233:, a kenning for woman) (stanza 9). The identity of the woman that Heimdall and his companions visit in the lower world is not revealed. She has been variously identified as Idunn, Hela, and as Urd. The messengers ask her the beginning, duration and end of heaven, the world, and hel (stanza 11). Tears are her only response (stanzas 12-13). The failed messengers return to Asgard, joining a feast in progress (stanzas 14-15). Heimdall tells the gods of their mission; Loki informs the goddesses (stanzas 16-19). The festivities conclude (stanza 21), and the onset of night is described in mythological terms (stanzas 22-26). In the final verse, Heimdall lifts his horn toward heaven.
33:
161:(other Eddic poems thought to be of later authorship and exist only in paper manuscripts). But in her 2011 critical edition with accompanying translation (rendered into English by Anthony Faulkes), she states unequivocally that the poem "is a postmedieval poem" probably composed soon after "the rediscovery of the Codex Regius of the Elder Edda in 1643". Elsewhere she assigns a
228:
The poem begins with five stanzas of ominous introduction, the narrative proper setting in during stanza 6. Idunn falls from the world-tree (stanzas 6-7) and is given a wolfskin to wear (stanza 8). Alarmed, Odin sends a trio of messengers led by
Heimdall to get news from a woman designated as "the
148:
However, metrical, linguistic, and stylistic evidence all point towards a date in the 16th century at the earliest, and the scholarly consensus has rested on the seventeenth. Annette Lassen, in her preliminary assessment (2006) had stated conservatively that this poem should not be subject to greater
346:
Most other manuscripts of
Hrafnagaldur Óðins are derived from A and B. The number and ordering of stanzas is the same in all manuscripts. There are only minor differences in the texts. The text of the poem is cryptic and most probably corrupt. The final stanza does not appear to form a satisfactory
453:
Interest in the poem has been renewed after 1998, when
Eysteinn Björnsson and William P. Reaves posted an edition of the poem with English translation and commentary online. Although this edition was "for the most part removed again in 2002", leaving only the English translation of the poem in its
476:
in 2002. This popular interest in the poem was followed by an
Icelandic edition, edited by Icelandic philologist Jónas Kristjansson, former head of the Arni Magnusson Institute, published in the Lesbók of the Icelandic newspaper Morgunblaðid, 27/4 2002 in which he acknowledges the recent popular
244:
is transmitted in a single version, with minimal discrepancies, contained in at least thirty-seven copies dating from the latter half of the 17th century to the 1870s, now housed in
Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany and the United States. Annette Lassen used five manuscripts of
350:
According to analysis of the best manuscripts, the various copies all derive from a single archetype. Since it is not transmitted in other than paper manuscripts, the poem is often considered a later work, possibly a post-medieval imitation of an Eddic poem, akin to
370:(1714-1791). Nevertheless, a vellum manuscript of the poem may once have existed. Árni Magnússon makes reference to the poem in a letter dated June 18, 1729 to Jón Halldórsson, Dean of Hítardalur, raising the possibility that such a manuscript was lost in the
390:(1787). The tome was a collaboration of several co-editors, but Lassen identifies Guđmundur Magnusson (Gudmundus Magnæus, 1741-1798) as the poem's editor, translator (into Latin), and commentator. The text is that of MS Icel. 47, a manuscript edition made by
374:, which destroyed a large part of Arni's library, including as many as 15 bound manuscripts of Eddic poetry. Bugge (who concluded the poem was of late authorship) knew the letter but dismissed it as unreliable.
297:
ca. 1650-1799?. A portion was written ca. 1673-7 by Ásgeir Jónsson, and the rest written in the 18th century, 8~9 scribes in all, according to Lassen, correcting Páll Eggert Ólason’s catalogue date of 1660.
2206:
3146:
441:
in his 1867 edition of the Poetic Edda argued that the poem was a work of the 17th century, and after this, it was mostly ignored by editors and students of the Edda. An exception is
2196:
3191:
2201:
503:
286:
2176:
1003:, vol. 1, Jón Jónsson, Jón Ólafsson of Svefney, Finnr Magnússon, and Gunnar Pálsson, Hafniæ（Kjøbenhavn）: Legati Magnæani et Gyldendalii, pp. 199–
545:
391:
2171:
1348:
872:, p. lxviii: "Lidet er at bygge paa Udtrykkene i „En Skrivelse fra Arne Magnusen til Hr. John Haldorsen, Provst i Hitardal, dateret 18 Junii 1729.."
