3646:
957:. Roth describes the hallmarks of Huang–Lao: the ruler should use self-transformation "as a technique of government, the emphasis on the precise coordination of the political and cosmic orders by the thus-enlightened ruler, and a syncretic social and political philosophy that borrows relevant ideas from the earlier Legalist and the Confucian schools while retaining the Taoist cosmological context."
831:(神明 "penetrating insight") to "learn all that can be learned about the natural order, so as to make his actions conform with it." Therefore, "The government of the true king is neither sentimental nor vacillating, and neither arbitrary nor domineering," it fully conforms with the "pattern of the Dao as expressed in the natural order, it is balanced, moderate, and irresistibly strong."
728:
practiced both Huang–Lao and
Buddhism, Huang–Lao did not mean Huangdi and Laozi, but "Buddhists (literally Yellow-Ancients, perhaps so-called from the colour of their garments)." Following the Mawangdui discoveries, the "Huang-Lao craze" in scholarship has significantly reshaped our understanding of
476:
One way Huang–Lao's rule of law from Han Fei with a greater emphasis on naturalism. It also acts as more of a theoretical constraint on the ruler. Even when Shen Buhai's work existed in its entirety, it was not necessarily lengthy, and is highly focused on administration. Neither Shen Buhai nor Shen
433:
Randall P. Peerenboom criticizes the tendency to classify all these texts together and "make of 'Huang-Lao' a dustbin by sweeping too much into it". If defined more strictly, nothing before the Han dynasty could be called Huang–Lao. No pre-Qin text actually uses the term. Modern scholars are
713:
Consequently, many of the interpretations of the nature and characteristics of Huang-Lao Taoist thought that have been based on a reading of the
Mawangdui manuscripts are debatable, since they are based on the assumption that these texts form an integral whole and are really affiliated with
472:
was said to be the earliest known political philosopher to have been influenced by such ideology. However, Sima Tan's argument that Shen Buhai and Shen Dao studied Huang–Lao is problematic. As its spokesman, Sima Tan probably pushes back Huang–Lao's origin as far as possible.
249:
used the term Huang–Lao "as a characterization of persons belonging to a political group which was the faction he belonged to as well." These historical members of the Huang–Lao faction had three political policies in common: "opposing the campaigns in the north" against the
820:
is the "highest and most primary expression of universal potentiality, order, and potency", and "is expressed in cosmic order, which embraces both the world of nature and the human world." Royal government must conform to natural order, thus the king should practice
933:) and Legalists. It shifts with the times and changes in response to things; and in establishing customs and in practical applications it is nowhere unsuitable. The general drift of its teaching is simple and easy to hold onto, much is achieved with little effort.
837:
recaps, "Huang-Lao's Boshu, while advocating a rule of law compatible with an organismic cosmology, is unique in that it supports a natural law grounded in the natural order." Peerenboom characterizes Huang–Lao as "foundational naturalism", meaning
924:
The Taoist school enables man's numinous essence to be concentrated and unified, to move in unison with the formless, and to provide adequately for the myriad things. As for its methods, it follows the general tendency of the
Naturalists
792:
Our limited exposure to the "lost texts" in the Silk
Manuscripts seems to indicate that the thought of Huang-Lao contains several apparently unrelated but actually fully integrated philosophical concepts: a cosmological vision of the Way
103:. Probably originating together around 300 BCE, the more politically dominant Huang–Lao denoted both for much of the Han. Highly favoured by superstitious rulers, it dominated the intellectual life of the Qin and early Han together with "
708:
and Edmund Ryden, interpreted the four manuscripts as mutually incompatible texts deriving from diverse philosophical traditions. Paola
Carrozza refers to this approach as "different authors, different times, and different places."
577:(d. 154 BCE), Chancellor to Emperor Jing, was another Huang–Lao official. He believed that the imperial rule should combine Huang–Lao and Confucianism, with punishment supplemented by reward, and coercion mitigated by persuasion.
723:
Sinologists have long disputed the nature of Huang–Lao philosophy. Before the 1973 Mawangdui excavation, some western interpretations of Huang–Lao were fanciful. For instance, Herbert J. Allen proposed that since Han prince
261:
The rich families of Huang–Lao may be said to have considered the emperor a first among equals rather than someone vested with absolute authority. Naturally, as someone favoring his class and ideology with it,
813:
Tu concludes, "The Huang-Lao doctrine is neither Taoist nor
Legalist in the conventional sense, nor is it, strictly speaking, a form of Legalized Taoism. It is rather, a unique system of thought."
805:), so that a king could reign without imposing his limited, self-centered view on the order of things originally manifested in nature; and the necessity of attaining a kind of dynamic balancing (
74:, having its origins in a broader political-philosophical drive looking for solutions to strengthen the feudal order as depicted in Zhou politics. Not systematically explained by historiographer
148:
does favour them, Tan's description of the Daojia arguably accords more with content described as Huang–Lao than a Laozi-Zhuangzi combination, interpreting the latter through the former.
136:(Dao family or "school") with Huang–Lao content in mind; though, it would not have meant Daoism at the time, or the exact same thing as Huang–Lao. Daojia would be pointed to refer to
157:
538:") in favour of rule by worthies on the basis that one needs their competence for such things as diplomacy. Historically all such material would end up criticized as
850:(天道 "way of Heaven"). Huang–Lao ideology gives "normative priority" to the natural order, with human social order based upon and in harmony with the cosmic order.
776:"balance; scale; steelyard") enables timely responses to the challenges of the world. Loewe lists another principal idea of the Huang–Lao silk texts:
3699:
530:, preceding the consolidation of the realm deft Han Emperors like Jing would be steeped in a Taoistic laissez-faire, and later texts like the
237:
biographies of 2nd-century BCE individuals described as "Huang–Lao" followers, and found they were either members of a Huang–Lao faction or a
1956:
1073:
Tu, Wei-ming (1979). "The 'Thought of Huang-Lao': A Reflection on the Lao tzu and Huang ti Texts in the Silk
Manuscripts of Ma-wang-tui".
