604:, at sunset instead of at 9 p.m. He assigned a British officer the task of catching sight of Napoleon every day. Lowe created a set of petty rules that included restricting Napoleon to the Longwood Estate and requiring that the British not address Napoleon by his Imperial titles but only as a general. He demanded that Napoleon pay for part of his imprisonment, so Napoleon offered up some Imperial silver for sale. This created such a backlash in Europe that the demand had to be cancelled. Then he reduced the amount of firewood for Longwood. News that Napoleon was burning his furniture to stay warm again caused such a backlash of public sympathy that the supply of firewood was restored.
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rather than simply exile certainly affected
Napoleon's ability to exercise and his general health. Some sources have gone so far as to suggest that Lowe may have had him poisoned. Napoleon himself claimed just three weeks before his death that he had been "murdered by the English oligarchy and its
634:
After the death of the
Emperor Napoleon in May 1821, Lowe returned to England. On the publication of O'Meara's book, Lowe resolved to prosecute the author, but his application was too late. Ironically, O'Meara's book was softer on Lowe than what the doctor really thought of him and of his role as
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589:, who had been responsible for conveying Napoleon to St. Helena, and was in charge of him pending the arrival of a new Governor. Napoleon and Governor Lowe had a stormy relationship, and only met half a dozen times. To a large extent, Lowe's hands were tied by his instructions from
642:, at a levee, he received little reward from the British Government, whose orders he had obeyed to the letter. His treatment of Napoleon and the subsequent public relations problems for the British Government remained an underlying issue for the rest of his career.
489:. He returned to Britain in 1812, and in January 1813, was sent to inspect a Russo-German legion then being formed. He accompanied the armies of the allies through the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, being present at thirteen important battles. He won praise from
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649:
later said that Lowe was "a very bad choice; he was a man wanting in education and judgment. He was a stupid man. He knew nothing at all of the world, and like all men who knew nothing of the world, he was suspicious and jealous."
434:, became assistant quartermaster-general. On the renewal of war with France in 1803, he was charged, as a lieutenant-colonel, to raise the Corsican battalion again and with it assisted in the defense of
715:, and widow of Colonel William Johnson. She had previously had two daughters, one of whom had died, and the other married Count Balmain. They had five children, two sons, Hudson Lowe, born in 1816, and
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623:. The French, Russian and Austrian commissioners on St. Helena, while hostile to Napoleon, were also very critical of Lowe's conduct and found it impossible to get on with him.
616:
377:'s sisters had recently been living before they fled to mainland France. In October 1796 it was decided to abandon Corsica and the force at Ajaccio was embarked and taken to
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I do not believe we could have found a fitter person of his rank in the army willing to accept a situation of so much confinement, responsibility and exclusion from society.
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hired assassin". However, an autopsy conducted after his death concluded that
Napoleon died from natural causes, specifically complications arising from "stomach cancer".
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In addition, modern scholars have debated Lowe's role in
Napoleon's death. Lowe's restriction of the former Emperor of the French to what amounted to
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in the city. The 50th arrived too late to assist the defence, as the Allied forces had already withdrawn from the city. They were then redirected to
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led to the enforcement of stricter regulations in
October 1816. Lowe ordered sentries to be posted round the garden of Napoleon's residence,
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635:"executioner" at St. Helena. His true attitudes are revealed in the letters he passed clandestinely to a clerk at the Admiralty.
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1135:. Vol. XI Occupation of France by the Allied Armies: Surrender of Napoleon and the Restoration of the Bourbons. J. Murray.
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for his gallantry and judgment, and was chosen to bear to London the news of the first abdication of
Napoleon in April 1814.
385:. He spent the next two years as part of a British force which was placed to deter an invasion by French and Spanish forces.
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719:, born in 1820, and three daughters, Camilla, Francis, Clara Maria Susanna Lowe, born on 26 August 1818. Lady Lowe died in
454:. Lowe, owing to the unreliability of the Maltese troops and no hope of help by sea, had to agree to evacuate the island.
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One of Lowe's lesser-known accomplishments was his contribution to the abolition of slavery on the island of St. Helena.
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in 1814–1815, he was about to take part in the
Belgian campaign when he was offered the command of the British troops at
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surgeon, while initially providing information for Lowe, ultimately sided with
Napoleon, and joined in criticisms from
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criticized him, but his garrison consisted of only 1,362 men, while the assailants numbered between 3,000 and 4,000.
381:. The following year Elba was also abandoned and Lowe was evacuated with his regiment first to Gibraltar and then to
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shortly after the outbreak of war between
Britain and France in early 1793. The 50th were sent to take part in the
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but was not appointed to the
Governorship when it became vacant in 1830. He was appointed to the colonelcy of the
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254:, his mother's native country. His childhood was spent in various military outposts, particularly in the
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285:. The same year he was granted eighteen months' leave, and chose to spend the time travelling through
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Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur Duke of Wellington KG
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All of this and more offended Napoleon and his followers, who campaigned against Lowe.
