2828:
1047:
asks Hróarr if he at least could have a look at the ring, whereupon he takes the ring and throws it into the water. Hróarr naturally becomes angry, and cuts off Hrókr's feet and sends him back to his ships. Hrókr cannot live with this, and so he returns with a large army and slays Hróarr. Helgi avenges his brother by also cutting off Hrókr's arms. Hróarr's son Agnar retrieves the ring by diving in the water, which gives him great glory. Agnar is said to have become greater than his father, and much talked of in the old sagas.
586:(see below), Hrothgar and Hroðulf defeat Ingeld, and if Scandinavian tradition (see the more detailed discussion below) is to be trusted Hrothgar himself is killed by a relative, or by the king of Sweden, but he is avenged by his younger brother Halga. Halga dies in a Viking expedition; Hroðulf succeeds him and rises in fame, and according to Hroðulf's own saga and other sources, Hroðulf's cousin and/or brother-in-law
1595:, where he is only a name in a list, three elements are common to all of the accounts: he was the son of a Danish king Healfdene, the brother of Halga, and he was the uncle of Hroðulf. Apart from that, the Scandinavian tradition is unanimous in dwelling on the incestuous relationship between Halga and his daughter Yrsa which resulted in Hroðulf, a story which was either not presented in
435:), and describes him as "old and good." The poet emphasizes that the Danes "did not find fault" with Hrothgar, "for that was a good King". When Beowulf defeats Grendel, Hrothgar rewards Beowulf and his men with great treasures, showing his gratitude and open-handedness. The poet says that Hrothgar is so generous that "no man could fault him, who wished to speak the truth."
40:
481:, and Hroðulf is to be regent if Hrothgar dies before his sons are grown. (Since Hrothgar is an old man at this time—he tells Beowulf he has been king for "fifty winters"—and Wealhþeow's two sons are not yet grown, it seems likely that Wealhþeow is much younger than Hrothgar, and may not be his first wife.)
1477:
Fain to extend his empire, he warred upon the East, and after a huge massacre of many peoples begat two sons, Athisl and Hother, and appointed as their tutor a certain Gewar, who was bound to him by great services. Not content with conquering the East, he assailed
Denmark, challenged its king, Ro, in
1035:
and both of them rule a kingdom, but
Halfdan is good-natured and friendly, whereas Fróði is savage. Fróði attacks and kills Halfdan and makes himself the king of a united Denmark. He then sets out to neutralize his nephews Hróarr and Helgi. However, the two brothers survive on an island, protected by
488:
attacks the hall and kills
Hrothgar's best friend and closest advisor; but when Beowulf advises him not to despair, and that "it is better to avenge our friends than to mourn overmuch", Hrothgar leaps to his feet and thanks God for Beowulf's wise words, and leads the Danes and Geats out to attack the
469:
in
Scandinavian sources) as Hrothgar's supporter and right-hand man; and we learn that Hroðulf is Hrothgar's nephew and that "each was true to the other". The common piece of information that Hrothgar's younger brother Halga is Hroðulf's father comes from Scandinavian sources (see below), where Halga
885:
There are also notable differences. The Heaðobards Ingeld and Froda also appear in
Scandinavian tradition, but their tribe, the Heaðobards, had long been forgotten, and instead the tribal feud was rendered as a family feud. Their relationship as father and son had also been reversed in some sources,
344:
1046:
Sævil Jarl's son Hrókr (Hróarr and Helgi's nephew) becomes jealous that he has not inherited anything from his grandfather
Halfdan; he goes to his uncle Helgi to claim his inheritance. Helgi refuses to give him a third of Denmark, and so instead he goes to Northumbria to claim the golden ring. He
667:
This piece suggests that the conflict between the
Scyldings Hrothgar and Hroðulf on one side, and the Heaðobards Froda and Ingeld on the other, was well known in Anglo-Saxon England. This conflict also appears in Scandinavian sources, but in the Norse tradition the Heaðobards had apparently been
1146:
The two brothers both become kings of
Denmark, and Roas marries the daughter of the king of England. When Helgo's son Rolfo (whom Helgo begat with his own daughter Yrsa) is eight years old, Helgo dies and Rolfo succeeds him. Not much later, Roas is killed by his half-brothers Rærecus and Frodo,
886:
and so either Ingeld or Froda is given as the brother of
Healfdene. Ingeld or Froda murdered Healfdene, but was himself killed in revenge by Hrothgar and Halga. Moreover, in Scandinavian tradition, Hrothgar is a minor character in comparison to his nephew Hroðulf. Such differences indicate that
590:
slays Hroðulf (is this the event referred to as the burning of Heorot?). Heoroweard himself dies in that battle, and according to two sources, this happens only a few hours later, as an act of vengeance by a man loyal to Hroðulf, called Wigg. This is the kin-slaying end of the
Scylding dynasty.
1159:
by mentioning that they had a sister, and by dealing with their feud with Froda (Frodo) and Ingeld (Ingjaldus), although there is a role reversal by making Ingeld the father of Froda instead of the other way round. It agrees with the other Scandinavian versions by treating Halga's incestuous
1505:, it presents Hroðulf (Roluo) as the son of Halga and his own daughter. A striking difference is that the Swedish king Eadgils (Athisl) is pushed forward a generation, and instead, Saxo introduces Hrothgar's killer Hothbrodd as the father of Eadgils, a place that other sources give to
1575:, where the Heaðobards are forgotten and the feud with Froda and Ingeld has become a family feud. The main plot is that Ingeld had the sons Frodo (Froda) and Harald (corresponds to Healfdene). The relationship between Ingeld and Froda was thus reversed, a reversal also found in the
1231:
was descended from kings and heroes in Scandinavian legend. The only reason for assuming that Hróarr is the same as Hrothgar, the Scylding, is that only Hrothgar would be a personage of old so famous so as not to need any further identification than his name. However, the
420:. Most 20th-century translators followed this suggestion. However, in Norse tradition, Yrsa was the daughter and lover/rape victim of Hrothgar's younger brother Halga, and the mother of Halga's son Hroðulf, and most modern translators simply leave the line as it is.