1471:
291:
671:
Some
Chinese specialists, such as Tang Lan (唐兰), and Yu Mingguang (余明光), interpreted these four manuscripts as the no longer extant
360:
If the term is defined vaguely, a number of pre-Qin texts might retroactively be included under the term Huang–Lao. Excepting the
97:
considered its religious Taoism to be different from if not contradictory to the more philosophical strain of Taoism found in the
3453:
4321:
4301:
1399:
1314:
1264:
1163:
1005:
982:
600:(184 – 215 CE). "Later on, virtually all of the early texts disappeared and knowledge about original Huang-Lao was lost."
4263:
1183:
801:), based on the principle and model of the naturalness of the Way; a concern for the cultivation of penetrating insight (
3936:
1777:
1387:
974:
1346:
1140:
615:("Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic"), all were believed destroyed or lost – until the recent Mawangdui discoveries.
426:
1487:
3418:
2250:
1949:
609:("Han History") lists many books titled with the Yellow Emperor's name. However, with the exception of the medical
1663:
4031:
3300:
2575:
2571:
2401:
2072:
366:, most Huang–Lao texts vanished, and traditional scholarship associated the philosophical school with syncretist
79:
206:. Sima Tan (at least possibly) studied under a Huang–Lao master with a philosophical lineage dating back to the
4156:
1408:
194:
33:
4146:
3911:
2016:
954:
597:
25:
1664:
A Critical Review of the
Principal Studies on the Four Manuscripts Preceding the B Version of the Mawangdui
4151:
2098:
1206:
585:
1696:
3535:
3446:
3369:
1942:
1256:
768:"see; observe; contemplate") or "penetrating insight" to observe the inner workings of the universe, and
809:) in order to ensure a steady flow, as it were, of the political system as a mirror image of the cosmos.
4316:
4311:
2086:
2026:
997:
318:
67:
929:), picks out the best of the Confucians and Mohists, and adopts the essentials of the Terminologists (
4231:
2731:
2397:
892:(道家 "Daoism") was Huang–Lao instead of the traditional understanding as "Lao-Zhuang" (老莊, namely the
3916:
634:
Silk manuscripts found in
Mawangdui tomb number three, dated 186 BCE, included two versions of the
3953:
3921:
3884:
3719:
3705:
3249:
3055:
2879:
2531:
2081:
1928:
1338:
839:
593:
562:
287:
3391:
4011:
3627:
3439:
3384:
3010:
2756:
2592:
1737:, edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe, Cambridge University Press, 967-1032. pp. 986-7.
1922:
1497:
1481:
1284:
3632:
3210:
2741:
2369:
2230:
2041:
1787:
1391:
938:
834:
752:
314:
310:
207:
1586:
1418:
4306:
2716:
2349:
631:
in 1973 included four manuscripts that some scholars interpret as primary Huang–Lao texts.
624:
551:
435:
254:, "affiliation to rich and independent families with a power-base far from the capital" at
3849:
603:
Besides these received texts, the imperial library bibliography preserved in the (111 CE)
8:
3364:
2546:
2379:
2354:
2235:
2031:
1651:
The yellow emperor's four canons, a literary study and edition of the text from Mawangdui
330:
275:
1735:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
4278:
4258:
4248:
4199:
4141:
3677:
3497:
3237:
2447:
2422:
1965:
1223:
1098:
1090:
1061:
1032:
555:
326:
271:
266:'s work was rather biased towards Daoism and feudalism (or the Chinese version of it).
1904:
697:(經 "classic; canon") and the frequent references to Huangdi ("Yellow Emperor") in the
3899:
3694:
3506:
3470:
3403:
3276:
3230:
3205:
3187:
2462:
2329:
2170:
2052:
1984:
1772:
Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four and Five of the Huainanzi
1395:
1352:
1342:
1260:
1159:
1151:
1136:
1102:
1065:
1015:
Roth, Harold D. (1991). "Psychology and Self-Cultivation in Early Taoistic Thought".
1001:
978:
725:
705:
468:
are sometimes considered early examples of Huang–Lao. The more purely administrative
334:
279:
3948:
442:(黄老帛书 "Huang-Lao Silk Texts"), that are controversially identified as the long-lost
4236:
4190:
4173:
3479:
3359:
3323:
3305:
3294:
2945:
2004:
1999:
1295:
1248:
1215:
1082:
1053:
1024:
535:
367:
108:
104:
1892:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (Third Series)
414:
4195:
3926:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3775:
3311:
3263:
3256:
3243:
3173:
3095:
2036:
1979:
1556:
1432:
1178:
968:
950:
900:
611:
479:
396:
362:
141:
99:
1910:
4273:
4226:
4178:
4128:
4101:
4091:
4071:
3941:
3413:
3354:
3025:
2894:
2632:
2392:
673:
444:
306:
172:
51:
3397:
1916:
1057:
483:(administrative method), or provide any metaphysical grounds for appointment (
4295:
4253:
4243:
4106:
3996:
3894:
3877:
3857:
3824:
3734:
3645:
3573:
3125:
3045:
2751:
2309:
2304:
1174:
1044:
Roth, Harold D. (1997). "Evidence for Stages of Meditation in Early Taoism".
589:
570:
506:
408:
390:
210:
181:
94:
1799:
Richey, Jeffrey L. (2006), "Lost and Found Theories of Law in Early China,"
1356:
4183:
4086:
4081:
4066:
3986:
3889:
3810:
3768:
3582:
3551:
3513:
3408:
3317:
3288:
3166:
3135:
3130:
3115:
3110:
3040:
2950:
2925:
2899:
2829:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2766:
2726:
2696:
2691:
2675:
2670:
2597:
2579:
2561:
2556:
2510:
2145:
2107:
1994:
1989:
942:
511:
402:
384:
345:
338:
760:"pattern; principle") essential for sagely governance. The true king uses
258:, and "opposing the measures to deprive the feudal kings of their power."
