Housing in the United Kingdom

22: 205: 297: 458: 231:

renters. The mortgage lost its old stigma of a millstone round your neck to instead be seen as a smart long-term investment in suburbanized Britain. It appealed to aspirations of upward mobility and made possible the fastest rate of growth in working-class owner-occupation during the 20th century. The boom was largely financed by the savings ordinary Britons put into their building societies. Starting in the 1920s favourable tax policies encouraged substantial investment in the societies, creating huge reserves for lending. Beginning in 1927, the societies encouraged borrowing through gradual liberalization of mortgage terms.

173:

of the three-bedroom house, with kitchen, bathroom, parlour, electric lighting, and gas cooking, often built as subsidised council housing. Major cities such as London and Birmingham built large-scale housing estates – one in Birmingham had a population of 30,000 residents. The houses were built in blocks of two or four using brick or stucco, with two storeys. They were set back from curving streets; each had a long garden. Shopping centres, churches and pubs sprang up nearby. Eventually, the city would provide a community hall, schools, and a public library. The residents typically were the upper fifth stratum of the

628: 718: 340: 123: 646:

overcrowding, as measured by the bedroom standard increased from 63,000 households to 218,000 households. The bedroom standard understates overcrowding. It does not include potential household units forced to live in the same dwelling. For example, divorced couples living in the same dwelling, adult children being unable to form own household but having to live with their parents. A report issued in 2004 reviewed the evidence that overcrowding, in addition to the known impacts on physical health, adversely affects mental health and child development.

193:, calling for spacious low-density developments and semi-detached houses built to a high construction standard. Older women could now vote. Local politicians consulted with them and in response put more emphasis on such amenities as communal laundromats, extra bedrooms, indoor lavatories, running hot water, separate parlours to demonstrate their respectability, and practical vegetable gardens rather than manicured yards. The housewives had had their fill of chamber pots. Progress was not automatic, as shown by the troubles of rural 729:(1914-1918), which are now over hundred years old. The terraced houses of this period, built for sale to the buy-to-let investors of the time, are particular difficult to insulate. These dwellings were built for heating by open coal fires, and had large drafty windows to allow the fire to draw. They have very small rooms and have solid walls with a single leaf of bricks. This structure makes wall insulation expensive and in many cases impractical. Many of the dwellings of this type were replaced by council houses in the post war 248: 89: 785:(EMDOs) allow councils to take over the management of long-term empty properties but these are generally seen as a last resort and only 43 EDMOs were successful from 2006 to 2011. Government statistics show that long-term empty homes are generally concentrated post-industrial areas, in the North of England and in seaside towns, where property prices are generally lower, with the lowest percentage in London, which had 20,795 long-term empty properties, with the highest in Barrow-in Furness, Burley and Blackburn. 420: 650: 81: 2505: 3683: 240: 757: 737:

especial the top floor flat in the roof space. The expense of insulation means that it is not often not cost effective for the landlord to insulate such dwellings. This is especially true in London, where due to the housing crisis, landlords can let a property in poor condition, and consequently improving the energy efficiency of a dwelling is not a priority for buy to let investors.

748:

guideline and not legally enforceable guarantee. It is believed that tying repayment to energy bills will give investors a secure return. The Green Deal for the domestic property market was launched in October 2012. The Commercial Green Deal was launched in January 2012 and released in a series of stages to help with the varying needs and requirements of commercial properties.

401:, 42% are detached or semi-detached, and the remaining 29% are bungalows or flats. The mean floor area is 95 square metres. Approximately 4% of all dwellings were vacant. Approximately 385,000 households reported a fire between 2012 and 2014, the majority of which were caused by cooking. In 2014 2.6 million households moved dwelling, the majority of which (74%) were renters. 769:

is that before April 2013 there was an incentive for property owners to report a property as empty, as there was a rebate on council tax for vacant property. And when this incentive was removed, property owners ceased informing the council that their property was empty, and this led to an apparent fall in empty homes reported by official statistics.

106:

was the dominant tenure. People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone, so low-income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums. Clean water, sanitation, and public health facilities were inadequate; the death rate was high, especially infant mortality, and

768:

According to official statistics, the percentage of empty homes in England fell from 3.5% in 2008 to 2.6% in 2014. One explanation for this housing transactions have picked up since the financial crisis, and because of government efforts to reduce the number of empty homes. An alternative explanation

764:

According to official statistics, in October 2015, there were 600,179 vacant dwellings in England, a decline from the 610,123 from a year earlier. Of these vacant dwellings, 203,596 were vacant for more than six months. This, it is believed, is mainly due to financial reasons, such as the owner being

255:

Housing was a critical shortage in the post-war era. Air raids had destroyed half a million housing units; repairs and maintenance on undamaged homes had been postponed. 3,000,000 new dwellings were needed. The government aimed for 300,000 to be built annually, compared to the maximum pre-war rate of

105:

Rapid population growth took place in the nineteenth century, particularly terraces in cities with the widespread adoption of mass-produced bricks. The new homes were arranged and funded via building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms. Private renting from housing landlords

276:

returned to power in 1951, they made housing a high priority and oversaw 2,500,000 new units, two-thirds of them through local councils. Haste made for dubious quality, and policy increasingly shifted toward renovation rather than new builds. Slums were cleared, opening the way for gentrification in

200:

In England and Wales, 214,000 multi-unit council buildings were built by 1939; making the Ministry of Health largely a ministry of housing. Council housing accounted for 10% of the housing stock in the UK by 1938, peaking at 32% in 1980, and dropping to 18% by 1996, where it held steady for the next

797:

reported on what has been termed 'lights out London' .. 'where absentee owners push up property prices without contributing to the local economy'. According to a local restaurateur 'my original customers non-doms who do not live in their . In some apartment blocks 20% were unoccupied... It makes a

772:

The number of empty homes includes homes where the previous occupier is in prison, in care, in hospital or recently deceased. The charity Empty Homes argued that empty homes were helping contribute to the housing crisis, saying in a report "The longer a property is empty the more our housing assets

552:

In 2023, rental costs in England are found to be 25.4% more affordable than owning a property with a mortgage, marking the first time this has occurred since 2010. In Wales, renting is 15.8% more economical than owning a mortgaged property. However, in Scotland, owning a property with a mortgage is

172:

set up a system of government housing that followed his 1918 election campaign promises of "homes fit for heroes." It required local authorities to survey their housing needs, and start building houses to replace slums. The treasury subsidised the low rents. The immediate impact was the prevalence

217:

The fierce debates over high-rise housing that took place after 1945 were presaged by an acrimonious debate in the 1920s and 1930s in London. On the political left there was firm opposition to what were denounced as "barracks for the working-classes". Reformers on the right called for multi-storey

118:

The rapid expansion of housing was a major success story of the interwar years, 1919–1939, standing in sharp contrast to the United States, where the construction of new housing practically collapsed after 1929. The total housing stock in England and Wales was 7,600,000 in 1911; 8,000,000 in 1921;

691:

on how to promote and increase the use of high-quality design for new build homes and neighbourhoods in the United Kingdom. The research was conducted on behalf of the Commission, and the findings have informed the recommendations in the report. It supports the creation of more beautiful, greener

669:

It is useful to consider housing quality under two sub-headings: physical and social. In the era of Beveridge Consensus there were large-scale slum clearance projects. Council environmental health officers inspected dwellings in a borough and those which failed to meet standards were compulsorily

431:

government suspected that there might be supply-side problems in the construction sector, and in 2006 commissioned the Callcutt Review of House Building Delivery, which was published in 2007. The Callcutt report noted the failure of the home building industry to increase the supply in response to

598:

