Human - Knowledge

3198: 892: 3236: 4062: 5798:) has long been the subject of debate. One school of thought holds that war evolved as a means to eliminate competitors, and has always been an innate human characteristic. Another suggests that war is a relatively recent phenomenon and has appeared due to changing social conditions. While not settled, current evidence indicates warlike predispositions only became common about 10,000 years ago, and in many places much more recently than that. War has had a high cost on human life; it is estimated that during the 20th century, between 167 million and 188 million people died as a result of war. War casualty data is less reliable for pre-medieval times, especially global figures. But compared with any period over the past 600 years, the last ~80 years (post 1946), has seen a very significant drop in global military and civilian death rates due to armed conflict. 5585: 3254: 4937: 2745: 2435: 5275: 4509: 25979: 3207: 5764: 345: 2348: 2669: 4232: 3189: 4655: 3033: 1782: 181: 2172: 23574:

strong psychological or emotional component that divides the people of the world into opposing categories of 'us' and 'them.' In contrast to social stratification, which divides and unifies people along a series of horizontal axes based on socioeconomic factors, ethnic identities divide and unify people along a series of vertical axes. Thus, ethnic groups, at least theoretically, cut across socioeconomic class differences, drawing members from all strata of the population.

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topic is the intuition that it exists. Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied and explained as consciousness. Some philosophers divide consciousness into phenomenal consciousness, which is sensory experience itself, and access consciousness, which can be used for reasoning or directly controlling actions. It is sometimes synonymous with 'the mind', and at other times, an aspect of it. Historically it is associated with

26293: 24494: 5824: 3272: 1132: 26276: 25465: 155: 3541: 5663: 3225: 3216: 2893: 5558:. Assigning ethnicity to a certain population is complicated, as even within common ethnic designations there can be a diverse range of subgroups, and the makeup of these ethnic groups can change over time at both the collective and individual level. Also, there is no generally accepted definition of what constitutes an ethnic group. Ethnic groupings can play a powerful role in the 5810: 5325: 6019:

pollution, and invasive species, which are being spread by trade and other activities. Climate change will likely overtake the other threats in the next decades, the authors note. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)

3455: 3905:. The length of a dream can vary, from a few seconds up to 30 minutes. Humans have three to five dreams per night, and some may have up to seven. Dreamers are more likely to remember the dream if awakened during the REM phase. The events in dreams are generally outside the control of the dreamer, with the exception of 23573:

In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's ancestors' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic group identity has a

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The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually

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alone. Human population is believed to have reached one billion in 1800. It has since then increased exponentially, reaching two billion in 1930 and three billion in 1960, four in 1975, five in 1987 and six billion in 1999. It passed seven billion in 2011 and passed eight billion in November 2022. It

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of internal or external existence. Despite centuries of analyses, definitions, explanations and debates by philosophers and scientists, consciousness remains puzzling and controversial, being "at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives". The only widely agreed notion about the

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Stone tools were used by proto-humans at least 2.5 million years ago. The use and manufacture of tools has been put forward as the ability that defines humans more than anything else and has historically been seen as an important evolutionary step. The technology became much more sophisticated

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As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between these different groups increased. This led to the development of governance within and between the communities. Humans have evolved the ability to change affiliation with various social groups relatively easily,

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to the arts. These include allowing them to better problem solve issues, providing a means to control or influence other humans, encouraging cooperation and contribution within a society or increasing the chance of attracting a potential mate. The use of imagination developed through art, combined

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There is relatively little variation between human geographical populations, and most of the variation that occurs is at the individual level. Much of human variation is continuous, often with no clear points of demarcation. Genetic data shows that no matter how population groups are defined, two

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I would suggest that when we talk about happiness, we are actually referring, much of the time, to a complex emotional phenomenon. Call it emotional well-being. Happiness as emotional well-being concerns your emotions and moods, more broadly your emotional condition as a whole. To be happy is to

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than in other primates. The reason for this is not completely understood, but it contributes to a painful labor that can last 24 hours or more. The chances of a successful labor increased significantly during the 20th century in wealthier countries with the advent of new medical technologies. In

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In 2018, 4.2 billion humans (55%) lived in urban areas, up from 751 million in 1950. The most urbanized regions are Northern America (82%), Latin America (81%), Europe (74%) and Oceania (68%), with Africa and Asia having nearly 90% of the world's 3.4 billion rural population. Problems for humans

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Philosophy is a field of study where humans seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves and the world in which they live. Philosophical inquiry has been a major feature in the development of humans' intellectual history. It has been described as the "no man's land" between definitive

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inhabit a favorable emotional state.... On this view, we can think of happiness, loosely, as the opposite of anxiety and depression. Being in good spirits, quick to laugh and slow to anger, at peace and untroubled, confident and comfortable in your own skin, engaged, energetic and full of life.

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is a well-established theory that can be defined as the process of satisfying certain needs in ascending order of complexity. From a more general, philosophical perspective, human motivation can be defined as a commitment to, or withdrawal from, various goals requiring the application of human

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For the first time at a global scale, the report has ranked the causes of damage. Topping the list, changes in land use – principally agriculture – that have destroyed habitat. Second, hunting and other kinds of exploitation. These are followed by climate change,

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Humanity's unprecedented set of intellectual skills were a key factor in the species' eventual technological advancement and concomitant domination of the biosphere. Disregarding extinct hominids, humans are the only animals known to teach generalizable information, innately deploy recursive

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is between 1% and 2%. Males on average are 15% heavier and 15 cm (6 in) taller than females. On average, men have about 40–50% more upper-body strength and 20–30% more lower-body strength than women at the same weight, due to higher amounts of muscle and larger muscle fibers. Women

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In general, humans can survive for up to eight weeks without food, depending on stored body fat. Survival without water is usually limited to three or four days, with a maximum of one week. In 2020 it is estimated 9 million humans die every year from causes directly or indirectly related to

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Most cultures currently construct their societies based on the understanding of gender binary – the two gender categorizations (male and female). Such societies divide their population based on biological sex assigned to individuals at birth to begin the process of gender

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started becoming widespread concomitantly with the transition from nomadic to sedentary societies. Anatomical evidence in the form of second-to-fourth digit ratios, a biomarker for prenatal androgen effects, likewise indicates modern humans were polygynous during the Pleistocene.