4161:
4056:
4051:
3976:
3803:
3796:
3728:
3611:
3379:
3140:
3100:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3020:
2965:
2930:
2920:
2904:
2889:
2819:
2814:
2804:
2736:
2536:
2505:
2472:
2412:
2288:
2283:
2255:
1200:
Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism,"
732:
Tu Wei-Ming describes five common doctrines in the Huang–Lao silk texts.
581:
527:
523:
322:
302:
255:
185:
was a deification of Laozi as a reincarnated personification of the Dao.
168:
90:
71:
1884:
797:) as the primordial source of inspiration; an administrative technique (
434:
reinterpreting Huang–Lao following the 1973 discovery of the legalistic
4268:
4210:
4061:
4041:
3991:
3931:
3741:
3120:
3090:
3065:
3050:
3015:
2985:
2955:
2940:
2869:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2652:
2637:
2627:
2607:
2487:
2477:
2364:
2339:
2200:
2195:
2150:
2120:
1227:
1094:
1036:
519:
514:, express a blend of what may be considered Legalistic, Confucian, and
469:
349:
214:
3180:
994:
Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China
827:("non-striving" or "taking no action contrary to nature") and use his
773:
765:
757:
747:
739:
4096:
4076:
4036:
4006:
3981:
3817:
3789:
3529:
3330:
3105:
3030:
3005:
2990:
2960:
2935:
2864:
2809:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2686:
2647:
2612:
2587:
2432:
2334:
2245:
2225:
2180:
2135:
2125:
1934:
894:
780:(刑名 "forms and names"), which is usually associated with Shen Buhai.
636:
531:
485:
465:
378:
267:
246:
203:
145:
125:) was probably coined with elements of Huang–Lao literature in mind.
75:
1219:
1086:
1028:
4205:
4111:
3218:
3194:
3035:
3000:
2970:
2874:
2844:
2824:
2799:
2794:
2746:
2617:
2551:
2457:
2417:
2319:
2299:
2240:
2205:
2115:
937:
Thus, Huang–Lao Daoism incorporated concepts from five traditions:
905:
628:
574:
558:
477:
Dao ever attempts to articulate natural or ethical foundations for
461:
420:
372:
263:
218:
199:
129:
4168:
4116:
4046:
4026:
4016:
3838:
3831:
3621:
3543:
2995:
2980:
2839:
2706:
2622:
2602:
2492:
2482:
2467:
2452:
2437:
2427:
2374:
2359:
2270:
2215:
2185:
2160:
2155:
2130:
2067:
2059:
283:
251:
784:("form or reality") exist first and should be followed by their
518:
philosophy that might be termed "Huang-Lao". Having its base in
82:, developing into a major religion, the beginnings of religious
4021:
4001:
3685:
3669:
3661:
3592:
3462:
3374:
3282:
3060:
2884:
2834:
2657:
2642:
2541:
2526:
2442:
2344:
2324:
2314:
2260:
2210:
2046:
2021:
946:
854:
823:
644:乙) had copies of four texts attached in front. They are titled
605:
592:
techniques with Huang–Lao thought, and was associated with the
515:
234:
133:
116:
83:
41:
1733:
Loewe, Michael (1999), "The Heritage Left to the Empires," in
1253:
What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History
448:("Yellow Emperor's Four Classics") or a text relared with the
3971:
3904:
3782:
3602:
3520:
3337:
2975:
2761:
2521:
2220:
2175:
2165:
2140:
1929:
Huangdi sijing 黃帝四經 "The Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor"
1637:
Five Lost Classics: Tao, Huang-lao, and Yin-yang in Han China
888:
Harold D. Roth contends that the original meaning of Chinese
660:(稱 "Weighing by the Scales", a collection of aphorisms), and
569:("inaction") and brought peace and stability to the state of
554:
reportedly studied and applied Huang–Lao political ideology,
539:
298:
230:
176:
137:
685:
listed as having four sections. Tang's reasons included the
3747:
3270:
2265:
2190:
1289:
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition)
881:
875:
297:
It was probably the earliest movement that linked together
3488:
3431:
3160:
1602:
yiben juanqian guyishu de yanjiu (馬王堆出土《老子》乙本卷前古佚書的研究),"
842:
based upon a cosmic natural order that includes both the
817:
734:
156:
1806:
1801:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
1524:
3712:
3224:
1697:
Early Chinese history: Are the Chinese classics forged?
412:("Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals"), and
1536:
1046:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
510:, which places considerable importance on traditional
1459:
1363:
1332:
1700:, Society for promoting Christian knowledge. p. 268.
1676:
1563:
1512:
1375:
648:(經法 "Canonical Laws" or "Standards of Regularity"),
1715:
1703:
1448:Peerenboom, Randall P. (1990), "Natural Law in the
1384:
The Huainanzi and Liu An's Claim to Moral Authority
1110:Van Ess, Hans (1993). "The Meaning of Huang-Lao in
677:(黃帝四經 "Yellow Emperor's Four Classics"), which the
534:
include naturalist arguments against rule by law ("
522:, it spread south to develop in areas belonging to
1863:The Four Political Treatises of the Yellow Emperor
460:The syncretism of "Legalistic" texts like that of
424:("Book of Master Pheasant-Cap"), and the military
321:. Huang–Lao Daoist philosophy was favoured at the
66:'Huangdi–Laozi') was the most influential
1752:
1740:
4293:
1444:
1442:
718:
1793:
1656:
1424:
352:, with Gongsun founding the Confucian academy.