1405:
does; nor do they mention his spouse or his children. However, they introduce a sharing of power between Hrothgar and Halga where Halga only had power over the fleet. Hrothgar is reported as founding the town of Roskilde, which coincides with the information in
1130:
Ingjaldus is jealous of his half-brother Haldan and so he attacks and kills him, and then marries Sigrith. Ingjaldus and Sigrith then have two sons named Rærecus and Frodo. Their half-sister Signy stays with her mother until she is married to Sævil, the
499:
Beowulf takes his leave of Hrothgar to return home, and Hrothgar embraces him and weeps that they will not meet again (because Hroðgar is a very old man). This is Hrothgar's last appearance in the poem. When Beowulf reports on his adventure to his lord
1057:
by removing Hrothgar altogether as the king of Denmark. Instead, his place is taken by his brother Halga, and Hrothgar is sent to Northumberland, where he marries Ögn, the daughter of a positively fictive king Norðri who is named after Northumberland
1631:
by mentioning that they had a sister, and by mentioning their feud with Froda and Ingeld, albeit with alterations. What is unique to the Icelandic versions are the adventures of Hrothgar and Halga before one of the two brothers could become king.
1583:. Froda killed his brother and tried to get rid of his nephews Harald (corresponds to Hrothgar) and Haldanus (corresponds to Halga). After some adventures, the two brothers burnt their uncle to death inside his house and avenged their father.
1150:
This version agrees with all other versions of the legend of Hrothgar (Roas) and Halga (Helgo) by making them sons of Healfdene (Haldan) and by presenting Hrothgar as the uncle of Hroðulf (Rolfo). It agrees with
427:, treasures at his table". When Beowulf leads his men to Denmark, he speaks of Hrothgar to both a coast-guard and to Hrothgar's herald: he calls Hrothgar a "famed king", "famed warrior", and "protector of the
1458:: that is, that Ro was the son of Haldanus and the brother of Helgo, and the uncle of his successor Roluo Krage (Hroðulf). It is only said about Ro that he was "short and spare", that he founded the town of
1373:
and Helghe were the sons of Haldan, who died of old age. The two brothers shared the rule, Ro taking the land and Helghe the water. They also tell that Ro founded and gave his name to the market town of
1172:
is the information that their sister was married to a Sævil Jarl, and that they had to hide on an island fleeing their kin-slaying uncle, before they could kill him and avenge their father.
1844:
manuscript was copied down by two different scribes (Scribe B took over midway through line 1939); this passage was copied down by Scribe A, who was somewhat more error-prone than Scribe B.
1410:
that he built Heorot. The information that Hroðulf (Rolf) was the result of an incestuous relationship between Halga and his daughter Yrse only appears in Scandinavian tradition. Like
948:
studies, without having any founding in the work itself, such as the information that Halga was, or probably was, Hroðulf's father. Another example is the existence of a woman named
515:
Beowulf predicts to Hygelac that Ingeld will turn against his father-in-law Hrothgar. Earlier in the poem, the poet tells us that the hall Heorot was eventually destroyed by fire:
392:; and a sister, who was married to the king of Sweden. The sister is not named in the manuscript and most scholars agree this is a scribal error, but suggested names are Signy and
1053:
Although it agrees with all the other Scandinavian sources in telling the story of Halga's incestuous relationship with his daughter Yrsa, it disagrees with all of them and with
1039:
Hróarr is presented as "meek and blithe", and he is completely removed from ruling the kingdom, leaving the rule to his brother Helgi. Instead he joins Norðri, the king of
1482:
Ro was, however, avenged by his brother Helgo, who then promptly went east and died in shame (because he discovered that he had fathered Roluo Krake with his own daughter
496:
After Beowulf defeats Grendel's mother, Hrothgar rewards him again, and then preaches a sermon in which he warns Beowulf to beware of arrogance and forgetfulness of God.
138:
living around the early sixth century AD. Many years later, Hrothgar paid money to the Wulfings to resolve a blood feud they had with Ecgtheow, Beowulf's father.
1050:
Helgi attacks Sweden to retrieve Yrsa, his daughter and lover, but is killed by Aðils, the king of Sweden. He is succeeded by Hrólfr Kraki, his son by Yrsa.
512:, whose king Froda had been killed in a war with the Danes, Hrothgar sent Freawaru to marry Froda's son Ingeld, in an unsuccessful attempt to end the feud.
1544:) appears with the son Agnar. In this version, Ingeld's son was about to marry Hroðulf's sister Rute, but a fight broke out and Agnar died in a duel with
1462:, and that when their father Haldanus died of old age, he shared the rule of the kingdom with his brother Helgo, Ro taking the land and Helgo the water.
1139:. Ingjaldus, who is worried that his nephews will want revenge, tries to find them and kill them, but Roas and Helgo survive by hiding on an island near
984:("Saga of the Scyldings") only a Latin summary has survived, and so their names are Latinized. The Icelandic sources can be divided into two groups: the
1401:
in presenting Hrothgar (Ro) and his brother Halga (Helghe) as the sons of Healfdene (Haldan). They do not, however, contain a character description as
454:"when I first ruled the Danes" after the death of Heorogar; he laments Heorogar's fall ("He was better than I!") and recalls how he settled Ecgþeow's
1698:
423:
The poem further tells that Hrothgar was "slain in war" and so his kinsmen eagerly followed him. He is both honest and generous: "He broke no oaths,
404:, rendering the Norse names in Old English forms. However, the only certain Swedish (Scylfing) royal name ending in -ela that has come down to us is
2382:
508:; it is not clear whether Freawaru was also the daughter of Wealhþeow or was born of an earlier marriage. Since the Danes were in conflict with the
1074:; it has been suggested that Ögn shows that Wealhþeow and her family (the Helmings) were Anglo-Saxon. Another difference is that Hrothgar's sons
578:
It is tempting to interpret the new war with Ingeld as leading to the burning of the hall of Heorot, but the poem separates the two events (by a
470:
was unaware that Yrsa was his own daughter and either raped or seduced her. Yrsa herself was tragically also the result of Halga raping a woman.