Created a Privately Rented Property Portal to help landlords understand their legal obligations and demonstrate compliance (giving good landlords confidence in their position), alongside providing better information to tenants to make informed decisions when entering into a tenancy agreement. It

587:

Introduced more comprehensive possession grounds so landlords could still recover their property (including where they wish to sell their property or move in close family) and to make it easier to repossess properties where tenants were at fault, for example in cases of anti-social behaviour and

645:

The consequence of the housing shortage manifests itself in overcrowding rather than In homelessness, The problem of over crowding is especially acute in London. In 2011 it was estimated that there were 391,000 children in London living in overcrowded conditions. Between 1995-1996 to 2013-2014

230:

Increasingly the British ideal was home ownership, even among the working class. Rates of home ownership rose steadily from 15 percent of people owning their own home before 1914, to 32 percent by 1938, and 67 percent by 1996. The construction industry sold the idea of home ownership to upscale

591:

Provided stronger protections against eviction by ensuring tenants were able to appeal excessively above-market rents which were purely designed to force them out. Landlords would still be able to increase rents to market price for their properties and an independent tribunal would have made a

736:

There also insulation problems in the pre-1914 large houses built for the top decile of the time. These houses were built with servant quarters in the roof space. Most such houses have been converted into blocks of flats and sold to buy to let investors. These flats are difficult to insulate,

218:

solutions to overcrowding and high rents. There were attempts at compromise by developing new solutions to urban living, focused especially on slum clearance and redevelopment schemes. The compromises generally sought to replace inhospitable slums with high-rise blocks served by lifts. In the

747:

improvements to the energy bills of the properties the upgrades are performed on. These debts are passed onto new occupiers when they take over the payment of energy bills. The costs of the loan repayments should be less than the savings on the bills from the upgrades, however this will be a

507:

found that overseas investors had a positive effect on housing affordability, both in bringing forward new homes in general and allowing the affordable housing part of schemes to be brought forward more quickly. They also found that there was very little evidence of housing being left empty.

264:, that established technical guidelines for the use of new or modernised building materials. Not counting 150,000 temporary prefabricated units, the nation was still 1,500,000 units short by 1951. Legislation kept rents down, but did not affect purchased houses. The ambitions of the 618:

In June 2015 there were approximately 67,000 households in England in temporary accommodation. In autumn 2014 there were around 2,400 rough sleepers in England, 27% of which were in London. In 2018, around 320,000 people were homeless in the United Kingdom, both adults and children.

549:(HMO) when the landlord is liable. In London, rents are double the national average, meaning that living in London has become a luxury good. People on median incomes who work in central London often live in the outer suburbs of London and the commuting towns of South East England. 396:

of some kind, and the remaining 12% are privately rented. The overall mean number of bedrooms is approximately 2.8. Just under 40% of households have at least two spare bedrooms. 20% of dwellings were built before 1919 and 15% were built post 1990. 29% of all dwellings are

680:

it was found that although the physical quality of the housing had improved, its social quality had deteriorated. The residents of apartments in tower blocks appreciated their clean, warm, bright new apartments, but missed the supportive community networks of the slums.

788:

As of 2015, around 1.7% of. homes in London are empty, which is a historically low level. The vacancy rate is much lower for London's private sector housing compared to the rest of the country, whereas the rates for affordable housing are "broadly similar". Research by

829:

Most are based in urban areas and consist of affordable shared accommodation where the members look after the property themselves. Waiting lists can be very long due to the rarity of housing co-operatives. In some areas the application procedure is integrated into the

36:

represents the largest non-financial asset class in the UK; its overall net value passed the £5 trillion mark in 2014. Housing includes modern and traditional styles. About 30% of homes are owned outright by their occupants, and a further 40% are owner-occupied on a

565:

would have impacted on both the 11 million private renters and 2.3 million landlords in England. The bill was opposed by a number of MPs. Of the 47 MPs who signed amendments that weakened the protections provided by the bill, 14 of them were themselves landlords.

197:. Many dreams were shattered as local authorities had to renege on promises they could not fulfill due to undue haste, impossible national deadlines, debilitating bureaucracy, lack of lumber, rising costs, and the unaffordability of rents by the rural poor. 141:

The private rent market provided 90% of the housing before the war. Now it came under heavy pressure, regarding rent controls, and the inability of owners to evict tenants, except for non-payment of rent. The tenants had a friend in

534:

Nearly two out of five households rent their home. However, the supply of rental properties has been declining since 2016 when the taxation treatment of rental property turned against landlords. Nearly all dwellings are let using

834:

application system. The laws differ between England and Scotland. The Confederation of Co-operative Housing provides information on housing cooperatives in the United Kingdom and has published a guide on setting them up. The

602:

Give tenants the right to request a pet in the property, which the landlord must consider and cannot unreasonably refuse. To support this, landlords would have been able to require pet insurance to cover any damage to their

442:

are required to continuously maintain sufficient land to meet housing needs for five years. It is estimated 250,000 new homes are needed each year just to keep up with the demand of the UK's continually growing population.

96:

In the medieval era and later, houses were often built of timber and were heated by fires. Houses were typically built individually until the advent of town planning in the Georgian era, when terraces began to be built.

773:

are being wasted. Also, the longer a property lies empty, the more likely it is to deteriorate; the more it is likely to cost to bring back into use; and the more it is likely to be seen as a blight by the neighbours."

181:

in the outer suburbs of London, where construction began in 1921, and by 1932 there were 22,000 houses holding 103,000 residents. Slum clearance now moved from being a public health issue, to a matter of town planning.

164:

of 1918; it set the standards for council house design and location for the next ninety years. It recommended housing in short terraces, spaced at 70 feet (21 m) at a density of twelve to the acre. With the

2530:

The majority of the least energy efficient homes were the oldest homes, built before 1919 (61%). These oldest homes were more likely to be of solid wallconstruction, which can more expensive to insulate where

3204: 435:

According to the Centre for Ageing Better 21% of homes in the UK were built before 1919, 38% before 1946, and only 7% after 2000, making the British housing stock older than any European Union countries.

387:

There are approximately 23 million dwellings in England and some 27 million across the UK. In 2009, about 30% of homes were owned outright by their occupants, and a further 40% were owner-occupied on a

595:

Introduced a new Private Rented Sector Ombudsman which would have provided fair, impartial, and binding resolution to many issues and prove quicker, cheaper, and less adversarial than the court system;

1762:

According to , where there is an imbalance between supply and demand, prices will adjust until either supply increases or demand is choked of. Over recent years has continued to defy all predictions.

809:

found that there was almost no evidence of new build units being left empty, "certainly less than 1%" and that the "vast majority" of overseas buyers intended to live in the property or rent it out.

471:

In September 2015 the average house price was £286,000, and affordability of housing as measured by price to earnings ratio was 5.3. The UK's home dwelling cost per type in July 2018 was on average:

508:

Dwellings represent the largest non-financial asset in the British balance sheet, with a net worth of £5.1 trillion (2014). In the national statistics rising house prices are regarded as adding to

696:

To promote better design and style of homes, villages, towns and high streets, to reflect what communities want, building on the knowledge and tradition of what they know works for their area.

539:

agreements. For the initial period, typically six months or a year, neither side can terminate the agreement. After this period, landlords can terminate the agreement at two months' notice.

3847: 3777: 3797: 1965: 1047: 765:

unable to sell the house or raise enough money to renovate the property. In November 2017, the government allowed councils to charge a 100% council tax premium on empty homes.

4045: 3822: 52:

with regard to rooms per person, amenities, and quality of housing. However, the cost of housing as a proportion of income is higher than average among EU countries, and the

2395: 1939: 793:

revealed that nearly a third of new dwellings built did not have anyone on the electoral register after six years, although this may exclude students and foreign tenants.