402:
401:, which contained variant readings, used in the critical apparatus of the edition. The critical apparatus also made use of commentary by aforementioned
360:
145:
argued in favor of an earlier dating than Bugge, perhaps to the 14th century, based on linguistic evidence and the seemingly corrupt state of the text.
2191:
2186:
2181:
2166:
2161:
2156:
1326:
445:, who in 1886 accepted the poem as authentic and sought to explain its narrative as referring to the time Idun was taken from Asgard by Thjazi.
634:
326:
18th century. The first leaf bears inscription "Skrifud af Diakna Paule", identified by Lassen as Deacon Páll
Sveinsson Torfasonar 1704–1784
2151:
2146:
1190:
Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir, The
Werewolf in Medieval Icelandic Literature, Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol.106:3 (2007)
3211:
1640:
1570:
559:
or Codex E employed in the
Arnamagnæan also refers to the deacon's manuscript by initial "P.S." and uses variant readings from it.
17:
1151:
3421:
2609:
2046:
1260:
1730:
516:
2483:
1319:
1121:
3383:
3123:
3005:
1143:
2304:
2299:
2028:
3648:
974:"Sigur Rós, Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson, Steindór Andersen: Hrafnagaldur Óðins, Barbican Centre, London, April 21st, 2002"
472:. In support of this, their translation was printed in the programme of the London performance of the work at the
1128:
454:
place, Eysteinn Björnsson and Reaves' work on the poem led to the performance of the choral and orchestral work
187:
loanword, used in
Iceland after the middle of the 14th century, though the poem can "hardly be as old as that."
1312:
2553:
3950:
3722:
3655:
431:(1860), and Frederich Wilhelm Bergmann (1875) also published editions of the poem. Finnur Magnusson (1822),
3641:
3955:
3166:
339:
294:
3673:
1630:
32:
3708:
3333:
3323:
1720:
1224:
edition of the poem; [http://www.mbl.is/mm/gagnasafn/grein.html?grein_id=664351 synopsis and commentary
261:
2431:
1838:
435:(1851) and Benjamin Thorpe (1865) produced translations into Danish, German and English respectively.
3414:
2488:
2331:
1600:
3750:
2563:
1113:
1082:
1031:
2356:
1357:
649:
3743:
2441:
1203:
465:
383:
107:
and not been extensively studied. But prior to Bugge's work the poem was considered a part of the
3566:
3471:
3268:
2886:
2468:
2436:
2376:
2351:
1550:
371:
269:
136:
3715:
3492:
2138:
323:
2056:
1175:
1060:
1040:
996:
3960:
3118:
3091:
3023:
1091:
1009:
955:
550:
456:
424:
396:
3729:
3013:
2580:
2371:
1231:
1223:
1212:
179:
which is adapted into the poem in st. 22. Another dating clue is the occurrence of the word
3407:
3328:
1243:
Lassen, Annette (2006), "Hrafnagaldur Óðins / Forspjallsljóð : et antikvarisk digt?",
245:
critical value in her edition. All manuscripts that contain the poem include the subtitle
175:(1500), which she says must have been the conduit through which the poet learned the adage
3789:
469:
407:
365:
8:
2685:
2493:
2086:
1580:
1462:
1298:
89:. It is preserved only in late paper manuscripts. In his influential 1867 edition of the
2227:
1292:
1197:
3929:
3757:
3589:
3520:
3181:
2901:
1923:
1335:
1101:
1070:
1019:
500:, p. 315, "has recently dated to the first half of the 17th century", quoted from
162:
151:
127:
characterized it as "amongst the most deeply poetical and singular hymns of the Edda".
80:
3818:
2381:
1998:
1983:
1823:
3701:
3388:
3378:
3237:
3201:
3028:
2590:
1993:
1387:
1217:
1191:
1139:
274:
184:
141:
112:
3908:
2951:
2916:
2911:
2851:
1432:
428:
157:
53:
3924:
2821:
2321:
2081:
1938:
1873:
1362:
1304:
3825:
3736:
3108:
2629:
2498:
2366:
1763:
1520:
1289:
1268:
533:
3914:
3876:
3559:
3513:
3485:
3478:
3318:
2526:
2274:
1339:
1170:
473:
202:
116:
3869:
2956:
2806:
2478:
197:
3796:
3694:
3680:
3545:
3527:
3242:
3096:
2871:
2649:
2624:
2533:
2116:
2003:
1953:
1943:
1868:
754:
511:
442:
268:
First brought to Sweden in 1681 by Guðmunður Ólafsson. Base manuscript used by
124:
99:
97:
reasoned that the poem was a 17th-century work, composed as an introduction to
3598:
3575:
2979:
2974:
2463:
1502:
1001:
Edda Sæmundar hinns Fróda. Edda rhythmica seu antiqvior, vulgo Sæmundina dicta
347:
conclusion, suggesting that the poem as it has come down to us is incomplete.