2827:
1662:
The dating has never been a matter of controversy. It is inferred from the internal chronology of the sources themselves and the dating of
3065:
3060:
1386:, could ascend the throne, the rule of Denmark was given to a dog, on the orders of the Swedish king Hakon/Athisl (that is, Eadgils).
996:
on the other. Both groups tell a version of Hrothgar and Halga's feud with Froda (Fróði) and Ingeld (Ingjaldr). However, whereas the
1718:
1043:, where he marries Ögn, the king's daughter. As recompense for Hróarr's share of the Danish kingdom, Helgi gives him a golden ring.
3045:
1123:
The sources relate that Haldan has a half-brother named Ingjaldus and a queen Sigrith with whom he has three children: the sons
2511:
2478:
1644:
699:
458:
with the Wulfings. Hrothgar thanks God for Beowulf's arrival and victory over Grendel, and swears to love Beowulf like a son.
2880:
2873:
2373:"Sidelights on Teutonic History During the Migration Period", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1911; pp. 82 ff.
2466:
2319:
215:, the earliest sources to mention the character. In non-English sources, the name appears in more or less corresponding
2566:
2534:
135:
2618:
1768:
1745:
2859:
1497:
in presenting Hrothgar (Ro) and Halga (Helgo) as brothers and the sons of Healfdene (Haldanus). Moreover, like the
2421:
3055:
2848:
932:, and a notable difference is that Hrothgar leaves the rule of Denmark to his younger brother Halga and moves to
3050:
2986:
1832:, "was"; and the name of the man whose queen she was; it seems certain that the scribe missed a few words, and
944:
with counterparts in Scandinavian tradition. Scandinavian sources have added some information that appear in
408:, and according to the rules of alliteration, this means that the queen's name must have begun with a vowel.
952:, who, however, has been transposed to a role she never had in any source texts, that of Hrothgar's sister.
163:
and poems, and in medieval Danish chronicles. In both Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian tradition, Hrothgar is a
450:. When Hrothgar welcomes Beowulf, he recalls his friendship with Beowulf's family. He met Beowulf's father
2415:, May 2005. Searchable text with full audio available, from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries.
1695:
333:
does not give enough information. This is notably the case concerning the ending of his feud with Ingeld.
2364:
Kluge, Friedrich (1896). "Der Beowulf und die Hrolfs Saga Kraka." Englische Studien 22, pp. 144–45.
2663:
1880:
1726:
424:
1828:, but clearly there is information missing: the name of the sister; a verb, almost certainly the word
1690:(1925) (in Swedish). For presentations of the archaeological findings, see e.g. Elisabeth Klingmark's
1639:
and the mentioned Scandinavian sources are by far not the only ones. Other personalities mentioned in
1213:
1012:
also disagrees with all the other works by moving Hrothgar from the throne of Denmark to Northumbria.
17:
1517:, where Halga had to kill a man named Hodbrod to win all of Denmark. However, Saxo also adds the god
1075:
912:
It has been a matter of some debate whether the hero Beowulf could have the same origin as Hroðulf's
179:. Moreover, in both traditions, the mentioned characters were the contemporaries of the Swedish king
2253:
1853:
In Norse tradition, Hrothgar's sister's name was Signý, but she was married to Sævil, a mere Danish
924:
686:, below, for more information). The Norse sources also deal with the defeat of Ingeld and/or Froda.
3001:
2409:
2950:
2890:
1160:
relationship with his own daughter Yrsa. Moreover, it agrees with all other versions, except for
54:
2438:
1469:, who was not happy with warring in the East but wished to test his strength against the Danes (
2897:
2393:
2085:
1188:
527:
282:
191:. The consensus view is that Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian traditions describe the same person.
1555:
The second time it tells of Froda and Ingeld is in Book 7, but here Hrothgar is replaced by a
2611:
1382:. However, before Ro's nephew Rolf Krage (Hroðulf), who was Helghe's son by his own daughter
1280:(12th-century works of Danish history, written in Latin), King Hrothgar is mentioned by the
48:
serving Hrothgar (background, centre) and his men. Illustration from a 1908 children's book.
2991:
2960:
2815:
1031:, Helgi, and the daughter Signý, who is married to Sævil Jarl. Halfdan has a brother named
244:
122:
114:
1023:
708:
8:
2996:
2940:
2836:
2810:
2216:
1264:
1201:
722:
485:
1036:
a man called Vivil; and after some adventure they avenge their father by killing Fróði.
3070:
2645:
846:, Icelandic poems and Danish chronicles, Hrothgar also appears as a Danish king of the
127:
2241:
1343:
The only Danish work that retains traditions of the feud with Ingeld and Froda is the
1254:, Valdar had the right to claim the throne being the son of the former king Hrothgar.
