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1150:. In 1962 the Award was established in honor of Dr. Hubertus Strughold, also known as "The Father of Space Medicine". The award was presented every year from 1963 through 2012 to a Space Medicine Branch member for outstanding contributions in applications and research in the field of space-related medical research.
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While, unlike the Dachau experiments, all the test subjects survived the research process, this revelation led the
Society of Air and Space Medicine to abolish a major award bearing Strughold's name. A similar campaign by American scholars prompted the US branch of the Aerospace Medical Association
666:
built by the
Luftwaffe in which the interior air pressure could be altered to simulate the effects of freefalling from a high-altitude without oxygen. Of the 200 test subjects employed in the experiment 80 were killed by the tests outright, with the remainder subsequently being executed by the SS.
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In March 1971, Strughold married Mary Webb
Delahite (née Mary Cecilia Houston Webb), who was 16 years his junior and whom he had met in 1959 at a mutual friend's birthday party. Mary had three adult daughters from her first marriage. In 1983 he was awarded the
576:. With the outbreak of war in 1939, the organization was absorbed into the German military and incorporated into the Medical Service of the Luftwaffe where it was rechristened as the "Air Force Institute for Aviation Medicine" and placed under the command of
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listed
Strughold as one of thirteen "persons, firms or individuals implicated" in the war crimes committed at Dachau. In addition, several Luftwaffe officials associated with Strughold's Institute for Aviation Medicine, including his former
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to announce in 2013 that it would retire a similar award, also named in
Strughold's honor, which it had been bestowing since 1963. The move was met with opposition from defenders of Strughold, citing his many notable contributions to the
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Further questions about
Strughold's activities during World War II emerged in 2004 following an investigation conducted by the Historical Committee of the German Society of Air and Space Medicine. The inquiry uncovered evidence of
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by US authorities. These revelations did significant damage to
Strughold's reputation and resulted in the revocation of various honors that had been bestowed upon him over the course of his career. In 1993, at the request of the
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in which he proposed that space was present in small gradations that grew as altitude levels increased, rather than existing in remote regions of the atmosphere. Between 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building of the
1934:
678:. Prisoners were made to remain outdoors naked in freezing temperatures or submerged in tanks of freezing water for hours to simulate the effects of hypothermia before being immersed in hot, sometimes
919:, a sealed chamber in which human test subjects were placed for extended periods of time in order to view the potential physical, biological and psychological effects of extra-atmospheric flight.
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779:, he had no knowledge of the atrocities that were being committed at Dachau by men who were ostensibly his subordinates. Strughold was never subsequently charged with any wrongdoing by the
1929:
659:
537:. Under Strughold's leadership, the Institute grew to become Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, pioneering the study of the physical effects of high-
1821:, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collection, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.
1328:
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and would later take over as
Chairman of the Center's Advanced Studies Group in 1960. He was next appointed Chief Scientist of the Aerospace Medical Division (AMD) of
740:
or to have it injected directly into their veins. Half the subjects were then administered a medication called
Berkatit and all were then made to undergo an invasive
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Though he was a civilian researcher, the majority of the studies and projects
Strughold's institute undertook during this time were commissioned and financed by the
1307:
1274:
1062:, which had been named in Strughold's honor in 1977. His portrait, however, still hangs there. Further action by the ADL also led to Strughold's removal from the
674:" using 300 live test subjects. The purpose of these tests was to determine the best way to warm German pilots who had been downed at sea and were suffering from
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1874:
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875:" and "astrobiology" to describe this area of study in 1948. The following year he was appointed as the first and only Professor of Space Medicine at the
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706:
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The Hubertus Strughold Award was established by the Space Medicine Branch, known today as the Space Medicine Association, a member organization of the
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682:, water to facilitate the warming process, often with fatal results. In October 1942 Rascher delivered a presentation to a medical conference in
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935:
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863:. It was while at Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of the first research into the potential medical challenges posed by
836:, a book-length summary of the knowledge gained by German aviation researchers during the war. In August 1947 Strughold was brought to the
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in which he detailed the findings of his freezing experiments at Dachau to the attendees, Hubertus Strughold and Luftwaffe Surgeon-General
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that, despite his influential position within the Luftwaffe Medical Service and his attendance at the October 1942 medical conference in
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For his role in pioneering the study of the physical and psychological effects of crewed spaceflight he became known as "The Father of
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883:. SAM would become one of the first medical establishments dedicated to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "
488:. Strughold returned to Germany in late-1929 and resumed teaching at the WĂĽrzburg Physiological Institute, eventually becoming a
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910:. In 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing notions concerning spaceflight when he co-authored the influential research paper
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748:, with numerous subjects dying as a result. The extent to which the Dachau experiments may have occurred with either the
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in July 1956 and the following year was named Adviser for Research to the newly-established Aerospace Medical Center at
895:", containers that simulate the atmosphere of Mars, that have now become an essential tool in astrobiological research.
