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226:. Research shows they can smell human emotions. A strong canine-human bond is formed between the dog and the handler while performing jobs together; a strong bond is required to safely and quickly perform their jobs. Many of the people who work with a canine partner will also live with them, which facilitates a strong bond between both partners. Many military dogs have also been adopted by their former handlers once they have been retired. Canine-human jobs span fields including
351:
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544:, an animal can be a "self-object" that gives a sense of cohesion, support, or sustenance to a person's sense of self. Self-psychology explains why some animals are so crucial to a person's sense of self and well-being. Dog companionship often helps people to develop a daily routine and gives them something to look forward to each day. Studies also show owning a dog reduces stress, alleviates anxiety, and even can prolong a human's lifespan.
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cultures the dog is regarded as unclean and the general consensus in those countries is that keeping a dog as a pet is impure. Almost universally positive outcomes are reported among those who keep dogs as pets. The human-canine bond is strengthened, or diminished, depending on the quantity and quality of the time spent with the canine and through activities such as routine walking, feeding, grooming, and play.
529:
107:, which resembles that of the typical human caretaker/infant relationship, and shows all of the usual hallmarks of a typical bond. Some examples of behaviors that led scientists to this conclusion is the display of proximity seeking behavior where the canine will seek out its caretaker as a means to cope with
467:
People who suffer from isolation, depression, and other mental illness to the point where it significantly interferes with day-to-day life may find security in an emotional support animal, however it is important to remember that usually dogs who fall into the emotional support animal category do not
335:
Dog sledding began as a formal sport in North
America in 1908, however the practice of using dogs to pull sleds dates back to at least 6000 BC. Remnants of sleds and harnesses has been found with canine remains in Siberia which carbon-dated to 7800–8000 years ago. A dog musher will need to develop a
358:
Canines are employed worldwide in various militaries around the world where they perform a variety of jobs on land, sea, and in the air. In the United States of
America the Army Veterinary Corps and the 341st Training Squadron provide the training and logistics for many of the handlers and canines.
221:
Today dogs are mostly kept as household pets although there still remains a sizeable population of working dogs worldwide. Working dogs today perform a wider variety of jobs than ever before in history, working in fields such as explosive detection, therapy, and invasive species detection. Dogs are
444:
Dogs and their handlers will have formed a close bond allowing each other to interpret each other's body language correctly leading to the successful detection of the desired object or person. Examples of body language to look for when the dog begins to "hit" on a scent cone are small pauses, tail
558:
Despite the normally positive relationship, there are instances where dogs have turned on their owner or other humans. There are also instances where a normally positive relationship can result in a human abusing their canine, either psychologically or physically. The reasons for a human or a dog
204:
Bustad and other pet therapy advocates formed the Delta
Society, which was built on the earlier work of Levinson and Croson. In the 1970s and 1980s, national and international conferences led to greater recognition of the human–animal bond. Since then, there has been widespread media coverage of
277:
The cattle dog has long worked alongside humans, with the start of herding activities roughly being around the time of the domestication of the sheep. Today's herding dogs have evolved a unique set of traits and mannerisms that makes them ideal for the job. Herding dogs may generally fall into
254:
In the
Western world, dogs are most commonly found as household pets. The overwhelming majority of American dog owners report that they feel as if their dog is a member of their family. Many Western owners allow their dogs to sleep in their beds with them and report lessened anxiety. In Muslim
363:
has around 900 canines at any given time. The commander of the 341st
Training Squadron, William Roberts, states their mission is "to produce a dog that patrols and detects, either narcotics or explosives". In the past, military working dogs in the US were often euthanized after they retired,
95:, thus signifying the deep reverence that humans all over the world have had and continue to have for them. Despite this relationship's significance throughout history, it is not necessarily always a positive one; dogs can be viewed in an extremely negative light, depending on the region.
336:
close bond sometimes with as many as 20 or more dogs in their kennel in order to keep a highly responsive and loyal team. The musher will need to cultivate a particularly strong relationship with their lead dog. The lead dog will ultimately decide which path the team takes.
536:
Canines' social impact on humans is especially significant for those who tend to be more isolated, such as children with no siblings or elderly persons. In this view, the animal is part of our community and is an important determinant for psychological well-being.
131:, which is correlated to an overall reduction in stress. These results demonstrate the canines' innate desire to form an attachment with a human, and also demonstrate the positive health effects for the canine associated with the relationship.
