3657:
968:. Roth describes the hallmarks of Huang–Lao: the ruler should use self-transformation "as a technique of government, the emphasis on the precise coordination of the political and cosmic orders by the thus-enlightened ruler, and a syncretic social and political philosophy that borrows relevant ideas from the earlier Legalist and the Confucian schools while retaining the Taoist cosmological context."
842:(神明 "penetrating insight") to "learn all that can be learned about the natural order, so as to make his actions conform with it." Therefore, "The government of the true king is neither sentimental nor vacillating, and neither arbitrary nor domineering," it fully conforms with the "pattern of the Dao as expressed in the natural order, it is balanced, moderate, and irresistibly strong."
739:
practiced both Huang–Lao and
Buddhism, Huang–Lao did not mean Huangdi and Laozi, but "Buddhists (literally Yellow-Ancients, perhaps so-called from the colour of their garments)." Following the Mawangdui discoveries, the "Huang-Lao craze" in scholarship has significantly reshaped our understanding of
487:
One way Huang–Lao's rule of law from Han Fei with a greater emphasis on naturalism. It also acts as more of a theoretical constraint on the ruler. Even when Shen Buhai's work existed in its entirety, it was not necessarily lengthy, and is highly focused on administration. Neither Shen Buhai nor Shen
444:
Randall P. Peerenboom criticizes the tendency to classify all these texts together and "make of 'Huang-Lao' a dustbin by sweeping too much into it". If defined more strictly, nothing before the Han dynasty could be called Huang–Lao. No pre-Qin text actually uses the term. Modern scholars are
724:
Consequently, many of the interpretations of the nature and characteristics of Huang-Lao Taoist thought that have been based on a reading of the
Mawangdui manuscripts are debatable, since they are based on the assumption that these texts form an integral whole and are really affiliated with
483:
was said to be the earliest known political philosopher to have been influenced by such ideology. However, Sima Tan's argument that Shen Buhai and Shen Dao studied Huang–Lao is problematic. As its spokesman, Sima Tan probably pushes back Huang–Lao's origin as far as possible.
260:
used the term Huang–Lao "as a characterization of persons belonging to a political group which was the faction he belonged to as well." These historical members of the Huang–Lao faction had three political policies in common: "opposing the campaigns in the north" against the
831:
is the "highest and most primary expression of universal potentiality, order, and potency", and "is expressed in cosmic order, which embraces both the world of nature and the human world." Royal government must conform to natural order, thus the king should practice
944:) and Legalists. It shifts with the times and changes in response to things; and in establishing customs and in practical applications it is nowhere unsuitable. The general drift of its teaching is simple and easy to hold onto, much is achieved with little effort.
848:
recaps, "Huang-Lao's Boshu, while advocating a rule of law compatible with an organismic cosmology, is unique in that it supports a natural law grounded in the natural order." Peerenboom characterizes Huang–Lao as "foundational naturalism", meaning
935:
The Taoist school enables man's numinous essence to be concentrated and unified, to move in unison with the formless, and to provide adequately for the myriad things. As for its methods, it follows the general tendency of the
Naturalists
803:
Our limited exposure to the "lost texts" in the Silk
Manuscripts seems to indicate that the thought of Huang-Lao contains several apparently unrelated but actually fully integrated philosophical concepts: a cosmological vision of the Way
114:. Probably originating together around 300 BCE, the more politically dominant Huang–Lao denoted both for much of the Han. Highly favoured by superstitious rulers, it dominated the intellectual life of the Qin and early Han together with "
719:
and Edmund Ryden, interpreted the four manuscripts as mutually incompatible texts deriving from diverse philosophical traditions. Paola
Carrozza refers to this approach as "different authors, different times, and different places."
588:(d. 154 BCE), Chancellor to Emperor Jing, was another Huang–Lao official. He believed that the imperial rule should combine Huang–Lao and Confucianism, with punishment supplemented by reward, and coercion mitigated by persuasion.
734:
Sinologists have long disputed the nature of Huang–Lao philosophy. Before the 1973 Mawangdui excavation, some western interpretations of Huang–Lao were fanciful. For instance, Herbert J. Allen proposed that since Han prince
272:
The rich families of Huang–Lao may be said to have considered the emperor a first among equals rather than someone vested with absolute authority. Naturally, as someone favoring his class and ideology with it,
824:
Tu concludes, "The Huang-Lao doctrine is neither Taoist nor
Legalist in the conventional sense, nor is it, strictly speaking, a form of Legalized Taoism. It is rather, a unique system of thought."
816:), so that a king could reign without imposing his limited, self-centered view on the order of things originally manifested in nature; and the necessity of attaining a kind of dynamic balancing (
85:, having its origins in a broader political-philosophical drive looking for solutions to strengthen the feudal order as depicted in Zhou politics. Not systematically explained by historiographer
159:
does favour them, Tan's description of the Daojia arguably accords more with content described as Huang–Lao than a Laozi-Zhuangzi combination, interpreting the latter through the former.
147:(Dao family or "school") with Huang–Lao content in mind; though, it would not have meant Daoism at the time, or the exact same thing as Huang–Lao. Daojia would be pointed to refer to
168:
549:") in favour of rule by worthies on the basis that one needs their competence for such things as diplomacy. Historically all such material would end up criticized as
861:(天道 "way of Heaven"). Huang–Lao ideology gives "normative priority" to the natural order, with human social order based upon and in harmony with the cosmic order.
787:"balance; scale; steelyard") enables timely responses to the challenges of the world. Loewe lists another principal idea of the Huang–Lao silk texts:
3710:
541:, preceding the consolidation of the realm deft Han Emperors like Jing would be steeped in a Taoistic laissez-faire, and later texts like the
248:
biographies of 2nd-century BCE individuals described as "Huang–Lao" followers, and found they were either members of a Huang–Lao faction or a
1967:
1084:
Tu, Wei-ming (1979). "The 'Thought of Huang-Lao': A Reflection on the Lao tzu and Huang ti Texts in the Silk
Manuscripts of Ma-wang-tui".