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Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931). After completing his studies at the
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experiments carried out by Strughold's Institute for Aviation Medicine in 1943. According to these findings six
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of Strughold in his role as Director of the Institute for Aviation Medicine, remains a source of controversy.
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1010:, Strughold was the subject of three separate US government investigations into his suspected involvement in
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716:. In July 1944, Schröder initiated a new series of human experiments at Dachau. This study, overseen by Dr.
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turned up no derogatory information and fully exonerated Strughold, while a second inquiry launched by the
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970:. Strughold retired from his position with the US Air Force in 1968 but continued to serve as an honorary
588:. Strughold was also commissioned as an officer in the German Air Force, eventually rising to the rank of
1914:
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declared June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" in his honor in 1985. Strughold died at his ranch outside of
938:(NASA) where he was responsible for supervising all aerospace medicine research being conducted by the
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328:
233:
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1572:"Presentation of an Award for Meritorious Contributions to Neuropathology to Richard Lindenberg, M.D."
1844:
931:
643:
828:, becoming Chief Scientist of its Aeromedical Center, which was located on the campus of the former
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In October 1945 Strughold returned to academia, becoming director of the Physiological Institute at
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of Physiology at WĂĽrzburg, Strughold's attention was increasingly drawn to the emerging science of
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Under Strughold, the School of Aviation Medicine conducted pioneering studies on issues such as
879:'s newly established School of Aviation Medicine (SAM) by the institution's commandant, Colonel
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1058:(ADL), the Air Force decided in 1995 to rename the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library at
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Campbell, Mark R.; Mohler, Stanley R.; Harsch, Viktor A.; Baisden, Denise (July 1, 2007).
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From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher and the Luftwaffe physicians also conducted so-called "
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946:. During his collaboration with NASA, Strughold played a central role in designing the
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to plan and carry out a number of aeromedical experiments in which inmates from the
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the following year. While continuing his studies at WĂĽrzburg, Strughold served as a
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inmates from Dachau were deprived of food and forced to consume large amounts of
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650:. The study took place in the spring and summer of 1942 and initially focused on
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553:". Beginning in 1936 Strughold also served as co-editor of the medical journal
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1771:. Vol. 73, no. 9 (published September 2002). 2002. pp. 948–9.
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1050:, his portrait was removed from a mural of prominent physicians displayed at
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reopened his case but withdrew from the effort following Strughold's death.
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came under greater scrutiny in the media and evidence of his involvement in
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In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of the Institute of Physiology at the
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and the lack of any formal proof of his direct involvement in war crimes.
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in an effort to simulate the effects of high-altitude sicknesses, such as
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1668:"The Doctor From Nazi Germany and the Roots of the Hunt for Life on Mars"
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and went on to serve in a number of high-level scientific posts with the
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in February 1962. In this capacity, Strughold worked closely with the
840:, along with many other highly valuable German scientists, as part of
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529:-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science
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293:
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children, between the ages of 11 and 13, were taken from the Nazis'
24:
1935:
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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in 1974 was later abandoned citing a lack of evidence. In 1983 the
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538:
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and medical staff of the Apollo program in advance of the planned
1754:. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published August 2000). p. 874.