10890: 4561:. Language is central to the communication between humans, and to the sense of identity that unites nations, cultures and ethnic groups. There are approximately six thousand different languages currently in use, including sign languages, and many thousands more that are 9959: 2994:. African populations harbor the highest number of private genetic variants. While many of the common variants found in populations outside of Africa are also found on the African continent, there are still large numbers that are private to these regions, especially 18704:

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher

2575:, especially those placed in hazardous locations and with low quality of construction. Grouping and deliberate habitat alteration is often done with the goals of providing protection, accumulating comforts or material wealth, expanding the available food, improving 14533:

On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on

3362:; however, stable human groups have adapted to many dietary patterns through both genetic specialization and cultural conventions to use nutritionally balanced food sources. The human diet is prominently reflected in human culture and has led to the development of 2841:

male is about 171 cm (5 ft 7 in), while the worldwide average height for adult human females is about 159 cm (5 ft 3 in). Shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals but tends to be typical in the extremely

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of an adult human is 59 kg (130 lb) for females and 77 kg (170 lb) for males. Like many other conditions, body weight and body type are influenced by both genetic susceptibility and environment and varies greatly among individuals.

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people from the same population group are almost as different from each other as two people from any two different population groups. Dark-skinned populations that are found in Africa, Australia, and South Asia are not closely related to each other.

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Society is the system of organizations and institutions arising from interaction between humans. Humans are highly social and tend to live in large complex social groups. They can be divided into different groups according to their income, wealth,

3889:. The average sleep requirement is between seven and nine hours per day for an adult and nine to ten hours per day for a child; elderly people usually sleep for six to seven hours. Having less sleep than this is common among humans, even though 3859:". Even compared with other social animals, humans have an unusually high degree of flexibility in their facial expressions. Humans are the only animals known to cry emotional tears. Humans are one of the few animals able to self-recognize in 3157:

of a girl is estimated to be 74.9 years compared to 70.4 for a boy. There are significant geographical variations in human life expectancy, mostly correlated with economic development – for example, life expectancy at birth in

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through stories might have helped develop humans' capabilities for communication and increased the likelihood of securing a mate. Storytelling may also be used as a way to provide the audience with moral lessons and encourage cooperation.

4486:" required for competent tool design, or cook food in the wild. Teaching and learning preserves the cultural and ethnographic identity of human societies. Other traits and behaviors that are mostly unique to humans include starting fires, 3893:

can have negative health effects. A sustained restriction of adult sleep to four hours per day has been shown to correlate with changes in physiology and mental state, including reduced memory, fatigue, aggression, and bodily discomfort.

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The life span of an individual depends on two major factors, genetics and lifestyle choices. For various reasons, including biological/genetic causes, women live on average about four years longer than men. As of 2018, the global average

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Human sexuality is a part of your total personality. It involves the interrelationship of biological, psychological, and sociocultural dimensions. It is the total of our physical, emotional, and spiritual responses, thoughts, and

4708:; with humans' musical abilities being related to other abilities, including complex social human behaviours. It has been shown that human brains respond to music by becoming synchronized with the rhythm and beat, a process called 3848:. This has led humans to proclaim themselves to be more intelligent than any other known species. Objectively defining intelligence is difficult, with other animals adapting senses and excelling in areas that humans are unable to. 4778:

beginning around 1 million years ago. The wheel and wheeled vehicles appeared simultaneously in several regions some time in the fourth millennium BC. The development of more complex tools and technologies allowed land to be

4150:, and motivation. Emotion has a significant influence on human behavior and their ability to learn. Acting on extreme or uncontrolled emotions can lead to social disorder and crime, with studies showing criminals may have a lower 19696:

Homo sapiens and our close relatives may have some unique physical attributes, such as our dextrous hands, upright walking and resonant voices. However, these on their own cannot explain our success. They went together with our

3170:, the median age is between 15 and 20 years. While one in five Europeans is 60 years of age or older, only one in twenty Africans is 60 years of age or older. In 2012, the United Nations estimated that there were 316,600 living 7425:

Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik A, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, et al. (March 2016). "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe".

653:, disease susceptibility, mental abilities, body size, and life span. Though humans vary in many traits, humans are among the least genetically diverse species. Any two humans are at least 99.5% genetically similar. Humans are 15579: 3144:

at around the age of 50. It has been proposed that menopause increases a woman's overall reproductive success by allowing her to invest more time and resources in her existing offspring, and in turn their children (the

21878: 8398: 4538:. Unlike the limited systems of other animals, human language is open – an infinite number of meanings can be produced by combining a limited number of symbols. Human language also has the capacity of 4723:

has been present before the invention of words and language, with 30,000-year-old paintings on walls inside some caves portraying a series of dramatic scenes. One of the oldest surviving works of literature is the

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in a particular geographic area, with darker skin mostly around the equator. Skin darkening may have evolved as protection against ultraviolet solar radiation. Light skin pigmentation protects against depletion of

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and other advances to pass on further. This accumulated knowledge can be tested to answer questions or make predictions about how the universe functions and has been very successful in advancing human ascendancy.

22831: 2810:. Humans also have a more barrel-shaped chests in contrast to the funnel shape of other apes, an adaptation for bipedal respiration. Apart from bipedalism and brain size, humans differ from chimpanzees mostly in 5787:, rising to 12% during the medieval period, before dropping to below 2% in modern times. There is great variation in violence between human populations, with rates of homicide about 0.01% in societies that have 3373:

employed a hunter-gatherer method as their sole means of food collection. This involved combining stationary food sources (such as fruits, grains, tubers, and mushrooms, insect larvae and aquatic mollusks) with

22148: 5426:, gender roles are not fixed and vary historically within a society. Challenges to predominant gender norms have recurred in many societies. Little is known about gender roles in the earliest human societies. 13695:, common genetic variants. Most of these variants arose as new mutations rather than through archaic introgression, except in Oceanian populations, where many private variants derive from Denisovan admixture. 3064:

period is 38 weeks, but a normal pregnancy can vary by up to 37 days. Embryonic development in the human covers the first eight weeks of development; at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a

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In fact, research results consistently demonstrate that about 85 percent of all human genetic variation exists within human populations, whereas about only 15 percent of variation exists between populations.

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Our analyses of site frequency spectra indicate that these populations derive 2 to 19% of their genetic ancestry from an archaic population that diverged before the split of Neanderthals and modern humans.

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feelings and behaviors. Because it is a broad term, which has varied with historical contexts over time, it lacks a precise definition. The biological and physical aspects of sexuality largely concern the

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An analysis of archaic sequences in modern populations identifies ancestral genetic variation in African populations that likely predates modern humans and has been lost in most non-African populations.