1482:
302:
682:
Some
Chinese specialists, such as Tang Lan (唐兰), and Yu Mingguang (余明光), interpreted these four manuscripts as the no longer extant
371:
If the term is defined vaguely, a number of pre-Qin texts might retroactively be included under the term Huang–Lao. Excepting the
108:
considered its religious Taoism to be different from if not contradictory to the more philosophical strain of Taoism found in the
3464:
4332:
4312:
1410:
1325:
1275:
1174:
1016:
993:
611:(184 – 215 CE). "Later on, virtually all of the early texts disappeared and knowledge about original Huang-Lao was lost."
4274:
1194:
812:), based on the principle and model of the naturalness of the Way; a concern for the cultivation of penetrating insight (
3947:
1788:
1398:
985:
1357:
1151:
626:("Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic"), all were believed destroyed or lost – until the recent Mawangdui discoveries.
437:
1498:
3429:
2261:
1960:
620:("Han History") lists many books titled with the Yellow Emperor's name. However, with the exception of the medical
1674:
4042:
3311:
2586:
2582:
2412:
2083:
377:, most Huang–Lao texts vanished, and traditional scholarship associated the philosophical school with syncretist
90:
217:. Sima Tan (at least possibly) studied under a Huang–Lao master with a philosophical lineage dating back to the
4167:
1419:
205:
44:
4157:
3922:
2027:
965:
608:
36:
1675:
A Critical Review of the
Principal Studies on the Four Manuscripts Preceding the B Version of the Mawangdui
4162:
2109:
1217:
596:
1707:
3546:
3457:
3380:
1953:
1267:
779:"see; observe; contemplate") or "penetrating insight" to observe the inner workings of the universe, and
820:) in order to ensure a steady flow, as it were, of the political system as a mirror image of the cosmos.
4327:
4322:
2097:
2037:
1008:
329:
78:
940:), picks out the best of the Confucians and Mohists, and adopts the essentials of the Terminologists (
4242:
2742:
2408:
903:(道家 "Daoism") was Huang–Lao instead of the traditional understanding as "Lao-Zhuang" (老莊, namely the
17:
3927:
645:
Silk manuscripts found in
Mawangdui tomb number three, dated 186 BCE, included two versions of the
3964:
3932:
3895:
3730:
3716:
3260:
3066:
2890:
2542:
2092:
1939:
1349:
850:
604:
573:
298:
3402:
4022:
3638:
3450:
3395:
3021:
2767:
2603:
1748:, edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe, Cambridge University Press, 967-1032. pp. 986-7.
1933:
1508:
1492:
1295:
3643:
3221:
2752:
2380:
2241:
2052:
1798:
1402:
949:
845:
763:
325:
321:
218:
1597:
1429:
4317:
2727:
2360:
642:
in 1973 included four manuscripts that some scholars interpret as primary Huang–Lao texts.
635:
562:
446:
265:, "affiliation to rich and independent families with a power-base far from the capital" at
3860:
614:
Besides these received texts, the imperial library bibliography preserved in the (111 CE)
8:
3375:
2557:
2390:
2365:
2246:
2042:
1662:
The yellow emperor's four canons, a literary study and edition of the text from Mawangdui
341:
286:
1746:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
4289:
4269:
4259:
4210:
4152:
3688:
3508:
3248:
2458:
2433:
1976:
1234:
1109:
1101:
1072:
1043:
566:
337:
282:
277:'s work was rather biased towards Daoism and feudalism (or the Chinese version of it).
1915:
708:(經 "classic; canon") and the frequent references to Huangdi ("Yellow Emperor") in the
3910:
3705:
3517:
3481:
3414:
3287:
3241:
3216:
3198:
2473:
2340:
2181:
2063:
1995:
1783:
Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four and Five of the Huainanzi
1406:
1363:
1353:
1271:
1170:
1162:
1147:
1113:
1076:
1026:
Roth, Harold D. (1991). "Psychology and Self-Cultivation in Early Taoistic Thought".
1012:
989:
736:
716:
479:
are sometimes considered early examples of Huang–Lao. The more purely administrative
345:
290:
3959:
453:(黄老帛书 "Huang-Lao Silk Texts"), that are controversially identified as the long-lost
4247:
4201:
4184:
3490:
3370:
3334:
3316:
3305:
2956:
2015:
2010:
1306:
1259:
1226:
1093:
1064:
1035:
546:
378:
119:
115:
1903:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (Third Series)
425:
4206:
3937:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3786:
3322:
3274:
3267:
3254:
3184:
3106:
2047:
1990:
1567:
1443:
1189:
979:
961:
911:
622:
490:
407:
373:
152:
110:
1921:
4284:
4237:
4189:
4139:
4112:
4102:
4082:
3952:
3424:
3365:
3036:
2905:
2643:
2403:
684:
455:
317:
183:
62:
3408:
1927:
1068:
494:(administrative method), or provide any metaphysical grounds for appointment (
4306:
4264:
4254:
4117:
4007:
3905:
3888:
3868:
3835:
3745:
3656:
3584:
3136:
3056:
2762:
2320:
2315:
1185:
1055:
Roth, Harold D. (1997). "Evidence for Stages of Meditation in Early Taoism".
600:
581:
517:
419:
401:
221:
192:
105:
1810:
Richey, Jeffrey L. (2006), "Lost and Found Theories of Law in Early China,"
1367:
4194:
4097:
4092:
4077:
3997:
3900:
3821:
3779:
3593:
3562:
3524:
3419:
3328:
3299:
3177:
3146:
3141:
3126:
3121:
3051:
2961:
2936:
2910:
2840:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2777:
2737:
2707:
2702:
2686:
2681:
2608:
2590:
2572:
2567:
2521:
2156:
2118:
2005:
2000:
953:
522:
413:
395:
356:
349:
771:"pattern; principle") essential for sagely governance. The true king uses
269:, and "opposing the measures to deprive the feudal kings of their power."