3944:
3901:
3552:
3232:
3227:
3176:
3161:
3103:
3051:
2931:
2926:
2861:
2856:
2776:
2766:
2665:
2639:
2548:
2222:
1978:
1813:
1683:
1635:
973:
3499:
3196:
2936:
2896:
2866:
2831:
2801:
2634:
2573:
2473:
2451:
2361:
2309:
1843:
1645:
3851:
3846:
3464:
3457:
3448:
3018:
2346:
1833:
1778:
1417:
738:
438:
432:
120:
94:
3764:
3687:
2921:
2881:
2761:
2746:
2386:
2267:
2101:
2091:
1863:
1283:
461:
3432:
3186:
3156:
3066:
2906:
2836:
2816:
2796:
2771:
2700:
2690:
1788:
1715:
1497:
1437:
420:
85:
3862:
3582:
3247:
3033:
2876:
2232:
1918:
1793:
1783:
1748:
427:. Hallgrimur Scheving (1837), P.A. Munch (1847), Hermann Lüning (1859),
3894:
3856:
3353:
3073:
2969:
2841:
2786:
2741:
2721:
2595:
2237:
1828:
3771:
2961:
2736:
2538:
1878:
1803:
1798:
1753:
3506:
3308:
3113:
3081:
2991:
2946:
2846:
2695:
2680:
2458:
2421:
2284:
1973:
1903:
1853:
1848:
1768:
1422:
214:
45:
3147:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of
Central and Northern Europe
2986:
2675:
2568:
2076:
2066:
2036:
2013:
1585:
1366:
3313:
3293:
2941:
2756:
2585:
2446:
2416:
2316:
2051:
1963:
1888:
1818:
1700:
1472:
1412:
1402:
225:, but does not appear to describe a myth known from other sources.
3399:
3358:
3343:
3278:
3171:
2826:
2791:
2670:
2543:
2396:
1988:
1968:
1883:
1620:
1615:
1560:
1545:
1457:
1427:
210:
37:
3303:
2891:
2811:
2781:
2726:
2644:
2257:
2071:
2041:
1743:
1695:
1407:
166:
3151:
2521:
2401:
2391:
2252:
1738:
1555:
1512:
1492:
1447:
1379:
588:
586:
382:
The first printed edition of the poem appeared in the so-called
2751:
2716:
2426:
2336:
2326:
2279:
2121:
2061:
1773:
1710:
1673:
1625:
1540:
171:
2262:
2106:
1908:
1655:
1650:
1590:
1482:
635:"Gullkársljóð og Hrafnagaldur: Framlag til sögu fornyrðislags"
3919:
3348:
3338:
3298:
3288:
3283:
2731:
2558:
2503:
2411:
2406:
2341:
2289:
2242:
2126:
2111:
2008:
1958:
1948:
1928:
1898:
1893:
1858:
1808:
1758:
1705:
1688:
1678:
1665:
1610:
1595:
1535:
1530:
1452:
1397:
1392:
583:
222:
70:
49:
3206:
1913:
1008:
Rask, Rasmus Kristian; Afzelius, Arvid August, eds. (1818).
3273:
3252:
3086:
3059:
2516:
2511:
2247:
2096:
2018:
1933:
1575:
1565:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1442:
218:
206:
201:
eight-line stanzas. It involves several known figures from
66:
41:
1261:"Hrafnagaldur Óðins / Forspjallsljóð (Odin's Raven Chant)"
111:
and included, for example, in the English translations of
2294:
1605:
1525:
571:
501:
103:. Since then it has not been included in editions of the
1096:. Vol. 1. London: Trübner & Co. pp. 28–32.
36:
The storyline of Hrafnagaldr Óðins involves the goddess
2197:
people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend
1120:
Eysteinn Björnsson and William P. Reaves (eds.), 2006.
1334:
994:
935:
881:
123:'s influential German translation (1851). In 1852,
1210:
632:
592:
497:
3942:
1229:
801:
799:
620:
1245:The Fantastic in Old Norse/Icelandic Literature
687:
685:
1258:
1014:. Stockholm: Typis Elmenianis. pp. 88–92.
165:to when the Icelanders were familiarized with
3415:
1320:
796:
1195:
1007:
682:
673:
671:
669:
577:
3049:
1349:Mythological Norse people, items and places
3422:
3408:
1327:
1313:
412:, scribbled on the manuscript AM 424 fol.