4060: 4012: 3909: 3904: 950: 1073: 592:

judgement on this, if needed. To avoid fettering the freedom of the judiciary, the tribunal would continue to be able to determine the actual market rent of a property;

332:

were used instead of masonry structures, although brick remained common as a facing material. For energy efficiency, PVC doors and windows replaced the use of wood and

4017: 3869: 2470: 2377: 4022: 2580: 2560: 2522: 2164: 921: 288:’ macroeconomic policy framework adopted by the Treasury and the Bank of England from the mid-1950s to the early 1980s restricted house-building during the period. 3969: 2719: 1867: 1747: 1711: 3939: 3899: 3879: 3859: 3211: 4050: 3874: 3590: 4070: 4055: 4002: 3954: 3949: 3782: 2640: 2061: 1996: 4040: 2833: 2811: 3979: 3929: 3889: 3842: 3837: 3827: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3772: 3767: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3465: 688: 4065: 4007: 3974: 3964: 3944: 3919: 3914: 3894: 3864: 3832: 3817: 3792: 2854: 2543: 136: 3959: 3884: 3560: 3555: 3540: 3515: 3182:

Pepper, Simon, and Peter Richmond. "Homes unfit for heroes: The slum problem in London and Neville Chamberlain's Unhealthy Areas Committee, 1919–21."

2937: 492:

who are resident in a city. The consequence of this is seen in the high price for top-end dwellings. The most expensive home ever sold in the UK was

684:

The overall quality of English housing stock has improved over the last thirty years, however, the quality of housing for new households varies.

3294: 674:

to rehouse the slum dwellers. Slum clearance significantly improved the physical quality of the British housing stock. But in a seminal study

452: 53: 2568:

In 2013, there were around 1.5 million homes (6%) with the worst energy efficiency. Private rented homes were over represented in this group:

553:

5.5% more cost-effective than renting, and in Northern Ireland, it's 7.3% more advantageous to own a mortgaged property compared to renting.

2756: 1625: 3406: 1979: 1672: 529: 222:

they included John Scurr House (built 1936–1937), Riverside Mansions (1925–1928) and the Limehouse Fields project (1925 but never built).

4106: 414: 2792: 1799: 1099: 849:

The Catalyst Collective provides information about starting co-operatives in the UK and explains the legal structure of a housing coop.

733:, but with the ending of public sector building of dwellings this route for improving the energy efficient of the housing stock ended. 4096: 3545: 868: 432:

price signals. There was a fall in the numbers of house completions after the 2008 recession, but by 2015 it was back up to 169,000.

285: 251:

Political poster: ″The way things are going I shall grow up before we get our house. Vote Conservative for more houses more quickly.″

2588:..converted flats formed higher proportions of the least energy efficient homes...whereas purpose built flats were under represented 1472:

Simon Pepper and Peter Richmond, "Stepney and the Politics of High-Rise Housing: Limehouse Fields to John Scurr House, 1925–1937."

3664: 3659: 3654: 3628: 3623: 3520: 3324: 961: 888: 166: 2235: 1019: 157:. The private rent sector went into a prolonged decline and never recovered; by 1938, it covered only 58% of the housing stock. 4091: 3719: 3686: 3197: 1646: 3033:

The politics of mass housing in Britain, 1945-1975: a study of corporate power and professional influence in the welfare state

2626: 126:

The Wormholt Estate is typical of 'cottage' interwar housing - brick walls, tiled roofs, low rise with front and rear gardens.

3455: 2035: 398: 3607: 3363: 3353: 3299: 2976:

Back, Glenn, and Chris Hamnett. "State housing policy formation and the changing role of housing associations in Britain."

893: 873: 730: 712: 671: 570: 525: 521: 410: 393: 146: 42: 3121:

Scott, Peter. "Marketing mass home ownership and the creation of the modern working-class consumer in inter-war Britain."

3024:

Damer, Sean. "'Engineers of the human machine': The social practice of council housing management in Glasgow, 1895-1939."

2487: 1485:

Peter Scott, "Marketing mass home ownership and the creation of the modern working-class consumer in inter-war Britain."

204: 2730: 1498:

Mark Swenarton and Sandra Taylor. "The scale and nature of the growth of owner‐occupation in Britain between the wars."

3304: 3011:

Clark, Gregory. "Shelter from the storm: housing and the industrial revolution, 1550–1909." Journal of Economic History

613: 257: 2138: 2087: 351:

schemes resulted in the conversion of disused industrial buildings such as warehouses to apartments. Examples include

3602: 2868: 2648:

Long-term vacant dwellings numbered 203,596 on 5 October 2015, a fall of 2,225 (1.1%) from 205,821 on 6 October 2014.

1275: 1169: 898: 676: 504: 1774: 1697: 1157: 584:

Abolished section 21 ‘no fault’ evictions and move to a tenancy structure where all assured tenancies were periodic;

3017:

Cowan, David. "‘This is Mine! This is Private! This is where I belong!’: Access to Home Ownership." in Cowan, ed.,

1821: 1181: 790: 3073:

Madigan, Ruth, and Moira Munro. "Gender, house and" home": Social meanings and domestic architecture in Britain."

2337: 1845: 336:

became compulsory. Developments typically provided for car parking which had historically taken place on street.

3278: 3135:

Smyth, Stewart. "The privatization of council housing: Stock transfer and the struggle for accountable housing."

2260: 782: 489: 219: 21: 2112: 3368: 3059:

Hollow, Matthew. "The age of affluence revisited: Council estates and consumer society in Britain, 1950–1970."

1394:

Annette Martin, "Shattered hopes and unfulfilled dreams: council housing in neural Norfolk in the early 1920s,

883: 308:

Working-class families proved eager to purchase their council homes when the Thatcher ministry introduced the "

296: 468:

After adjusting for inflation, the average cost of a home increased by a factor of 3.4 between 1950 and 2012.

3638: 3633: 3477: 3428: 3348: 3319: 599:

would have also supported local councils – helping them target enforcement activity where it was needed most;

64: 2509: 1833: 2948: 2774: 546: 360: 1754: 1722: 1626:

https://ws.swale.gov.uk/meetings/documents/s13056/Appendix%20I%20SBC%20Parking%20Standards%2016.08.19.pdf

1892: 819: 3712: 2312:"The estimated number of homeless people in Britain is broadly comparable to the population of Iceland" 802: 562: 3482: 536: 497: 376: 261: 2842:

When Racine opened in 2002 the average price of a Knightsbridge home was £745,000; now it is £3.4m.

4101: 3389: 3329: 2445: 1613: 439: 2021: 457: 3314: 1132: 363:

in Liverpool. There was also widespread construction of purpose-built apartment blocks including

273: 2311: 2210: 1355:

Paul Wilding, "The Housing and Town Planning Act 1919—A Study in the Making of Social Policy."

1514:, "Inter-war house building, cheap money and building societies: The housing boom revisited." 1265: 627: 3762: 3705: 3460: 3448: 3401: 3309: 1914: 493: 272:. c. 68) project were idealistic, but did not provide enough urgently needed units. When the 2869:"Development of the housing co-operative sector – CCH Confederation of Co-operative Housing" 2285: 687:

The Building Better, Building Beautiful Commission was an independent body that advised the

3104: 744: 321: 190: 161: 717: 316:. Consequently most housing was built by private developers of which the largest included 8: 3924: 3487: 3341: 3231: 1601: 496:, Hyde Park, which sold for £280 million in 2015. The most expensive street in the UK is 122: 2548:

In some cases the technical risks of adding insulation to solid walls will be too great.

760:

Number of dwellings in England that have been empty for more than six months (2003–2016)

3787: 3492: 3443: 3438: 3384: 3273: 3176: 1570: 702:

To make the planning system work in support of better design and style, not against it.