1727:
1381:
438:, which included four manuscripts, called the
418:("Mister Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals"), the
394:. Other proposals include parts of the Daoist
3447:
1950:
1688:
1439:
1150:Yates, Robin D.S. (2008). "Huang-Lao 黃老". In
816:John S. Major summarizes Huang–Lao ideology.
78:, it is generally interpreted as a school of
1764:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1158:. Two volumes. Routledge. pp. 508–510.
664:(原道 "Origins of the Way", also the title of
1313:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFMakeham1994 (
344:Huang–Lao was eclipsed by the "Legalistic"
61:
3478:
3454:
3440:
1957:
1943:
1923:Daoist Syncretism, The Huang-Lao Tradition
1835:
1783:
1582:
1493:
1477:
1414:
966:
853:Jeffrey L. Richey contrasts Huang–Lao and
1847:) and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism
1643:
1628:
1557:Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics
1548:
1273:
879:, it originates with the anthropomorphic
160:Huanglao jun, Daoist deification of Laozi
1592:
1241:
1131:Xiaogan, Liu (1994). Xiaogan Liu (ed.).
155:
144:as baseline examples for Daoism; though
89:Emphasizing the search for immortality,
1542:
1530:
1518:
1465:
1369:
1320:
1309:
1130:
1109:
991:
742:"way; path") is the ultimate basis for
618:
430:("Three Strategies of Huang Shigong").
56:
4294:
1964:
1612:
1301:
1172:
652:(十六經 "Sixteen Classics", also read as
128:Coming to mean something like Daoism,
3435:
1938:
1913:, FYSK Daoist Culture Centre Database
1682:
1653:, Ricci Institute and Kuangchi Press.
1634:
1598:Tang Lan 唐蘭 (1975), "Mawangdui chutu
1569:
1433:The World of Thought in Ancient China
1326:
1305:
1247:
1199:
1149:
526:. Chu culture being inherited by the
16:Influential Chinese school of thought
1829:
1816:
1812:
1709:
1560:, Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
1337:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
1043:
1014:
565:(d. 178 BCE) employed the policy of
192:first appears in the (109 – 91 BCE)
1335:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
1333:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
1184:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
857:theories about the cosmic roots of
455:
13:
3937:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1861:Chang, Leo S. and Yu Feng (1998),
1855:
1849:, Columbia University Press. p. 8.
1758:
1746:
1721:
1072:
1017:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
996:. Translated by W. Allyn Rickett.
245:"Legalist" faction. The historian
224:
14:
4333:
1898:
1622:(黃帝四經今註今譯). Yuelu shushe (岳麓书社).
1133:Classifying the Zhuangzi Chapters
970:Law and Morality in Ancient China
916:summary of the six philosophical
3644:
1135:. University of Michigan Press.
992:Rickett, W. Allyn, ed. (1998) .
4032:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
1917:The Status of Lao-Zhuang Daoism
1843:Original Tao: Inward Training (
1822:
1575:
1503:
967:Peerenboom, Randall P. (1993).
869:originates with the impersonal
561:(d. 190 BCE) and his successor
1430:Schwartz, Benjamin J. (1985),
1382:Vankeerberghen, Griet (2001).
545:
406:("Discourses of the States"),
382:, but also the more Confucian
195:Records of the Grand Historian
151:
121:
46:
37:
29:
1:
4147:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
3912:Three Great Emperor-Officials
1878:Journal of Chinese Philosophy
1865:, University of Hawaii Press.
960:
719:Philosophical interpretations
550:Two influential ministers of
400:, sections of the historical
317:, and aspects from the other
4322:Confucian schools of thought
4302:Classical Chinese philosophy
4152:Way of the Celestial Masters
1287:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
1207:The Journal of Asian Studies
598:Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion
586:Way of the Celestial Masters
504:A number of chapters of the
337:(r. 141–87 BCE) established
294:to be Huang–Lao proponents.
7:
1620:Huangdi sijing jinzhu jinyi
1257:University of Chicago Press
704:Other specialists, such as
656:十大經 "Ten Great Classics"),
10:
4338:
4157:Northern Celestial Masters
3461:
2087:Hundred Schools of Thought
1885:Huang Lao Thought and the
1694:Allen, Herbert J. (1906),
1662:Carrozza, Paola. (2002), "
1635:Yates, Robin D.S. (1997).
1156:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
998:Princeton University Press
681:(藝文志) bibliography of the
489:). The Han Huang–Lao work
319:Hundred Schools of Thought
229:Hans van Ess analyzed the
179:. The related Daoist name
107:", and the term "Taoism" (
4232:Sacred Mountains of China
4219:
4127:
3964:
3848:
3760:
3653:
3642:
3572:
3469:
3347:
3153:
2913:
2775:
2666:
2570:
2501:
2388:
2279:
2106:
2097:
1972:
1803:49/3: 329-343. pp. 336-9.
1618:Yu Mingguang 余明光 (1993),
1482:p. 12, 171, 230, 233, 242
1058:10.1017/S0041977X00036405
846:(人道 "way of humans") and
788:("name or description").
341:as the state philosophy.
333:(r. 157–141 BCE), before
202:and completed by his son
112:
68:Chinese school of thought
3917:Queen Mother of the West
1883:Loewe, Michael (1994), "
1841:Roth, Harold D. (2004),
1454:Philosophy East and West
1436:, Belknap Press. p. 216.
1181:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
1075:Journal of Asian Studies
370:, namely the legalistic
355:
3922:King Father of the East
2082:Nine Schools of Thought
1911:The Huang-Lao Tradition
1770:Major, John S. (1993),
1509:Rickett (1993), p. 244.
1339:Oxford University Press
1249:Creel, Herrlee Glessner
640:, one of which ("B" or
594:Yellow Turban Rebellion
171:, with Huang being the
132:likely coined the term
3385:State consequentialism
1649:Ryden, Edmund (1997),
1283:Hansen, Chad (2007) .