86:
while spending quality time together. This release of oxytocin is correlated with the formation of a strong social bond. Canines are capable of distinguishing between positive and negative human facial expressions and will react accordingly.
364:
especially if they were deemed unfit for home life or showed aggressive behaviors. However, today, the military makes every effort to adopt out these dogs to qualified families. Only dogs with serious medical conditions are euthanized.
375:
The relationship between a soldier and his dog is often cited as deeply rooted and unshakable, with the result being that the handler and the dog can read almost imperceptible changes in each other's body language. In the
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Nagengast, S.L.; Baun, M.M.; Megel, M.; Leibowitz, J.M. (December 1997). "The effects of the presence of a companion animal on physiological arousal and behavioral distress in children during a physical examination".
292:
Hunting is one of the oldest jobs that dogs have performed alongside humans. Cave art dating back to the
Neolithic age depicting dogs and humans hunting together has been found. In particular, a mural discovered in
371:
provides trained dogs and handlers to support the armed forces in various operations, comprising 299 Regular soldiers and officers with the ability to surge to a maximum capacity of 384 Military
Working Dogs.
436:
Because of their highly developed sense of smell many canines today work with their handlers to search for many things including drugs, invasive species, and people. The first search and rescue dogs were the
193:, and during his lecture, Bustad praised him for his work on the human–animal bond and encouraged others to build on Lorenz's work on the subject. In the early 1970s, Konrad Lorenz had developed the field of
115:
to a varying degree. Another such behavior is the safe haven effect, which describes when the canine more freely explores novel objects in the caretaker's presence. Canines are capable of assessing humans'
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flicks, and puffing air with the nose. Every dog is different and will present different signals that will take lots of dedicated training from the handler to learn how to correctly interpret.
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178:. He found that withdrawn and uncommunicative children would interact positively whenever he brought his dog, Jingles, to their therapy sessions. His discovery was further reinforced by
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require any specific training. As a result of the studies by Dr. Samuel Corson pets have become commonplace in nursing homes where they can provide comfort and affection to people.
2335:
297:
that is more than 9000 years old depicts a domesticated dog being used for hunting. Today hunting dogs generally fall into one of three categories; Terriers, gun dogs, and hounds.
559:
turning on their companion are diverse and poorly understood, but may be generally boiled down to improper socialization or underlying mental health issues for either party.
278:
several categories, these are protectors, drivers, headers, and heelers. Herding dogs rely on many predator skills such as posture and eye contact rather than brute force.
1038:
67:" has commonly been used to refer to dogs, as they were the first species and the only large carnivore to have been domesticated. This companionship is most evident in
1722:
189:, who delivered a summary lecture on the Human–Pet Relationship on October 28, 1983, at the International Symposium in Vienna. This symposium was held in honour of
1557:
Catanzaro, T. E. (2003). Section introduction: Human-animal bond and primary prevention. American
Behavioral Scientists, 47, 29-30. doi: 10.1177/0002764203255209
82:
On average, female humans tend to have more positive attitudes towards dogs than male humans do, but studies have demonstrated that both dogs and humans release
3226:
309:
typically specialize in the chase and utilize a variety of noises to flush out game, used in hunting larger mammals such as deer, coyote, boar, and foxes.
1313:"Characterizing Human–Dog Attachment Relationships in Foster and Shelter Environments as a Potential Mechanism for Achieving Mutual Wellbeing and Success"
972:
Karl, Sabrina; Boch, Magdalena; Zamansky, Anna; van der Linden, Dirk; Wagner, Isabella C.; Völter, Christoph J.; Lamm, Claus; Huber, Ludwig (2020-12-17).
174:, who had an immense influence on the establishment of the field of study. Levinson is known for accidentally discovering the benefits of assisted
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Hindes, L. M. (2003). Historical perspectives on the human-animal bond. American
Behavioral Scientists, 47(1), 7-15. doi: 10.1177/0002764203255206
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Marshall-Pescini, Sarah; Schaebs, Franka S.; Gaugg, Alina; Meinert, Anne; Deschner, Tobias; Range, Friederike (2019-10-12).
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are used in hospitals around the world where they can have a positive impact on a variety of diagnoses, including cancer.
2012:
1150:"Human Analogue Safe Haven Effect of the Owner: Behavioural and Heart Rate Response to Stressful Social Stimuli in Dogs"
2706:
2286:
1890:
1770:
380:, the working dog is traditionally one rank higher than his handler so that he is afforded the respect they deserve.