662: 265: 169: 150: 143: 3934: 3728: 3151:

Homes Fit for Heroes: The Politics and Architecture of Early State Housing in Britain

1574: 1562: 1271: 1107: 991: 836: 826:

Housing co-operatives are uncommon in the UK, making up about 0.1% of housing stock.

781:

In 2016, there were around 200,000 empty homes in the UK, down from 300,000 in 2010.

428: 368: 339: 154: 247: 3854: 3597: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3550: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3257: 3236: 2183: 2139:"House Prices: Nationwide Sees Prices Fall 1.8% In 2023 With Flat Outlook For 2024" 2088:"House Prices: Nationwide Sees Prices Fall 1.8% In 2023 With Flat Outlook For 2024" 1554: 878: 269: 2165:"Almost a third of Tory MPS trying to weaken tenant protection bill are landlords" 1170:

https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/georgians/architecture/

3470: 3252: 2694: 1158:

https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval/architecture/

831: 806: 509: 3189: 3068:

Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment

1940:"A Hyde Park mansion could become Britain's most expensive home after £280m bid" 1822:

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/housing-supply-and-delivery#year-housing-land-supply

1182:

https://heritagecalling.com/2024/01/04/the-history-of-brick-building-in-england/

256:

350,000. However, there were shortages of builders, materials, and funding. The

3413: 2855:"'Almost no evidence' of London homes owned by foreign buyers being left empty" 2834:"'It's like a ghost town': lights go out as foreign owners desert London homes" 2812:"'It's like a ghost town': lights go out as foreign owners desert London homes" 2663: 2600: 1511: 850: 740: 699:

To explore how new settlements can be developed with greater community consent.

658: 574: 329: 88: 4085: 3336: 1566: 1111: 863: 372: 348: 317: 313: 304:

blending traditional brick with modern PVC windows and dedicated car garages.

186: 174: 2383:. Department of Communities and Local Government. February 2015. p. 32. 419: 3358: 3174:

41.1 (2016): 1-16. Discusses articles on housing and the scholarly journal

1673:"English housing survey 2013 to 2014: fire and fire safety report - GOV.UK" 364: 309: 107: 2872: 2504: 2420: 1192:

H.J. Dyos, "The speculative builders and developers of Victorian London."

1048:"350,000 UK households will be unable to rent or buy without help by 2020" 649: 500:, London, where the average price of a home is approximately £42 million. 3433: 2036:"Model agreement for a shorthold assured tenancy - Publications - GOV.UK" 1834:

https://www.westvillegroup.co.uk/commercial-industries-new-build-housing/

726: 632: 542: 352: 333: 208:

Statistics of home ownership and renting in England and Wales (1918-2011)

80: 3078: 1543:"'Stop-go' policy and the restriction of postwar British house-building" 839:

website provides information on housing and has information specific to

488:

London is ranked as the top city in the world in terms of the number of

3423: 3418: 3396: 2476:. February 2015. p. 15, Figure 1.4 Household aged 25–34 by tenure. 1542: 1226: 1197: 654: 325: 2793:"Property investors in Islington who leave homes empty could face jai" 1558: 1252:

House and home in the Victorian city: working class housing, 1850-1914

239: 3170:

Hinchcliffe, Tanis. "Pandora's Box: Forty Years of Housing History."

1800:"More than 1 million over 55s living in hazardous homes, study finds" 1074:"Housing crisis overtakes transport as biggest concern for Londoners" 1020:"First European Quality of Life Survey: Social dimensions of housing" 756: 642:

with regard to rooms per person, amenities, and quality of housing.

301: 178: 26: 3697: 2912: 2820:

Absentee owners and the 'buy to leave' market are hurting businesses

2894: 2188: 2062:"London workers £300,000 better off living an hour outside capital" 844: 389: 38: 2523:"English Housing Survey ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF ENGLISH HOUSING 2013" 2396:"Generation boomerang: how to cope with grown-up children at home" 1885: 343:

Gun Wharves, Wapping was converted from a warehouse to apartments.

3109:

We Danced all Night: A social history of Britain between the Wars

2544:"Energy Efficiency and Historic Buildings -Insulating Solidwalls" 1461:

We Danced all Night: A social history of Britain between the Wars

1292:

We Danced All Night: A Social History of Britain Between the Wars

840: 356: 194: 2757:"England has more than 200,000 empty homes. How to revive them?" 2236:"Statutory homelessness in England: April to June 2015 - GOV.UK" 1775:"Live tables on house building - Statistical data sets - GOV.UK" 1614:

https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/building-regulations-changed-time/

312:" scheme in 1980, alongside restricting the construction of new 137:

History of rent control in England and Wales § 1915 to 1939

3040:

Cruel habitations: a history of working-class housing 1780-1918

1647:"English housing survey 2013 to 2014: headline report - GOV.UK" 1239:

The eternal slum: housing and social policy in Victorian London

639: 462: 57: 49: 2508:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under an

1210:

The British building industry since 1800: An economic history

1966:"On the elite streets of Britain: Our most expensive roads" 65:

Minister of State for Housing, Planning and Building Safety

3045:

Ginsburg, Norman. "The privatization of council housing."

1846:"UK House Value vs UK House Affordability – December 2012" 725:

There is a particular problem with dwellings built before

45:

of some kind, and the remaining 12% are privately rented.

2488:"Housing Secretary: beautiful homes should become 'norm'" 1587:

Norman Ginsburg, "The privatization of council housing."

922:"National Balance Sheet - Office for National Statistics" 243:

Political poster: ″A million new homes thanks to Labour″

56:

may constitute a housing crisis for some, especially in

853:

offers a guide on how to set up a housing co-operative.

92:

High-end Georgian stone terrace at Royal Crescent, Bath

1602:

https://www.thenewhomesagent.co.uk/timberframe-truths/

2421:"The Impact of Overcrowding on Health &Education" 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1263: 689:

Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government

2286:"The homeless people - a priority need? - Arkas Law" 2228: 2022:"Dwindling numbers of buy-to-let property purchases" 1753:. HMSO. 1 November 2007. p. 214. Archived from 1698:"Live tables on house building: New build dwellings" 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 1868:"House Price Index- Office for National Statistics" 1133:"Minister of State (Housing and Planning) - GOV.UK" 545:is paid by the occupier of the home unless it is a 2184:"No-fault renters evictions bill runs out of time" 2113:"Is it cheaper to rent or own property in the UK?" 1630: 3219: 2471:"English Housing Survey Headline Report 20130-14" 2261:"Rough sleeping in England: autumn 2014 - GOV.UK" 1541:Scott, Peter M.; Walker, James T. (3 June 2018). 916: 914: 4083: 2705: 2378:"English Housing Survey Headline Report 2013-14" 1040: 692:communities. The commission had 3 primary aims: 3075:Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 3054:Interwar Britain: A social and economic history 2426:. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. May 2004 1435:Interwar Britain: A social and economic history 446: 212: 2658: 2656: 2601:"UK government's Green Deal to cut fuel bills" 1915:"Global Investment Cities | The Wealth Report" 1848:. Retirement Investing Today. 22 December 2012 1267:Twentieth-Century Britain: A Political History 911: 453:Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom 160:A decisive change in policy was marked by the 153:, and especially in the increasingly powerful 3713: 3205: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2253: 1932: 1014: 1012: 670:purchased for a nominal sum and demolished. 573:, the bill was axed during the parliamentary 1860: 1748:"Callcutt Review of House Building Delivery" 1712:"Callcutt Review of House Building Delivery" 1331:A Social History of Housing : 1815-1985 1221:H.J. Dyos, "The Slums of Victorian London." 1100:"The human cost of Britain's housing crisis" 530:History of rent control in England and Wales 3130:Housing in Britain: the post-war experience 2695:"Empty homes spike in London commuter belt" 2653: 2581:"Energy Efficiency of English Housing 2013" 1540: 415:Construction industry of the United Kingdom 177:. The largest of these two communities was 130: 119:9,400,000 in 1931; and 11,300,000 in 1939. 3720: 3706: 3212: 3198: 3158:Cassel's Companion to 20th Century Britain 2681: 1422:Cassel's Companion to 20th Century Britain 1009: 869:Building regulations in the United Kingdom 404: 2641:"Dwelling Stock Estimates: 2015, England" 2343:. 4 in 10 London Children Live in Poverty 2338:"No Space at Home:Overcrowding in London" 944: 942: 16:Overview of housing in the United Kingdom 2561:"Energy Efficiency English Housing 2013" 2278: 1665: 776: 755: 716: 648: 626: 456: 418: 338: 295: 246: 238: 203: 167:Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 121: 87: 79: 20: 2990:Branson, Noreen, and Margot Heinemann. 2831: 2809: 1997:"Dwelling Stock Estimates 2014 England" 1270:. Macmillan Education UK. p. 122. 889:Mortgage industry of the United Kingdom 812: 359:alongside the Thames in London and the 84:Medieval house using a timber structure 4084: 3006:A social history of housing: 1815-1985 2664:"Why are so many British homes empty?" 2181: 1529:A social history of housing: 1815-1985 1305:A social history of housing: 1815-1985 986: 984: 982: 939: 556: 260:undertook the publication of a set of 25:Typical Victorian terraced housing in 3727: 3701: 3591:Grants, Construction and Regeneration 3193: 2938:"How to set up a housing cooperative" 2790: 2754: 2692: 2393: 2162: 1446:Noreen Branson and Margot Heinemann, 512:and thus a cause of economic growth. 3085:Housing, Social Policy and the State 2211:"Guide to the Renters (Reform) Bill" 2059: 2002:. National Statistics. 23 April 2015 1893:"UK House Price Index for July 2018" 948: 894:Public housing in the United Kingdom 874:Cost of moving in the United Kingdom 820:Housing cooperative § United Kingdom 713:Energy efficiency in British housing 706: 580:The Renters Reform Bill would have: 526:Rent regulation in England and Wales 522:Public housing in the United Kingdom 75: 54:increasing cost of housing in the UK 2784: 2755:Busby, Mattha (25 September 2018). 2480: 1980:"WANDSWORTH BOROUGH COUNCIL report" 1409:Britain between the Wars: 1918–1940 979: 638:The United Kingdom ranks highly in 63:Housing is the jurisdiction of the 13: 4107:Social class in the United Kingdom 3116:Housing in urban Britain 1780-1914 2970: 2546:. English Heritage. 1 March 2012. 2370: 2362:"English Housing Survey 2009/10". 2330: 2163:Booth, Robert (20 February 2024). 2136: 2085: 1989: 1907: 1344:Britain between the wars 1918-1940 622: 614:Homelessness in the United Kingdom 461:House in Hampstead Garden Suburb, 423:Housing stats in England 1969-2016 14: 4118: 4097:Real estate in the United Kingdom 3164: 3097:Merrett, Stephen, and Fred Gray. 2791:Booth, Robert (4 December 2014). 899:Real estate in the United Kingdom 677:Family and Kinship in East London 280:According to a 2018 study in the 3682: 3681: 3052:Glynn, Sean, and John Oxborrow. 2999:Britain in the Nineteen Twenties 2992:Britain in the Nineteen Thirties 2693:Homer, Alex (24 November 2017). 2503: 2446:"The History of Council Housing" 1448:Britain in the Nineteen Thirties 1383:Britain in the Nineteen Twenties 818:This section is an excerpt from 783:Empty Dwelling Management Orders 743:provided low interest loans for 490:ultra high net worth individuals 291: 100: 48:The UK ranks in the top half in 2930: 2905: 2887: 2861: 2847: 2832:Cumming, Ed (25 January 2015). 2825: 2810:Cumming, Ed (25 January 2015). 2803: 2767: 2748: 2633: 2619: 2593: 2573: 2553: 2536: 2515: 2463: 2438: 2413: 2387: 2355: 2304: 2203: 2175: 2156: 2130: 2105: 2079: 2053: 2028: 2014: 1972: 1958: 1895:(Press release). September 2018 1838: 1826: 1814: 1792: 1767: 1740: 1704: 1690: 1618: 1606: 1594: 1581: 1534: 1521: 1505: 1492: 1479: 1466: 1453: 1440: 1427: 1414: 1401: 1388: 1375: 1362: 1349: 1336: 1323: 1310: 1297: 1284: 1257: 1244: 1231: 1215: 1202: 1186: 1174: 1162: 607: 220:Metropolitan Borough of Stepney 2394:Kozma, Glynis (24 June 2013). 1802:. Homecare Insight. 9 May 2019 1433:Sean Glynn and John Oxborrow, 1264:William D. Rubinstein (2003). 1150: 1125: 1092: 1066: 751: 721:British Home Performance chart 569:After the announcement of the 1: 4092:Housing in the United Kingdom 3349:Minister of State for Housing 3221:Housing in the United Kingdom 3132:(Taylor & Francis, 1982). 2182:Farley, Harry (24 May 2024). 1968:. Telegraph. 12 January 2016. 1212:(Taylor & Francis, 1996). 904: 382: 34:Housing in the United Kingdom 2510:Open Government Licence v3.0 547:house in multiple occupation 447:Purchase price of a dwelling 225: 213:Debates on high-rise housing 113: 7: 3099:Owner-occupation in Britain 3061:Journal of Consumer Culture 1547:The Economic History Review 996:www.OECDBetterLifeIndex.org 857: 234: 10: 4123: 3042:(Allen & Unwin, 1974). 2060:Hyde, Dan (29 July 2015). 951:"Housing Tenure Factsheet" 817: 803:London School of Economics 710: 611: 519: 515: 505:Wandsworth Borough Council 450: 440:Local planning authorities 408: 134: 70: 4031: 3993: 3735: 3677: 3647: 3617:Housing and town planning 3616: 3508: 3501: 3377: 3287: 3266: 3245: 3227: 1333:(2nd ed. 1986) pp 222-26. 