Rizvan Pasha
2640:Djafar Pasha
2630:Ramdan Pasha
2621:Mehmet Pasha
2592:Yahyia Pasha
2401:Abu Thabid I
2381:Abu Zayyan I
2294:
2263:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2210:. Retrieved
2202:assafir24.ma
2201:
2192:
2173:
2167:
2156:. Retrieved
2139:
2115:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2089:the original
2082:
2079:"New Leader"
2073:
2062:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:
2024:. Retrieved
2014:
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1968:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1940:
1930:
1921:
1910:. Retrieved
1890:
1883:
1872:. Retrieved
1856:. Springer.
1852:
1845:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1808:December 15,
1806:. Retrieved
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1769:
1755:
1735:
1728:
1708:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1680:
1645:
1638:
1627:. Retrieved
1615:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1391:Muhammad Ali
1386:Jimmy Carter
1362:
1330:
1289:Shah of Iran
1203:, admitting
1195:
1192:
1163:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1075:
1073:
1043:
1023:
991:a referendum
988:
972:
939:
913:
898:
888:
853:
851:and Africa.
814:
799:
778:
763:هواري بومدين
754:
753:
693:
637:
601:
579:Algerian War
556:
518:Algerian War
514:Battles/wars
388:(1978-12-27)
336:Succeeded by
313:
297:
281:
265:
248:Succeeded by
225:
205:Succeeded by
182:
165:as President
164:
157:Succeeded by
148:as President
147:
127:
107:Succeeded by
97:
79:
43:هواري بومدين
4164:1978 deaths
4159:1932 births
4118:Ahmadinejad
4008:Jayewardene
3875:Hailemariam
3478:Rabah Bitat
3359:Rabah Bitat
3299:Raoul Salan
3189:Paul Révoil
2992:(1830–1962)
2974:Hussein Dey
2934:Mustapha II
2929:Sidi Hassan
2914:Muhammad IV
2904:Ibrahim III
2877:(1710–1830)
2818:Baba Hassan
2798:Ramadan Aga
2768:Murad Pasha
2748:Ali Bitchin
2734:Murat Pasha
2720:Hizir Pasha
2655:Hızır Pasha
2572:Hasan Corso
2557:Hasan Pasha
2552:Hadji Pasha
2530:(1517–1710)
2456:Abu Malek I
2386:Abu Hammu I
2364:(1235–1556)
2306:Rabah Bitat
2270:(In Arabic)
2257:(In French)
1568:Boumedienne
1370:Anwar Sadat
1259:, July 1967
1188:Anwar Sadat
1180:Six-Day War
1171:Six-Day War
1166:Palestinian
1095:Arabization
1078:autogestion
1035:Oujda Group
909:Constantine
841:Pan-Arabist
631:(1968–1969)
623:(1973–1976)
615:(1965–1976)
491:(1962–1976)
478:(1955–1962)
460:(1962–1976)
447:(1955–1962)
324:Preceded by
236:Preceded by
193:Preceded by
138:Preceded by
90:Preceded by
4148:Categories
3998:Boumédiène
3915:Tshisekedi
3880:Abdel Aziz
3794:Bouteflika
3639:Boumédiène
3324:Presidents
3309:Jean Morin
2924:Muhammad V
2909:Ibrahim IV
2894:Abdy Pasha
2803:Shaban Aga
2793:Khalil Aga
2567:Salah Rais
2547:Hasan Agha
2496:Abu Muh II
2300:1965–1978
2212:2024-03-25
2158:2023-03-28
2117:2023-03-28
2064:2020-09-15
2026:2022-11-24
1998:2023-03-28
1941:Al Jazeera
1912:2022-11-24
1874:2022-11-24
1782:2019-11-30
1629:2023-03-28
1564:Boumediene
1221:Mauritania
993:, Algeria
895:Héliopolis
849:Arab world
815:President
638:Presidency
574:Early life
434:Allegiance
366:1932-08-23
4098:R. Castro
4093:F. Castro
4013:F. Castro
4003:Gopallawa
3930:Ghazouani
3925:Assoumani
3910:Ramaphosa
3860:Mutharika
3809:Mwanawasa
3754:Babangida
3679:Ramgoolam
3659:Hassan II
2984:Governors
2959:Omar Agha
2436:Abu Muh I
2148:0362-4331
2054:0362-4331
1624:0190-8286
1592:Citations
1343:events —
1211:national
1143:socialist
768:romanized
684:Amgala II