2147:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
1199:Literature and Romance of Northern Europe
971:
666:
310:National Library of Sweden. ca. 1650-1699
1301:Karl Simrock's German Translation, 1851.
1065:. Bristo l: N. Briggs. pp. 195–211.
1047:, Christiania: Malling, pp. 371–376
965:
31:
1158:
953:
947:
750:
504:"The Tradition of Icelandic sagnakvæði"
236:
14:
3943:
1242:
1196:Howitt, William; Howitt, Mary (1852).
1126:
1089:
1058:
1041:"Forspjallsljód eða Hrafnagaldr Óðins"
941:
916:
904:
892:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
790:
778:
766:
715:
703:
691:
677:
608:
604:
502:Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir (May 2013).
377:
3403:
1308:
1213:"Hrafnagaldur Óðins - Forspjallsljóð"
1038:
869:
727:
1211:Jónas Kristjánsson (27 April 2002),
1163:(1 ed.), Stuttgart und Tubingen
1136:Viking Society for Northern Research
930:Undersökningar i Germanisk Mythologi
485:
278:(2002), and Lassen's own base text.
3429:
2207:named weapons, armour and treasures
24:
3384:Heathenry (new religious movement)
25:
3972:
1252:
1122:Hrafnagaldur Óðins /Forspallsljóð
1059:Cottle, Amos Simon (tr.) (1797).
995:Guðmundur Magnússon, ed. (1787),
2047:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
1232:"Hljóðdvöl í Hrafnagaldri Óðins"
1230:Kristján Árnason (25 May 2002).
1161:Die Edda: die ältere und jüngere
372:Great Fire in Copenhagen of 1728
1090:Thorpe, Benjamin (tr.) (1866).
954:Service, Tom (April 23, 2002),
922:
910:
898:
886:
875:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
784:
772:
760:
744:
732:
721:
709:
539:
526:
415:The poem was published next in
2484:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
697:
626:
614:
598:
491:
13:
1:
1159:Simrock, Karl Joseph (1851),
983:
565:
532:1650-1799? is the dating at
448:
305:- Stockholm papp. fol. nr 57
7:
2554:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
1039:Bugge, Sophus, ed. (1867),
633:Haukur Þorgeirsson (2010).
340:National Library of Iceland
295:National Library of Iceland
256:- Stockholm papp. 8vo nr 15
190:
10:
3977:
3656:Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
3221:Festivals and holy periods
882:Guðmundur Magnússon (1787)
578:Howitt & Howitt (1852)
262:National Library of Sweden
229:doorpost of Gjöll's sun" (
3886:
3839:
3810:
3781:
3665:
3649:Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
3642:Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
3633:
3626:
3619:
3537:
3447:
3440:
3371:
3261:
3220:
3139:
3132:
3042:
3004:
2709:
2658:
2617:
2608:
2489:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
2215:
2202:named animals and plants
2137:
2027:
1729:
1664:
1511:
1378:
1355:
1346:
1280:(English tr. in parallel)
593:Jónas Kristjánsson (2002)
515:(6): 19n4. Archived from
498:Haukur Þorgeirsson (2010)
417:Edda Sæmundar hinns fróða
388:Edda Sæmundar hinns fróði
272:’s text in the newspaper
83:poem in the style of the
3723:Sigurðarkviða hin skamma
2310:Black elves (Svartálfar)
1127:Lassen, Annette (2011),
895:, pp. 6, 8, 76, 116
480:
195:The poem consists of 26
3192:Sacred trees and groves
2432:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
2305:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
1152:publication notice page
621:Kristján Árnason (2002)
139:in the Icelandic daily
130:
125:William and Mary Howitt
79:("prelude poem") is an
3050:
2300:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
1949:Narfi (father of Nott)
1286:Sophus Bugge's edition
1185:commentary and studies
324:Royal Library, Denmark
57:
3709:Brot af Sigurðarkviðu
2442:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
1721:Sister-wife of Njörðr
1129:"Hrafnagaldur Óðinns"
648:: 315. Archived from
611:, pp. 10, 12, 15
466:Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson
425:Arvid August Afzelius
149:skepticism than e.g.
35:
3951:Old Norse literature
3212:Wetlands and islands
2332:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
1259:Eysteinn Björnsson.
1178:, pp. 61-, 407-
997:"Hrafna-galdr Óþins"
919:, pp. 8, 22, 26
237:Manuscript tradition
3674:Frá dauða Sinfjötla
2494:Narfi (son of Loki)
1641:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
1202:. Colburn. p.