935:
811:
716:
588:movement incorporated
161:
2402:Northern and Southern
1868:Jan Yun-hua (1980), "
1554:Fu Zhengyuan (1993),
1173:Hansen, Chad (2020).
939:School of Naturalists
922:
835:Randall P. Peerenboom
790:
711:
427:Huang Shigong San Lüe
329:(r. 180–157 BCE) and
315:Chinese folk religion
311:School of Naturalists
208:Warring States period
198:, which was begun by
159:
1774:, SUNY Press. p. 12.
1187:(Fall 2020 ed.)
625:Mawangdui Silk Texts
619:Mawangdui silk texts
552:Emperor Gaozu of Han
436:Mawangdui Silk Texts
3681:(self-cultivation)
2032:School of Diplomacy
1639:. Ballantine Books.
501:in the Taoist Dao.
280:Empress Dowager Dou
276:Emperor Jing of Han
34:traditional Chinese
3673:(external alchemy)
3665:(internal alchemy)
1966:Chinese philosophy
1905:Huang-Lao Ideology
1152:Pregadio, Fabrizio
750:"model; law") and
590:Daoist immortality
272:Emperor Wen of Han
162:
26:simplified Chinese
4317:History of Taoism
4312:Taoist philosophy
4289:
4288:
3900:Tianhuang Emperor
3640:
3639:
3562:
3561:
3429:
3428:
3277:Mandate of Heaven
3149:
3148:
1931:, Ulrich Theobald
1784:Peerenboom (1993)
1724:, pp. 102–8.
1671:B.C. Asian Review
1583:Peerenboom (1993)
1533:, pp. 19–20.
1494:Peerenboom (1993)
1478:Peerenboom (1993)
1415:Peerenboom (1993)
1401:978-0-7914-5148-9
1266:978-0-226-12047-8
1165:978-0-7007-1200-7
1007:978-0-691-04816-1
984:978-0-7914-1237-4
885:("heaven; god").
706:Robin D. S. Yates
305:, the worship of
64:
4329:
4237:Wudang Mountains
3648:
3570:
3569:
3547:(transformation)
3524:(eight trigrams)
3476:
3475:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3306:Self-cultivation
3211:Neo-Confucianism
2946:Chung-ying Cheng
2104:
2103:
2005:New Confucianism
2000:Neo-Confucianism
1959:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1673:13:49-69. p. 61.
1660:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1596:
1590:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1491:
1485:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1245:
1231:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1179:Zalta, Edward N.
1169:
1146:
1127:
1120:Études chinoises
1106:
1069:
1040:
1011:
988:
908:coined the term
627:discovered near
536:Chinese Legalism
512:Confucian values
456:Early syncretism
368:Chinese classics
241:"Confucian" and
213:at the court of
175:, and Lao being
123:
114:
105:Chinese Legalism
65:
62:
58:
48:
39:
31:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4215:
4123:
3960:
3927:Eight Immortals
3885:Four Sovereigns
3873:Lingbao Tianzun
3868:Yuanshi Tianzun
3863:Three Pure Ones
3844:
3756:
3700:Three Treasures
3649:
3636:
3568:
3558:
3465:
3460:
3430:
3425:
3343:
3244:Three teachings
3145:
3096:Tsang Lap Chuen
2909:
2771:
2680:
2662:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2515:
2497:
2406:
2400:
2384:
2293:
2275:
2093:
2091:
2037:School of Names
1980:Agriculturalism
1968:
1963:
1925:, Brian Hoffert
1901:
1874:Tao: The Origin
1858:
1856:Further reading
1853:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1606:(考古學報) 1:7–38.
1597:
1593:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1450:Huang-Lao Boshu
1447:
1440:
1429:
1425:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1349:
1341:. p. 391.
1331:
1327:
1312:
1300:
1296:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1246:
1242:
1220:10.2307/3096138
1190:
1188:
1166:
1143:
1087:10.2307/2053506
1029:10.2307/2719289
1008:
985:
963:
951:School of Names
904:texts) Daoism.
721:
621:
612:Huangdi Neijing
548:
458:
440:Huang-Lao boshu
376:, the Taoistic
363:Huangdi Neijing
358:
227:
225:Political views
154:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4274:Tong Jee Teung
4271:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4227:Grotto-heavens
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Zhang Guoxiang
4099:
4094:
4092:Wang Chongyang
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Cheng Xuanying
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:Yellow Emperor
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3739:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3710:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:(calisthenics)
3674:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3607:(spontenaity)
3598:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3511:
3510:(non-polarity)
3493:
3484:
3482:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3414:Metaphilosophy
3411:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Lee Shui-chuen
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:Zhang Xuecheng
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2633:Wang Chongyang
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2572:Five Dynasties
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2395:
2393:Three Kingdoms
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1899:External links
1897:
1896:
1895:
1881:
1866:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1834:
1832:, p. 605.
1821:
1805:
1792:
1776:
1763:
1761:, p. 107.
1751:
1749:, p. 108.
1739:
1726:
1714:
1712:, p. 300.
1702:
1687:
1685:, p. 509.
1675:
1655:
1642:
1627:
1611:
1591:
1574:
1572:, p. 508.
1562:
1547:
1545:, p. 163.
1543:Van Ess (1993)
1535:
1531:Rickett (1998)
1523:
1519:Rickett (1998)
1511:
1502:
1486:
1470:
1466:Rickett (1998)
1458:
1438:
1423:
1407:
1400:
1374:
1372:, p. 173.
1370:Van Ess (1993)
1362:
1347:
1325:
1323:, p. xvi.
1294:
1272:
1265:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1214:(1): 129–156.
1197:
1170:
1164:
1147:
1141:
1128:
1107:
1070:
1052:(2): 295–314.
1041:
1023:(2): 599–650.
1012:
1006:
989:
983:
962:
959:
861:"law". In the
729:early Daoism.