368:
1619:"Interspecies transmission of emotional information via chemosignals: from humans to dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)"
2262:
1914:
827:"The Processing of Human Emotional Faces by Pet and Lab Dogs: Evidence for Lateralization and Experience Effects"
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Janssens, Luc; Giemsch, Liane; Schmitz, Ralf; Street, Martin; Van Dongen, Stefan; Crombé, Philippe (2018-04-01).
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D’Aniello, Biagio; Semin, Gün Refik; Alterisio, Alessandra; Aria, Massimo; Scandurra, Anna (2018-01-01).
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2312:"Department of Defense: Medical Conditions and Care for End-of-Service Military Working Dogs | U.S. GAO"
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377:
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2630:"Pet ownership, but not ace inhibitor therapy, blunts home blood pressure responses to mental stress"
213:
72:
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Albuquerque, Natalia; Guo, Kun; Wilkinson, Anna; Savalli, Carine; Otta, Emma; Mills, Daniel (2016).
134:
Upon loss, due to death or retirement, the majority of caregivers report intense feelings of grief.
3666:
3545:
3415:
1103:"Effects of Owner–Dog Relationship and Owner Personality on Cortisol Modulation in Human–Dog Dyads"
1039:"People with insecure attachment styles tend to have strong emotional bonds with pets, study finds"
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523:
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489:
40:
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1372:"Human interaction moderates plasma cortisol and behavioral responses of dogs to shelter housing"
603:
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Schöberl, Iris; Wedl, Manuela; Bauer, Barbara; Day, Jon; Möstl, Erich; Kotrschal, Kurt (2012).
974:"Exploring the dog–human relationship by combining fMRI, eye-tracking and behavioural measures"
127:
benefit from interacting with complete strangers. These interactions result in a reduction in
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1699:"Military Dog Handlers Reunite with and Adopt Their Former Canine Partners After Pups Retire"
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Gácsi, Márta; Maros, Katalin; Sernkvist, Sofie; Faragó, Tamás; Miklósi, Ádám (2013-03-04).
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64:
2867:"Living with Companion Animals, Physical Activity and Mortality in a U.S. National Cohort"
8:
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Psychologists believe that the relationship between human and canine is a bidirectional
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Sergeant Rex : the unbreakable bond between a Marine and his military working dog
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are smaller dogs which can be used to hunt small animals such as birds and rabbits.
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1486:""Not just a dog": an attachment perspective on relationships with assistance dogs"
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Barber, Anjuli L. A.; Randi, Dania; Müller, Corsin A.; Huber, Ludwig (2016-04-13).
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588:
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Brown, Sue-Ellen (2011) "Self Psychology and the Human-Animal Bond: An Overview,"
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Hodgson, K.; Barton, L.; Darling, M.; Antao, V.; Kim, F.A.; Monavvari, A. (2015).
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1843:"The moment in history when Muslims began to see dogs as dirty, impure, and evil"
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438:
397:
345:
322:
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44:
1792:"Sociologist confirms what pet parents know: Pets really are part of the family"
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Nagasawa, Miho; Murai, Kensuke; Mogi, Kazutaka; Kikusui, Takefumi (2011-02-26).
3656:
3242:
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2562:"Pets'Impact on Your Patients' Health: Leveraging Benefits and Mitigating Risk"
2136:"Dog Sledding & Dog Sled Making | Learning Center | New Hampshire Folklife"
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1064:"Evidence for an association between pet behavior and owner attachment levels"
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Back of the pack : an Iditarod rookie musher's Alaska pilgrimage to Nome
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190:
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182:, who were among the first to research and evaluate pet-facilitated therapy.
179:
68:
24:
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1370:
Shiverdecker, Matthew D.; Schiml, Patricia A.; Hennessy, Michael B. (2013).
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2447:"Handlers of 'police dogs' explain critical bond with four-legged partners"
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are mostly used during upland and wetland hunting to retrieve downed game.
294:
124:
47:
more than 30,000–40,000 years ago. The earliest known relationship between
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who were trained to locate lost or stranded travelers in the Swiss Alps.
287:
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231:
227:
185:
In the early 1980s the term 'human–animal bond' was officially coined by
175:
75:, where 44% of households were found to be keeping at least one dog as a
2184:
2160:
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1443:
1329:
205:
animal-assisted activity and therapy programs and service dog training.
