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tends to spread greatly on healing, and is not advisable for curved areas of the body. More successful is the multi-strike brand; it is done piece-by-piece rather than all at once. For example, to get a V-shaped brand, two lines would be burned separately by a straight piece of metal, rather than by a V-shaped piece of metal.
1101:
Similar to the process used to brand livestock, a piece of metal is heated and pressed onto the skin for the brand. Historically it was used to claim ownership of slaves or to punish criminals, but as a form of body art, strike branding is less preferable to other types because it is not precise and
705:
around 1848 was looking for his runaway slave. He described her having "a brand mark on the breast something like L blotched". In South
Carolina, there were many laws which permitted the punishments slaves would receive. When a slave ran away, if it was the first offense, the slave would receive no
831:
In the 18th century, cold branding, or branding with cold irons became the mode of nominally inflicting the punishment on prisoners of higher rank. "When
Charles Moritz, a young German, visited England in 1782 he was much surprised at this custom, and in his diary mentioned the case of a clergyman
622:
law "An Act to
Increase the Punishments of Horse Stealing" was passed in 1780 and repealed in 1860, which stated people guilty of such a crime should be branded. The law ran as follows; "the first offense shall stand in the pillory for one hour, and shall be publicly whipped on his, her or their
1131:
transferred to the tissues surrounding the brand, burning and damaging them, electrosurgery branding vaporizes the skin so precisely and so quickly that little to no heat or damage to the surrounding skin is caused. This means that pain and healing time after the scarification is greatly lessened.
911:
Branding in Russia was used quite extensively in the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. Over time, red hot iron brands were gradually replaced by tattoo boards; criminals were first branded on the forehead and cheeks, later on the back and arms. Branding was totally abolished in
634:
as the character
Toadvine is branded with the letters H. T. on his forehead. H stands for Horse, T for Thief and F for Felon; "On his forehead were burned the letters H T and lower and almost between the eyes the letter F and these markings were splayed and garish as if the iron had been left too
827:
for malefactor at the other. Close by are two iron loops for firmly securing the hands during the operation. The brander would, after examination, turn to the judge exclaiming "A fair mark, my lord." Criminals were ordered to hold up their hands before their sentence, to show if they had been
623:
backs with thirty-nine lashes, well laid on, and at the same time shall have his, her or their ears cut off and nailed to the pillory, and for the second offense shall be whipped and pilloried in like manner and be branded on the forehead in a plain and visible manner with the letters H. T."
1130:
works. Electric sparks jump from the hand-held pen of the device to the skin, vaporizing it. This is a more precise form of scarification, because it is possible to greatly regulate the depth and nature of the damage being done to the skin. Whereas with traditional direct branding, heat is
1598:
902:
Offenders in
Australia were subject to branding in accordance with British law. In 1826, in Hobart, Joseph Clarke was charged with manslaughter and 'sentenced to be burnt in the hand'. In 1850, in New South Wales, deserter Daniel O'Neil was tattooed with the letter 'D'.
1089:'s birthday): October 2, 2012. This act was emulated by others in England and the Czech Republic. An English protester who was interviewed justified the extremism as a reaction to the extreme cruelty perpetrated by the dairy industry such as shooting calves at birth.
1441:
691:, the cutting of tendons near the knee, as punishments for recaptured slaves. Slave owners used extreme punishments to stop flight, or escape. They would often brand the slaves' palms, shoulders, buttocks, or cheeks with a branding iron.
1122:, who pioneered its use in body modification. The technical term is "electrosurgical branding". Though it is technically possible to use a medical laser for scarification, this term refers not to an actual laser, but rather to an
601:, and similar corporal punishments, which normally aim 'only' at pain and at worst cause stripe scars, although the most severe lashings (not uncommon in penal colonies) in terms of dosage and instrument (such as the proverbial
378:
In the North
American colonial settlements of the 17th and early 18th centuries, branding was a common punishment for those found guilty of crimes. The type of brand differed from crime to crime. Men and women sentenced for
1043:
voluntarily elect to be branded with their fraternity/sorority letters. This is far less common in sororities than fraternities and is especially prevalent in some historically
African-American fraternities, such as
1452:
1812:
1472:
Laws of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania: From the Fourteenth Day of October, One Thousand Seven Hundred, to the [twenty-seventh Day of February, One Thousand Eight Hundred and One] ...