1234:
1098:
2404:
1270:
1136:
220:
2935:
2916:
2867:
2604:
1443:
216:
1545:
916:
792:
2965:
2955:
2494:
2485:
2425:
2323:
1772:
1749:
1702:
1228:
1227:
This account is not about presenting the life of Hrothgar, but in presenting how
1209:
1062:). Opinion is divided on whether there is any connection between Hrothgar's wife
582:
meaning "nor far way was that day when", in Gummere's translation). According to
397:
2588:
2549:
1670:
to c. 516. It is also supported by archaeological excavations of the barrows of
1643:
appear in the stories before and after dealing with Hrothgar, but for more, see
750:
466:
176:
2945:
2677:
2348:
1221:
1197:
1040:
871:
605:
never dwells on the outcome of the battle with Ingeld, the possibly older poem
302:
2247:
1116:
reappears, but it is Ingeld who is the father of Froda (Frodo), and unlike in
1104:
940:
when a scholar questions the comparison of Hrothgar and other characters from
3039:
2853:
2573:
2367:
2313:
2235:
1683:
1563:. It is the Scandinavian version of the feud, similar to the one told in the
1438:
1276:
1205:
961:
894:
874:
700 to 800 years after the events described, and 300 to 400 years later than
827:
729:
715:
509:
3024:
2909:
2768:
1793:
1470:
1217:
1143:. When they are old enough, they avenge their father by killing Ingjaldus.
1132:
409:
142:
2446:
1533:
1242:, the cousin of Halga succeeded Hroðulf (Hrólfr Kraki) as the king of the
1063:
439:
45:
2970:
2640:
2186:
1761:
1742:
1714:
1696:
this English language presentation by the Swedish National Heritage Board
1078:
do not appear in the Scandinavian tradition, but correspond to Agnar, in
933:
906:
902:
834:
490:
432:
204:
145:
1120:, Ingeld takes Froda's place as the half-brother of Healfdene (Haldan).
478:
2795:
2761:
2503:
2418:
2399:
2277:
1522:
1281:
1164:, by presenting Hrothgar as a king of Denmark, although it agrees with
1032:
898:
843:
799:
587:
455:
184:
3019:
2773:
2709:
1540:. The first time it tells of the feud is Book 2, where Ingeld (called
1313:
855:
806:
642:
474:
462:
451:
318:
2714:
2388:
2080:
1738:
1736:
1518:
1466:
1293:
1183:
1168:
by marrying Hrothgar to an Anglo-Saxon woman. Another agreement with
913:
851:
668:
forgotten and the conflict is instead rendered as a family feud (see
381:
355:
343:
2729:
2505:
The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf
2279:
The Relation of the Hrolfs Saga Kraka and the Bjarkarimur to Beowulf
3014:
2790:
2778:
2719:
2704:
2699:
2682:
2527:
1459:
1375:
960:
In Icelandic sources, Hrothgar, Halga and Hroðulf appear under the
854:
and the elder brother of Halga. Moreover, he is still the uncle of
847:
505:
428:
385:
164:
1733:
1418:
makes Hrothgar the contemporary of Eadgils (Athisl), whereas the
1247:
1239:
1140:
380:, it is explained that he was the second of four children of King
2805:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2692:
2650:
2628:
2559:
2541:
1940:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1506:
870:
are remarkable considering that these sources were composed from
863:
778:
757:
736:
607:
501:
447:
443:
370:
366:
306:
180:
168:
155:
149:
64:
893:
The names of Hrothgar and others appear in the form they had in
446:, probably defining her as a relative of Helm, the ruler of the
3009:
2783:
1836:
is a fragment of the possessive form of a man's name ending in
1679:
1667:
1193:
1112:, but with several striking differences. Ingeld (Ingjaldus) of
612:
362:
322:
314:
188:
1719:"Wicked Queens and Cousin Strategies in Beowulf and Elsewhere"
1486:.) Roluo succeeded his father and uncle to the Danish throne.
369:, when the Geatish hero Beowulf arrives to defeat the monster
2756:
2672:
2580:
1526:
1379:
1243:
820:
785:
764:
405:
389:
253:
172:
74:
39:
1350:
901:
at the time the stories were put to paper, and not in their
2687:
2300:
This is not etymologically correct as the name of the town
1854:
1483:
1383:
949:
771:
693:
413:
393:
298:
160:
2596:
1877:
Sidelights on Teutonic History During the Migration Period
1820:
means "queen." There is no gap in the manuscript between
400:(1896) accordingly suggested that the line be restored as
305:
visited him to free his people from the trollish creature
1465:
Ro could not defend his kingdom against the Swedish king
361:, Hrothgar is mentioned as the builder of the great hall
183:; and both traditions also mention a feud with men named
890:
and Scandinavian sources represent separate traditions.
1615:
by making Hrothgar the king of Denmark. The Icelandic (
1246:. After the war, Rörek took Zealand, while Valdar took
416:. He thus suggested the line should be emended to read
2512:
Hrólf Kraki's saga in English translation at Northvegr
1509:. A similar piece of information is also found in the
862:
by making Hrothgar contemporary with the Swedish king
484:
Hrothgar is plunged into gloom and near-despair after
922:
Among these sources, it is the most famous one, the
611:refers to Hrothgar and Hroðulf defeating Ingeld at
412:consequently identified her with the Swedish queen
1599:or was not known to the poet. The Danish sources (
1147:whereupon Rolfo becomes the sole king of Denmark.
1085:
2304:, "Hrói's well", (1050) is derived from the name
504:, he mentions that Hrothgar also had a daughter,
297:gives the fuller account of Hrothgar and how the
3037:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
1521:as the brother of Eadgils in order to present a
1324:. Their Swedish enemy, King Eadgils, appears as
682:
2499:at the Online Medieval & Classical library
2490:at the Online Medieval & Classical library
2314:Tunstall's comments on his translation of the
2612:
2419:Several different Modern English translations
2260:
1257:
388:, who was king before him; a younger brother
2442:, A Verse Translation by Douglas B. Killings
2412:Beowulf: A New Translation For Oral Delivery
1792:The manuscript (Cotton Vitellius A. xv, the
676:
1446:, contains roughly the same information as
858:. The Scandinavian sources also agree with
842:In the Scandinavian sources, consisting of
2619:
2605:
543:lāðan līges; | ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn
540:hēah and horn-gēap: | heaðo-wylma bād,
38:
1694:, Riksantikvarieämbetet (in Swedish), or
1175:
1027:relates that Halfdan has three children,
1000:make Froda the brother of Healfdene, the
239:in the Danish Latin chronicles. The form
955:
565:when father and son-in-law stood in feud
559:high, gabled wide, the hot surge waiting
342:
223:, and Latinized versions. He appears as
1713:
919:, who appears in Scandinavian sources.