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784:
479:
423:
407:
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2805:
The Wolf in the Parlor: The Eternal Connection Between Humans and Dogs
1427:"Current perspectives on attachment and bonding in the dog–human dyad"
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1723:"Face of Defense: Marine Adopts, Reunites With Military Working Dog"
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128:
83:
2750:"FBI gathers animal cruelty data, but patterns have yet to emerge"
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Payne, Elyssa; Bennett, Pauleen C; McGreevy, Paul D (2015-02-24).
894:"Dogs can discriminate human smiling faces from blank expressions"
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459:
117:
43:, which began occurring through their long-term association with
19:
2161:"Ancient Arctic Hunters: Material Culture and Survival Strategy"
2013:"The history of the working dog, an 'indispensable' Aussie icon"
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3082:
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3001:
2548:"Animal Therapy Has Benefits for Patients—and Healthcare Staff"
528:
150:
1214:
971:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3072:
2507:"Dr. Samuel Corson, 88, Dies; Father of Pet-Assisted Therapy"
2495:"Everything You Need to Know About Emotional Support Animals"
306:
120:, as well as discriminating humans by levels of familiarity.
111:, and consequently the absence of the caretaker will trigger
63:, approximately 15,000 years ago. For centuries, the phrase "
52:
1757:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 188–207, 2010-04-12,
642:
2668:
1616:
948:"Why some Muslims will do anything to avoid touching a dog"
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76:
48:
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Health; Gillum, Richard F.; Obisesan, Thomas O. (2010).
1867:"Human-Animal Bond - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1593:"Meet the very good dogs who hunt down invasive species"
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1963:"Canine Co-Workers: Herding dogs from around the world"
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2725:"Dog Bite Statistics (How Likely Are You To Get Bit?)"
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Allen, Karen; Shykoff, Barbara; Izzo, Joseph (2001).
2471:"The inseparable bond between K9s and their handlers"
2065:
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American Cowboy | Western Lifestyle - Travel - People
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768:"The Role of Oxytocin in the Dog-Owner Relationship"
59:, who was buried alongside two humans in modern-day
1891:"9 Ways to Improve your Relationship with your Dog"
1484:Kwong, Marilyn J.; Bartholomew, Kim (2011-09-01).
2287:"Military working dogs retire to handlers' homes"
2111:"Hunter's Best Friend: A History of Hunting Dogs"
1311:Thielke, Lauren E.; Udell, Monique A. R. (2020).
3738:
2627:
1483:
2263:"Military Working Dogs: Guardians of the Night"
532:A dog companion in the arms of its human owner.
222:used for service due to their highly developed
2707:"Own a dog and live longer, new research says"
2426:The National Search And Rescue Dog Association
2204:. Anchorage, Alaska: Publication Consultants.
2938:
2801:
2615:"Why Man's Best Friend is Man's Best Friend"
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1431:Psychology Research and Behavior Management
383:Examples of Military working dogs include:
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2645:
2577:
2523:Gibeault, Stephanie (November 28, 2017).
2398:"Bond with dog, handler deeper than duty"
2310:Office, U. S. Government Accountability.
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1751:the Social Bond between Dogs and People?"
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55:is attested by the 1914 discovery of the
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18:
2754:American Veterinary Medical Association
2602:The Psychology of the Human-Animal Bond
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1939:"herding | National Geographic Society"
1840:
1217:"Dogs recognize dog and human emotions"
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170:Human–canine bonding was recognized by
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2197:
2068:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
2038:"Are These the Oldest Images of Dogs?"
1696:
1678:Friends of Douglas County K-9 Colorado
1572:
1560:
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475:examples of assistances dogs include:
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2368:. New York: Atria Books. p. 38.
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1816:Gibeault, Stephanie (July 24, 2017).
354:A combat tracker dog with his handler
273:Kazakh shepherd with his herding dogs
2704:
2607:
2497:, "American Kennel Club", 2017-06-20
1818:"Should I Let My Dog Sleep With Me?"
761:
759:
731:Origins of attitudes towards animals
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91:all over the world, particularly in
2871:Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health
2336:"1st Military Working Dog Regiment"
1671:
701:"APPA's State of the Industry 2024"
13:
2795:
2525:"Peanut Detection Dogs Save Lives"
2352:
2309:
2250:
2096:
1490:Attachment & Human Development
517:
432:Search and rescue dog with handler
197:with his landmark research on the
14:
3773:
2912:Early Childhood Education Journal
2802:Jon Franklin (1 September 2009).
2445:Thornton, Keri (29 August 2019).