4172:
4067:
4062:
3987:
3814:
3807:
3739:
3622:
3390:
3151:
3111:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3031:
2976:
2941:
2931:
2915:
2900:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2747:
2547:
2516:
2483:
2423:
2299:
2294:
2266:
1211:
Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, "Legalism,"
743:
Tu Wei-Ming describes five common doctrines in the Huang–Lao silk texts.
592:
538:
534:
333:
313:
266:
196:
was a deification of Laozi as a reincarnated personification of the Dao.
179:
101:
82:
1895:
808:) as the primordial source of inspiration; an administrative technique (
445:
reinterpreting Huang–Lao following the 1973 discovery of the legalistic
4279:
4221:
4072:
4052:
4002:
3942:
3752:
3131:
3101:
3076:
3061:
3026:
2996:
2966:
2951:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2663:
2648:
2638:
2618:
2498:
2488:
2375:
2350:
2211:
2206:
2161:
2131:
1238:
1105:
1047:
530:
525:, express a blend of what may be considered Legalistic, Confucian, and
480:
360:
225:
3191:
1005:
Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China
838:("non-striving" or "taking no action contrary to nature") and use his
784:
776:
768:
758:
750:
4107:
4087:
4047:
4017:
3992:
3828:
3800:
3540:
3341:
3116:
3041:
3016:
3001:
2971:
2946:
2875:
2820:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2697:
2658:
2623:
2598:
2443:
2345:
2256:
2236:
2191:
2146:
2136:
1945:
905:
791:(刑名 "forms and names"), which is usually associated with Shen Buhai.
647:
542:
496:
476:
389:
278:
257:
214:
156:
136:) was probably coined with elements of Huang–Lao literature in mind.
86:
1230:
1097:
1039:
4216:
4122:
3229:
3205:
3046:
3011:
2981:
2885:
2855:
2835:
2810:
2805:
2757:
2628:
2562:
2468:
2428:
2330:
2310:
2251:
2216:
2126:
948:
Thus, Huang–Lao Daoism incorporated concepts from five traditions:
916:
639:
585:
569:
488:
Dao ever attempts to articulate natural or ethical foundations for
472:
431:
383:
274:
229:
210:
140:
4179:
4127:
4057:
4037:
4027:
3849:
3842:
3632:
3554:
3006:
2991:
2850:
2717:
2633:
2613:
2503:
2493:
2478:
2463:
2448:
2438:
2385:
2370:
2281:
2226:
2196:
2171:
2166:
2141:
2078:
2070:
294:
262:
795:("form or reality") exist first and should be followed by their
529:
philosophy that might be termed "Huang-Lao". Having its base in
93:, developing into a major religion, the beginnings of religious
4032:
4012:
3696:
3680:
3672:
3603:
3473:
3385:
3293:
3071:
2895:
2845:
2668:
2653:
2552:
2537:
2453:
2355:
2335:
2325:
2271:
2221:
2057:
2032:
957:
865:
834:
655:乙) had copies of four texts attached in front. They are titled
616:
603:
techniques with Huang–Lao thought, and was associated with the
526:
245:
144:
127:
94:
52:
1744:
Loewe, Michael (1999), "The Heritage Left to the Empires," in
1264:
What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History
459:("Yellow Emperor's Four Classics") or a text relared with the
3982:
3915:
3793:
3613:
3531:
3348:
2986:
2772:
2532:
2231:
2186:
2176:
2151:
1940:
Huangdi sijing 黃帝四經 "The Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor"
1648:
Five Lost Classics: Tao, Huang-lao, and Yin-yang in Han China
899:
Harold D. Roth contends that the original meaning of Chinese
671:(稱 "Weighing by the Scales", a collection of aphorisms), and
580:("inaction") and brought peace and stability to the state of
565:
reportedly studied and applied Huang–Lao political ideology,
550:
309:
241:
187:
148:
696:
listed as having four sections. Tang's reasons included the
3758:
3281:
2276:
2201:
1300:
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition)
892:
886:
308:
It was probably the earliest movement that linked together
3499:
3442:
3171:
1613:
yiben juanqian guyishu de yanjiu (馬王堆出土《老子》乙本卷前古佚書的研究),"
853:
based upon a cosmic natural order that includes both the
828:
745:
167:
1817:
1812:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
1535:
3723:
3235:
1708:
Early Chinese history: Are the Chinese classics forged?
423:("Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals"), and
1547:
1057:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
521:, which places considerable importance on traditional
1470:
1374:
1343:
1711:, Society for promoting Christian knowledge. p. 268.
1687:
1574:
1523:
1386:
659:(經法 "Canonical Laws" or "Standards of Regularity"),
1726:
1714:
1459:Peerenboom, Randall P. (1990), "Natural Law in the
1395:
The Huainanzi and Liu An's Claim to Moral Authority
1121:Van Ess, Hans (1993). "The Meaning of Huang-Lao in
688:(黃帝四經 "Yellow Emperor's Four Classics"), which the
545:
include naturalist arguments against rule by law ("
533:, it spread south to develop in areas belonging to
1874:The Four Political Treatises of the Yellow Emperor
471:The syncretism of "Legalistic" texts like that of
435:("Book of Master Pheasant-Cap"), and the military
332:. Huang–Lao Daoist philosophy was favoured at the
77:'Huangdi–Laozi') was the most influential
1763:
1751:
4304:
1455:
1453:
729:
1804:
1667:
1435:
363:, with Gongsun founding the Confucian academy.
1738:
1392:
449:, which included four manuscripts, called the
429:("Mister Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals"), the
405:. Other proposals include parts of the Daoist
3458:
1961:
1699:
1450:
1161:Yates, Robin D.S. (2008). "Huang-Lao 黃老". In
827:John S. Major summarizes Huang–Lao ideology.