1318:British society 1914 – 45 537:Assured shorthold tenancy 498:Kensington Palace Gardens 484:Flat/maisonette: £230,603 300:Modern housing estate in 262:Post War Building Studies 3390:Birmingham Back to Backs 3092:State Housing in Britain 3028:37.11 (2000): 2007-2026. 2775:"HOUSING IN LONDON 2015" 2720:"Empty Homes in England" 2627:"Empty homes in England" 1357:Journal of Social Policy 992:"OECD Better Life Index" 672:New dwellings were built 653:A 21st-century detached 411:Slum clearance in the UK 131:Renting during 1900–1939 3144:British society 1914–45 1719:NationalArchives.gov.uk 1500:Economic History Review 1398:(2005) 35#2 pp 107-119. 631:Semi-detached house in 478:Semi-detached: £230,284 405:Supply and construction 334:cavity wall insultation 282:Economic History Review 3778:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3325:Reduction Bill 2016–17 3137:Critical Social Policy 3047:Critical Social Policy 3019:Housing Law and Policy 2985:The building societies 2917:Catalystcollective.org 2646:. ONS. 28 April 2016. 1760:on 19 September 2012. 1624:Swale Borough Council 1589:Critical Social Policy 761: 731:slum clearance program 722: 666: 661:is typical of English 635: 465: 424: 344: 305: 252: 244: 209: 127: 93: 85: 30: 3186:80.2 (2009): 143–171. 3118:(Cambridge UP, 1995). 3083:Melling, Joseph, ed. 3063:16.1 (2016): 279-296. 3049:25.1 (2005): 115-135. 3035:(Oxford UP< 1981). 3013:62#2 (2002): 489-511. 2980:13.4 (1985): 393-412. 2978:Policy & Politics 2913:"Catalyst Collective" 1591:25.1 (2005): 115-135. 1518:29.3 (1987): 325-345. 1502:38#3 (1985): 373-392. 1196:11 (1968): 641–690. 777:Long-term empty homes 759: 720: 652: 630: 571:2024 general election 460: 422: 342: 299: 250: 242: 207: 125: 91: 83: 24: 3184:Town Planning Review 2945:Radicalroutes.org.uk 2528:. 2013. p. 50. 2512:. © Crown copyright. 1728:on 19 September 2012 1600:The New Homes Agent 1450:(1971) pp 180 – 201. 1407:Charles Loch Mowat, 1359:2#4 (1973): 317-334. 1342:Charles Loch Mowat, 1208:Christopher Powell, 813:Housing cooperatives 633:Oxfordshire, England 588:repeat rent arrears; 322:Barratt Developments 191:garden city movement 189:was inspired by the 162:Tudor Walters Report 110:among young adults. 3994:States with limited 3342:Housing Corporation 3232:Housing in Scotland 3139:33.1 (2013): 37-56. 3031:Dunleavy, Patrick. 1919:www.knightfrank.com 1476:34.1 (2009): 33-54. 1370:We Danced All Night 1250:Martin J. Daunton, 1225:11.1 (1967): 5-40. 1106:. 13 October 2015. 563:Renters Reform Bill 557:Renters Reform Bill 3729:Housing in Europe 3502:Parliamentary acts 3444:Reema construction 3177:The London Journal 3172:The London Journal 3142:Stephenson, John, 3125:50.1 (2008): 4-25. 3101:(Routledge, 1982). 3090:Merrett, Stephen. 2994:(1971) pp 180–201. 2987:(Macmillan, 1980). 2736:on 22 January 2016 2607:. 23 November 2011 2318:. 22 February 2019 1700:. 24 January 2024. 1489:50#1 (2008): 4-25. 1346:(1955) pp 229-30. 1054:. 16 November 2015 798:big difference '. 762: 723: 667: 663:Tudor architecture 636: 481:Terraced: £200,889 475:Detached: £378,473 466: 425: 345: 306: 302:Berkshire, England 277:the inner cities. 274:Conservative Party 266:New Towns Act 1946 253: 245: 210: 170:David Lloyd George 151:David Lloyd George 128: 94: 86: 31: 4079: 4078: 3695: 3694: 3673: 3672: 3300:Energy efficiency 3160:(2001) pp 195–96. 3149:Swenarton, Mark. 3146:(1984) pp 221–42. 3114:Rodger, Richard. 3111:(2008), pp 57-75. 3077:(1991): 116-132. 3066:King, Anthony D. 3056:(1976) pp 212–44. 3001:(1976) pp 103–17. 2997:Branson, Noreen. 2895:"New co-op homes" 2143:Forbes Advisor UK 2092:Forbes Advisor UK 1944:Independent.co.uk 1559:10.1111/ehr.12700 1531:(1985) pp 278-330 1437:(1976) pp 212-44. 1385:(1976) pp 103-17. 1320:(1984) pp 221-42. 1316:John Stephenson, 1307:(1986) pp 226–34. 1237:Anthony S. Wohl, 1223:Victorian Studies 1194:Victorian Studies 1180:Historic England 1168:English Heritage 1156:English Heritage 1052:Independent.co.uk 791:Islington Council 745:energy efficiency 707:Energy efficiency 494:2–8a Rutland Gate 347:At the same time 270:9 & 10 Geo. 6 258:Ministry of Works 76:Pre Victorian era 41:. About 18% are 4114: 4032:Dependencies and 3736:Sovereign states 3722: 3715: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3685: 3684: 3506: 3505: 3488:Weavers' cottage 3267:Cities and towns 3237:Housing in Wales 3214: 3207: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3123:Business History 3021:(1999). 326-361. 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2953: 2947:. Archived from 2942: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2871:. Archived from 2865: 2859: 2858: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2735: 2729:. Archived from 2724: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2690: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2645: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2527: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2342: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2117:www.finbri.co.uk 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2001: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1984: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1842: 1836: 1832:Westville Group 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1727: 1721:. Archived from 1716: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1643: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1538: 1532: 1525: 1519: 1516:Business History 1509: 1503: 1496: 1490: 1487:Business History 1483: 1477: 1470: 1464: 1463:(2008), pp 57-75 1457: 1451: 1444: 1438: 1431: 1425: 1418: 1412: 1405: 1399: 1392: 1386: 1381:Noreen Branson, 1379: 1373: 1366: 1360: 1353: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1308: 1301: 1295: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1261: 1255: 1248: 1242: 1235: 1229: 1219: 1213: 1206: 1200: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1078:Evening Standard 1070: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1024: 1016: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1002: 988: 977: 976: 974: 972: 966: 960:. Archived from 955: 946: 937: 936: 934: 932: 918: 884:HM Land Registry 879:English land law 801:Research by the 392:. About 18% are 4122: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4102:Home inspection 4082: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4033: 4027: 4013:Northern Cyprus 3995: 3989: 3910:North Macedonia 3731: 3726: 3696: 3691: 3669: 3648:Working classes 3643: 3612: 3497: 3471:Two-up two-down 3449:Wimpey no-fines 3402:English country 3373: 3283: 3262: 3241: 3223: 3218: 3167: 3128:Short, John R. 3038:Gauldie, Enid. 3004:Burnett, John. 2983:Boddy, Martin. 2973: 2971:Further reading 2968: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2954:on 17 July 2022 2951: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2875:on 14 July 2014 2867: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2830: 2826: 2808: 2804: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2706: 2691: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2643: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2496: 2494: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2400:Telegraph.co.uk 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2180: 2176: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2137:Howard, Laura. 