1722:
Hubertus Strughold: Life and Work in the Fields of Space Medicine
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and also conducted specialized medical research under Professors
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documents from 1945 that listed him among those being sought as
700:
to the newly-appointed Chief of the Luftwaffe Medical Service,
589:
526:
1015:
178:
1702:"A Scientist's Nazi-Era Past Haunts Prestigious Space Prize"
504:. Through his association with Robert Ritter von Greim (now
1512:
1108:
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to Strughold's Berlin laboratory where they were placed in
1007:
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in connection with the Dachau experiments at the 1946-1947
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personal pilot), Strughold became acquainted socially with
309:
808:. During these proceedings, Strughold contributed several
783:. However, a 1946 memorandum produced by the staff of the
300:. In 1947 he was brought to the United States as part of
1033:
After his death, Strughold's alleged connection to the
867:, in conjunction with fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr.
273:(June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born
1767:"Hubertus Strughold Award. Earl H. Wood, M.D., Ph.D".
1576:
Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology
812:
for the defense on behalf of his accused colleagues.
1930:
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
1515:"Hubertus Strughold: the "Father of Space Medicine""
1441:
2013 Award retired by the Space Medicine Association
1137:
Founders Award, Aerospace Medical Association, 1965
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1037:became more widely known following the release of
525:. In April 1935, he was appointed Director of the
319:". Following his death, Strughold's activities in
962:astronauts. He also directed the training of the
352:, on June 15, 1898. Strughold was the son of the
339:
1826:
1750:Musgrave, S (2000). "Hubertus Strughold Award".
623:collaborated with Luftwaffe aviation scientists
847:Along with another former Luftwaffe physician,
1718:
1637:"The U.S. Air Force experimental sealed cabin"
1171:1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Jr., USAF, M.C.
728:, centered on testing new methods of seawater
598:German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
1875:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
977:
936:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
830:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research
815:
533:that operated under the auspices of Göring's
1186:1969 Col. Stanley C. White, M.D., USAF, M.C.
460:. He would tour the medical laboratories at
1769:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
1752:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
1630:
1628:
1522:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
1296:1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC
1141:
383:Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster
1508:
1506:
1493:"Project Paperclip: Dark side of the Moon"
1196:1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
1131:Award, Aerospace Medical Association, 1958
824:. He also began working on behalf of the
568:) as part of the Nazi's ongoing policy of
292:and later held the same position with the
281:. Beginning in 1935 he served as chief of
133:
1634:
1600:
999:on September 25, 1986, at the age of 88.
596:. He was also elected as a member of the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1790:Additional references and photograph at
1749:
1625:
834:German Aviation Medicine in World War II
771:. Strughold would subsequently claim to
759:in May 1945, Strughold was placed under
603:
495:
395:Julius Maximilian University of WĂĽrzburg
1890:Academic staff of Heidelberg University
1719:Campbell, Mark; Harsch, Viktor (2013).
1699:
1596:
1594:
1503:
1206:1972 Col. Paul A. Campbell, USAF (Ret.)
1850:People from the Province of Westphalia
1827:
1665:
1490:
1293:1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
1024:Immigration and Naturalization Service
732:. In the course of the experiment, 90
521:, though he never formally joined the
517:and other high-ranking members of the
502:Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin
379:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1817:, Interview with Hubertus Strughold,
1700:Lagnado, Lucette (December 1, 2012).
1569:
389:(Dr. phil.) in 1922. He obtained his
1725:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 7.
1591:
1570:Earle, Kenneth M. (September 1981).
1491:Walker, Andrew (November 21, 2005).