89:, it is generally interpreted as a school of
1775:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1169:. Two volumes. Routledge. pp. 508–510.
675:(原道 "Origins of the Way", also the title of
1324:sfnm error: no target: CITEREFMakeham1994 (
355:Huang–Lao was eclipsed by the "Legalistic"
72:
3489:
3465:
3451:
1968:
1954:
1934:Daoist Syncretism, The Huang-Lao Tradition
1846:
1794:
1593:
1504:
1488:
1425:
977:
864:Jeffrey L. Richey contrasts Huang–Lao and
1858:) and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism
1654:
1639:
1568:Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics
1559:
1284:
890:, it originates with the anthropomorphic
171:Huanglao jun, Daoist deification of Laozi
1603:
1252:
1142:Xiaogan, Liu (1994). Xiaogan Liu (ed.).
166:
155:as baseline examples for Daoism; though
100:Emphasizing the search for immortality,
1553:
1541:
1529:
1476:
1380:
1331:
1320:
1141:
1120:
1002:
753:"way; path") is the ultimate basis for
629:
441:("Three Strategies of Huang Shigong").
67:
14:
4305:
1975:
1623:
1312:
1183:
663:(十六經 "Sixteen Classics", also read as
139:Coming to mean something like Daoism,
3446:
1949:
1924:, FYSK Daoist Culture Centre Database
1693:
1664:, Ricci Institute and Kuangchi Press.
1645:
1609:Tang Lan 唐蘭 (1975), "Mawangdui chutu
1580:
1444:The World of Thought in Ancient China
1337:
1316:
1258:
1210:
1160:
537:. Chu culture being inherited by the
27:Influential Chinese school of thought
1840:
1827:
1823:
1720:
1571:, Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
1348:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
1054:
1025:
576:(d. 178 BCE) employed the policy of
203:first appears in the (109 – 91 BCE)
1346:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
1344:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
1195:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
868:theories about the cosmic roots of
466:
24:
3948:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1872:Chang, Leo S. and Yu Feng (1998),
1866:
1860:, Columbia University Press. p. 8.
1769:
1757:
1732:
1083:
1028:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1007:. Translated by W. Allyn Rickett.
256:"Legalist" faction. The historian
235:
25:
4344:
1909:
1633:(黃帝四經今註今譯). Yuelu shushe (岳麓书社).
1144:Classifying the Zhuangzi Chapters
981:Law and Morality in Ancient China
927:summary of the six philosophical
3655:
1146:. University of Michigan Press.
1003:Rickett, W. Allyn, ed. (1998) .
4043:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
1928:The Status of Lao-Zhuang Daoism
1854:Original Tao: Inward Training (
1833:
1586:
1514:
978:Peerenboom, Randall P. (1993).
880:originates with the impersonal
572:(d. 190 BCE) and his successor
1441:Schwartz, Benjamin J. (1985),
1393:Vankeerberghen, Griet (2001).
556:
417:("Discourses of the States"),
393:, but also the more Confucian
206:Records of the Grand Historian
162:
132:
57:
48:
40:
13:
1:
4158:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
3923:Three Great Emperor-Officials
1889:Journal of Chinese Philosophy
1876:, University of Hawaii Press.
971:
730:Philosophical interpretations
561:Two influential ministers of
411:, sections of the historical
328:, and aspects from the other
4333:Confucian schools of thought
4313:Classical Chinese philosophy
4163:Way of the Celestial Masters
1298:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
1218:The Journal of Asian Studies
609:Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion
597:Way of the Celestial Masters
515:A number of chapters of the
348:(r. 141–87 BCE) established
305:to be Huang–Lao proponents.
7:
1631:Huangdi sijing jinzhu jinyi
1268:University of Chicago Press
715:Other specialists, such as
667:十大經 "Ten Great Classics"),
10:
4349:
4168:Northern Celestial Masters
3472:
2098:Hundred Schools of Thought
1896:Huang Lao Thought and the
1705:Allen, Herbert J. (1906),
1673:Carrozza, Paola. (2002), "
1646:Yates, Robin D.S. (1997).
1167:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
1009:Princeton University Press
692:(藝文志) bibliography of the
500:). The Han Huang–Lao work
330:Hundred Schools of Thought
240:Hans van Ess analyzed the
190:. The related Daoist name
118:", and the term "Taoism" (
4243:Sacred Mountains of China
4230:
4138:
3975:
3859:
3771:
3664:
3653:
3583:
3480:
3358:
3164:
2924:
2786:
2677:
2581:
2512:
2399:
2290:
2117:
2108:
1983:
1814:49/3: 329-343. pp. 336-9.
1629:Yu Mingguang 余明光 (1993),
1493:p. 12, 171, 230, 233, 242
1069:10.1017/S0041977X00036405
857:(人道 "way of humans") and
799:("name or description").
352:as the state philosophy.
344:(r. 157–141 BCE), before
213:and completed by his son
123:
79:Chinese school of thought
3928:Queen Mother of the West
1894:Loewe, Michael (1994), "
1852:Roth, Harold D. (2004),
1465:Philosophy East and West
1447:, Belknap Press. p. 216.
1192:; Nodelman, Uri (eds.).
1086:Journal of Asian Studies
381:, namely the legalistic
366:
3933:King Father of the East
2093:Nine Schools of Thought
1922:The Huang-Lao Tradition
1781:Major, John S. (1993),
1520:Rickett (1993), p. 244.
1350:Oxford University Press
1260:Creel, Herrlee Glessner
651:, one of which ("B" or
605:Yellow Turban Rebellion
182:, with Huang being the
143:likely coined the term
3396:State consequentialism
1660:Ryden, Edmund (1997),
1294:Hansen, Chad (2007) .