1093:Odin's Ravens' Song
378:Publication history
3956:17th-century poems
3930:Icelandic language
3730:Helreið Brynhildar
3567:Völuspá hin skamma
3441:Mythological poems
3140:Religious practice
3114:Old Norse language
2581:Váli (son of Loki)
2469:Líf and Lífthrasir
2377:Árvakr and Alsviðr
2372:Horses of the Æsir
2352:Hati Hróðvitnisson
1493:Váli (son of Odin)
1336:Old Norse religion
1247:, pp. 551–560
1176:5th edition (1874)
1171:2nd edition (1855)
1062:Song of the Ravens
1011:Hrafnagaldur Ódins
972:Sigur Rós (2002).
457:Odin's Raven Magic
419:, 1818, edited by
270:Jónas Kristjánsson
242:Hrafnagaldur Óðins
231:Giallar sunnu gátt
177:in nocte consilium
163:terminus post quem
137:Jónas Kristjánsson
119:(1866) as well as
58:
52:. Illustration by
18:Hrafnagaldur Óðins
3938:
3937:
3835:
3834:
3806:
3805:
3751:Guðrúnarkviða III
3615:
3614:
3606:Hrafnagaldr Óðins
3397:
3396:
3389:Nordic Bronze Age
3379:Germanic paganism
3367:
3366:
3238:Germanic calendar
3202:Temple at Uppsala
3000:
2999:
2604:
2603:
2564:Þjálfi and Röskva
2508:Personifications
1371:and other figures
1299:Odins Rabenzauber
1295:'s Danish edition
1290:Odins ravnes sang
781:, pp. 28, 29
486:Explanatory notes
470:Steindór Andersen
185:Middle Low German
62:Hrafnagaldr Óðins
16:(Redirected from
3968:
3925:Old Norse poetry
3811:Non-Codex Regius
3782:Jörmunrekkr Lays
3744:Guðrúnarkviða II
3631:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3538:Non-Codex Regius
3445:
3444:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3137:
3136:
3055:
2822:Grove of fetters
2615:
2614:
2322:Fjalar (rooster)
2082:Fjalar and Galar
1376:
1375:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1267:. Archived from
1248:
1239:
1221:
1207:
1167:
1164:
1148:
1133:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1048:
1045:Norræn fornkvæði
1035:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1004:
978:
977:
969:
963:
962:
951:
945:
939:
933:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
879:
873:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
748:
742:
736:
730:
725:
719:
713:
707:
706:, pp. 18–21
701:
695:
689:
680:
675:
664:
663:
661:
660:
654:
639:
630:
624:
618:
612:
602:
596:
590:
581:
575:
560:
554:
543:
537:
530:
524:
523:
521:
508:
495:
411:
400:
369:
318:- Thott 1491 4to
21:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3915:Norse mythology
3882:
3877:Codex Wormianus
3831:
3802:
3777:
3716:Guðrúnarkviða I
3661:
3611:
3533:
3436:
3428:
3398:
3393:
3363:
3319:Norse cosmology
3257:
3216:
3128:
3124:Later influence
3038:
2996:
2710:Other locations
2705:
2654:
2600:
2527:Sumarr and Vetr
2211:
2133:
2023:
1824:Gjálp and Greip
1725:
1660:
1507:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1274:
1272:
1255:
1165:
1146:
1131:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1016:
986:
981:
970:
966:
952:
948:
940:
936:
927:
923:
915:
911:
903:
899:
891:
887:
880:
876:
864:
860:
852:
848:
844:, pp. 64–5
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
797:
789:
785:
777:
773:
765:
761:
755:Rydberg, Viktor
749:
745:
737:
733:
726:
722:
714:
710:
702:
698:
690:
683:
676:
667:
658:
656:
652:
637:
631:
627:
619:
615:
603:
599:
591:
584:
576:
572:
568:
563:
557:Codex Ericianus
548:
544:
540:
531:
527:
519:
506:
496:
492:
488:
483:
474:Barbican Centre
451:
405:
394:
380:
363:
359:), composed by
239:
203:Norse mythology
193:
133:
117:Benjamin Thorpe
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3920:Skaldic poetry
3917:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3556:
3549:
3546:Baldrs draumar
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3453:
3451:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3014:Æsir–Vanir War
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:Hoddmímis holt
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Körmt and Örmt
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2117:Sons of Ivaldi
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1692:
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1686:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
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1653:
1648:
1643:
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1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1463:Móði and Magni
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1293:Finn Magnussen
1287:
1284:Forspjallsljóð
1281:
1254:
1253:External links
1251:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1227:
1208:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1145:978-0903521819
1144:
1124:
1118:
1087:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1036:
1005:
991:
990:
985:
982:
980:
979:
964:
946:
934:
921:
909:
897:
885:
874:
858:
846:
834:
822:
810:
795:
783:
771:
759:
751:Simrock (1851)
743:
731:
720:
708:
696:
681:
665:
625:
613:
597:
582:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:
538:
525:
522:on 2015-09-24.