1114:
1073:
1054:. Following similar protests by the
832:. In this capacity Strughold edited
545:flight, along with establishing the
448:. In 1928 Strughold traveled to the
415:Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg
375:Georg August University of Göttingen
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1855:Luftwaffe personnel of World War II
662:, were locked inside of a portable
432:and he collaborated with the famed
13:
1337:1995 Mary Anne Bassett Frey, Ph.D.
891:. Strughold also first described "
800:Oskar Schröder, were convicted of
720:and Luftwaffe aviation scientists
693:In early-1944 Strughold was named
344:Strughold was born in the town of
14:
1946:
1895:United States Air Force civilians
1784:
1659:
1280:1985 Philip C. Johnson, Jr., M.D.
1209:1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
1002:During his work on behalf of the
1641:The Journal of Aviation Medicine
1607:The Journal of Aviation Medicine
1585:10.1097/00005072-198109000-00009
1438:2012 Smith L. Johnston III, M.D.
1064:International Space Hall of Fame
1028:Office of Special Investigations
851:, Strughold was assigned to the
23:
1743:
1666:Scoles, Sarah (July 24, 2020).
1603:"Atmospheric space equivalence"
1408:2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D.
1232:1978 Walton L. Jones, Jr., M.D.
1177:1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
350:Prussian province of Westphalia
34:needs additional citations for
16:German psychologist (1898–1986)
1880:University of Göttingen alumni
1712:
1693:
1563:
1528:(7): 716–719, discussion 719.
1484:
1398:2005 William S. Augerson, M.D.
1270:1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
1180:1967 Charles Alden Berry, M.D.
1018:. A 1958 investigation by the
871:. Strughold coined the terms "
340:Early life and academic career
329:Nazi-era human experimentation
1:
1885:University of WĂĽrzburg alumni
1477:
1452:Aerospace Medical Association
1334:1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D.
1174:1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
1148:Aerospace Medical Association
1089:Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre
393:(Dr. med. et phil.) from the
1905:Early spaceflight scientists
1635:Strughold, Hubertus (1956).
1601:Strughold, Hubertus (1954).
1457:Human factors and ergonomics
1229:1977 William Kennedy Douglas
1122:The Father of Space Medicine
952:onboard life support systems
932:US Air Force Systems Command
551:time of useful consciousness
334:
331:greatly damaged his legacy.
7:
1445:
1411:2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
1378:2001 John B. Charles, Ph.D.
1349:Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid
1153:
421:(Dr. med. habil.) in 1927.
365:in 1918, Strughold studied
139:Hubertus Strughold, c. 1953
10:
1951:
1462:Nazi human experimentation
1414:2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.
1183:1968 David G. Simons, M.D.
978:Later life and controversy
902:, the physical effects of
816:Work for the United States
535:Reich Ministry of Aviation
478:Western Reserve University
234:Nazi Human Experimentation
1388:2003 Jonathan Clark (for
652:high-altitude experiments
644:Dachau concentration camp
264:
246:
239:
225:
203:
186:
163:
144:
132:
125:
1418:
1365:
1329:George Wyckliffe Hoffler
1300:
1290:1987 Karl E. Klein, M.D.
1243:
1226:1976 Harald J. von Beckh
1190:
1158:
1142:Hubertus Strughold Award
806:Nuremberg Doctor's Trial
440:to study the effects of
1900:People from San Antonio
1860:German military doctors
1373:Franklin Story Musgrave
1361:1999 Sam Lee Pool, M.D.
1265:Sidney D. Leverett, Jr.
1201:Donald Davis Flickinger
912:Where Does Space Begin?