720:
717:
674:Huangdi Sijing
620:
617:
547:
544:
457:
454:
445:Huangdi Sijing
357:
354:
313:, elements of
307:Yellow Emperor
226:
223:
173:Yellow Emperor
153:
150:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4334:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Mount Penglai
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:Sacred places
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Zhang Sanfeng
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Zhang Daoling
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3955:Other deities
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Ziwei Emperor
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3878:Daode Tianzun
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Hongjun Laozu
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3825:Qingjing Jing
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3738:(immortality)
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:Five Precepts
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:(five phases)
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
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3254:
3252:
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3247:
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3240:
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3228:
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3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
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3199:
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3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Zhang Dongsun
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Liang Shuming
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
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2952:
2949:
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2898:
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2873:
2871:
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2826:
2823:
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2813:
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2808:
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2801:
2798:
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2793:
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2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Wang Yangming
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
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2700:
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2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
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2649:
2646:
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2641:
2639:
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2629:
2626:
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2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
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2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
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2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
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2459:
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2454:
2451:
2449:
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2441:
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2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Dongfang Shuo
2308:
2306:
2305:Dong Zhongshu
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1919:, Chad Hansen
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1631:
1621:
1615:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1468:, p. 15.
1467:
1462:
1456:40.3:309-329.
1455:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:0-19-541521-3
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1142:9780472901340
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:(2): 161–177.
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:(1): 95–110.
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
986:
980:
976:
972:
971:
965:
964:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
934:
932:
928:
921:
920:("schools").
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:
897:
896:
891:
886:
884:
883:
878:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
830:
826:
825:
819:
814:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:
730:
727:
715:
710:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:
632:
630:
626:
616:
614:
613:
608:
607:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:
553:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
481:
474:
471:
467:
463:
453:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
431:
429:
428:
423:
422:
417:
416:
415:Lüshi Chunqiu
411:
410:
409:Chunqiu Fanlu
405:
404:
399:
398:
393:
392:
387:
386:
381:
380:
375:
374:
369:
365:
364:
353:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
222:
220:
216:
212:
211:Jixia Academy
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
191:
186:
184:
183:
182:Daode Tianzun
178:
174:
170:
166:
158:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
124:
118:
110:
106:
102:
101:
96:
95:Herrlee Creel
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:in the early
69:
59:
53:
49:
43:
35:
27:
23:
22:
4249:Mount Kunlun
4136:
4117:
4082:Zhang Boduan
4067:Tao Hongjing
3987:Heshang Gong
3954:
3949:Guan Shengdi
3890:Jade Emperor
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3811:Sanhuangjing
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3769:Tao Te Ching
3767:
3751:(talismancy)
3746:
3733:
3718:
3704:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3633:Ten Precepts
3620:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3519:
3514:Yin and yang
3505:
3496:
3495:
3487:
3409:Epistemology
3396:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3318:Yin and yang
3310:
3301:Human nature
3293:
3289:Filial piety
3281:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3236:
3229:
3217:
3206:Confucianism
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3136:Zhou Guoping
3131:Zhang Shenfu
3116:Yin Haiguang
3111:Yang Changji
3056:Liu Xiaofeng
3041:Liang Qichao
2926:Carsun Chang
2914:20th century
2900:Zhuang Cunyu
2830:Hong Liangji
2790:Chen Menglei
2785:Chen Hongmou
2767:Zhan Ruoshui
2727:Liu Zongzhou
2697:Hong Zicheng
2692:Huang Zongxi
2598:Fan Zhongyan
2576:Ten Kingdoms
2562:Linji Yixuan
2557:Liu Zongyuan
2146:Gongsun Long
2108:Eastern Zhou
2099:Philosophers
2077:
2073:Mixed School
2058:
2051:
2011:
1995:Han learning
1990:Confucianism
1894:, 4:377-395.
1891:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1824:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1683:Yates (2008)
1678:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1624:(in Chinese)
1619:
1614:
1608:(in Chinese)
1604:Kaogu xuebao
1603:
1599:
1594:
1577:
1570:Yates (2008)
1565:
1555:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1521:, p. 3.
1514:
1505:
1489:
1473:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1431:
1426:
1410:
1383:
1377:
1365:
1334:
1328:
1321:Xiaogan 1994
1310:Makeham 1994
1297:
1288:
1252:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1182:
1155:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1078:
1074:
1049:
1045:
1020:
1016:
993:
969:
943:Confucianism
936:
930:
927:Yinyang chia
926:
923:
917:
913:
909:
899:
893:
889:
887:
880:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
852:
847:
843:
833:
828:
822:
815:
812:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
785:
781:
777:
769:
761:
751:
743:
733:
731:
722:
712:
703:
698:
694:
693:titles with
690:
686:
682:
678:
672:
670:
668:chapter 1).
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
633:
622:
610:
604:
602:
584:period, the
579:
566:
549:
505:
503:
498:
494:
490:
484:
478:
475:
459:
449:
443:
439:
432:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
361:
359:
346:Gongsun Hong
343:
339:Confucianism
331:Emperor Jing
296:
260:
242:
238:
228:
193:
189:
187:
180:
164:
163:
127:
120:
98:
88:
55:
45:
20:
19:
18:
4307:Han dynasty
4279:White Cloud
4200:Dragon Gate
4057:Kou Qianzhi
4052:Bao Jingyan
3977:Zhuang Zhou
3797:Taipingjing
3615:(plainness)
3597:(nonaction)
3587:(integrity)
3555:(reversion)
3502:(ultimate)
3480:Metaphysics
3380:Role ethics
3365:Metaphysics
3141:Zhou Zuoren
3101:Xiong Shili
3086:Tang Chun-i
3081:Sun Yat-sen
3076:Qiu Renzong
3071:Mou Zongsan
3021:Kang Youwei
2966:Feng Youlan
2931:P. C. Chang
2921:Cai Yuanpei
2905:Zeng Guofan
2890:Yu Zhengxie
2820:Gong Zizhen
2815:Feng Guifen
2805:Fang Lanfen
2737:Qian Dehong
2537:Zhang Zhihe
2473:Xiahou Xuan
2413:Bao Jingyan
2256:Zhuang Zhou
1830:Roth (1991)
1817:Roth (1997)
1813:Roth (1991)
1710:Roth (1997)
1302:Hansen 2020
1191:19 February
714:Huang-Lao.