512:RMN Newsletter
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
460:with music by
450:
447:
443:Viktor Rydberg
429:Theodor Möbius
403:Gunnar Pálsson
379:
376:
361:Gunnar Pálsson
344:
343:
336:
335:
334:- Lbs 1441 4to
328:
327:
320:
319:
312:
311:
307:
306:
299:
298:
291:
290:
266:
265:
264:ca. 1650-1699.
258:
257:
247:Forspjallsljóð
238:
235:
192:
189:
132:
129:
100:Baldrs draumar
76:Forspjallsljóð
54:Lorenz Frølich
27:Icelandic poem
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3973:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3902:Eddica minora
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3827:
3826:Hervararkviða
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3758:Oddrúnargrátr
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:Dráp Niflunga
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:Niflung Cycle
3664:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3590:Fjölsvinnsmál
3587:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3521:Völundarkviða
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:Vafþrúðnismál
3469:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Öndvegissúlur
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Heitstrenging
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Völsung Cycle
3107:
3105:
3104:Tyrfing Cycle
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:Gesta Danorum
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:Fróði's Peace
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Shield-maiden
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
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1271:on 2015-12-12
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942:Lassen (2011)
938:
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917:Lassen (2011)
913:
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905:Lassen (2011)
901:
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893:Lassen (2011)
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867:
866:Lassen (2006)
862:
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854:Lassen (2011)
850:
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838:
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830:Lassen (2011)
826:
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814:
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806:Lassen (2011)
802:
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787:
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779:Lassen (2011)
775:
768:
767:Lassen (2011)
763:
756:
752:
747:
740:
739:Doepler, Emil
735:
729:
724:
718:, pp. 18
717:
716:Lassen (2011)
712:
705:
704:Lassen (2011)
700:
693:
692:Lassen (2011)
688:
686:
679:
678:Lassen (2006)
674:
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655:on 2022-11-30
651:
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629:
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617:
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609:Lassen (2011)
606:
605:Lassen (2006)
601:
594:
589:
587:
580:, p. 85.
579:
574:
570:
558:
552:
547:
546:Jón Eiríksson
542:
535:
529:
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389:
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357:Gunnars-slagr
354:
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55:
51:
47:
43:
40:and the gods
39:
34:
30:
19:
3961:Eddic poetry
3907:
3900:
3893:
3875:
3870:Flateyjarbók
3868:
3861:
3852:AM 748 I 4to
3847:Codex Regius
3824:
3817:
3795:
3790:Guðrúnarhvöt
3788:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3702:Sigrdrífumál
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3627:Codex Regius
3605:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3493:Hárbarðsljóð
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:Codex Regius
3431:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3029:Hjaðningavíg
2807:Glæsisvellir
2347:Gullinbursti
1994:Útgarða-Loki
1388:Almáttki áss
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1264:
1244:
1236:Morgunblaðið
1235:
1218:Morgunblaðið
1216:
1198:
1160:
1135:
1092:
1061:
1053:translations
1044:
1010:
1000:
976:. p. 6.
967:
960:The Guardian
959:
949:
944:, p. 9.