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Lowe was knighted and promoted to major-general; he also received decorations from the
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rather than return to Britain. He chose to avoid travelling to France because the
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At the time of Lowe's appointment, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies,
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Kitching, G. C. (July 1948). "Sir Hudson Lowe and the East India Company".
1177:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–73.
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in 1831, and in 1842 transferred to the colonelcy of his old regiment, the
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The news that rescue-expeditions were being planned by Bonapartists in the
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and trained as light infantry. In Corsica he was actually billeted in the
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In the course of 1809, Lowe and his Corsicans helped in the capture of
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St Helena, Slavery and the Abolition on the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
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In London on 30 December 1815 Lowe married Susan Johnson, daughter of
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
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driving the French from the island. The regiment was stationed in
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when he was eleven. In 1787 he entered his father's regiment, the
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937:"How Napoleon's death in exile became a controversial mystery"
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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
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16:
British Army officer and colonial administrator (1769–1844)
481:. For some months, he acted as governor of Cephalonia and
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ordered an attack upon the island, which was organized by
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Napoleon's Jailer: Lt. Gen. Sir Hudson Lowe : a Life
582:, he found that Napoleon had an uneasy relationship with
25:
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British Army personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
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Napoleon's Jailer: Lt. General Sir Hudson Lowe: A Life
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In June 1822 he was appointed Colonel in Chief of the
206:(28 July 1769 – 10 January 1844) was a
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officer and colonial administrator who served as the
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914:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 126.
373:to the Governor, Colonel Wauchope, close to where
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791:(1995). He is a character in Tom Keneally’s book
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1006:Scottish Highlands: Highland Clans and Regiments
1040:
996:. Saint Helena: Museum of St Helena. p. 8.
314:which had been seized by an Allied force under
442:, he proceeded there with his battalion and a
388:Lowe later saw active service successively in
1713:Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment officers
1693:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
1361:
1069:"Free Family History and Genealogy Records —"
214:from 1816 to 1821. Seeing service during the
987:George, Barbara B.; Caesar, Lucinda (2012).
986:
1646:Succinct chronology of Napoleon's Captivity
1030:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
912:The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison
1723:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
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346:. Lowe volunteered to fetch supplies from
47:
1207:(248). Oxford University Press: 322–341.
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1116:Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
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216:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
668:In 1825–30, he commanded the forces in
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1112:. Associated University Presses, 1996.
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265:. He obtained a post as ensign in the
218:, he is best known for serving as the
1673:Military personnel from County Galway
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687:Lowe died at Charlotte Cottage, near
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357:When he recovered, Lowe returned to
330:. Lowe's regiment served as part of
1743:General Officers Commanding, Ceylon
1274:50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot
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962:Barry O'Meara's clandestine letters
678:50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot
508:courts. Charged with the duties of
13:
1738:Irish officers in the British Army
1377:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
1300:56th (West Essex) Regiment of Foot
1246:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
1182:
1047:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
717:Edward William Howe de Lancey Lowe
674:56th (West Essex) Regiment of Foot
421:
182:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
14:
1759:
1638:
935:Markel, Howard (15 August 2022).
735:Sir Hudson Lowe was portrayed by
414:. He led the Corsican Rangers in
258:, but he was educated chiefly at
238:The son of John Lowe, an English
53:Sir Hudson Lowe and his signature
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1328:93rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot
1147:
1027:Dictionary of National Biography
1683:19th-century Anglo-Irish people
1678:18th-century Anglo-Irish people
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783:(2003). He appears in the play
665:in place of Sir Thomas Hislop.
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446:regiment; but in October 1808,
1728:56th Regiment of Foot officers
1213:10.1093/ehr/lxiii.ccxlviii.322
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281:. In 1791, he was promoted to
1:
1201:The English Historical Review
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727:, London, on 22 August 1832.
542:. Lowe was to be Governor of
350:in Italy, but nearly died of
260:George Washington and slavery
233:
1688:Irish expatriates in England
769:(1989), by David Francis in
699:, on 10 Jan. 1844, aged 74.
273:, which was then serving at
7:
1718:British Army major generals
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10:
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354:during the journey there.
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1120:Napoleon: The Last Phase
1041:Desmond Gregory (1996).
975:Napoleon: The Last Phase
529:Frederick Lewis Maitland
226:when he was in exile on
212:governor of Saint Helena
64:Governor of Saint Helena
1310:The Earl of Westmorland
1174:Encyclopædia Britannica
977:, 1900, pp. 68–69.