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2086:Howard, Laura. 2084: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2066:Telegraph.co.uk 2058: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1757: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1631: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1586: 1582: 1539: 1535: 1526: 1522: 1510: 1506: 1497: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1458: 1454: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1411:(1955) pp 43–46 1406: 1402: 1396:Local Historian 1393: 1389: 1380: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1354: 1350: 1341: 1337: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1311: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1285: 1278: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1245: 1236: 1232: 1220: 1216: 1207: 1203: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1141: 1139: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1116: 1114: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1080:. 15 April 2014 1072: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1000: 998: 990: 989: 980: 970: 968: 964: 953: 947: 940: 930: 928: 920: 919: 912: 907: 860: 855: 854: 832:council housing 823: 815: 807:Mayor of London 779: 754: 715: 709: 625: 623:Housing quality 616: 610: 559: 532: 518: 455: 449: 417: 407: 385: 379:in Manchester. 294: 237: 228: 215: 139: 133: 116: 103: 78: 73: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4120: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4034:other entities 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3985:United Kingdom 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3798:Czech Republic 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3466:Pre-regulation 3463: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3364:Slum clearance 3361: 3356: 3354:Public Housing 3351: 3346: 3345: 3344: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3166: 3165:Historiography 3163: 3162: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3008:(2nd ed. 1986) 3002: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2929: 2904: 2886: 2860: 2846: 2824: 2802: 2783: 2766: 2747: 2727:EmptyHomes.com 2704: 2680: 2652: 2632: 2618: 2592: 2572: 2566:. p. 49. 2552: 2535: 2514: 2479: 2462: 2437: 2412: 2386: 2369: 2354: 2329: 2303: 2290:ArkasLaw.co.uk 2277: 2252: 2227: 2202: 2174: 2155: 2129: 2104: 2078: 2052: 2027: 2013: 1988: 1971: 1957: 1946:. 13 July 2015 1931: 1906: 1884: 1872:www.ons.gov.uk 1859: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1791: 1766: 1739: 1703: 1689: 1664: 1653:. 28 July 2016 1629: 1617: 1605: 1593: 1580: 1553:(2): 716–737. 1533: 1520: 1512:Jane Humphries 1504: 1491: 1478: 1474:London Journal 1465: 1452: 1439: 1426: 1413: 1400: 1387: 1374: 1361: 1348: 1335: 1329:John Burnett, 1322: 1309: 1296: 1283: 1276: 1256: 1243: 1230: 1214: 1201: 1185: 1173: 1161: 1149: 1124: 1091: 1065: 1039: 1008: 978: 967:on 15 May 2018 938: 926:www.ONS.gov.uk 909: 908: 906: 903: 902: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 859: 856: 851:Radical Routes 824: 816: 814: 811: 778: 775: 753: 750: 741:The Green Deal 711:Main article: 708: 705: 704: 703: 700: 697: 659:timber framing 624: 621: 612:Main article: 609: 606: 605: 604: 600: 596: 593: 589: 585: 575:wash-up period 558: 555: 517: 514: 486: 485: 482: 479: 476: 451:Main article: 448: 445: 406: 403: 394:social housing 384: 381: 314:council houses 293: 290: 236: 233: 227: 224: 214: 211: 147:Prime Minister 132: 129: 115: 112: 102: 99: 77: 74: 72: 69: 43:social housing 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4119: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4046:Faroe Islands 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4018:South Ossetia 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3870:Liechtenstein 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3688: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3429:Prefabricated 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3337:Homes England 3335: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295:Affordability 3293: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3246:Architectures 3244: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3026:Urban Studies 3023: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2933: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2856: 2850: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2780:. p. 35. 2776: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2642: 2636: 2628: 2622: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2532: 2524: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2472: 2466: 2451: 2450:fet.uwe.ac.uk 2447: 2441: 2422: 2416: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2379: 2373: 2365: 2358: 2339: 2333: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2292:. 1 July 2015 2291: 2287: 2281: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2023: 2017: 1998: 1992: 1981: 1975: 1967: 1961: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1894: 1888: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1801: 1795: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1707: 1699: 1693: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1590: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1537: 1530: 1524: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1501: 1495: 1488: 1482: 1475: 1469: 1462: 1459:Martin Pugh, 1456: 1449: 1443: 1436: 1430: 1424:2001) 195-96. 1423: 1417: 1410: 1404: 1397: 1391: 1384: 1378: 1372:(2009), p 61. 1371: 1365: 1358: 1352: 1345: 1339: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1313: 1306: 1300: 1293: 1290:Martin Pugh, 1287: 1279: 1277:9780230629134 1273: 1269: 1268: 1260: 1253: 1247: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1028: 1021: 1015: 1013: 997: 993: 987: 985: 983: 963: 959: 952: 945: 943: 927: 923: 917: 915: 910: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 864:Homes England 862: 861: 852: 848: 846: 842: 838: 833: 827: 821: 810: 808: 804: 799: 796: 792: 786: 784: 774: 770: 766: 758: 749: 746: 742: 738: 734: 732: 728: 719: 714: 701: 698: 695: 694: 693: 690: 685: 682: 679: 678: 673: 664: 660: 656: 651: 647: 643: 641: 634: 629: 620: 615: 601: 597: 594: 590: 586: 583: 582: 581: 578: 576: 572: 567: 564: 554: 550: 548: 544: 540: 538: 531: 527: 523: 513: 511: 506: 503:A report for 501: 499: 495: 491: 483: 480: 477: 474: 473: 472: 469: 464: 459: 454: 444: 441: 437: 433: 430: 421: 416: 412: 402: 400: 395: 391: 380: 378: 377:Beetham Tower 374: 373:Salford Quays 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349:urban renewal 341: 337: 335: 331: 330:Timber frames 327: 323: 319: 318:George Wimpey 315: 311: 303: 298: 292:1980s onwards 289: 287: 283: 278: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 249: 241: 232: 223: 221: 206: 202: 201:two decades. 