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and providing additional food sources when hunting was sparse, while such trade networks did not exist for the now extinct Neanderthals. Early trade likely involved materials for creating tools like

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than other animals. Humans are also among the best long-distance runners in the animal kingdom, but slower over short distances. Humans' thinner body hair and more productive sweat glands help avoid

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Estimates of the population at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million. Around 50–60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western

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was formed from the joining of two other chromosomes, leaving humans with only 23 pairs of chromosomes, compared to 24 for the other apes. Following their split with chimpanzees and bonobos, the

5476:). These culturally defined relationships are referred to as kinship. In many societies, it is one of the most important social organizing principles and plays a role in transmitting status and 17784: 3525:

varying across the globe. The typical height of an adult human is between 1.4 and 1.9 m (4 ft 7 in and 6 ft 3 in), although this varies significantly depending on sex,

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seeks to understand how people come to perceive, understand, and act within the world and how these processes change as they age. This may focus on intellectual, cognitive, neural, social, or

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Beja-Pereira A, Luikart G, England PR, Bradley DG, Jann OC, Bertorelle G, et al. (December 2003). "Gene-culture coevolution between cattle milk protein genes and human lactase genes".

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Inomata T, Triadan D, Vázquez López VA, Fernandez-Diaz JC, Omori T, Méndez Bauer MB, et al. (June 2020). "Monumental architecture at Aguada Fénix and the rise of Maya civilization".

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Manning K (February 2011). "4500-Year old domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway".

3699:, have ancestral genetic variation which predates modern humans and has been lost in most non-African populations. Some of this ancestry is thought to originate from admixture with an 12224: 6160: 5616:

throughout human history, each having various means of obtaining power and the ability to exert diverse controls on the population. Approximately 47% of humans live in some form of a

4712:. Dance is also a form of human expression found in all cultures and may have evolved as a way to help early humans communicate. Listening to music and observing dance stimulates the 15571: 11207: 10418: 20633:

Joordens JC, d'Errico F, Wesselingh FP, Munro S, de Vos J, Wallinga J, et al. (February 2015). "Homo erectus at Trinil on Java used shells for tool production and engraving".

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Esteban, Caleb; Ortiz-Rodz, Derek Israel; Muñiz-Pérez, Yesibelle I.; Ramírez-Vega, Luis; Jiménez-Ricaurte, Coral; Mattei-Torres, Edna; Finkel-Aguilar, Victoria (7 February 2023).

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approximately 7 million years ago, the available evidence shows that all species of hominins ate an omnivorous diet composed of minimally processed, wild-plant, and animal foods.

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A woman dies in childbirth every minute, most often due to uncontrolled bleeding and infection, with the world's poorest women most vulnerable. The lifetime risk is 1 in 16 in

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Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018).

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The world population and population density statistics are updated automatically from a template that uses the CIA World Factbook and United Nations World Population Prospects.

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Jonsson H, Magnusdottir E, Eggertsson HP, Stefansson OA, Arnadottir GA, Eiriksson O, et al. (January 2021). "Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins".

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Compared with other species, human childbirth is dangerous, with a much higher risk of complications and death. The size of the fetus's head is more closely matched to the

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is a defining characteristic of humans and there is evidence for a relationship between creativity and language. The earliest evidence of art was shell engravings made by

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Trade, the voluntary exchange of goods and services, is seen as a characteristic that differentiates humans from other animals and has been cited as a practice that gave

3700: 22805: 8735: 8696: 3136:. The lengths of these stages have varied across cultures and time periods but is typified by an unusually rapid growth spurt during adolescence. Human females undergo 2834:

spread over their entire bodies, many more than chimpanzees, whose sweat glands are scarce and are mainly located on the palm of the hand and on the soles of the feet.

24483: 22212: 17082: 11127: 24169: 23545: 22736: 22140: 14979:"A journey into the landscape of past feeding habits: Mapping geographic variations in the isotope (δ15N) -inferred trophic position of prehistoric human populations" 2846:. Throughout history, human populations have universally become taller, probably as a consequence of better nutrition, healthcare, and living conditions. The average 19975: 18348: 16529: 13179: 21510: 16381: 15486: 12855: 15517: 10132: 24223: 24075: 24013: 17934: 14030: 12332: 10974: 6618:

Goodman M, Tagle DA, Fitch DH, Bailey W, Czelusniak J, Koop BF, et al. (March 1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids".

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allows individual humans to change their political ideologies, with those with higher flexibility less likely to support authoritarian and nationalistic stances.

5484:, according to which marriage between certain kinds of kin relations is prohibited, and some also have rules of preferential marriage with certain kin relations. 23464: 21726: 9983:"Climate and the Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire: A Bibliometric View on an Interdisciplinary Approach to Answer a Most Classic Historical Question" 3691:

than is found in Africa, though Neanderthal admixture into African populations may be underestimated. Furthermore, recent studies have found that populations in

3600:. Some populations have evolved highly unique adaptations to very specific environmental conditions, such as those advantageous to ocean-dwelling lifestyles and 23861: 21432: 20224: 6525: 17761: 10836: 9614: 4197:, or the state of being happy, is a human emotional condition. The definition of happiness is a common philosophical topic. Some define it as experiencing the 24106: 22573: 21541: 6985:

Zhu Z, Dennell R, Huang W, Wu Y, Qiu S, Yang S, et al. (July 2018). "Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago".

20305: 19149: 15793:"Gene-environment interaction study for BMI reveals interactions between genetic factors and physical activity, alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status" 2791:. Humans have characteristically crowded teeth, with gaps from lost teeth usually closing up quickly in young individuals. Humans are gradually losing their 24352: 21027: 11507: 7088: 6493: 24420: 21606: 18063: 6134: 22404: 22178: 19658: 12456: 12101: 10518: 24389: 23587: 19718: 6001: 2665:

and vast swathes of the ocean. Most humans (61%) live in Asia; the remainder live in the Americas (14%), Africa (14%), Europe (11%), and Oceania (0.5%).

23916: 20475: 4336:. It can be impersonal (the love of an object, ideal, or strong political or spiritual connection) or interpersonal (love between humans). When in love 24044: 20693: 14729: 10059:

Renima A, Tiliouine H, Estes RJ (2016). "The Islamic Golden Age: A Story of the Triumph of the Islamic Civilization". In Tiliouine H, Estes RJ (eds.).

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Clarkson C, Jacobs Z, Marwick B, Fullagar R, Wallis L, Smith M, et al. (July 2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago".

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All human societies organize, recognize and classify types of social relationships based on relations between parents, children and other descendants (

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Horan RD, Bulte E, Shogren JF (1 September 2005). "How trade saved humanity from biological exclusion: an economic theory of Neanderthal extinction".

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Scanes CG (January 2018). "The Neolithic Revolution, Animal Domestication, and Early Forms of Animal Agriculture". In Scanes CG, Toukhsati SR (eds.).