771:the Napoleon miniseries
318:after an invitation by
277:under Governor-General
1708:Devon Militia officers
794:Napoleon’s Last Island
713:William Howe De Lancey
663:Sutherland Highlanders
647:The Duke of Wellington
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563:
557:, wrote to Wellington:
404:, who were armed with
402:Royal Corsican Rangers
178:Royal Corsican Rangers
1320:Sir Thomas Hislop, Bt
964:Albert Benhamou, 2012
789:Jean-Claude Brisville
731:Portrayals in fiction
680:. He was also made a
591:The 3rd Earl Bathurst
573:
559:
522:Emperor of the French
510:quartermaster-general
306:Lowe arrived back at
1193:Napoleon's St Helena
1021:"Lowe, Hudson"
609:Barry Edward O'Meara
438:. On the capture of
334:'s force during the
766:L'Otage de l'Europe
587:Sir George Cockburn
512:of the army in the
1649:by Albert Benhamou
1161:Rose, John Holland
657:After Saint Helena
578:On his arrival at
576:
456:Sir William Napier
375:Napoleon Bonaparte
267:East Devon Militia
168:Lieutenant-general
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1335:Succeeded by
1307:Succeeded by
1281:Succeeded by
1266:Sir George Walker
1253:Succeeded by
1231:Military offices
1189:Gilbert Martineau
1054:978-0-8386-3657-2
864:, pp. 72–73.
785:La Dernière Salve
709:Stephen De Lancey
312:Defence of Toulon
291:French Revolution
246:, he was born in
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158:British Army
132:(1844-01-10)
117:28 July 1769
94:Succeeded by
71:
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1668:1844 deaths
1663:1769 births
1256:John Wilson
780:Monsieur N.
759:(1972), by
749:(1955), by
535:Bellerophon
514:Netherlands
487:Santa Maura
256:West Indies
99:John Wilson
82:Preceded by
30:Hudson Lowe
1657:Categories
1573:MacFarlane
1478:Bainbrigge
1332:1822–1832
1304:1832–1842
1278:1842–1844
1083:3 December
801:References
550:'s exile.
475:Cephalonia
426:After the
283:Lieutenant
234:Early life
222:jailor of
144:Allegiance
87:Mark Wills
1583:Higginson
1543:MacDonald
1463:Arbuthnot
1433:Brownrigg
1413:MacDowall
1408:Champagné
1403:de Meuron
1398:Bonnevaux
1163:(1911). "
883:Rose 1911
862:Rose 1911
823:Rose 1911
697:paralysis
640:George IV
621:Montholon
617:Las Cases
540:Rochefort
531:on board
495:Gneisenau
316:Lord Hood
308:Gibraltar
275:Gibraltar
271:50th Foot
220:de factor
122:, Ireland
76:1816–1821
72:In office
1603:Thurburn
1588:Girdwood
1553:Lawrence
1468:Campbell
1448:Campbell
1423:Maitland
910:(2006).
797:(2015).
746:Napoléon
743:'s film
506:Prussian
394:Portugal
224:Napoleon
174:Commands
1613:Pownall
1593:Shewell
1563:Malcolm
1493:O'Brien
1488:Lockyer
1438:Jackson
1250:1826–?
1171:(ed.).
1158::
947:11 June
725:Mayfair
693:Chelsea
584:Admiral
548:Emperor
526:Captain
502:Russian
491:BlĂĽcher
467:Procida
444:Maltese
398:Menorca
367:Ajaccio
363:citadel
359:Corsica
352:malaria
348:Livorno
324:Corsica
302:Corsica
263:Grammar
252:Ireland
242:in the
240:surgeon
1608:Inskip
1578:Coffin
1538:Hobson
1523:Lennox
1518:McLeod
1508:Street
1498:Hodson
1458:Wilson
1443:Barnes
1428:Wilson
1418:Wemyss
1388:Stuart
1221:555342
1219:
1195:(1968)
1167:". In
1152:
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703:Family
670:Ceylon
611:, the
483:Ithaca
479:Cerigo
463:Ischia
436:Sicily
396:, and
383:Lisbon
369:as an
344:Bastia
297:Career
1618:Tuker
1558:Allen
1548:Money
1528:Massy
1513:Wilby
1503:Renny
1473:Smelt
1393:Doyle
1217:JSTOR
994:(PDF)
695:, of
613:Irish
518:Genoa
471:Zante
440:Capri
432:Major
416:Egypt
287:Italy
201:
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1598:Lyon
1483:Reed
1453:Lowe
1102:Obit
1085:2016
1049:ISBN
949:2024
916:ISBN
619:and
538:off
533:HMS
504:and
493:and
477:and
465:and
390:Elba
379:Elba
371:aide
338:and
199:GCMG
164:Rank
127:Died
114:Born
35:GCMG
1209:doi
941:PBS
787:by
777:in
763:in
753:in
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365:at
203:KCB
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