499:1955–1976
318:1957–1958
314:In office
302:1958–1960
298:In office
286:1960–1962
282:In office
266:In office
226:In office
183:In office
128:In office
80:In office
4088:Abdullah
4083:Mahathir
4068:Pastrana
4033:Drnovšek
3835:Obasanjo
3830:Chissano
3789:Compaoré
3749:Museveni
3714:Mengistu
3629:Selassie
3609:Selassie
3591:and the
3549:military
3500:Ali Kafi
3379:Ali Kafi
2939:Ahmed II
2700:Hasan IV
2264:El Watan
2206:Archived
2152:Archived
2111:Archived
2058:Archived
2020:Archived
1992:Archived
1988:54538606
1945:Archived
1906:Archived
1868:Archived
1837:40394141
1802:Archived
1776:Archived
1685:Archived
1534:district
1488:See also
1382:Abu Iyad
1345:the Shah
1225:Sand War
1027:Moroccan
800:Born in
783:Algerian
679:Amgala I
589:Sand War
522:Sand War
421:Nickname
161:Himself
94:Himself
4123:Rouhani
4108:Tantawi
4103:Mubarak
4073:Mandela
4058:Suharto
3855:Gaddafi
3850:Kikwete
3840:Nguesso
3804:Chiluba
3799:Eyadéma
3769:Ben Ali
3764:Mubarak
3744:Mubarak
3729:Nguesso
3719:Nyerere
3704:Stevens
3699:Senghor
3694:Tolbert
3689:Nimeiry
3619:Nkrumah
3542:interim
3326:of the
2944:Ali III
2808:Ali Aga
2310:Interim
1691:22 June
1468:Morocco
1411:Algeria
1353:cancers
1319:Tripoli
1217:Morocco
1205:Sahrawi
1083:Maghreb
964:colonel
952:Tlemcen
942:as his
777:; born
770::
508:General
458:Algeria
397:Algeria
393:Algiers
4133:Aliyev
4128:Maduro
4063:Samper
4048:Kostić
4028:Mugabe
3993:Kaunda
3988:Nasser
3900:Kagame
3885:Mugabe
3865:Obiang
3845:Kufuor
3784:Mugabe
3739:Traoré
3734:Kaunda
3654:Daddah
3649:Kaunda
3644:Ahidjo
3634:Mobutu
3624:Ankrah
3614:Nasser
2949:Ali IV
2919:Ali II
2180:
2146:
2052:
1986:
1976:
1951:23 Nov
1898:
1860:
1835:
1743:
1716:
1653:
1622:
1579:Arabic
1465:
1452:(1974)
1436:
1408:
1337:Moscow
1321:, 1977
946:(from
905:Berber
891:Guelma
845:Israel
802:Guelma
759:Arabic
486:
455:
413:Spouse
373:Guelma
4113:Morsi
4078:Mbeki
4053:Ćosić
4043:Mesić
4038:Jović
4023:Singh
4018:Reddy
3895:Condé
3825:Mbeki
3774:Meles
3759:Diouf
3724:Diouf
3684:Bongo
3669:Barre
3664:Gowon
2964:Ali V
2884:Ali I
1833:JSTOR
1378:Fatah
1241:Cairo
1159:SWAPO
1105:(the
1031:Oujda
920:Cairo
70:
3983:Tito
3920:Sall
3905:Sisi
3890:Déby
3870:Boni
3779:Biya
3674:Amin
3445:list
2872:the
2868:Deys
2525:the
2359:the
2178:ISBN
2144:ISSN
2084:Time
2050:ISSN
1984:OCLC
1974:ISBN
1953:2023
1896:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1810:2019
1741:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1693:2021
1651:ISBN
1620:ISSN
1566:and
1532:, a
1439:Cuba
1283:The
1219:and
1107:PAGS
1019:coup
960:Oran
839:and
504:Rank
383:Died
356:Born
216:6th
173:4th
3709:Moi
2987:of
1317:in
1155:ANC
1151:PLO
1007:ALN
1001:of
968:ALN
445:FLN
68:2nd
4150::
2870:of
2523:of
2357:of
2262:,
2200:.
2150:.
2142:.
2138:.
2126:^
2109:.
2105:.
2081:.
2056:.
2048:.
2044:.
1990:.
1982:.
1943:.
1939:.
1904:.
1866:.
1829:24
1827:.
1683:.
1679:.
1665:^
1618:.
1614:.
1599:^
1581::
1470::
1441::
1413::
1157:,
1153:,
1076:l'
1021:.
911:.
862:.
765:,
761::
395:,
375:,
3964:e
3957:t
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3581:e
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3547:†
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3517:*
3491:*
3480:*
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2215:.
2186:.
2161:.
2120:.
2067:.
2029:.
2001:.
1955:.
1915:.
1877:.
1839:.
1785:.
1749:.
1722:.
1695:.
1659:.
1632:.
757:(
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96:(
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