582:Eastern Han
580:During the
556:Chancellors
546:Han dynasty
528:Han dynasty
327:Emperor Wen
323:Western Han
270:considered
169:portmanteau
152:Terminology
91:Feng Youlan
72:Han dynasty
4296:Categories
4269:Louguantai
4062:Lu Xiujing
4042:Wei Huacun
3992:Wei Boyang
3695:Meditation
3471:Philosophy
3419:Legitimacy
3121:Yu Dunkang
3091:Tang Yijie
3066:Mao Zedong
3051:Lin Yutang
3016:Jin Yuelin
3011:Jiang Qing
2986:He Guanghu
2956:Chu Anping
2941:Chen Duxiu
2870:Wang Fuzhi
2860:Tan Sitong
2855:Pan Pingge
2850:Liu Yiming
2732:Luo Rufang
2653:Zhou Dunyi
2638:Wang Chuyi
2628:Wang Anshi
2608:Lu Jiuyuan
2488:Yan Zhitui
2478:Xie Daoyun
2380:Yang Xiong
2365:Wang Chong
2340:Kong Anguo
2201:Shen Buhai
2196:Shang Yang
2151:Guan Zhong
2121:Chunyu Kun
2042:Naturalism
1880:7:195-204.
1388:SUNY Press
1306:Smith 2003
975:SUNY Press
961:References
840:naturalism
699:Shiliujing
691:Shiliujing
650:Shiliujing
470:Shen Buhai
350:Zhang Tang
335:Emperor Wu
325:courts of
217:in modern
80:Syncretism
52:Wade–Giles
4191:Chongxuan
4174:Shangqing
4137:Huang–Lao
4097:Qiu Chuji
4087:Sun Bu'er
4077:Chen Tuan
4037:Guo Xiang
4007:Zhang Jue
3982:Lie Yukou
3818:Huahujing
3790:Huainanzi
3709:(essence)
3678:Yangsheng
3530:Feng shui
3516:(duality)
3398:Shan shui
3331:Zhengming
3106:Xu Fuguan
3031:Li Shicen
3006:Ray Huang
2991:Hu Qiaomu
2961:Fang Keli
2951:Ch'ien Mu
2936:Chen Daqi
2865:Tang Zhen
2810:Fang Quan
2722:Liu Bowen
2712:Lai Zhide
2702:Jiao Hong
2687:Chen Jiru
2648:Zhang Zai
2613:Shao Yong
2588:Cheng Hao
2532:Wang Tong
2433:Guo Xiang
2355:Liu Xiang
2335:Jing Fang
2246:Yuan Xian
2226:Ximen Bao
2181:Lie Yukou
2136:Duanmu Ci
2126:Confucius
2012:Huang–Lao
1887:Huainanzi
1788:pp. 27-31
1759:Tu (1979)
1747:Tu (1979)
1722:Tu (1979)
1236:Footnotes
1202:et cetera
1103:164156871
1066:162615630
931:Ming-chia
873:; in the
666:Huainanzi
654:Shidajing
637:Daodejing
563:Chen Ping
532:Huainanzi
499:xing-ming
486:xing-ming
466:Han Feizi
379:Huainanzi
288:Chen Ping
268:Sima Qian
247:Sima Qian
204:Sima Qian
190:Huang-Lao
188:The term
165:Huang–Lao
146:Sima Qian
76:Sima Qian
57:Huang-lao
47:Huáng-Lǎo
21:Huang–Lao
4196:Quanzhen
4184:Jingming
4112:Zhu Quan
4012:Zhang Lu
3804:Xiang'er
3776:Zhuangzi
3723:(spirit)
3715:(breath)
3654:Practice
3392:Ink wash
3370:Politics
3360:Theology
3219:Ming yun
3195:Jing zuo
3154:Concepts
3036:Li Zehou
3001:Hua Gang
2971:Gan Yang
2880:Yan Yuan
2875:Wei Yuan
2845:Lin Zexu
2825:Gu Yanwu
2800:Fang Bao
2795:Dai Zhen
2757:Wu Cheng
2747:Wang Gen
2618:Shen Kuo
2593:Cheng Yi
2552:Liu Yuxi
2458:Sengzhao
2418:Fan Zhen
2320:Huan Tan
2300:Ban Zhao
2251:Zhang Yi
2241:Yang Zhu
2206:Shen Dao
2116:Bu Shang
2017:Legalism
1985:Buddhism
1907:, R. Eno
1870:Tao Yuan
1357:46661540
1285:"Daoism"
1251:(1982).