24192: 20807: 17895: 15302: 7698: 4635:. Humans often combine the different forms (for example, music videos). Other entities that have been described as having artistic qualities include 4071: 2661:'s surface, because the population density varies from one region to another, and large stretches of surface are almost completely uninhabited, like 1344: 393: 25322: 22246: 16343: 12532: 11427: 10471: 8227: 5072:

Although measuring religiosity is difficult, a majority of humans profess some variety of religious or spiritual belief. In 2015 the plurality were

4542:, using words to represent things and happenings that are not presently or locally occurring but reside in the shared imagination of interlocutors. 2713:

of the carbon of all the humans on Earth in 2018 was estimated at 60 million tons, about 10 times larger than that of all non-domesticated mammals.

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and annually there is a population decline in the winter months of this realm. Humans established nation-states in the other seven realms, such as

2304: – where European control went from 10% to almost 90% in less than 50 years – and Oceania. In the 19th century, the 23394:

Dupanloup, Isabelle; Pereira, Luisa; Bertorelle, Giorgio; Calafell, Francesc; Prata, Maria João; Amorim, Antonio; Barbujani, Guido (1 July 2003).

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existed at least 75,000 years ago, with jewellery and drawings found in caves in South Africa. There are various hypotheses as to why humans have

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Both the mother and the father provide care for human offspring, in contrast to other primates, where parental care is mostly done by the mother.

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genetic evidence that strong levels of natural selection acted about 1.2 mya to produce darkly pigmented skin in early members of the genus Homo

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influence human biological variation in visible characteristics, physiology, disease susceptibility and mental abilities. The exact influence of

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Morley I (2014). "A multi-disciplinary approach to the origins of music: perspectives from anthropology, archaeology, cognition and behaviour".

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may also be involved, in which case willpower is also a factor. Ideally, both motivation and volition ensure the selection, striving for, and

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species, despite having a low or narrow tolerance for many of the earth's extreme environments. Currently the species is present in all eight

26536: 26497: 23982: 10357: 2653:, and heavily polluted cities; in comparison, most other species are confined to a few geographical areas by their limited adaptability. The 23240: 22947:

Trumbach, Randolph (1994). "London's Sapphists: From Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture". In Herdt, Gilbert (ed.).

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Gustafsson A, Lindenfors P (October 2004). "Human size evolution: no evolutionary allometric relationship between male and female stature".

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Farazmand A (1 January 1998). "Administration of the Persian achaemenid world-state empire: implications for modern public administration".

8589:"Evidence for Sorghum Domestication in Fourth Millennium BC Eastern Sudan: Spikelet Morphology from Ceramic Impressions of the Butana Group" 6156: 19593: 10334: 3432:. Worldwide, over one billion people are obese, while in the United States 35% of people are obese, leading to this being described as an " 14919: 11313: 10406: 6213: 3851:

There are some traits that, although not strictly unique, do set humans apart from other animals. Humans may be the only animals who have

23763: 19201:"Secret to happiness may include more unpleasant emotions: Research contradicts idea that people should always seek pleasure to be happy" 18594: 14760: 11979: 10155: 3166:, it is 55.0 years for girls and 50.6 for boys. The developed world is generally aging, with the median age around 40 years. In the 25198: 20067: 19998: 16262: 14520: 14473: 13114: 11794:

Bunn SE, Arthington AH (October 2002). "Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity".

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Definition 2: a man belonging to a particular category (as by birth, residence, membership, or occupation) – usually used in combination

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The process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses is known as cognition. The human brain

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genetic variation of individuals of the same sex across global populations is no greater than 0.1%–0.5%, the genetic difference between

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have only one set of chromosomes, which is a mixture of the two parental sets. Among the 23 pairs of chromosomes, there are 22 pairs of

22627:"A History of Western Philosophy and its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day" 20962: 15074:

American Dietetic Association (June 2003). "Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: Vegetarian diets".

14952: 3529:, and family bloodlines. Body size is partly determined by genes and is also significantly influenced by environmental factors such as 2955: – are genetically identical, two humans on average will have a genetic similarity of 99.5%-99.9%. This makes them more 2316: 19903: 19553: 18444: 18193: 15601:

Murray CJ, Lopez AD (May 1997). "Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study".

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migrated out of the continent, gradually replacing or interbreeding with local populations of archaic humans. Humans began exhibiting

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diversified into many species and at least two distinct genera. All but one of these lineages – representing the genus

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at 15 to 17 years of age. The human life span has been split into various stages ranging from three to twelve. Common stages include

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Humans commit violence on other humans at a rate comparable to other primates, but have an increased preference for killing adults,

837:. Human habitation within these hostile environments is restrictive and expensive, typically limited in duration, and restricted to 26445: 26166: 25438: 25282: 24596: 23270: 22101: 12840: 9003: 6094: 4213:. Recent research suggests that being happy might involve experiencing some negative emotions when humans feel they are warranted. 24139: 22540: 20754:

Dissanayake E (2008). "The Arts after Darwin: Does Art have an Origin and Adaptive Function?". In Zijlmans K, van Damme W (eds.).

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Between any two humans, the amount of genetic variation – biochemical individuality – is about 0.1%.

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Sandel AA (September 2013). "Brief communication: Hair density and body mass in mammals and the evolution of human hairlessness".

7541: 7308: 2672:

Humans and their domesticated animals represent 96% of all mammalian biomass on earth, whereas all wild mammals represent only 4%.

26484: 25515: 17864: 17336: 17032: 16993: 14858: 9469:

Kaniewski D, Guiot J, van Campo E (2015). "Drought and societal collapse 3200 years ago in the Eastern Mediterranean: a review".

6099: 5522:

together as a group based on shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. These can be a common set of traditions,

1928:

lasting about a hundred years that may have caused the decline of these civilizations, with new ones appearing in the aftermath.

22482: 20931: 18991: 16594: 12161: 26161: 25340: 24591: 21575: 20985: 18224: 11452: 3989: 1266: 572: 21325:"Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa" 21195:(June 1994). "African Homo erectus: old radiometric ages and young Oldowan assemblages in the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia". 18572: 17148: 14143: 8719: 8680: 3568:

There is evidence that populations have adapted genetically to various external factors. The genes that allow adult humans to

26572: 26515: 26171: 25345: 25223: 24601: 23738: 23709: 23531: 23460:"Digit ratios predict polygyny in early apes, Ardipithecus, Neanderthals and early modern humans but not in Australopithecus" 23226: 23141: 22956: 22924: 22825: 22781: 22513: 22437: 22336: 22015: 21465: 21061: 20282: 20255: 20200: 19689: 19537: 19512: 19478: 19444: 19303: 19254: 19184: 18882: 18802: 18734: 18666: 18633: 18544: 18287: 18259: 17254: 17184:

Miller AE, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Sale DG (1993). "Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics".