198: 196: 192: 188: 187:Tudor Walters 183: 180: 176: 175:working-class 171: 168: 163: 158: 156: 152: 148: 145: 138: 124: 120: 111: 109: 101:Victorian era 98: 90: 82: 68: 66: 61: 59: 55: 51: 46: 44: 40: 35: 28: 23: 19: 4023:Transnistria 3984: 3493:Wealden hall 3478:Tower blocks 3439:Atholl steel 3385:Back-to-back 3359:Right to Buy 3305:Homelessness 3220: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3157: 3156:Thane, Pat. 3150: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3105:Pugh, Martin 3098: 3091: 3084: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2956:. Retrieved 2949:the original 2944: 2932: 2920:. Retrieved 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2877:. Retrieved 2873:the original 2863: 2849: 2841: 2838:The Guardian 2837: 2827: 2819: 2816:The Guardian 2815: 2805: 2797:The Guardian 2796: 2786: 2769: 2761:The Guardian 2760: 2750: 2738:. Retrieved 2731:the original 2726: 2698: 2671:. Retrieved 2667: 2647: 2635: 2621: 2609:. Retrieved 2604: 2595: 2587: 2575: 2567: 2555: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2517: 2495:. Retrieved 2491: 2482: 2465: 2453:. Retrieved 2449: 2440: 2428:. Retrieved 2415: 2403:. Retrieved 2399: 2389: 2372: 2366:. July 2011. 2363: 2357: 2345:. Retrieved 2332: 2320:. Retrieved 2315: 2306: 2294:. Retrieved 2289: 2280: 2268:. Retrieved 2264: 2255: 2243:. Retrieved 2239: 2230: 2220:19 September 2218:. Retrieved 2214: 2205: 2193:. Retrieved 2187: 2177: 2169:The Guardian 2168: 2158: 2146:. Retrieved 2142: 2132: 2120:. Retrieved 2116: 2107: 2095:. Retrieved 2091: 2081: 2069:. Retrieved 2065: 2055: 2043:. Retrieved 2039: 2030: 2016: 2004:. Retrieved 1991: 1974: 1960: 1948:. Retrieved 1943: 1934: 1922:. Retrieved 1918: 1909: 1897:. Retrieved 1887: 1875:. Retrieved 1871: 1862: 1850:. Retrieved 1840: 1828: 1816: 1804:. Retrieved 1794: 1782:. Retrieved 1778: 1769: 1761: 1755:the original 1742: 1730:. Retrieved 1723:the original 1718: 1706: 1692: 1680:. Retrieved 1676: 1667: 1655:. Retrieved 1650: 1620: 1608: 1596: 1588: 1583: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1528: 1523: 1515: 1507: 1499: 1494: 1486: 1481: 1473: 1468: 1460: 1455: 1447: 1442: 1434: 1429: 1421: 1416: 1408: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1382: 1377: 1369: 1364: 1356: 1351: 1343: 1338: 1330: 1325: 1317: 1312: 1304: 1299: 1294:(2009), p 60 1291: 1286: 1266: 1259: 1251: 1246: 1238: 1233: 1222: 1217: 1209: 1204: 1193: 1188: 1176: 1164: 1152: 1142:19 September 1140:. Retrieved 1136: 1127: 1115:. Retrieved 1104:The Guardian 1103: 1094: 1082:. Retrieved 1077: 1068: 1056:. Retrieved 1051: 1042: 1030:. Retrieved 1026: 999:. Retrieved 995: 969:. Retrieved 962:the original 957: 929:. Retrieved 925: 828: 825: 800: 795:The Observer 794: 787: 780: 771: 767: 763: 739: 735: 724: 686: 683: 675: 668: 644: 637: 617: 608:Homelessness 579: 568: 560: 551: 541: 533: 502: 487: 470: 467: 438: 434: 426: 386: 365:Wembley Park 346: 310:Right to Buy 307: 281: 279: 254: 229: 216: 199: 184: 159: 155:Labour Party 140: 117: 108:tuberculosis 104: 95: 62: 47: 33: 32: 18: 4061:Isle of Man 3996:recognition 3970:Switzerland 3905:Netherlands 3320:Gatekeeping 2958:10 December 2922:23 December 2799:. Guardian. 2611:12 February 2148:29 December 2122:29 December 2097:29 December 1784:5 September 1420:Pat Thane, 958:shelter.org 752:Empty homes 727:World War I 657:house. Its 543:Council Tax 371:in London, 361:Albert Dock 353:Rotherhithe 185:Liberal MP 4086:Categories 3940:San Marino 3900:Montenegro 3880:Luxembourg 3860:Kazakhstan 3763:Azerbaijan 2497:11 October 2455:15 January 2430:11 January 2405:17 January 2347:11 January 2265:www.gov.uk 2240:www.gov.uk 2045:19 January 2040:www.gov.uk 2006:10 January 1924:15 January 1899:24 January 1852:12 January 1779:www.gov.uk 1677:www.gov.uk 1651:www.gov.uk 1612:Green Age 1137:www.gov.uk 1117:15 January 1084:15 January 905:References 655:Mock Tudor 520:See also: 409:See also: 383:Demography 326:Redrow plc 135:See also: 4051:Gibraltar 3875:Lithuania 3483:Townhouse 3369:Squatting 3279:Liverpool 3258:Edwardian 3253:Victorian 2740:6 January 2673:6 January 2668:BBC.co.uk 2605:BBC.co.uk 2531:required. 2322:1 October 2316:Full Fact 1575:158890468 1567:0013-0117 1527:Burnett, 1303:Burnett, 1112:0261-3077 1027:Europa.eu 949:Diaz, R. 603:property. 369:Stratford 226:Ownership 179:Becontree 114:1900–1939 27:Hampshire 4071:Svalbard 4056:Guernsey 4003:Abkhazia 3955:Slovenia 3950:Slovakia 3925:Portugal 3783:Bulgaria 3687:Category 3456:Terraced 3378:Variants 3330:Scotland 3310:Act 2002 3079:in JSTOR 2899:Cch.coop 2699:BBC News 2189:BBC News 1227:in JSTOR 1198:in JSTOR 971:7 August 858:See also 845:Scotland 805:for the 399:terraced 390:mortgage 235:Post War 39:mortgage 3980:Ukraine 3930:Romania 3890:Moldova 3848:Ireland 3843:Iceland 3838:Hungary 3828:Germany 3823:Georgia 3813:Finland 3808:Estonia 3803:Denmark 3788:Croatia 3773:Belgium 3768:Belarus 3758:Austria 3753:Armenia 3748:Andorra 3743:Albania 3509:Housing 3315:England 3288:General 3274:Glasgow 3153:(1981). 2071:13 June 1877:11 June 1820:Gov.UK 1254:(1983). 1241:(1977). 841:England 837:Shelter 516:Renting 357:Wapping 286:stop-go 284:, the ‘ 195:Norfolk 144:Liberal 71:History 4066:Jersey 4008:Kosovo 3975:Turkey 3965:Sweden 3945:Serbia 3935:Russia 3920:Poland 3915:Norway 3895:Monaco 3865:Latvia 3833:Greece 3818:France 3793:Cyprus 3461:Byelaw 3414:Estate 3094:(1979) 3087:(1980) 3070:(1980) 2492:GOV.UK 2296:7 July 2270:7 July 2245:7 July 2215:GOV.UK 2195:26 May 1950:7 July 1806:7 July 1732:7 July 1682:7 July 1657:7 July 1573: 1565: 1368:Pugh, 1274: 1110: 1058:7 July 1032:7 July 1001:7 July 931:7 July 640:Europe 528:, and 463:London 429:Labour 58:London 50:Europe 4041:Åland 3960:Spain 3885:Malta 3855:Italy 3434:Airey 2952:(PDF) 2941:(PDF) 2879:2 May 2778:(PDF) 2734:(PDF) 2723:(PDF) 2644:(PDF) 2584:(PDF) 2564:(PDF) 2526:(PDF) 2474:(PDF) 2424:(PDF) 2381:(PDF) 2341:(PDF) 2000:(PDF) 1983:(PDF) 1758:(PDF) 1751:(PDF) 1726:(PDF) 1715:(PDF) 1571:S2CID 1023:(PDF) 965:(PDF) 954:(PDF) 3665:1900 3660:1890 3655:1885 3639:2016 3634:1986 3629:1919 3624:1909 3608:2023 3603:2008 3598:2004 3586:1996 3581:1988 3576:1985 3571:1980 3566:1969 3561:1961 3556:1957 3551:1949 3546:1944 3541:1936 3536:1935 3531:1933 3526:1930 3521:1924 3516:1874 3424:Oast 3419:Hall 3407:List 3397:Boot 2960:2017 2924:2017 2881:2015 2742:2016 2675:2016 2613:2012 2499:2021 2457:2016 2432:2016 2407:2016 2364:DCLG 2349:2016 2324:2019 2298:2017 2272:2017 2247:2017 2222:2023 2197:2024 2150:2023 2124:2023 2099:2023 2073:2016 2047:2016 2008:2016 1952:2017 1926:2016 1901:2019 1879:2016 1854:2016 1808:2019 1786:2017 1734:2017 1684:2017 1659:2017 1563:ISSN 1272:ISBN 1144:2023 1119:2016 1108:ISSN 1086:2016 1060:2017 1034:2017 1003:2017 973:2019 933:2017 843:and 561:The 427:The 413:and 375:and 367:and 355:and 324:and 1555:doi 510:GDP 60:. 4088:: 3107:. 2943:. 2915:. 2897:. 2840:. 2836:. 2818:. 2814:. 2795:. 2759:. 2725:. 2707:^ 2697:. 2683:^ 2666:. 2655:^ 2603:. 2586:. 2490:. 2448:. 2398:. 2314:. 2288:. 2263:. 2238:. 2213:. 2186:. 2167:. 2141:. 2115:. 2090:. 2064:. 2038:. 1942:. 1917:. 1870:. 1777:. 1717:. 1675:. 1649:. 1632:^ 1569:. 1561:. 1551:72 1549:. 1545:. 1135:. 1102:. 1076:. 1050:. 1025:. 1011:^ 994:. 981:^ 956:. 941:^ 924:. 913:^ 847:. 577:. 524:, 328:. 320:, 149:, 67:. 3721:e 3714:t 3707:v 3213:e 3206:t 3199:v 2962:. 2926:. 2901:. 2883:. 2857:. 2763:. 2744:. 2701:. 2677:. 2629:. 2615:. 2501:. 2459:. 2434:. 2409:. 2351:. 2326:. 2300:. 2274:. 2249:. 2224:. 2199:. 2171:. 2152:. 2126:. 2101:. 2075:. 2049:. 2024:. 2010:. 1985:. 1954:. 1928:. 1903:. 1881:. 1856:. 1810:. 1788:. 1736:. 1686:. 1661:. 1577:. 1557:: 1280:. 1146:. 1121:. 1088:. 1062:. 1036:. 1005:. 975:. 935:. 822:. 665:. 268:( 29:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.