937:
929:
924:
912:
900:
888:
877:
870:Bugge (1867)
861:
856:, p. 67
849:
837:
832:, p. 64
825:
820:, p. 35
813:
793:, p. 28
786:
774:
769:, p. 22
762:
746:
734:
728:Bugge (1867)
723:
711:
699:
657:. Retrieved
650:the original
645:
641:
628:
616:
600:
573:
556:
541:
528:
517:the original
510:
493:
455:
452:
439:Sophus Bugge
437:
433:Karl Simrock
416:
414:
387:
381:
356:
352:
349:
345:
331:
315:
302:
282:
275:Morgunblaðið
273:
267:
253:
246:
241:
240:
230:
227:
205:, including
198:fornyrðislag
196:
194:
180:
176:
170:
156:
150:
147:
142:Morgunblaðið
140:
134:
121:Karl Simrock
113:A. S. Cottle
108:
104:
98:
95:Sophus Bugge
90:
84:
75:
74:
61:
60:
59:
29:
3840:Manuscripts
3620:Heroic Lays
3599:Gróttasöngr
3576:Svipdagsmál
3433:Poetic Edda
3187:Reginnaglar
3119:Orthography
3092:Jómsvíkinga
3067:Poetic Edda
2980:Urðarbrunnr
2975:Mímisbrunnr
2907:Singasteinn
2837:Hindarfjall
2817:Gnipahellir
2797:Ginnungagap
2772:Fyrisvellir
2767:Fornsigtuna
2701:Vimur River
2691:Slidr River
2464:Jörmungandr
1874:Hrímgrímnir
1503:Vili and Vé
1110:|work=
1079:|work=
1028:|work=
956:"Sigur Ros"
907:, p. 8
808:, p. 9
694:, p. 7
549: [
421:Rasmus Rask
406: [
395: [
386:edition of
384:Arnamagnæan
364: [
353:Gunnarslagr
115:(1797) and
109:Poetic Edda
105:Poetic Edda
91:Poetic Edda
86:Poetic Edda
3945:Categories
3895:Prose Edda
3857:AM 738 4to
3819:Hlöðskviða
3634:Helgi Lays
3560:Hyndluljóð
3514:Þrymskviða
3500:Hymiskviða
3486:Skírnismál
3479:Grímnismál
3354:Viking Age
3329:Philosophy
3197:Sonargöltr
3082:Runestones
3074:Prose Edda
3019:Fimbulvetr
2970:Hvergelmir
2937:Valaskjálf
2897:Sessrúmnir
2867:Jötunheimr
2842:Hlidskjalf
2832:Himinbjörg
2802:Glaðsheimr
2787:Gastropnir
2742:Bilskirnir
2722:Amsvartnir
2635:Gjallarbrú
2618:Underworld
2574:Landvættir
2474:Loddfáfnir
2452:Svaðilfari
2437:Hófvarpnir
2382:Blóðughófi
2362:Hildisvíni
2238:Aurvandill
1999:Vafþrúðnir
1984:Þrúðgelmir
1844:Harðgreipr
1275:2013-07-01
1265:Jörmungand
984:References
868:, citing
659:2018-03-14
534:handrit.is
183:st. 20, a
3909:Sólarljóð
3797:Hamðismál
3765:Atlakviða
3695:Fáfnismál
3688:Reginsmál
3681:Grípisspá
3528:Alvíssmál
3507:Lokasenna
3309:Mead hall
3243:Þorrablót
3097:Legendary
2992:Yggdrasil
2952:Víðbláinn
2947:Vanaheimr
2922:Þrymheimr
2917:Þrúðvangr
2912:Þrúðheimr
2882:Munarvágr
2872:Mímameiðr
2847:Hnitbjorg
2762:Fólkvangr
2747:Brávellir
2696:Vadgelmir
2681:Kerlaugar
2650:Niðafjöll
2610:Locations
2586:Valkyries
2534:Sæhrímnir
2422:Gulltoppr
2387:Falhófnir
2285:Einherjar
2268:Landdísir
2102:Mótsognir
2092:Hreiðmarr
2004:Víðblindi
1954:Sökkmímir
1944:Mögþrasir
1904:Hyrrokkin
1869:Hrímgerðr
1864:Hræsvelgr
1854:Helreginn
1849:Helblindi
1769:Bergelmir
1433:Ítreksjóð
1340:mythology
1112:ignored (
1102:cite book
1081:ignored (
1071:cite book
1030:ignored (
1020:cite book
928:Rydberg,
566:Citations
536:database.
462:Sigur Rós
449:Reception
215:Heimdallr
158:Sólarljóð
135:In 2002,
81:Icelandic
69:'s raven-
46:Heimdallr
3887:See also
3863:Hauksbók
3583:Grógaldr
3553:Rígsþula
3372:See also
3294:Hamingja
3248:Vetrnætr
3233:Dísablót
3228:Álfablót
3034:Ragnarök
2942:Valhalla
2932:Útgarðar
2877:Myrkviðr
2862:Járnviðr
2857:Iðavöllr
2777:Gálgviðr
2757:Fensalir
2666:Élivágar
2640:Náströnd
2630:Éljúðnir
2499:Níðhöggr
2447:Sleipnir
2417:Gullfaxi
2317:Fimafeng
2233:Auðumbla
2052:Billingr
1979:Þrívaldi
1964:Suttungr
1919:Járnsaxa
1889:Hrungnir
1819:Gillingr
1814:Geirröðr
1794:Fárbauti
1784:Býleistr
1749:Angrboða
1701:Gullveig
1413:Heimdall
1403:Dellingr
1166:(German)
989:editions
342:ca. 1760
289:1562 4to
191:Contents
3772:Atlamál
3465:Hávamál
3458:Völuspá
3324:Numbers
3304:Kenning
3177:Worship
3133:Society
3043:Sources
2962:Vingólf
2957:Vígríðr
2927:Uppsala
2892:Okolnir
2812:Glitnir
2782:Gandvik
2737:Bifröst
2727:Andlang
2645:Niflhel
2591:Völundr
2539:Skírnir
2479:Móðguðr
2275:Dragons
2258:Byggvir
2087:Gandalf
2072:Dvalinn
2042:Andvari
1879:Hrímnir
1834:Gunnlöð
1804:Fornjót
1799:Fjölvar
1779:Bölþorn
1754:Aurboða
1744:Alvaldi
1696:Gersemi
1513:Ásynjur
1418:Hermóðr
1408:Forseti
1358:Deities
477:works.