17076: 17042: 17003: 14852: 14677: 14514: 14467: 14424: 14386: 14024: 13944: 13028: 12785:

Lombardo MP, Deaner RO (March 2018). "Born to Throw: The Ecological Causes that Shaped the Evolution of Throwing In Humans".

12721: 12661: 12363: 12322: 12305: 12070: 11962: 11930: 11656: 11604: 11493: 11193: 11113: 10755: 10551: 10504: 10377: 10328: 10231: 10194: 10116: 10076: 10033: 9589: 9564: 9453: 9328: 9170: 9107: 8947: 8854: 8821: 8768: 8729: 8690: 8345: 8292: 8265: 8221: 8192: 6715: 6587: 6463: 3675:

are the most genetically diverse and genetic diversity decreases with migratory distance from Africa, possibly the result of

2226: 26489: 23883: 22204: 17066: 14430: 6428: 4290:, is a basic mental state present at the beginning of sexual behavior. Studies show that men desire sex more than women and 3378:, which must be hunted and captured in order to be consumed. It has been proposed that humans have used fire to prepare and 1916:. They eventually traded with each other and invented technology such as wheels, plows and sails. Emerging by 3000 BCE, the 26685: 24161: 22747: 19927:"The Role and Importance of the Study of Economic Subjects in the Implementation of the Educational Potential of Education" 14890: 12426: 10862: 9923: 9719: 5584: 5204:(e.g., engineering, medicine), which are focused on practical applications, and the empirical sciences, which are based on 3350:, capable of consuming a wide variety of plant and animal material. Human groups have adopted a range of diets from purely 23096: 21533: 19967: 18691: 18367: 17537: 16537: 15769: 15725:

de Beer H (March 2004). "Observations on the history of Dutch physical stature from the late-Middle Ages to the present".

15455: 13187: 11742: 7386:"Did climate change make Homo sapiens innovative, and if yes, how? Debated perspectives on the African Pleistocene record" 6299: 5749:

among humans; the eight richest humans are worth the same monetary value as the poorest half of all the human population.

5438:

were less sexually dimorphic and there is evidence that the behavioural difference between males and females was minimal.

4842:, where the invention of automated machines brought major changes to humans' lifestyles. Modern technology is observed as 3572:

are present in high frequencies in populations that have long histories of cattle domestication and are more dependent on

3408:

in some adults. The types of food consumed, and how they are prepared, have varied widely by time, location, and culture.

2959:

than other great apes, including chimpanzees. This small variation in human DNA compared to many other species suggests a

1106:). The last split, between the human and chimpanzee–bonobo lineages, took place around 8–4 million years ago, in the late 26247: 25302: 23048: 22603: 21502: 17480:"Quality of Life and Psychosocial Well-Being among Intersex-Identifying Individuals in Puerto Rico: An Exploratory Study" 17241:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1043. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 9–27. 16377: 15478: 10837:"Sister Revolutions: American Revolutions on Two Continents (Teaching with Historic Places) (U.S. National Park Service)" 9113: 5641: 4987: 4766: 2967:(around 100,000 years ago), in which the human population was reduced to a small number of breeding pairs. The forces of 23353:"Are We Monogamous? A Review of the Evolution of Pair-Bonding in Humans and Its Contemporary Variation Cross-Culturally" 16659: 16445: 16083:

Rogers AR, Iltis D, Wooding S (2004). "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair".

12622:

Bogin B, Rios L (September 2003). "Rapid morphological change in living humans: implications for modern human origins".

3739:

than men of the same population; this has been explained by a higher need for vitamin D in females during pregnancy and

26680: 26093: 25411: 24067: 24005: 23357: 22893: 19358: 19208: 17926: 14014: 12883:"Selection of endurance capabilities and the trade-off between pressure and volume in the evolution of the human heart" 12260: 10964: 5589: 3597: 1304:. Genomic research has shown that hybridization between substantially diverged lineages was common in human evolution. 1281:

125,000 years ago, Australia around 65,000 years ago, the Americas around 15,000 years ago, and remote islands such as

21718: 17401: 17358:

Puts DA, Gaulin SJ, Verdolini K (July 2006). "Dominance and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in human voice pitch".

3856: 26616: 25277: 23853: 23396:"A Recent Shift from Polygyny to Monogamy in Humans Is Suggested by the Analysis of Worldwide Y-Chromosome Diversity" 22390: 21424: 20216: 18361: 15509: 12570: 11166: 10624:"The roots of the Columbian Exchange: an entanglement and network approach to early Caribbean encounter transactions" 10291: 6515: 6190: 4317:

have so far been found to exhibit exclusive preference for same-sex relationships. Most evidence supports nonsocial,

1963:, which provided a much clearer picture of life at the time. Between the 8th and 6th century BCE, Europe entered the 1025: 20822: 17753: 9606: 9512:

Drake BL (1 June 2012). "The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages".

3424:

among some human populations has increased rapidly, leading to health complications and increased mortality in some

26624: 25469: 24098: 22565: 21660: 20313: 13859:"University of Leeds | News > Technology > New 'molecular clock' aids dating of human migration history" 13691:

Populations in central and southern Africa, the Americas, and Oceania each harbor tens to hundreds of thousands of

13012: 11536: 9806: 9246: 6247:

Spamer EE (29 January 1999). "Know Thyself: Responsible Science and the Lectotype of Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758".

4991: 4883: 3588:

is endemic. Populations that have for a very long time inhabited specific climates tend to have developed specific

3057: 2043: 24253:

Gómez JM, Verdú M, González-Megías A, Méndez M (October 2016). "The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence".

22654: 21114: 19588: 19141: 10941: 6376: 26541: 26103: 25421: 25317: 24305: 21019: 10716: 9900: 9070: 7039: 6677: 6485: 6130: 5851: 5487:

Pair bonding is a ubiquitous feature of human sexual relationships, whether it is manifested as serial monogamy,

4775: 3743:. As there are chromosomal differences between females and males, some X and Y chromosome-related conditions and 3081:

are typically 3–4 kg (7–9 lb) in weight and 47–53 cm (19–21 in) in height at birth. However,

3006:, which is inherited only from the mother, geneticists have concluded that the last female common ancestor whose 2991: 2595: 953:" means 'wise man' or 'knowledgeable man'. There is disagreement if certain extinct members of the genus, namely 862: 794: 690: 335: 24412: 23908: 21598: 18067: 10771:

Delisle RG (September 2014). "Can a revolution hide another one? Charles Darwin and the Scientific Revolution".