1175:"Daoism"
955:Legalism
906:Sima Tan
901:Zhuangzi
829:shenming
778:xingming
726:Liu Ying
679:Yiwenzhi
629:Changsha
575:Chao Cuo
559:Cao Shen
516:Daoistic
493:grounds
464:and the
462:Shen Dao
450:Heguanzi
421:Heguanzi
397:Zhuangzi
373:Hanfeizi
303:Zhuangzi
292:Tian Shu
264:Sima Tan
256:Chang'an
219:Shandong
200:Sima Tan
142:Zhuangzi
130:Sima Tan
100:Zhuangzi
4264:Hanford
4254:Temples
4179:Lingbao
4169:Xuanxue
4162:Zhengyi
4142:Taiping
4129:Schools
4118:Fangshi
4047:Ge Hong
4027:Wang Bi
4017:Ge Xuan
3932:Chang'e
3850:Deities
3839:Daozang
3832:Baopuzi
3622:Zhenren
3544:Bianhua
3404:Society
3181:Jian'ai
2996:Hu Shih
2981:Gu Zhun
2840:Ma Qixi
2742:Wang Ji
2707:Jiao Yu
2623:Su Song
2603:Hu Hong
2493:Zhi Dun
2483:Xun Can
2468:Wang Bi
2463:Wang Su
2453:Ji Kang
2448:Huiyuan
2438:Fu Xuan
2428:Ge Hong
2375:Xun Yue
2370:Wang Fu
2360:Ma Rong
2330:Jia Kui
2271:Zou Yan
2231:Xu Xing
2216:Sun Tzu
2186:Mencius
2161:Hui Shi
2156:Han Fei
2131:Deng Xi
2068:Yangism
2060:Xuanxue
2027:Marxism
1973:Schools
1845:Nei-yeh
1228:3096138
1154:(ed.).
1095:2053506
1037:2719289
912:in his
848:tiandao
662:Yuandao
284:Cao Can
252:Xiongnu
109:Chinese
4022:He Yan
4002:Gan Ji
3965:People
3686:Daoyin
3670:Waidan
3662:Neidan
3593:Wu wei
3574:Ethics
3536:Wuxing
3463:Taoism
3375:Ethics
3348:Topics
3283:Wu wei
3061:Lu Xun
2885:Yu Yue
2835:Ji Yun
2717:Li Zhi
2658:Zhu Xi
2643:Ye Shi
2542:Han Yu
2527:Jizang
2443:He Yan
2423:Fan Ye
2350:Lu Jia
2345:Liu An
2325:Jia Yi
2315:Dou Wu
2261:Zichan
2211:Su Qin
2171:Li Kui
2053:Daoxue
2047:Taoism
2022:Mohism
1498:p. 242
1398:
1355:
1345:
1263:
1226:
1162:
1139:
1116:Hanshu
1101:
1093:
1064:
1035:
1004:
981:
953:, and
947:Mohism
910:Daojia
890:Daojia
863:Jingfa
855:Mohist
844:rendao
807:ch'eng
687:Jingfa
683:Hanshu
646:Jingfa
606:Hanshu
507:Guanzi
391:Guanzi
309:, the
278:, the
235:Hanshu
134:Daojia
122:dàojiā
119::
117:pinyin
111::
84:Taoism
54::
44::
42:pinyin
36::
28::
4206:Wuliu
3972:Laozi
3905:Houtu
3783:Liezi
3761:Texts
3603:Ziran
3521:Bagua
3498:Taiji
3492:(way)
3355:Logic
3338:Ziran
2976:Gu Su
2762:Xu Ai
2547:Li Ao
2522:Fu Yi
2236:Xunzi
2221:Wu Qi
2176:Li Si
2166:Laozi
2141:Gaozi
1666:Laozi
1600:Laozi
1392:p. 25
1224:JSTOR
1177:. In
1112:Shiji
1099:S2CID
1091:JSTOR
1062:S2CID
1033:JSTOR
914:Shiji
895:Laozi
824:wuwei
799:fa-li
770:cheng
658:Cheng
567:wuwei
540:Fajia
491:Boshu
403:Guoyu
385:Xunzi
356:Texts
299:Laozi
231:Shiji
177:Laozi
167:is a
138:Laozi
4259:Cebu
3748:Fulu
3735:Xian
3729:Diet
3720:Shen
3706:Jing
3507:Wuji
3324:Yong
3271:Tian
3250:Shen
3231:Qing
3188:Jing
2777:Qing
2676:Ming
2671:Yuan
2580:Song
2511:Tang
2266:Zisi
2191:Mozi
1828:Tr.
1587:p. 6
1581:Tr.
1419:p. 1
1396:ISBN
1353:OCLC
1343:ISBN
1315:help
1261:ISBN
1193:2024
1160:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1114:and
1002:ISBN
979:ISBN
898:and
882:Tian
876:Mozi
803:kuan
786:ming
782:Xing
762:guan
695:jing
689:and
623:The
596:and
497:and
388:and
348:and
290:and
274:and
233:and
140:and
93:and
63:lit.
4211:Yao
3742:Art
3552:Fan
3489:Tao
3295:Xin
3238:Ren
3161:Tao
2506:Sui
2398:Jin
2289:Han
2284:Qin
1890:",
1876:,"
1872:or
1669:,"
1452:",
1216:doi
1204:".
1124:XII
1118:".
1083:doi
1054:doi
1025:doi
918:jia
871:Dao
818:Dao
795:tao
735:Dao
524:Chu
4298::
3713:Qi
3612:Pu
3583:De
3312:Yi
3264:Ti
3257:Si
3225:Qi
3201:Li
3174:Fa
3167:De
1815:;
1786:,
1585:,
1496:,
1480:,
1441:^
1417:,
1394:.
1390:.
1386:.
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1222:.
1212:62
1210:.
1122:.
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1089:.
1079:39
1077:.
1060:.
1050:60
1048:.
1031:.
1021:51
1019:.
1000:.
977:.
973:.
949:,
945:,
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867:fa
865:,
859:fa
753:li
744:fa
701:.
642:yi
573:.
571:Qi
542:.
520:Qi
495:fa
480:fa
452:.
301:,
286:,
282:,
243:Fa
239:Ru
221:.
215:Qi
115:;
113:道家
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60:;
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40:;
38:黃老
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30:黄老
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1958:e
1951:t
1944:v
1819:.
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1500:.
1484:.
1421:.
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1230:.
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1195:.
1168:.
1145:.
1105:.
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1056::
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1027::
1010:.
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774:稱
772:(
766:觀
764:(
758:理
756:(
748:法
746:(
740:道
738:(
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