167:Erasmus
3167:Horses
3006:Events
2987:Ýdalir
2966:Wells
2902:Sindri
2887:Nóatún
2752:Brimir
2717:Asgard
2676:Ífingr
2659:Rivers
2569:Vættir
2427:Gyllir
2337:Fylgja
2327:Fenrir
2280:Draugs
2216:Others
2139:Heroes
2122:Brokkr
2077:Fáfnir
2067:Dúrnir
2062:Durinn
2037:Alvíss
2029:Dwarfs
2014:Vörnir
1924:Laufey
1789:Eggþér
1774:Bestla
1731:Jötnar
1716:Njörðr
1711:Kvasir
1674:Freyja
1626:Snotra
1586:Njörun
1541:Gefjon
1498:Víðarr
1438:Lóðurr
1367:jötnar
1363:dwarfs
1142:
757:(1889)
741:(1881)
642:Gripla
468:, and
181:máltíd
172:Adagia
73:") or
3359:Völva
3349:Skald
3344:Seiðr
3339:Runes
3334:Rings
3299:Heiti
3284:Galdr
3279:Félag
3269:Death
3262:Other
3172:Hörgr
3087:Sagas
2827:Heiðr
2792:Gimlé
2732:Barri
2671:Gjöll
2596:Vörðr
2559:Troll
2544:Sköll
2504:Norns
2412:Grani
2407:Glenr
2397:Glaðr
2367:Hjúki
2342:Garmr
2295:Elves
2290:Eldir
2263:Dísir
2243:Beyla
2177:Hi–Hy
2127:Eitri
2112:Regin
2057:Dáinn
2009:Vosud
1989:Þrymr
1969:Þjazi
1959:Surtr
1929:Leikn
1899:Hymir
1894:Hrymr
1884:Hroðr
1859:Hljod
1839:Gymir
1829:Gríðr
1809:Gangr
1759:Baugi
1706:Hnoss
1689:Yngvi
1679:Freyr
1666:Vanir
1646:Þrúðr
1621:Skaði
1616:Sjöfn
1611:Sigyn
1596:Rindr
1581:Nanna
1561:Iðunn
1546:Gerðr
1536:Fulla
1531:Frigg
1458:Mímir
1453:Meili
1428:Hœnir
1398:Bragi
1393:Baldr
1132:(PDF)
653:(PDF)
638:(PDF)
553:]
520:(PDF)
507:(PDF)
481:Notes
410:]
399:]
368:]
223:Bragi
211:Iðunn
71:galdr
50:Bragi
38:Iðunn
3430:The
3289:Goði
3274:Ergi
3253:Yule
3152:Blót
3060:Edda
2522:Nótt
2517:Elli
2512:Dagr
2459:Jörð
2402:Glær
2392:Gísl
2253:Búri
2248:Borr
2228:Auðr
2172:H–He
2097:Litr
2019:Ymir
1974:Þökk
1939:Logi
1934:Litr
1764:Beli
1739:Ægir
1601:Sága
1576:Lofn
1571:Irpa
1566:Ilmr
1556:Hlín
1488:Ullr
1478:Thor
1468:Odin
1448:Máni
1443:Loki
1423:Höðr
1380:Æsir
1338:and
1140:ISBN
1114:help
1083:help
1032:help
423:and
355:(or
221:and
219:Loki
207:Odin
155:and
131:Date
67:Odin
48:and
42:Loki
3314:Nīþ
3157:Hof
2625:Hel
2357:Hel
2192:T–Y
2187:P–S
2182:I–O
2167:F–G
2162:D–E
2157:B–C
2107:Ótr
1909:Iði
1656:Vör
1651:Vár
1636:Syn
1631:Sól
1606:Sif
1591:Rán
1551:Gná
1526:Eir
1521:Bil
1483:Týr
1473:Óðr
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332:E
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283:B
254:A
56:.
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