946:
822:
727:
599:movement incorporated
172:
2413:Northern and Southern
1879:Jan Yun-hua (1980), "
1565:Fu Zhengyuan (1993),
1184:Hansen, Chad (2020).
950:School of Naturalists
933:
846:Randall P. Peerenboom
801:
722:
438:Huang Shigong San Lüe
340:(r. 180–157 BCE) and
326:Chinese folk religion
322:School of Naturalists
219:Warring States period
209:, which was begun by
170:
1785:, SUNY Press. p. 12.
1198:(Fall 2020 ed.)
636:Mawangdui Silk Texts
630:Mawangdui silk texts
563:Emperor Gaozu of Han
447:Mawangdui Silk Texts
3692:(self-cultivation)
2043:School of Diplomacy
1650:. Ballantine Books.
512:in the Taoist Dao.
291:Empress Dowager Dou
287:Emperor Jing of Han
45:traditional Chinese
3684:(external alchemy)
3676:(internal alchemy)
1977:Chinese philosophy
1916:Huang-Lao Ideology
1163:Pregadio, Fabrizio
761:"model; law") and
601:Daoist immortality
283:Emperor Wen of Han
173:
37:simplified Chinese
4328:History of Taoism
4323:Taoist philosophy
4300:
4299:
3911:Tianhuang Emperor
3651:
3650:
3573:
3572:
3440:
3439:
3288:Mandate of Heaven
3160:
3159:
1942:, Ulrich Theobald
1795:Peerenboom (1993)
1735:, pp. 102–8.
1682:B.C. Asian Review
1594:Peerenboom (1993)
1544:, pp. 19–20.
1505:Peerenboom (1993)
1489:Peerenboom (1993)
1426:Peerenboom (1993)
1412:978-0-7914-5148-9
1277:978-0-226-12047-8
1176:978-0-7007-1200-7
1018:978-0-691-04816-1
995:978-0-7914-1237-4
896:("heaven; god").
717:Robin D. S. Yates
316:, the worship of
75:
16:(Redirected from
4340:
4248:Wudang Mountains
3659:
3581:
3580:
3558:(transformation)
3535:(eight trigrams)
3487:
3486:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3317:Self-cultivation
3222:Neo-Confucianism
2957:Chung-ying Cheng
2115:
2114:
2016:New Confucianism
2011:Neo-Confucianism
1970:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1684:13:49-69. p. 61.
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1607:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1502:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1256:
1242:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1190:Zalta, Edward N.
1180:
1157:
1138:
1131:Études chinoises
1117:
1080:
1051:
1022:
999:
919:coined the term
638:discovered near
547:Chinese Legalism
523:Confucian values
467:Early syncretism
379:Chinese classics
252:"Confucian" and
224:at the court of
186:, and Lao being
134:
125:
116:Chinese Legalism
76:
73:
69:
59:
50:
42:
21:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4226:
4134:
3971:
3938:Eight Immortals
3896:Four Sovereigns
3884:Lingbao Tianzun
3879:Yuanshi Tianzun
3874:Three Pure Ones
3855:
3767:
3711:Three Treasures
3660:
3647:
3579:
3569:
3476:
3471:
3441:
3436:
3354:
3255:Three teachings
3156:
3107:Tsang Lap Chuen
2920:
2782:
2691:
2673:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2526:
2508:
2417:
2411:
2395:
2304:
2286:
2104:
2102:
2048:School of Names
1991:Agriculturalism
1979:
1974:
1936:, Brian Hoffert
1912:
1885:Tao: The Origin
1869:
1867:Further reading
1864:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1617:(考古學報) 1:7–38.
1608:
1604:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1503:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1461:Huang-Lao Boshu
1458:
1451:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1360:
1352:. p. 391.
1342:
1338:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1257:
1253:
1231:10.2307/3096138
1201:
1199:
1177:
1154:
1098:10.2307/2053506
1040:10.2307/2719289
1019:
996:
974:
962:School of Names
915:texts) Daoism.
732:
632:
623:Huangdi Neijing
559:
469:
451:Huang-Lao boshu
387:, the Taoistic
374:Huangdi Neijing
369:
238:
236:Political views
165:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4346:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4285:Tong Jee Teung
4282:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4238:Grotto-heavens
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4113:Zhang Guoxiang
4110:
4105:
4103:Wang Chongyang
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4083:Cheng Xuanying
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3953:Yellow Emperor
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:(calisthenics)
3685:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3618:(spontenaity)
3609:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3528:
3522:
3521:(non-polarity)
3504:
3495:
3493:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3425:Metaphilosophy
3422:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3037:Lee Shui-chuen
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2906:Zhang Xuecheng
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Wang Chongyang
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2583:Five Dynasties
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2406:
2404:Three Kingdoms
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1910:External links
1908:
1907:
1906:
1892:
1877:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1845:
1843:, p. 605.
1832:
1816:
1803:
1787:
1774:
1772:, p. 107.
1762:
1760:, p. 108.
1750:
1737:
1725:
1723:, p. 300.
1713:
1698:
1696:, p. 509.
1686:
1666:
1653:
1638:
1622:
1602:
1585:
1583:, p. 508.
1573:
1558:
1556:, p. 163.
1554:Van Ess (1993)
1546:
1542:Rickett (1998)
1534:
1530:Rickett (1998)
1522:
1513:
1497:
1481:
1477:Rickett (1998)
1469:
1449:
1434:
1418:
1411:
1385:
1383:, p. 173.
1381:Van Ess (1993)
1373:
1358:
1336:
1334:, p. xvi.
1305:
1283:
1276:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1225:(1): 129–156.
1208:
1181:
1175:
1158:
1152:
1139:
1118:
1081:
1063:(2): 295–314.
1052:
1034:(2): 599–650.
1023:
1017:
1000:
994:
973:
970:
872:"law". In the
740:early Daoism.
