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preliminary and apparently systematic killing and stealing of horses and other livestock, this being an attempt, sometimes successful, to change his intended victim from horseman to foot soldierâ (Powell 46). When they attacked they used a very good tactic that terrified the animals and scared the
Spanish. The Guachichil would disguise themselves as grotesque animals using animal heads and red paint then yelled like crazed beasts making the Spanish lose control of the livestock. The 50-mile (80-km) mountain range, from currently La Montesa to Milagros, Zacatecas, was known as "El Camino Del Infierno" or "The Path of Hell" by the Spanish. The caravans were required to pass through that 50-mile mountain range because a detour would be very lengthy. Within "The Path of Hell" the most ferocious attacks took place. Ancient Guachichil murals of the region paint the indigenous accounts of these events.
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domesticated livestock, agriculture, and imported supplies. The nomad could and did cut off these supplies, destroy the livestock, and thus paralyze the economic and military vitality of the invaders; this was seldom possible in reverseâ (Powell 44). They attacked in small groups ranging from five up to two-hundred braves. They highly valued animal furs and highly treasured
European scalps. The most valued of those being red hair due to their cultural importance of the color red. The Chichimeca were easily willing to trade seized gold and silver for red haired women as noted by an extremely small percentage of the population in that territory today having brownish-reddish hair, more noticeably when mixed with whites of non-red haired origin. Red haired women and children were a large incentive used to obtain peace within the region.
333:, from Las Salinas, to the center of San Luis PotosĂ and finally from Tunal Grande (where the Xales predominated), where the largest food supply place for the Guachichiles was located; These three groups were not political or cultural units, they were the inhabitants of the three geographical areas where the Guachichiles were centralized. Regardless of the three groups of guachichiles, there were a large number of tribal groups, many of them only mentioned once by the Spaniards: BĂłzalos or negritos, Macolias, SamĂșes, Maticoyas, Alaquines, Capiojes, Machipaniquanes, Leemagues, Mascorros, Caisanes, Coyotes, Guanchenis, Uaxabanes, Guenacapiles, Alpañales, Pisones, Cauicuiles, Alacazauis, Guazancores and los Chanales.
329:
to the north. Gonzalo de las Casas observed: "They occupy a lot of land and that is how the most people of all the
Chichimecas are and who have done the most damage. There are many partialities and not all are well known." The Guachichiles were not a solid kingdom or political state in the 16th century, but rather a set of tribes and chiefdoms, the Spaniards observed three groups: those of Mazapil (where the Mazapiles predominated) to the north, in the mountains that border the town from
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saitoa. Several words can be related to languages such as
Quinigua, like the name xilaguani, it can be divided into xila "snake" and guani "like", interpreting "like a snake", guani "like", in turn it can be associated with the Maratino "niwa / chigger" of equal meaning. The frequent ending -amé can be associated with the Coahuilteco "am é" used to create participles and adjectives, -le in comecrudo and -né in quinigua.
592:, based on the structure of proper names. Examples of Guachichile proper names are: Aiguaname, Analale, Apamatacaliname, Atapi, Ayoaname, Clonemua, Cuaguilo, Guamala, Juquianame, Malioname, Micolaqui, Mohelo, Nochicaguitaname, Omoahxi, Quiguama, Saitoa, Taesani, Tepuchi, etc. (MartĂnez, 2019). Examples of place names are zapalinamĂ© (a mountain range), guanamĂ© (a hacienda), hipoa (a town), mapimĂ, matehuala (a city).
320:, in the place we now know as the square of the founders. Great people from many cities and royal mines came to the lure of gold, which gave rise to a unique culture and joined the presence of the Guachichiles, Spaniards, Otomi, Tarascos, Mulattoes, Blacks and Tlaxcalans, thus creating a unique miscegenation in Mexico.