689:
657:and Ingeld to the spear-point made bow,
635:forheowan æt Heorote Heaðobeardna þrym.
568:for warfare and hatred that woke again.
473:Wealhþeow has borne Hrothgar two sons,
14:
3038:
2370:(1925). "Det svenska rikets uppkomst".
1874:
1692:Gamla Uppsala, Svenska kulturminnen 59
1536:Ingeld and Froda appears twice in the
1208:, who was the maternal grandfather of
1108:tell a similar version to that of the
1015:
1008:make Ingeld the brother of Healfdene.
562:of furious flame. Nor far was that day
438:Hrothgar was married to a woman named
121:
2874:Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary
2600:
1304:, while his brother Halga appears as
1220:, a king of Sweden and the father of
261:and its variations are derived from *
2507:by Olson, 1916, at Project Gutenberg
2281:by Olson, 1916, at Project Gutenberg
1250:. If based on the same tradition as
623:Hroþwulf ond Hroðgar heoldon lengest
276:
243:is thought to have derived from the
231:, etc., in sagas and poetry, and as
1743:Lexikon över urnnordiska personnamn
1645:origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki
1532:The tradition of the feud with the
936:. The focus is consequently on the
257:. The corresponding Old Norse name
24:
3066:People whose existence is disputed
1764:Lexikon över urnordiska personnamn
1238:tells that a Valdar disputed that
1192:tells that Hróarr had a son named
1127:and Helgo and the daughter Signy.
964:forms of their names; that is, as
670:
651:since they repulsed the Viking-kin
25:
3082:
3061:Heroes in Norse myths and legends
2479:The same translation at Northvegr
2383:Beowulf read aloud in Old English
648:peace together, uncle and nephew,
265:, and from the very close names *
2860:Beowulf: A New Verse Translation
2826:
2474:in translation by Peter Tunstall
2450:, a translation by Bella Millett
1808:is an abbreviation for the word
1429:
976:, the last one with the epithet
654:hewn at Heorot Heaðobard's army.
629:siþþan hy forwræcon wicinga cynn
493:) where Grendel's mother lives.
2329:
2294:
2285:
2227:
2192:
2175:
2155:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2090:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
928:, which is most different from
850:dynasty. He remains the son of
549:æfter wæl-nīðe | wæcnan scolde.
376:When Hrothgar is introduced in
3046:6th-century monarchs in Europe
2884:: The Monsters and the Critics
1887:
1868:
1847:
1786:
1777:
1755:
1707:
1656:
546:þæt se ecg-hete | āðum-swerian
13:
1:
1682:. For a discussion, see e.g.
1478:three battles, and slew him.
812:
742:
696:
645:and Hroðgar held the longest
7:
2626:
1688:Det svenska rikets uppkomst
1586:
1316:appears with an epithet as
632:ond Ingeldes ord forbigdan,
626:sibbe ætsomne suhtorfædran,
556:... there towered the hall,
384:: he had an older brother,
10:
3087:
2400:Modern English translation
2389:Modern English translation
2358:
2346:according to the included
2081:Modern English translation
1881:Cambridge University Press
1378:and that he was buried in
1258:Danish medieval chronicles
594:
336:
136:semi-legendary Danish king
2979:
2928:
2835:
2824:
2659:
2636:
2585:
2564:
2556:
2546:
2532:
2524:
2519:
1857:(see the sections on the
1635:The similarities between
988:on the one hand, and the
347:A mention of Hrothgar in
100:
92:
84:
80:
70:
60:
53:
37:
32:
2233:It has been reversed in
1650:
866:. These agreements with
313:only mentions Hrothgar,
281:Hrothgar appears in two
199:Hrothgar, also rendered
194:
141:Hrothgar appears in the
2891:Beowulf and the Critics
2220:calls the Swedish king
1422:calls the Swedish king
1214:Battle of the Brávellir
131:
118:
3056:English heroic legends
2394:Francis Barton Gummere
2086:Francis Barton Gummere
1879:. Cambridge, England:
1875:Clarke, M.G. (2009) .
1804:means "I have heard".
1593:Hversu Noregr byggdist
1591:With the exception of
1480:
1252:Hversu Noregr byggdist
1189:Hversu Noregr byggdist
1177:Hversu Noregr byggdist
351:
269:"famous defender" or *
3051:Characters in Beowulf
1475:
1212:. Harald fell at the
980:. In the case of the
956:Norse sagas and poems
700:Hrólf Kraki Tradition
346:
251:"famous spear", i.e.
27:Legendary Danish king
2992:Anglo-Saxon paganism
2849:List of translations
1798:hyrde ic þ elan cwen
1729:on February 3, 2014.
1076:Hreðric and Hroðmund
1070:and his wife Ögn in
905:or more "authentic"
690:Scandinavian sources
461:The poem introduces
402:hyrde ic þ elan cwen
329:in some cases where
123:[ˈr̥oːðɡɑːr]
2997:Battle of Finnsburg
2941:Michael D. C. Drout
2468:Chronicon Lethrense
2457:Chronicon Lethrense
2340:Chronicon Lethrense
2316:Chronicon Lethrense
2254:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
2217:Chronicon Lethrense
2183:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
2163:Chronicon Lethrense
2139:Chronicon Lethrense
2127:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
2098:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1863:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1725:(5). Archived from
1601:Chronicon Lethrense
1573:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1511:Chronicon Lethrense
1499:Chronicon Lethrense
1452:Chronicon Lethrense
1420:Chronicon Lethrense
1391:Chronicon Lethrense
1363:Chronicon Lethrense
1352:Chronicon Lethrense
1334:Chronicon Lethrense
1265:Chronicon Lethrense
1216:against his nephew
1202:Halfdan the Valiant
1170:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1166:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1162:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1157:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1110:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1080:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1072:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1024:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1017:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
1010:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
998:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
986:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
938:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
925:Hrólfr Kraki's saga
580:ne wæs hit lenge þā
418:hyrde ic þelan cwen
325:, but can complete
175:, and the uncle of
2646:Alliterative verse
2424:2011-07-20 at the
2322:2007-03-10 at the
2185:makes him move to
1883:. pp. 82, ff.