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characteristics and prescribe the range of acceptable behaviours and attitudes for their members based on their

4321:, as cultures that are very tolerant of homosexuality do not have significantly higher rates of it. Research in 2462: 2110: 25820: 25416: 24717: 23400: 23133: 22170: 22078: 21168: 19654: 19246: 12448: 12093: 6620: 5788: 4318: 4310: 4079: 1312:

origin are present among all non sub-Saharan-African populations, and Neanderthals and other hominins, such as

1251: 24381: 23595: 21843:"Beliefs about God, the afterlife and morality support the role of supernatural policing in human cooperation" 19710: 16691:"The distribution of human genetic diversity: a comparison of mitochondrial, autosomal, and Y-chromosome data" 5422:, with men enjoying more rights and privileges than women in most societies, both today and in the past. As a 26695: 26642: 26523: 24539: 23888: 5411: 40: 24036: 20685: 20463: 20029: 14737: 10814: 9637: 5794:

The willingness of humans to kill other members of their species en masse through organized conflict (i.e.,

5597:

including previously strong political alliances, if doing so is seen as providing personal advantages. This

4994:

have become areas of active scientific investigation. Credible evidence of religious behaviour dates to the

25287: 25164: 25050: 22234: 20183:

Lian A (2016). "The Modality-Independent Capacity of Language: A Milestone of Evolution". In Lian A (ed.).

14459: 13101:

Machin GA (January 1996). "Some causes of genotypic and phenotypic discordance in monozygotic twin pairs".

8168: 5419: 5284: 4936: 3752: 3253: 2987: 2238: 674: 36: 21995:

God or the Divine? Religious Transcendence Beyond Monism and Theism, Between Personality and Impersonality

20538:

Bird G (7 June 2019). "Rethinking the role of the arts in politics: lessons from the Négritude movement".

15388:

Holden C, Mace R (October 1997). "Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of lactose digestion in adults".

11426:. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2017. p. 2&17. 10441: 8252:(2018). "The world transformed: from foragers and farmers to states and empires". In Scarre, Chris (ed.). 3897:

During sleep humans dream, where they experience sensory images and sounds. Dreaming is stimulated by the

3664:

to make. Human skin also has a capacity to darken (tan) in response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

2543:

for growing crops and grazing livestock. Modern humans, however, have a great capacity for altering their

2339:. The war's destruction led to the collapse of most global empires, leading to widespread decolonization. 2070:, the revival of old advances in science and technology, and the formation of a distinct way of life. The 1920:

is the oldest complex civilization in the Americas. Astronomy and mathematics were also developed and the

579:

with local populations of archaic humans. Multiple hypotheses for the extinction of archaic human species

26690: 26510: 26393: 25508: 25481: 25385: 25203: 24724: 24578: 23893: 22238: 19628: 19066:"The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions" 17785:"Many Animals – Including Your Dog – May Have Horrible Short-Term Memories" 16351: 12524: 11420: 8209: 5856: 5829: 5613: 5551: 4709: 4546: 4273: 3747:

only affect either men or women. After allowing for body weight and volume, the male voice is usually an

2986:

was first sequenced in 2001 and by 2020 hundreds of thousands of genomes had been sequenced. In 2012 the

2933: 1917: 1328: 1047: 882: 870: 32: 26398: 22983: 17958:"On the lack of evidence that non-human animals possess anything remotely resembling a 'theory of mind'" 15540: 14894: 12942:"The aorta in humans and African great apes, and cardiac output and metabolic levels in human evolution" 12211: 12209: 4734:

tablets about 4,000 years ago. Beyond simply passing down knowledge, the use and sharing of imaginative

2744: 26282: 26176: 26028: 25243: 25174: 24710: 24703: 24696: 20716: 18015:"Problems associated with short sleep: bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies" 14088:"The World Health Organization fetal growth charts: concept, findings, interpretation, and application" 12256: 10063:. International Handbooks of Quality-of-Life. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 25–52. 9444:

Keightley DN (1999). "The Shang: China's first historical dynasty". In Loewe M, Shaughnessy EL (eds.).

8422:"Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago" 6571: 6458: 6423: 5629: 4859: 4815: 4640: 4539: 4040: 1144: 923: 825:

of other forms of life. Within the last century, humans have explored challenging environments such as

562: 28: 26629: 26265: 19015:"The relation between emotional intelligence and criminal behavior: A study among convicted criminals" 13591:

Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, Peltonen L, Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, Peltonen L, et al. (September 2010).

12183: 11230: 26551: 26140: 26108: 26058: 26013: 25426: 25218: 24518: 24499: 23100: 20871:

Karpati FJ, Giacosa C, Foster NE, Penhune VB, Hyde KL (March 2015). "Dance and the brain: a review".

18898:

Averill JR (April 1999). "Individual differences in emotional creativity: structure and correlates".

15416: 12206: 11045:"International Financial Centers: The British-Empire, City-States and Commercially Oriented Politics" 11044: 8184: 7699:"Polynesian settlement of New Zealand and the impacts of volcanism on early Maori society: an update" 5519: 4513: 3794: 3736: 3715: 2945: 2941: 2638: 1913: 814: 654: 646: 25208: 21993: 21242: 20440: 18855:

Emotion is any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure)

18148: 17722: 16403:

Keita SO, Kittles RA, Royal CD, Bonney GE, Furbert-Harris P, Dunston GM, Rotimi CN (November 2004).

14232:"Evolution of the human pelvis and obstructed labor: new explanations of an old obstetrical dilemma" 8588: 8109:"Brief communication: Hair density and body mass in mammals and the evolution of human hairlessness" 1948:

around 1200 BCE resulted in the disappearance of a number of civilizations and the beginning of the

26316: 25457: 24760: 24532: 19882:

In short, the evidence to date that animals have an understanding of folk physics is at best mixed.

14983: 14043:

The fetal stage is from the beginning of the 9th week after fertilization and continues until birth

12600: 7788: 6673:"Molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: inferences from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets" 5391: 5141:

has been described as the first scientist, and preceded the rise of scientific thought through the

5038: 5002:). It may have evolved to play a role in helping enforce and encourage cooperation between humans. 4024: 3802: 3798: 3163: 3154: 3053: 2929: 2269: 1945: 24: 26038: 25493: 23974: 13878:"Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females" 13540:

Rotimi CN, Adeyemo AA (February 2021). "From one human genome to a complex tapestry of ancestry".

9387:

Lazaridis I, Mittnik A, Patterson N, Mallick S, Rohland N, Pfrengle S, et al. (August 2017).