802:crimes against humanity
794:Hermann Becker-Freyseng
654:. Camp inmates, mostly
625:Hermann Becker-Freyseng
438:Robert Ritter von Greim
212:University of Göttingen
1920:American physiologists
1308:Joan Vernikos-Danellis
1275:Arnauld E. Nicogossian
1109:American space program
1068:Alamogordo, New Mexico
1056:Anti-Defamation League
985:Federal Order of Merit
944:national space program
906:and the disruption of
458:Rockefeller Foundation
452:as part of a two year
385:, where he earned his
362:Gymnasium Hammonensein
220:University of WĂĽrzburg
1285:Carolyn Leach Huntoon
1060:Brooks Air Force Base
1052:Ohio State University
1048:World Jewish Congress
987:by the government of
928:Brooks Air Force Base
917:space cabin simulator
822:Heidelberg University
750:knowledge or approval
633:Hans-Wolfgang Romberg
604:Human experimentation
557:(Aviation Medicine).
496:Work for Nazi Germany
486:University of Chicago
424:After being named an
216:University of MĂĽnster
1865:German physiologists
1559:on December 3, 2018.
1221:Lawrence F. Dietlein
1039:US Army Intelligence
1014:committed under the
672:freezing experiments
582:Generaloberstabsarzt
482:Anton Julius Carlson
290:Ministry of Aviation
283:aeromedical research
208:University of Munich
196:United States (1956)
58:"Hubertus Strughold"
43:improve this article
1925:Operation Paperclip
1870:Rockefeller Fellows
1706:Wall Street Journal
1467:Operation Paperclip
1322:Roberta Lynn Bondar
968:mission to the Moon
922:Strughold obtained
900:atmospheric control
842:Operation Paperclip
648:human test subjects
562:German armed forces
454:research fellowship
426:associate professor
407:Maximilian von Frey
302:Operation Paperclip
1915:Nazi war criminals
1672:The New York Times
1356:Valeri V. Polyakov
1129:Theodore C. Lyster
1097:epileptic seizures
1081:oxygen deprivation
1035:Dachau experiments
1020:Justice Department
993:Texas State Senate
942:in support of the
908:normal time cycles
889:crewed spaceflight
887:" associated with
881:Harry G. Armstrong
861:San Antonio, Texas
849:Richard Lindenberg
798:commanding officer
790:research assistant
773:Allied authorities
722:Wilhelm Beiglboeck
608:In February 1942,
399:research assistant
346:WesttĂĽnnen-im-Hamm
279:medical researcher
271:Hubertus Strughold
167:September 25, 1986
152:WesttĂĽnnen-im-Hamm
127:Hubertus Strughold
1799:February 22, 1982
1426:Irene Duhart Long
1342:Norman E. Thagard
1315:Stanley R. Mohler
1251:Rufus R. Hessberg
1237:John E. Pickering
1115:Awards and honors
1074:Later revelations
954:used by both the
826:US Army Air Force
564:(principally the
456:sponsored by the
430:aviation medicine
417:, completing his
409:and later to Dr.
354:elementary school
268:
267:
251:Aviation Medicine
241:Scientific career
119:
118:
111:
93:
1942:
1845:People from Hamm
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1552:. Archived from
1519:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1403:Jeffrey R. Davis
1383:Earl Howard Wood
1260:, GAF, MC (Ret.)
1214:Joseph P. Kerwin
1168:, Cpt. M.D., USN
785:Nuremberg Trials
715:
695:Aviation Medical
664:pressure chamber
641:
617:HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
555:Luftfahrtmedizin
547:altitude chamber
543:supersonic speed
371:natural sciences
294:German Luftwaffe
287:Hermann Göring's
170:
137:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
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1517:
1511:
1504:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1472:Sigmund Rascher
1448:
1433:Michael Barratt
1421:
1368:
1303:
1256:1981 Maj. Gen.
1246:
1193:
1166:Ashton Graybiel
1161:
1156:
1144:
1117:
1093:vacuum chambers
1076:
980:
964:flight surgeons
818:
709:
635:
621:Sigmund Rascher
614:(SS) physician
606:
578:Surgeon-General
511:Reichsmarschall
498:
492:in March 1933.