1771:2006-09-15 at the
1748:2006-09-15 at the
1715:Shippey, Tom Allen
1701:2007-08-24 at the
1625:Hrólf Kraki's saga
1118:Hrólf Kraki's saga
709:Hrólf Kraki's saga
677:Hrólf Kraki's saga
537:... | Sele hlīfade
352:
273:"famous warrior".
3033:
3032:
2595:
2594:
2586:Succeeded by
2547:Succeeded by
2520:Legendary titles
2472:Annales Lundenses
2405:John Lesslie Hall
2291:Nerman (1925:150)
2167:Annales Lundenses
2143:Annales Lundenses
1627:) all agree with
1611:) all agree with
1605:Annales Lundenses
1515:Annales Lundenses
1503:Annales Lundenses
1493:also agrees with
1473:'s translation):
1456:Annales Lundenses
1416:Annales Lundenses
1395:Annales Lundenses
1367:Annales Lundenses
1365:and the included
1356:Annales Lundenses
1284:form of the name
1271:Annales Lundenses
840:
839:
665:
664:
576:
575:
283:Anglo-Saxon poems
277:Anglo-Saxon poems
207:form attested in
171:, the brother of
108:
107:
16:(Redirected from
3078:
3005:and Middle-Earth
2936:Nora K. Chadwick
2917:Finn and Hengest
2905:
2868:J. R. R. Tolkien
2830:
2811:Grendel's mother
2621:
2614:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2557:Preceded by
2525:Preceded by
2517:
2516:
2461:Annales Lundense
2353:
2333:
2327:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2258:
2231:
2225:
2196:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2159:
2153:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2094:
2088:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1851:
1845:
1816:is meaningless.
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1762:Peterson, Lena:
1759:
1753:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1711:
1705:
1660:
1444:Saxo Grammaticus
1204:, the father of
1200:, the father of
1196:, the father of
694:
618:
617:
518:
517:
486:Grendel's mother
321:and their enemy
125:
42:
30:
29:
21:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
2975:
2966:Geoffrey Russom
2956:Leonard Neidorf
2924:
2903:
2898:On Translating
2838:
2831:
2822:
2661:
2655:
2632:
2625:
2591:
2577:
2570:
2567:King of Denmark
2562:
2552:
2538:
2535:King of Denmark
2530:
2426:Wayback Machine
2410:Ringler, Dick.
2361:
2356:
2334:
2330:
2324:Wayback Machine
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2261:
2242:Skjöldunga saga
2232:
2228:
2197:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2151:Skjöldunga saga
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2102:Skjöldunga saga
2095:
2091:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:lines 2067-2069
2060:
2056:
2052:lines 2027-2028
2051:
2047:
2043:lines 2000-2069
2042:
2038:
2034:lines 1870-1880
2033:
2029:
2025:lines 1698-1784
2024:
2020:
2016:lines 1383-1412
2015:
2011:
2007:lines 1321-1325
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:lines 1168-1191
1988:
1984:
1980:lines 1162-1165
1979:
1975:
1971:lines 1011-1017
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:lines 1020-1062
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1869:
1859:Skjöldunga saga
1852:
1848:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:Wayback Machine
1760:
1756:
1750:Wayback Machine
1741:
1734:
1717:(Summer 2001).
1712:
1708:
1703:Wayback Machine
1661:
1657:
1653:
1617:Skjöldunga saga
1589:
1577:Skjöldunga saga
1565:Skjöldunga saga
1559:and Halga by a
1525:version of the
1434:
1359:
1260:
1235:Skjöldunga saga
1229:Harald Fairhair
1210:Harald Wartooth
1186:genealogy work
1180:
1099:Skjöldunga saga
1094:
1087:Skjöldunga saga
1020:
1002:Skjöldunga saga
990:Skjöldunga saga
982:Skjöldunga saga
958:
723:Lejre Chronicle
692:
683:Skjöldunga saga
599:
425:dealt out rings
398:Friderich Kluge
341:
279:
197:
104:King of Denmark
55:King of Denmark
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3084:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2946:Robert D. Fulk
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2894:
2887:
2877:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2669:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2407:
2396:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2368:Nerman, Birger
2365:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:Annals of Lund
2328:
2293:
2284:
2259:
2226:
2191:
2174:
2154:
2130:
2118:
2106:
2089:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1953:lines 456-490.