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As of 2023, the
Guachichil Nation, centered in San LuĂs PotosĂ, Mexico, (composed of many affiliated Guachichil groups spread across Mexico and the United States) announced ongoing work to revitalize and reconstruct the Guachichil language. A dictionary containing preserved Guachichil words and words
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The
Guachichiles occupied the entire Potosino Altiplano, part of Guanajuato, Jalisco, Zacatecas and Tamaulipas. This area extended from the south, along the Lerma or Grande river, in MichoacĂĄn and Guanajuato, to the Comanja mountain ranges and, on the border with the Rioverde area, the boundary rose
257:
They first selected the place of attack, preferably a desert but mountainous plain, a rock, a ravine, a swamp, or they simply waited until it was midnight. At midnight they would stealthily position themselves in the attack zone and suddenly let out loud and terrible howls and screams that perplexed
234:
Two
Spanish accounts of the Chichimeca's archery skill: "On one occasion I saw them throw an orange into the air, and they shot into it so many arrows that, having held it in the air for much time, it finally fell in minute piecesâ (Powell 48). âOne of don Alonso de Castillaâs soldiers had an arrow
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The political organization of the
Guachichiles was very rudimentary when the Spanish arrived. It was patriarchal and consisted of the most powerful warrior who managed to overthrow the chief who ruled at that time would be the chief. If he failed to overthrow the chief, he separated from the tribe
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The
Guachichil would outsmart/deceive their adversaries instead of relying on brute force. âHe sent spies into Spanish-Indian towns for appraisal of the enemyâs plans and strength; he developed a far-flung system of lookouts and scouts (atalays); and, in major attacks, settlements were softened by
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They are characterized by frequently starting with the morpheme ma-, and ending with the form -amé, -qui, -ane, -lo, -na or -al, it contains a series of frequent diphthongs which are ai as in aiguaname, ua as in clonemua, au as in cuutaquelaux, in nauque or in quepinao, or as in omoahxi, or in
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The
Chichimeca were nomadic making them very mobile and experts of the rough vegetation filled (mostly cactus) land in which they always looked for hiding spots. âHis long use of the food native to the Gran Chichimeca gave him far greater mobility than the sedentary invader, who was tied to
231:. The children learned to use the bow at walking age and the hunters were such good shots that if they missed the eye and hit the eyebrow they would be extremely disappointed. The Chichimeca bow and arrow was expertly crafted allowing for penetration of Spanish armor.
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Pedro de Anda founded the Real del Cerro de San Pedro and Minas del PotosĂ on March 4, 1592. Given the lack of water in the place, it was necessary to locate a nearby territory that did have it to support human stay. The place was located east of the Anahuac table.
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Santa Maria, Guillermo de. âGuerra de los Chichimecas : Mexico 1575 â Zirosto 1580â Paleography by Carrillo Cazares, Alberto. 2nd Ed. University of Guadalajara, Michoacan College, University of Norte, University Los Lagos, 220. San Luis College 2003.
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with some families and settled elsewhere. Although tribes could also unite and thus become more powerful through inter-tribal marriages. At the arrival of the Spanish there were hundreds of tribes throughout the territory, but four were the most powerful.
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Under the protection of mining wealth, the city of San Luis PotosĂ was born in November 1592 and its foundation occurred when the fierce Cuachichil Indian named Moquamalto surrendered to Fray Diego de la Magdalena, and Captain
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and other Chichimecas assaults began to be registered, so Viceroy Don Luis II de Velasco commissioned Herrera to punish the robbers. Thus began the bloodiest and most extensive of all Spanish companies in America.
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pass through the head of his horse, including a crownpiece of double buckskin and metal, and into his chest, so he fell with the horse dead on the ground âthis was seen by many who are still livingâ (Powell 48).
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The chieftain of the tribe was also the military leader. The Spaniards observed that they attacked in gangs of few members who differed from the other Chichimecas by painting their heads and hair red.
556:. Guachichil was divided into 3 dialects or varieties, the Bozalo (or vocalo), the Negrito and another called simply Guachichil, and was closely related to the language of the erased tribes called
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Considered both warlike and brave, the Guachichiles played a major role in provoking the other Chichimeca tribes to resist the Spanish settlement. The historian
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Powell, Philip Wayne. âSoldiers, Indians & silver; the northward advance of New Spain, 1550-1600.â Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952. Print
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their enemies at the same time that they began the attack by running directly towards the target, at the same time that they produced a shower of arrows.
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Their strategic position in relation to Spanish mines and highways, made them especially effective in raiding and in escape from Spanish reprisal
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The region currently occupied by the city of San Luis PotosĂ was, until before the arrival of the Spaniards, a Guachichil-Chichimeca post.
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The Guachichiles were known to paint their bodies, hair, and faces in red dye. For this reason they were called "guachichile" by the
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were displaced. The hostility of the Tlaxcalans, backed by the Spanish, against the Guachichiles would not take long to manifest.
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These warriors were known to fight fiercely even if mortally wounded and were a key component in the Spanish defeat during the
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Hernandez, Manuel G. âCartas de Indias: Publicalas Por Primera Vezâ Ministerio De Formento 1877. 326-340. Madrid. Print.
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152:. Prior to European and African contact, they occupied the most extensive territory of all the Indigenous
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The community of San Luis PotosĂ originated with the well-differentiated gathering of
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They attacked their enemies warlike with obsidian swords, spears, darts, and arrows.
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Miller, Wick. (1983). Uto-Aztecan languages. In W. C. Sturtevant (Ed.),
675:(Vol. 10, pp. 113â124). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
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Chichimecas, Chichimecas-Pames de Santa MarĂa del RĂo,
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Por tierras occidentales: entre sierras y barrancas
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541:closely related to the
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