731:
728:
685:Huangdi Sijing
631:
628:
558:
555:
468:
465:
456:Huangdi Sijing
368:
365:
324:, elements of
318:Yellow Emperor
237:
234:
184:Yellow Emperor
164:
161:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4345:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:Mount Penglai
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:Sacred places
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Zhang Sanfeng
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Zhang Daoling
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3966:Other deities
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Ziwei Emperor
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3889:Daode Tianzun
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Hongjun Laozu
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:Qingjing Jing
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3749:(immortality)
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Five Precepts
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:(five phases)
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3461:
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3137:Zhang Dongsun
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3057:Liang Shuming
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2766:
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2763:Wang Yangming
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2500:
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2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:Dongfang Shuo
2319:
2317:
2316:Dong Zhongshu
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
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2046:
2044:
2041:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:, Chad Hansen
1929:
1926:
1923:
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1917:
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1913:
1904:
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1886:
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1543:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1479:, p. 15.
1478:
1473:
1467:40.3:309-329.
1466:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1359:0-19-541521-3
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1297:
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1261:
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1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1153:9780472901340
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:(2): 161–177.
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:(1): 95–110.
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
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1001:
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987:
983:
982:
976:
975:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
945:
943:
939:
932:
931:("schools").
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:
908:
907:
902:
897:
895:
894:
889:
888:
883:
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875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
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837:
836:
830:
825:
821:
819:
815:
811:
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794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
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760:
756:
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747:
741:
738:
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721:
718:
713:
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707:
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627:
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619:
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612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
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583:
579:
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571:
568:
564:
554:
552:
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519:
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485:
482:
478:
474:
464:
462:
458:
457:
452:
448:
442:
440:
439:
434:
433:
428:
427:
426:Lüshi Chunqiu
422:
421:
420:Chunqiu Fanlu
416:
415:
410:
409:
404:
403:
398:
397:
392:
391:
386:
385:
380:
376:
375:
364:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
270:
268:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:Jixia Academy
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
202:
197:
195:
194:
193:Daode Tianzun
189:
185:
181:
177:
169:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
129:
121:
117:
113:
112:
107:
106:Herrlee Creel
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:in the early
80:
70:
64:
60:
54:
46:
38:
34:
33:
19:
4260:Mount Kunlun
4147:
4128:
4093:Zhang Boduan
4078:Tao Hongjing
3998:Heshang Gong
3965:
3960:Guan Shengdi
3901:Jade Emperor
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3822:Sanhuangjing
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3780:Tao Te Ching
3778:
3762:(talismancy)
3757:
3744:
3729:
3715:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3644:Ten Precepts
3631:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3530:
3525:Yin and yang
3516:
3507:
3506:
3498:
3420:Epistemology
3407:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3329:Yin and yang
3321:
3312:Human nature
3304:
3300:Filial piety
3292:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3247:
3240:
3228:
3217:Confucianism
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3147:Zhou Guoping
3142:Zhang Shenfu
3127:Yin Haiguang
3122:Yang Changji
3067:Liu Xiaofeng
3052:Liang Qichao
2937:Carsun Chang
2925:20th century
2911:Zhuang Cunyu
2841:Hong Liangji
2801:Chen Menglei
2796:Chen Hongmou
2778:Zhan Ruoshui
2738:Liu Zongzhou
2708:Hong Zicheng
2703:Huang Zongxi
2609:Fan Zhongyan
2587:Ten Kingdoms
2573:Linji Yixuan
2568:Liu Zongyuan
2157:Gongsun Long
2119:Eastern Zhou
2110:Philosophers
2088:
2084:Mixed School
2069:
2062:
2022:
2006:Han learning
2001:Confucianism
1905:, 4:377-395.
1902:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1835:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1790:
1782:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1694:Yates (2008)
1689:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1635:(in Chinese)
1630:
1625:
1619:(in Chinese)
1615:Kaogu xuebao
1614:
1610:
1605:
1588:
1581:Yates (2008)
1576:
1566:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1532:, p. 3.
1525:
1516:
1500:
1484:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1442:
1437:
1421:
1394:
1388:
1376:
1345:
1339:
1332:Xiaogan 1994
1321:Makeham 1994
1308:
1299:
1263:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1193:
1166:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1089:
1085:
1060:
1056:
1031:
1027:
1004:
980:
954:Confucianism
947:
941:
938:Yinyang chia
937:
934:
928:
924:
920:
910:
904:
900:
898:
891:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
863:
858:
854:
844:
839:
833:
826:
823:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:
796:
792:
788:
780:
772:
762:
754:
744:
742:
733:
723:
714:
709:
705:
704:titles with
701:
697:
693:
689:
683:
681:
679:chapter 1).
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
646:
644:
633:
621:
615:
613:
595:period, the
590:
577:
560:
516:
514:
509:
505:
501:
495:
489:
486:
470:
460:
454:
450:
443:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
382:
372:
370:
357:Gongsun Hong
354:
350:Confucianism
342:Emperor Jing
307:
271:
253:
249:
239:
204:
200:
198:
191:
175:
174:
138:
131:
109:
99:
66:
56:
31:
30:
29:
4318:Han dynasty
4290:White Cloud
4211:Dragon Gate
4068:Kou Qianzhi
4063:Bao Jingyan
3988:Zhuang Zhou
3808:Taipingjing
3626:(plainness)
3608:(nonaction)
3598:(integrity)
3566:(reversion)
3513:(ultimate)
3491:Metaphysics
3391:Role ethics
3376:Metaphysics
3152:Zhou Zuoren
3112:Xiong Shili
3097:Tang Chun-i
3092:Sun Yat-sen
3087:Qiu Renzong
3082:Mou Zongsan
3032:Kang Youwei
2977:Feng Youlan
2942:P. C. Chang
2932:Cai Yuanpei
2916:Zeng Guofan
2901:Yu Zhengxie
2831:Gong Zizhen
2826:Feng Guifen
2816:Fang Lanfen
2748:Qian Dehong
2548:Zhang Zhihe
2484:Xiahou Xuan
2424:Bao Jingyan
2267:Zhuang Zhou
1841:Roth (1991)
1828:Roth (1997)
1824:Roth (1991)
1721:Roth (1997)
1313:Hansen 2020
1202:19 February
725:Huang-Lao.