1946:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1867:
1846:
1785:
1776:
1754:
1732:
1723:The Heroic Age
1706:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1588:
1585:
1433:
1428:
1358:
1349:
1259:
1256:
1222:Ragnar Lodbrok
1198:Harald the Old
1179:
1174:
1093:
1084:
1041:Northumberland
1019:
1014:
957:
954:
872:oral tradition
838:
837:
831:
830:
824:
823:
817:
816:
810:
809:
803:
802:
796:
795:
789:
788:
782:
781:
775:
774:
768:
767:
761:
760:
754:
753:
747:
746:
740:
739:
733:
732:
726:
725:
719:
718:
712:
711:
705:
704:
691:
688:
663:
662:
660:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
638:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
598:
593:
574:
573:
571:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
552:
551:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
532:
531:
530:'s 1910 verse
525:
431:" (the ruling
340:
335:
278:
275:
196:
193:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
88:6th-century AD
86:
82:
81:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3083:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:John D. Niles
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Kevin Kiernan
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:Seamus Heaney
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
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2723:
2721:
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2713:
2711:
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2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
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2670:
2668:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2590:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2574:Gesta Danorum
2569:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2497:Gesta Danorum
2493:
2491:
2489:
2488:Gesta Danorum
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2449:
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2437:
2436:
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2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
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2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2338:according to
2337:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2251:, but not in
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:Gesta Danorum
2230:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2171:Gesta Danorum
2168:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2147:Gesta Danorum
2144:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2115:Gesta Danorum
2110:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1962:lines 925-956
1959:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1911:lines 862-863
1908:
1899:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1864:
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1850:
1843:
1839:
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1737:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:Birger Nerman
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Gesta Danorum
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:Bödvar Bjarki
1543:
1539:
1538:Gesta Danorum
1535:
1530:
1529:myth, later.
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:Gesta Danorum
1487:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:(book 2), by
1441:
1440:
1439:Gesta Danorum
1432:
1431:Gesta Danorum
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1345:Gesta Danorum
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1292:. His father
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1277:Gesta Danorum
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Ivar Vidfamne
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:Norðimbraland
1056:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:Old Icelandic
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:
920:
918:
917:Bödvar Bjarki
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
897:or Latinized
896:
895:Old Icelandic
891:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
836:
833:
832:
829:
826:
825:
822:
819:
818:
815:
811:
808:
805:
804:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:Bödvar Bjarki
791:
790:
787:
784:
783:
780:
777:
776:
773:
770:
769:
766:
763:
762:
759:
756:
755:
752:
749:
748:
745:
741:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:Gesta Danorum
728:
727:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:Ynglinga saga
714:
713:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
701:
695:
687:
685:
684:
679:
678:
673:
672:
671:Gesta Danorum
661:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
639:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
621:
620:
619:
616:
614:
610:
609:
604:
597:
592:
589:
585:
581:
572:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
553:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
519:
516:
513:
511:
507:
503:
497:
494:
492:
487:
482:
480:
476:
471:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
365:and ruler of
364:
360:
357:
350:
345:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
317:, his nephew
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:Old Icelandic
214:
210:
206:
202:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:, the son of
166:
162:
158:
157:
152:
151:
147:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3025:Nowell Codex
3002:
2915:
2910:Sellic Spell
2899:
2889:
2881:
2872:
2858:
2839:
2769:Waegmundings
2724:
2627:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2540:
2533:
2504:
2496:
2487:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2439:
2432:
2411:
2398:
2387:
2376:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:Nowell Codex
1788:
1779:
1763:
1757:
1727:the original
1722:
1709:
1691:
1687:
1658:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1471:Oliver Elton
1464:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1370:
1369:report that
1366:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1251:
1233:
1226:
1218:Sigurd Hring
1187:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
945:
941:
937:
929:
923:
921:
911:
892:
887:
884:
879:
875:
867:
859:
841:
813:
751:Hrólfr Kraki
743:
698:
697:
681:
675:
669:
666:
606:
602:
600:
595:
583:
579:
577:
521:
514:
498:
495:
489:small lake (
483:
472:
467:Hrólfr Kraki
460:
442:, who was a
437:
422:
417:
410:Sophus Bugge
401:
377:
375:
358:
353:
348:
337:
330:
326:
310:
294:
290:
286:
280:
270:
266:
262:
258:
252:
248:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
212:
208:
200:
198:
177:Hrólfr Kraki
154:
148:
140:
110:
109:
2987:Adaptations
2971:Tom Shippey
2837:Translating
2641:Old English
2589:Rolvo Krake
2550:Hrólf Kraki
2248:Bjarkarímur
2187:Northumbria
2070:lines 80-85
1902:lines 80-81
1893:lines 64-67
1783:lines 59-63
1666:'s raid on
1621:Bjarkarímur
1581:Bjarkarímur
1579:and in the
1569:Bjarkarímur
1523:euhemerized
1397:agree with
1318:Roluo Krage
1296:appears as
1105:Bjarkarímur
1091:Bjarkarímur
1006:Bjarkarímur
994:Bjarkarímur
934:Northumbria
907:Proto-Norse
903:Old English
844:Norse sagas
835:Fyrisvellir
271:Hrōþiharjaz
267:Hrōþiwarjaz
263:Hrōþigaizaz
249:Hrōþigaizaz
245:proto-Norse
205:Old English
159:, in Norse
143:Anglo-Saxon
115:Old English
61:Predecessor
3040:Categories
2816:The Dragon
2796:Wealhtheow
2762:Ongentheow
2664:characters
2560:Haldanus I
2495:Book 7 of
2486:Book 2 of
2302:Hróiskelda
2214:(although
1812:, "that."