7542:"The southern route "out of Africa": evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia" 5741:

that looks at how societies distribute scarce resources among different people. There are massive

5499:

for most of their existence as a species, but that this began to shift during the Neolithic, when

5299:

differs, especially between modern and traditional societies. Human groups range from the size of

4719:

Unlike speaking, reading and writing does not come naturally to humans and must be taught. Still,

4023:

underlying behavior. Largely focusing on the development of the human mind through the life span,

2830:, most of which is so short and wispy as to be practically invisible. Humans have about 2 million 1250:

about 160,000–70,000 years ago, and possibly earlier. This development was likely selected amidst

26675: 26134: 26113: 25395: 25332: 25292: 25179: 24738: 24443: 23198: 21192: 19200: 18497: 17568: 17424: 16738: 16563: 15052:

Cordain L (2007). "Implications of Plio-pleistocene diets for modern humans". In Ungar PS (ed.).

14978: 12684: 8048:

Abi-Rached L, Jobin MJ, Kulkarni S, McWhinnie A, Dalva K, Gragert L, et al. (October 2011).

7038:

Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, et al. (June 2017).

5383:

is used as an umbrella term for a range of gender identities that are not solely male or female.

4333: 4096: 3676: 3449: 3433: 2956: 2402: 2336: 2309: 1852:

for the first time in history. Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early

1136: 866: 850: 632: 180: 18717:

Heckhausen J, Heckhausen H (28 March 2018). "Motivation and Action: Introduction and Overview".

15153:

Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, Mann N, Lindeberg S, Watkins BA, et al. (February 2005).

14287:

Barras C (22 December 2016). "The real reasons why childbirth is so painful and dangerous". BBC.

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Gea, J (2008). "The Evolution of the Human Species: A Long Journey for the Respiratory System".

12297: 11158: 10308: 9779:"Investigating the eastern edge of the kingdom of Aksum: architecture and pottery from Wakarida" 6934:

Villmoare B, Kimbel WH, Seyoum C, Campisano CJ, DiMaggio EN, Rowan J, et al. (March 2015).

5274: 2434: 26603: 26476: 26348: 26023: 25501: 25390: 25365: 25360: 25253: 25169: 24731: 23167:(2005). "Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour Market Outcomes of Women Across OECD Countries". 17816:"Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research" 14923: 11277: 10587:

Dixon EJ (January 2001). "Human colonization of the Americas: timing, technology and process".

10163: 8837:

Woods C (28 February 2020). "The Emergence of Cuneiform Writing". In Hasselbach-Andee R (ed.).

7260:"Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene" 6225: 5555: 5423: 5130:

from one generation to the next and to continually build on this information to develop tools,

4955: 4847: 4151: 4139: 3790: 3393: 3146: 3049: 2587: 2474: 2194: 2026: 2016: 1786: 861:. Since the early 20th century, there has been continuous human presence in Antarctica through 689:

creatures, they are capable of consuming a wide variety of plant and animal material, and have

620: 580: 20: 23755: 23127: 19848:

Emery NJ, Clayton NS (February 2009). "Tool use and physical cognition in birds and mammals".

18602: 14410: 13934: 12711: 11983: 11694:"Origin of clothing lice indicates early clothing use by anatomically modern humans in Africa" 8813: 6214:"JSC celebrates ten years of continuous human presence aboard the International Space Station" 4696:

Evidence of humans engaging in musical activities predates cave art and so far music has been

26598: 24774: 22536: 22376: 20821:

Trost W, Frühholz S, Schön D, Labbé C, Pichon S, Grandjean D, Vuilleumier P (December 2014).

20801: 20063: 19289: 18089:

Hobson JA (November 2009). "REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness".

16689:

Jorde LB, Watkins WS, Bamshad MJ, Dixon ME, Ricker CE, Seielstad MT, Batzer MA (March 2000).

16042:

Ilardo MA, Moltke I, Korneliussen TS, Cheng J, Stern AJ, Racimo F, et al. (April 2018).

14500: 14453: 11920: 10223: 10023: 7900: 7705: 5896: 5776: 5598: 5292: 5205: 5154: 4839: 4648: 4092: 4036: 3961: 3679:

during human migration. These non-African populations acquired new genetic inputs from local

2990:

had compared the genomes of 1,184 individuals from 11 populations and identified 1.6 million

2976: 2960: 2273: 2242: 2114: 1933: 1921: 1269:

took place in at least two waves, the first around 130,000 to 100,000 years ago, the second (

779: 771: 636: 315: 26590: 23635: 23618: 20954: 19240: 16641: 16488: 16149: 14165:

Khor GL (December 2003). "Update on the prevalence of malnutrition among children in Asia".

12856:"What is the role of sweating glands in balancing body temperature when running a marathon?" 10369: 9551:. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 405–460. 7489:

Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. (April 2015).

5550:, or social treatment within their residing area. Ethnicity is separate from the concept of 4647:. As well as providing entertainment and transferring knowledge, the arts are also used for 4118:

changes variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of

4011:

and the passage of time. The nature of thought is central to psychology and related fields.

3852: 747: 26611: 26419: 26380: 26333: 26083: 26018: 25978: 25355: 25258: 25159: 25120: 25065: 24970: 24674: 24667: 24514: 24320: 24262: 23798: 23409: 23305: 22743: 22281: 22200: 21854: 21807: 21695: 21204: 20880: 20642: 20149: 19753: 18436: 18185: 17580: 17367: 17113: 16945: 16787: 16238: 16176: 15250: 14992: 14086:

Kiserud T, Benachi A, Hecher K, Perez RG, Carvalho J, Piaggio G, Platt LD (February 2018).

13889: 13876:

Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, et al. (August 2013).

13767: 13604: 13549: 13464: 13417: 13404:

Jorde LB, Rogers AR, Bamshad M, Watkins WS, Krakowiak P, Sung S, et al. (April 1997).

13358: 13323: 12953: 12894: 12137: 12018: 11873: 11805: 11242: 10596: 9994: 9676: 9521: 9478: 9400: 9277: 8891: 8653: 8541: 8528:

Scarcelli N, Cubry P, Akakpo R, Thuillet AC, Obidiegwu J, Baco MN, et al. (May 2019).