593:Eastern Han
591:During the
567:Chancellors
557:Han dynasty
539:Han dynasty
338:Emperor Wen
334:Western Han
281:considered
180:portmanteau
163:Terminology
102:Feng Youlan
83:Han dynasty
4307:Categories
4280:Louguantai
4073:Lu Xiujing
4053:Wei Huacun
4003:Wei Boyang
3706:Meditation
3482:Philosophy
3430:Legitimacy
3132:Yu Dunkang
3102:Tang Yijie
3077:Mao Zedong
3062:Lin Yutang
3027:Jin Yuelin
3022:Jiang Qing
2997:He Guanghu
2967:Chu Anping
2952:Chen Duxiu
2881:Wang Fuzhi
2871:Tan Sitong
2866:Pan Pingge
2861:Liu Yiming
2743:Luo Rufang
2664:Zhou Dunyi
2649:Wang Chuyi
2639:Wang Anshi
2619:Lu Jiuyuan
2499:Yan Zhitui
2489:Xie Daoyun
2391:Yang Xiong
2376:Wang Chong
2351:Kong Anguo
2212:Shen Buhai
2207:Shang Yang
2162:Guan Zhong
2132:Chunyu Kun
2053:Naturalism
1891:7:195-204.
1399:SUNY Press
1317:Smith 2003
986:SUNY Press
972:References
851:naturalism
710:Shiliujing
702:Shiliujing
661:Shiliujing
481:Shen Buhai
361:Zhang Tang
346:Emperor Wu
336:courts of
228:in modern
91:Syncretism
63:Wade–Giles
4202:Chongxuan
4185:Shangqing
4148:Huang–Lao
4108:Qiu Chuji
4098:Sun Bu'er
4088:Chen Tuan
4048:Guo Xiang
4018:Zhang Jue
3993:Lie Yukou
3829:Huahujing
3801:Huainanzi
3720:(essence)
3689:Yangsheng
3541:Feng shui
3527:(duality)
3409:Shan shui
3342:Zhengming
3117:Xu Fuguan
3042:Li Shicen
3017:Ray Huang
3002:Hu Qiaomu
2972:Fang Keli
2962:Ch'ien Mu
2947:Chen Daqi
2876:Tang Zhen
2821:Fang Quan
2733:Liu Bowen
2723:Lai Zhide
2713:Jiao Hong
2698:Chen Jiru
2659:Zhang Zai
2624:Shao Yong
2599:Cheng Hao
2543:Wang Tong
2444:Guo Xiang
2366:Liu Xiang
2346:Jing Fang
2257:Yuan Xian
2237:Ximen Bao
2192:Lie Yukou
2147:Duanmu Ci
2137:Confucius
2023:Huang–Lao
1898:Huainanzi
1799:pp. 27-31
1770:Tu (1979)
1758:Tu (1979)
1733:Tu (1979)
1247:Footnotes
1213:et cetera
1114:164156871
1077:162615630
942:Ming-chia
884:; in the
677:Huainanzi
665:Shidajing
648:Daodejing
574:Chen Ping
543:Huainanzi
510:xing-ming
497:xing-ming
477:Han Feizi
390:Huainanzi
299:Chen Ping
279:Sima Qian
258:Sima Qian
215:Sima Qian
201:Huang-Lao
199:The term
176:Huang–Lao
157:Sima Qian
87:Sima Qian
68:Huang-lao
58:Huáng-Lǎo
32:Huang–Lao
18:Huang-Lao
4207:Quanzhen
4195:Jingming
4123:Zhu Quan
4023:Zhang Lu
3815:Xiang'er
3787:Zhuangzi
3734:(spirit)
3726:(breath)
3665:Practice
3403:Ink wash
3381:Politics
3371:Theology
3230:Ming yun
3206:Jing zuo
3165:Concepts
3047:Li Zehou
3012:Hua Gang
2982:Gan Yang
2891:Yan Yuan
2886:Wei Yuan
2856:Lin Zexu
2836:Gu Yanwu
2811:Fang Bao
2806:Dai Zhen
2768:Wu Cheng
2758:Wang Gen
2629:Shen Kuo
2604:Cheng Yi
2563:Liu Yuxi
2469:Sengzhao
2429:Fan Zhen
2331:Huan Tan
2311:Ban Zhao
2262:Zhang Yi
2252:Yang Zhu
2217:Shen Dao
2127:Bu Shang
2028:Legalism
1996:Buddhism
1918:, R. Eno
1881:Tao Yuan
1368:46661540
1296:"Daoism"
1262:(1982).
1186:"Daoism"
966:Legalism
917:Sima Tan
912:Zhuangzi
840:shenming
789:xingming
737:Liu Ying
690:Yiwenzhi
640:Changsha
586:Chao Cuo
570:Cao Shen
527:Daoistic
504:grounds
475:and the
473:Shen Dao
461:Heguanzi
432:Heguanzi
408:Zhuangzi
384:Hanfeizi
314:Zhuangzi
303:Tian Shu
275:Sima Tan
267:Chang'an
230:Shandong
211:Sima Tan
153:Zhuangzi
141:Sima Tan
111:Zhuangzi
4275:Hanford
4265:Temples
4190:Lingbao
4180:Xuanxue
4173:Zhengyi
4153:Taiping
4140:Schools
4129:Fangshi
4058:Ge Hong
4038:Wang Bi
4028:Ge Xuan
3943:Chang'e
3861:Deities
3850:Daozang
3843:Baopuzi
3633:Zhenren
3555:Bianhua
3415:Society
3192:Jian'ai
3007:Hu Shih
2992:Gu Zhun
2851:Ma Qixi
2753:Wang Ji
2718:Jiao Yu
2634:Su Song
2614:Hu Hong
2504:Zhi Dun
2494:Xun Can
2479:Wang Bi
2474:Wang Su
2464:Ji Kang
2459:Huiyuan
2449:Fu Xuan
2439:Ge Hong
2386:Xun Yue
2381:Wang Fu
2371:Ma Rong
2341:Jia Kui
2282:Zou Yan
2242:Xu Xing
2227:Sun Tzu
2197:Mencius
2172:Hui Shi
2167:Han Fei
2142:Deng Xi
2079:Yangism
2071:Xuanxue
2038:Marxism
1984:Schools
1856:Nei-yeh
1239:3096138
1165:(ed.).