756:
708:American Pet Products Association
649:Journal of Archaeological Science
369:1st Military Working Dog Regiment
3720:
3711:
3710:
2850:10.2752/089279309x12538695316383
1943:education.nationalgeographic.org
1672:Lek, Lauren (October 30, 2017).
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1068:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
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1798:. Southern Methodist University
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1037:Hedrih, Vladimir (2022-10-27).
156:Portrait of Federico II Gonzaga
123:Studies have demonstrated that
1841:Mikhail, Alan (27 July 2017).
1697:Bender, Kelli (May 26, 2021).
1278:Journal of Veterinary Behavior
1030:
965:
940:
885:
818:
721:
693:
636:
93:Mesoamerican folklore and myth
1:
2684:10.1016/s0882-5963(97)80058-9
1388:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.12.002
629:
448:
160:
98:
2672:Journal of Pediatric Nursing
2579:10.3122/jabfm.2015.04.140254
2044:. 2017-11-17. Archived from
1763:10.1017/cbo9780511778360.010
1502:10.1080/14616734.2011.584410
1175:10.1371/journal.pone.0058475
1080:10.1016/0168-1591(95)01010-6
852:10.1371/journal.pone.0152393
7:
3573:List of longest-living dogs
1989:"History of the Cattle Dog"
624:Human interaction with cats
609:Cultural depictions of dogs
562:
339:
312:
137:
10:
3778:
3546:Origin of the domestic dog
3444:Breed-specific legislation
3285:Psychiatric assistance dog
2238:U.S. Department of Defense
1727:U.S. Department of Defense
1543:Pets and Human Development
1290:10.1016/j.jveb.2008.09.020
1062:Serpell, James A. (1996).
998:10.1038/s41598-020-79247-5
614:Origin of the domestic dog
551:
521:
452:
417:
343:
316:
285:
281:
262:
258:
3706:
3675:
3642:
3559:
3424:
3379:
3235:
3192:
2960:
2774:"Animal Abuse Statistics"
2550:, "Ons Voice", 2018-08-12
2362:Dowling, Mike C. (2011).
2080:10.1016/j.jaa.2017.10.003
1635:10.1007/s10071-017-1139-x
1376:Physiology & Behavior
910:10.1007/s10071-011-0386-5
669:10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004
510:Psychiatric response dogs
413:
16:Interspecies relationship
2952:
2422:"History of Search Dogs"
734:. Brisbane: Ultravisum.
547:
490:Mobility assistance dogs
180:Sam and Elizabeth Corson
89:Dogs appear in religions
41:domestication of the dog
3688:List of individual dogs
3683:Domesticated silver fox
3275:Mobility assistance dog
2705:Ingraham, Christopher.
1987:dsuleman (2013-05-20).
1580:"The Human-Animal Bond"
604:Interspecies friendship
579:List of individual dogs
249:
201:of behaviors in geese.
147:Frederick II of Gonzaga
23:A girl with her dog on
3693:List of fictional dogs
3007:Livestock guardian dog
2831:The Veterinary Journal
2604:, part 2, pp. 137-149.
2234:"Four-Legged Fighters"
1233:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0883
533:
505:Autism assistance dogs
464:
433:
378:United States military
355:
332:
274:
218:
209:Types of relationships
167:
32:
3762:Dogs in human culture
3361:Search and rescue dog
2884:10.3390/ijerph7062452
2778:www.veterinarians.org
2729:www.caninejournal.com
2451:Tahlequah Daily Press
2074:. Elsevier: 225–236.
1871:www.sciencedirect.com
552:Further information:
531:
522:Further information:
500:Seizure response dogs
495:Medical response dogs
462:
431:
420:Search and rescue dog
353:
330:
272:
217:Man with dog in India
216:
145:
22:
3757:Animal communication
3416:Dog–cat relationship
3263:Medical response dog
2647:10.1161/hyp.38.4.815
2529:American Kennel Club
2198:Bowers, Don (1998).
1822:American Kennel Club
728:Meng, Jenia (2009).
599:Cat–dog relationship
594:Biophilia hypothesis
524:Human–animal bonding
3207:List of crossbreeds
2970:African village dog
2711:The Washington Post
2165:Arctic Anthropology
1444:10.2147/PRBM.S74972
1330:10.3390/ani10010067
1166:2013PLoSO...858475G
990:2020NatSR..1022273K
843:2016PLoSO..1152393B
661:2018JArSc..92..126J
408:Law Enforcement dog
61:Oberkassel, Germany
57:Bonn–Oberkassel dog
2511:The New York Times
2048:on October 4, 2021
1895:www.thewildest.com
1578:Nitkin, Patricia.