8433: 8374: 8063: 8050:"The shaping of modern human immune systems by multiregional admixture with archaic humans" 7932: 7876: 7806: 7749: 7645: 7555: 7437: 7397: 7348: 7276: 7236: 7176: 7056: 6996: 6949: 6629: 6221: 6044: 5936: 5625: 5236:

scientific knowledge and dogmatic religious teachings. Major fields of philosophy include

4792: 4713: 4527: 4508: 4127: 4012: 3918: 3719: 3429: 3397: 3102: 2364: 2359:; long-distance communication between computer systems is a hallmark of the Information Age 2288:

ideals, the Americas and Europe experienced a period of political revolutions known as the

2285: 2234: 2150: 1874: 1806: 1324: 1247: 1228: 846: 628: 604: 596: 567: 412:

skills that enable them to thrive and adapt in varied environments, develop highly complex

22854: 22328:

The forgotten revolution : how science was born in 300 BC and why it had to be reborn

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Van Gelder JL (November 2016). "Emotions in Criminal Decision Making". In Wright R (ed.).

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Bergström A, McCarthy SA, Hui R, Almarri MA, Ayub Q, Danecek P, et al. (March 2020).

16011: 15298:"Can models of evolutionary transition clarify the debates over the Neolithic Revolution?" 14567:"Advances in pubertal growth and factors influencing it: Can we increase pubertal growth?" 13651:

Bergström A, McCarthy SA, Hui R, Almarri MA, Ayub Q, Danecek P, et al. (March 2020).

10863:"The worldwide economic impact of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1793–1815" 8479:

Denham TP, Haberle SG, Lentfer C, Fullagar R, Field J, Therin M, et al. (July 2003).

7960:

Ackermann RR, Mackay A, Arnold ML (October 2015). "The Hybrid Origin of "Modern" Humans".

7620: 6691: 6672: 5430:

probably had a range of gender roles similar to that of modern cultures from at least the

5172:, a process of observation and experimentation that is used to differentiate science from 3404:

provided a new and rich source of food, leading to the evolution of the ability to digest

2971:

have continued to operate on human populations, with evidence that certain regions of the

2138: 1995:'s system of centralized governance became the precursor to many later empires, while the 8: 26073: 26063: 24767: 23206: 20343: 19362: 19295: 14808: 14778: 14319: 11384: 8363:"Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China" 8108: 7867: 7491:"A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture" 5900: 5742: 5181: 5018: 4843: 4427: 4202: 3359: 2642: 2301: 2183: 2162: 1964: 1937: 1456: 1069: 822: 24324: 24266: 23802: 23413: 23309: 23262: 22285: 21858: 21811: 21380:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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Rochat P (December 2003). "Five levels of self-awareness as they unfold early in life".

17658: 17625: 17584: 17371: 17117: 16949: 16791: 16242: 16180: 15273: 15254: 15236: 14996: 13893: 13771: 13608: 13553: 13421: 13362: 12984: 12957: 12941: 12898: 12832: 12141: 12022: 11877: 11809: 11246: 10600: 10261:"The Tongan Maritime Expansion: A Case in the Evolutionary Ecology of Social Complexity" 9998: 9924:"Pillars of Heaven: The Symbolic Function of Column and Bracket Sets in the Han Dynasty" 9680: 9525: 9482: 9404: 9281: 8967: 8895: 8657: 8545: 8437: 8378: 8067: 7936: 7880: 7810: 7753: 7649: 7559: 7441: 7401: 7352: 7280: 7180: 7060: 7000: 6953: 6880:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

6633: 6048: 5940: 5779:

being more common among other primates. Phylogenetic analysis predicts that 2% of early

5592:(left) in New York City, which houses one of the world's largest political organizations 4516:

of the world (and in some cases geographic groups of families). For greater detail, see

4003:, and each individual human is influenced greatly by his or her experiences, leading to 3481:

There is biological variation in the human species – with traits such as

1226:

emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago from a species commonly designated as either

25993: 25951: 25931: 25813: 25626: 25608: 25312: 25154: 25030: 24344: 24286: 24131: 23834: 23821: 23786: 23494: 23459: 23328: 23293: 23232: 23194: 23040: 22717: 22646: 22307: 22070: 22057: 21969: 21944: 21925: 21866: 21765: 21652: 21400: 21375: 21351: 21324: 21300: 21273: 21106: 20904: 20853: 20666: 20610: 20585: 20563: 20515: 20498: 20409: 20374: 20117: 20090: 19873: 19830: 19776: 19741: 19623: 19336: 19332: 19090: 19065: 19041: 19014: 18961: 18934: 18846: 18775: 18550: 18531:. The Frontiers Collection. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 515–595. 18417: 18326: 18114: 18039: 18014: 17990: 17957: 17840: 17815: 17606: 17514: 17479: 17460: 17383: 17379: 17304: 17279: 17219: 16966: 16933: 16906: 16882:"Insights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes" 16881: 16862: 16808: 16775: 16715: 16690: 16305: 16280: 16199: 16164: 16100: 16024: 15965: 15911: 15886: 15867: 15819: 15792: 15672: 15626: 15324: 15297: 14839: 14710: 14642: 14617: 14593: 14566: 14315: 14309: 14269: 14256: 14231: 14117: 14056: 13990: 13965: 13910: 13877: 13835: 13810: 13791: 13735: 13708: 13677: 13653:"Insights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes" 13652: 13625: 13592: 13573: 13522: 13292: 13267: 13240: 13213: 13161: 13078: 13053: 13034: 12917: 12882: 12810: 12624:

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than are expended, so excessive weight gain is usually caused by an energy-dense diet.

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to nations. The first form of human social organization is thought to have resembled

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around 13,000 years ago (and separately in a few other places), saw the emergence of

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if the child needs to be born earlier for medical reasons. In developed countries,

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The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC

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as the predominant form of political organization in the 19th and 20th centuries.

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beginning in childhood and continuing throughout a lifetime in a process known as

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are both factors, as are any perceived links between incentives and preferences.

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Human motivation is not yet wholly understood. From a psychological perspective,

4020: 3992:, or different kinds of consciousness, or just one kind with different features. 3822: 3593: 3325: 3113: 3070: 3027: 2859: 2807: 2668: 2591: 2560: 2524: 2418: 2394: 2293: 2055: 1988: 1949: 1865: 1802: 1635: 1550: 1059: 918: 806: 727:. Often, both the mother and the father provide care for their children, who are 631:. Since then, a number of civilizations have risen and fallen, while a number of 26528: 26502: 21913: 20192: 18726: 18527:

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and there is also debate over to what extent humans are the only animals with a

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than other primates. They are the only primates to have short, relatively flush

2684:, first recorded in the 6th century AD, reduced the population by 50%, with the 2296:

raged through Europe in the early 1800s, Spain lost most of its colonies in the

1355:). The relationship between all these changes is the subject of ongoing debate. 535:

Although some scientists equate the term "humans" with all members of the genus

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