1106:2053506
1048:2719289
923:in his
859:tiandao
673:Yuandao
295:Cao Can
263:Xiongnu
120:Chinese
4033:He Yan
4013:Gan Ji
3976:People
3697:Daoyin
3681:Waidan
3673:Neidan
3604:Wu wei
3585:Ethics
3547:Wuxing
3474:Taoism
3386:Ethics
3359:Topics
3294:Wu wei
3072:Lu Xun
2896:Yu Yue
2846:Ji Yun
2728:Li Zhi
2669:Zhu Xi
2654:Ye Shi
2553:Han Yu
2538:Jizang
2454:He Yan
2434:Fan Ye
2361:Lu Jia
2356:Liu An
2336:Jia Yi
2326:Dou Wu
2272:Zichan
2222:Su Qin
2182:Li Kui
2064:Daoxue
2058:Taoism
2033:Mohism
1509:p. 242
1409:
1366:
1356:
1274:
1237:
1173:
1150:
1127:Hanshu
1112:
1104:
1075:
1046:
1015:
992:
964:, and
958:Mohism
921:Daojia
901:Daojia
874:Jingfa
866:Mohist
855:rendao
818:ch'eng
698:Jingfa
694:Hanshu
657:Jingfa
617:Hanshu
518:Guanzi
402:Guanzi
320:, the
289:, the
246:Hanshu
145:Daojia
133:dàojiā
130::
128:pinyin
122::
95:Taoism
65::
55::
53:pinyin
47::
39::
4217:Wuliu
3983:Laozi
3916:Houtu
3794:Liezi
3772:Texts
3614:Ziran
3532:Bagua
3509:Taiji
3503:(way)
3366:Logic
3349:Ziran
2987:Gu Su
2773:Xu Ai
2558:Li Ao
2533:Fu Yi
2247:Xunzi
2232:Wu Qi
2187:Li Si
2177:Laozi
2152:Gaozi
1677:Laozi
1611:Laozi
1403:p. 25
1235:JSTOR
1188:. In
1123:Shiji
1110:S2CID
1102:JSTOR
1073:S2CID
1044:JSTOR
925:Shiji
906:Laozi
835:wuwei
810:fa-li
781:cheng
669:Cheng
578:wuwei
551:Fajia
502:Boshu
414:Guoyu
396:Xunzi
367:Texts
310:Laozi
242:Shiji
188:Laozi
178:is a
149:Laozi
4270:Cebu
3759:Fulu
3746:Xian
3740:Diet
3731:Shen
3717:Jing
3518:Wuji
3335:Yong
3282:Tian
3261:Shen
3242:Qing
3199:Jing
2788:Qing
2687:Ming
2682:Yuan
2591:Song
2522:Tang
2277:Zisi
2202:Mozi
1839:Tr.
1598:p. 6
1592:Tr.
1430:p. 1
1407:ISBN
1364:OCLC
1354:ISBN
1326:help
1272:ISBN
1204:2024
1171:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1125:and
1013:ISBN
990:ISBN
909:and
893:Tian
887:Mozi
814:kuan
797:ming
793:Xing
773:guan
706:jing
700:and
634:The
607:and
508:and
399:and
359:and
301:and
285:and
244:and
151:and
104:and
74:lit.
4222:Yao
3753:Art
3563:Fan
3500:Tao
3306:Xin
3249:Ren
3172:Tao
2517:Sui
2409:Jin
2300:Han
2295:Qin
1901:",
1887:,"
1883:or
1680:,"
1463:",
1227:doi
1215:".
1135:XII
1129:".
1094:doi
1065:doi
1036:doi
929:jia
882:Dao
829:Dao
806:tao
746:Dao
535:Chu
4309::
3724:Qi
3623:Pu
3594:De
3323:Yi
3275:Ti
3268:Si
3236:Qi
3212:Li
3185:Fa
3178:De
1826:;
1797:,
1596:,
1507:,
1491:,
1452:^
1428:,
1405:.
1401:.
1397:.
1362:.
1330:;
1319:;
1315:;
1286:^
1270:.
1266:.
1233:.
1223:62
1221:.
1133:.
1108:.
1100:.
1090:39
1088:.
1071:.
1061:60
1059:.
1042:.
1032:51
1030:.
1011:.
988:.
984:.
960:,
956:,
952:,
878:fa
876:,
870:fa
764:li
755:fa
712:.
653:yi
584:.
582:Qi
553:.
531:Qi
506:fa
491:fa
463:.
312:,
297:,
293:,
254:Fa
250:Ru
232:.
226:Qi
126:;
124:道家
97:.
71:;
61:;
51:;
49:黃老
43:;
41:黄老
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3466:e
3459:t
3452:v
1969:e
1962:t
1955:v
1830:.
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1511:.
1495:.
1432:.
1415:.
1370:.
1328:)
1302:.
1280:.
1241:.
1229::
1206:.
1179:.
1156:.
1116:.
1096::
1079:.
1067::
1050:.
1038::
1021:.
998:.
936:(
804:(
785:稱
783:(
777:觀
775:(
769:理
767:(
759:法
757:(
751:道
749:(
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20:)
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