1534:Heaðobards
1336:calls him
1322:Rolf Krage
1282:Old Danish
899:Old Danish
588:Heoroweard
510:Heaðobards
456:blood feud
221:Old Danish
101:Occupation
3071:Scyldings
2802:Monsters
2737:Scylfings
2715:Healfdene
2705:Scyldings
2181:Although
1998:line 1769
1467:Hothbrodd
1294:Healfdene
1184:Old Norse
1064:Wealhþeow
914:berserker
852:Healfdene
814:Locations
440:Wealhþeow
429:Scyldings
382:Healfdene
356:epic poem
128:Old Norse
96:Wealhþeow
71:Successor
46:Wealhþeow
3015:Hrunting
2929:Scholars
2791:Wulfings
2779:Weohstan
2720:Heorogar
2700:Hundings
2683:Heardred
2528:Heorogar
2422:Archived
2342:proper,
2320:Archived
2308:and not
2208:Athislus
2169:and the
2149:and the
2100:and the
1929:line 612
1861:and the
1802:hyrde ic
1796:) reads
1769:Archived
1746:Archived
1699:Archived
1587:Comments
1561:Haldanus
1548:(called
1513:and the
1501:and the
1460:Roskilde
1454:and the
1393:and the
1376:Roskilde
1326:Athislus
1302:Haldanus
848:Scylding
800:Hjörvard
601:Whereas
506:Freawaru
479:Hroðmund
448:Wulfings
386:Heorogar
203:, is an
165:Scylding
134:) was a
111:Hrothgar
33:Hrothgar
3020:Nægling
3003:Beowulf
2980:Related
2900:Beowulf
2882:Beowulf
2840:Beowulf
2806:Grendel
2774:Ecgþeow
2752:Ohthere
2747:Eanmund
2742:Eadgils
2725:Hroðgar
2710:Æschere
2693:Hygelac
2678:Beowulf
2651:Kenning
2629:Beowulf
2542:Beowulf
2448:Widsith
2440:Widsith
2433:Widsith
2377:Beowulf
2359:Sources
2212:Adillus
2198:Called
2113:In the
1941:Widsith
1842:Beowulf
1676:Ohthere
1672:Eadgils
1664:Hygelac
1641:Beowulf
1637:Beowulf
1629:Beowulf
1613:Beowulf
1597:Beowulf
1507:Ohthere
1495:Beowulf
1448:Beowulf
1412:Beowulf
1408:Beowulf
1403:Beowulf
1399:Beowulf
1314:Hroðulf
1262:In the
1153:Beowulf
1137:Zealand
1114:Beowulf
1068:Beowulf
1055:Beowulf
946:Beowulf
942:Beowulf
930:Beowulf
909:forms.
888:Beowulf
880:Widsith
876:Beowulf
868:Beowulf
864:Eadgils
860:Beowulf
856:Hroðulf
828:Uppsala
758:Halfdan
737:Beowulf
643:Hroðulf
608:Widsith
603:Beowulf
596:Widsith
584:Widsith
528:Gummere
522:Beowulf
502:Hygelac
475:Hreðric
463:Hroðulf
452:Ecgþeow
444:Helming
378:Beowulf
371:Grendel
367:Denmark
359:Beowulf
354:In the
349:Beowulf
338:Beowulf
331:Beowulf
327:Beowulf
319:Hroðulf
311:Widsith
307:Grendel
303:Beowulf
299:Geatish
295:Beowulf
291:Widsith
287:Beowulf
241:Hrōðgār
213:Widsith
209:Beowulf
201:Hrōðgār
181:Eadgils
169:Halfdan
156:Widsith
150:Beowulf
119:Hrōðgār
65:Halfdan
18:Hroðgar
3010:Heorot
2784:Wiglaf
2730:Unferð
2344:Athisl
2312:, see
2310:Hróarr
2204:Athisl
1840:. The
1680:Sweden
1668:Frisia
1557:Harald
1550:Biarco
1542:Ingild
1450:, the
1414:, the
1330:Athisl
1306:Helghe
1298:Haldan
1194:Valdar
1029:Hróarr
974:Hrólfr
966:Hróarr
744:People
613:Heorot
363:Heorot
323:Ingeld
315:Heorot
259:Hróarr
225:Hróarr
189:Ingeld
132:Hróarr
93:Spouse
44:Queen
2757:Onela
2673:Geats
2660:Clans
2581:Helgo
2579:with
2336:Hakon
2222:Hakon
2200:Aðils
2125:I.e.
1944:, 21.
1766:, PDF
1651:Notes
1527:Baldr
1424:Hakon
1380:Lejre
1338:Hakon
1332:(the
1310:Helgo
1248:Skåne
1244:Daner
1240:Rörek
1141:Skåne
1033:Fróði
978:Kraki
970:Helgi
821:Lejre
779:Adils
765:Helgi
524:80–85
406:Onela
390:Halga
301:hero
254:Roger
229:Hroar
195:Names
185:Fróði
173:Halga
161:sagas
146:epics
75:Halga
2688:Hygd
2470:and
2459:and
2306:Hrói
2245:and
2161:The
2137:The
2096:The
1938:See
1855:earl
1838:-ela
1834:elan
1826:elan
1824:and
1818:cwen
1814:elan
1674:and
1571:and
1519:Höðr
1489:The
1484:Urse
1436:The
1389:The
1384:Yrse
1361:The
1354:and
1274:and
1182:The
1155:and
1133:jarl
1125:Roas
1102:and
1096:The
1089:and
1004:and
992:and
972:and
950:Yrsa
878:and
807:Roar
772:Yrsa
680:and
491:mere
477:and
433:clan
414:Yrsa
394:Yrsa
289:and
211:and
187:and
153:and
85:Died
2571:in
2539:in
2403:by
2392:by
2210:or
2084:by
1830:wæs
1810:þæt
1752:PDF
1686:'s
1678:in
1552:).
1340:.)
1328:or
1320:or
1308:or
1300:or
1290:Roe
1288:or
1135:of
1066:in
786:Áli
237:Roe
235:or
3042::
2463::
2435::
2262:^
2239:,
2224:).
2206:,
2202:,
2145:,
1865:).
1800:.
1735:^
1721:.
1647:.
1623:,
1619:,
1607:,
1603:,
1567:,
1426:.
1371:Ro
1347:.
1312:.
1286:Ro
1268:,
1224:.
1082:.
968:,
882:.
674:,
615::
396:.
373:.
309:.
293:.
285:,
233:Ro
227:,
219:,
130::
126:;
117::
2912:"
2908:"
2904:"
2896:"
2886:"
2879:"
2666:)
2662:(
2620:e
2613:t
2606:v
2379::
2352:.
2326:.
2257:.
2189:.
2165:/
2141:/
2104:.
1822:þ
1806:þ
1058:(
465:(
247:*
113:(
20:)
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