474:Carl J. Wiggers
401:to the eminent
342:
337:
204:Alma mater
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32:This article
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1819:May 23, 1982
1768:
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1683:. Retrieved
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1647:(1): 50–52.
1644:
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1554:the original
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877:US Air Force
865:space travel
853:US Air Force
846:
833:
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765:British Army
761:house arrest
754:
742:liver biopsy
730:desalination
701:
692:
690:among them.
688:Erich Hippke
669:
615:
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586:Erich Hippke
581:
574:World War II
559:
554:
549:concept of "
509:
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423:
419:habilitation
403:physiologist
360:
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325:World War II
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306:US Air Force
298:World War II
275:physiologist
270:
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169:(1986-09-25)
120:
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99:January 2013
96:
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79:
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65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1910:NASA people
1840:1986 deaths
1835:1898 births
1579:: 583–584.
997:San Antonio
869:Heinz Haber
796:and his ex-
710: [
676:hypothermia
660:Soviet POWs
636: [
570:re-armament
519:Nazi regime
470:Mayo Clinic
434:World War I
296:throughout
187:Citizenship
175:San Antonio
1829:Categories
1478:References
1235:1979 Col.
1212:1974 Cdr.
1164:1963 Cpt.
1095:to induce
1012:war crimes
972:consultant
810:affidavits
746:anesthetic
738:salt water
698:Consultant
646:served as
572:preceding
531:think tank
523:Nazi Party
444:flight on
259:Physiology
156:Westphalia
69:newspapers
1680:0362-4331
1534:0095-6562
1216:, MC, USN
1199:1971 Dr.
1119:Known as
1085:epileptic
893:Mars jars
777:Nuremberg
769:Göttingen
684:Nuremberg
600:in 1941.
590:Colonel (
566:Luftwaffe
387:doctorate
357:principal
348:, in the
335:Biography
158:, Germany
1777:12234052
1760:10954370
1685:July 24,
1653:13286220
1619:13192054
1550:37218252
1542:17679572
1497:BBC News
1446:See also
1154:Awardees
991:and the
855:base at
744:without
539:altitude
468:and the
466:Columbia
381:and the
369:and the
367:medicine
1390:STS 107
1351:, Ph.D.
1287:, Ph.D.
1267:, Ph.D.
1101:hypoxia
763:by the
680:boiling
484:at the
462:Harvard
413:at the
373:at the
323:during
321:Germany
193:Germany
83:scholar
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1435:, M.D.
1428:, M.D.
1405:, M.D.
1375:, M.D.
1358:, M.D.
1344:, M.D.
1331:, M.D.
1324:, M.D.
1317:, M.D.
1310:, M.D.
1277:, M.D.
1253:, M.D.
1223:, M.D.
1203:, M.D.
960:Apollo
956:Gemini
781:Allies
734:Romani
656:Polish
592:Oberst
527:Berlin
436:pilot
377:, the
247:Fields
181:, U.S.
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1557:(PDF)
1546:S2CID
1518:(PDF)
1431:2011
1424:2010
1419:2010s
1401:2006
1392:crew)
1381:2002
1371:2000
1366:2000s
1354:1998
1347:1997
1340:1996
1327:1993
1320:1992
1313:1991
1306:1990
1301:1990s
1283:1986
1273:1984
1263:1982
1249:1980
1244:1980s
1219:1975
1191:1970s
1159:1960s
1016:Nazis
859:near
714:]
640:]
179:Texas
90:JSTOR
76:books
1793:and
1773:PMID
1756:PMID
1727:ISBN
1687:2020
1676:ISSN
1649:PMID
1615:PMID
1538:PMID
1530:ISSN
1008:NASA
1006:and
958:and
950:and
792:Dr.
724:and
658:and
631:and
541:and
480:and
405:Dr.
310:NASA
308:and
285:for
277:and
164:Died
145:Born
62:news
1581:doi
1066:in
844:.
767:in
476:at
45:by
1831::
1813:,
1809:,
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1627:^
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