978:Scientific Reports
785:10.3390/ani9100792
554:Cruelty to animals
534:
465:
434:
356:
333:
275:
219:
168:
149:petting a dog, by
113:separation anxiety
33:
3752:Canids and humans
3734:
3733:
3614:Rabies in animals
3541:Human–canine bond
3119:Bull-type terrier
2815:978-0-8050-9077-2
2375:978-1-4516-3596-6
2211:978-1-59433-501-3
741:978-0-9808425-1-7
172:Boris M. Levinson
69:Western countries
65:man's best friend
39:is rooted in the
37:human–canine bond
3769:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3491:Dogs in religion
3354:usage by country
2975:Free-ranging dog
2947:
2940:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2877:(6): 2452–2459.
2861:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:. 14 August 2013
2721:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2259:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:. 27 August 2015
2107:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1623:Animal Cognition
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1558:
1555:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1446:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1332:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1177:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1017:
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
944:
938:
937:
898:Animal Cognition
889:
883:
882:
872:
854:
822:
816:
815:
805:
787:
763:
754:
753:
725:
719:
718:
716:
714:
705:
697:
691:
690:
680:
640:
619:Pet humanization
589:Dogs in religion
165:
162:
118:emotional states
45:hunter-gatherers
29:Papua New Guinea
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3702:
3671:
3638:
3555:
3426:
3420:
3375:
3231:
3212:Mixed-breed dog
3188:
2956:
2951:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2798:
2796:Further reading
2793:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2703:
2699:
2667:
2663:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2599:
2595:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2517:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2376:
2360:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2340:www.army.mod.uk
2334:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1670:
1666:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1597:Popular Science
1591:
1590:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1537:
1533:
1482:
1478:
1423:
1419:
1368:
1364:
1309:
1305:
1270:
1266:
1227:(1): 20150883.
1221:Biology Letters
1213:
1209:
1146:
1142:
1099:
1095:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1031:
970:
966:
957:
955:
946:
945:
941:
890:
886:
837:(4): e0152393.
823:
819:
764:
757:
742:
726:
722:
712:
710:
703:
699:
698:
694:
678:1854/LU-8550758
641:
637:
632:
565:
556:
550:
542:self psychology
526:
520:
518:Health benefits
457:
451:
426:
418:Main articles:
416:
348:
346:Dogs in warfare
342:
325:
323:Sled dog racing
317:Main articles:
315:
290:
284:
267:
261:
252:
211:
163:
140:
129:plasma cortisol
105:attachment bond
101:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Crate training
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3629:Skin disorders
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Animal testing
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3243:Assistance dog
3239:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3222:Extinct breeds
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3202:List of breeds
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2907:
2862:
2844:(4): 371–382.
2833:
2827:
2814:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2765:
2741:
2716:
2697:
2678:(6): 323–330.
2661:
2640:(4): 815–820.
2620:
2606:
2593:
2572:(4): 526–534.
2552:
2540:
2515:
2499:
2487:
2462:
2437:
2413:
2389:
2374:
2351:
2327:
2302:
2278:
2249:
2225:
2210:
2190:
2151:
2127:
2095:
2058:
2029:
2004:
1979:
1967:Volac - Lamlac
1954:
1930:
1906:
1882:
1858:
1833:
1808:
1783:
1771:
1738:
1714:
1689:
1664:
1609:
1584:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1531:
1496:(5): 421–436.
1476:
1417:
1362:
1303:
1264:
1207:
1140:
1113:(2): 199–214.
1093:
1074:(1–2): 49–60.
1054:
1029:
964:
939:
904:(4): 525–533.
884:
817:
755:
740:
720:
692:
634:
633:
631:
628:
627:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
564:
561:
549:
546:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
512:
507:
502:
492:
487:
482:
463:Assistance dog
455:Assistance dog
453:Main article:
450:
447:
439:Saint Bernards
415:
412:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
367:In the UK the
344:Main article:
341:
338:
314:
311:
286:Main article:
283:
280:
263:Main article:
260:
257:
251:
248:
224:sense of smell
210:
207:
139:
136:
100:
97:
71:, such as the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3774:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3698:Lists of dogs
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3667:Socialization
3665:
3663:
3662:Housebreaking
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Rage syndrome
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Dogs in space
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Body language
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3389:Communication
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Detection dog
3317:
3315:
3314:Companion dog
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3020:
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1541:(1969) and
655:: 126–138.
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