706:
more than forty lashes. Then the second offense would be branding. The slave would have been marked with the letter R on their forehead signifying that they were a criminal, and a runaway.
204:
793:, to ensure that the accused who had successfully used benefit of clergy, by reading a passage from the Bible, could not use it more than once. It was abolished for such in 1822.
1643:
267:
An intermediate case between formal slavery and criminal law is when a convict is branded and legally reduced, with or without time limit, to a slave-like status, such as on the
701:
Most slave owners would use whipping as their main method, but at other times they would use branding to punish their slaves. Another testimony explains how a slave owner in
820:, who were entitled to benefit of clergy, should be "burnt in the most visible part of the left cheek, nearest the nose". This special ordinance was repealed in 1707.
994:
Generally voluntary, though often under severe social pressure, branding may be used as a painful form of initiation, serving both as endurance and motivation test (
1470:
1920:
235:. Sometimes there were several brandings, e.g. for the Portuguese crown and the (consecutive) private owner(s), an extra cross after baptism as well as by
37:
is the process by which a mark, usually a symbol or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living person, with the intention of the resulting
288:
1704:
316:
was a mode of punishment consisting of marking the subject as if goods or animals, sometimes concurrently with their reduction of status in life.
1708:
890:
might, in addition to any other penalty, order deserters to be marked on the left side, 2 inches (5.1 cm) below the armpit, with the letter
1226:
342:); and the toilers in the mines, and convicts condemned to figure in gladiatorial shows, were branded on the forehead for identification. Under
327:(greatest if marked on a normally visible part of the body) which is here the more important intention, and with the imposition of an indelible
1384:
694:
Branding was sometimes used to mark recaptured runaway slaves to help the locals easily identify the runaway. Micajah Ricks, a slave owner in
1137:
This rare method of branding is the same thing as strike branding, except that the metal branding tool is subjected to extreme cold (such as
730:, who brand small marks on both shoulders (for men) or forearms (for women). This practice is not without controversy; a Hindu temple in
1206:
1201:
1722:
1647:
698:, was looking for his slave and described, "I burnt her with a hot iron, on the left side of her face, I tried to make the letter M."
1807:
1599:"Slavery As Punishment: Original Public Meaning, Cruel and Unusual Punishments and the Neglected Clause in the Thirteenth Amendment"
823:
In the
Lancaster Criminal Court, a branding iron is preserved in the dock. It is a long bolt with a wooden handle at one end and an
1794:
812:
in a highly publicized trial before the Second
Protectorate Parliament. He had his tongue bored through and his forehead branded
1019:
In organized crime as "stripes" to signify a violent crime that the person committed. Typically on the upper arm or upper torso.
1747:
1495:
1424:
1360:
1302:
1327:
567:
1683:
1891:
589:
Branding tended to be abolished like other judicial mutilations (with notable exceptions, such as amputation under
1945:
1928:
1141:) rather than extreme heat. This method will cause the hair on the brand to grow back white and will not cause
451:
17:
1045:
1988:
1401:
Dishonoured Americans: Loyalist Manhood and Political Death in Revolutionary America (Unpublished PhD Thesis)
673:
467:
973:
Some years ago the brands were usually small, only recognized by other pimps, sometimes hidden between the
859:
844:
he was burnt in the hand, if that could be called burning which was done with a cold iron". From Markham's
552:
116:
1399:
1040:
1214:
563:, hard labour for life). In most of the German-speaking states, however, branding people was unlawful.
1545:
654:
1568:
734:
was sued by the father of an eleven-year-old boy who was branded during a religious ceremony there.
718:
sects. References to this practice can be traced in texts such as Narad Panchratra, Vaikhnasagama,
1963:
658:
A replica of a slave branding iron originally used in the Atlantic slave trade, on display at the
1783:
695:
343:
1278:
Martyrology of the Churches of Christ Commonly Called Baptists during the Era of the Reformation
353:
record it applied, amongst other tortures, to a Christian between the eyes and on the cheeks in
2003:
963:
224:
1668:
985:
866:
Such cases led to branding becoming obsolete. It was abolished in 1829, except in the case of
1844:
1519:
1292:
1272:
948:
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symbol inked or branded with hot iron on their skin. In some organizations involved with the
371:
were branded with a cross on their foreheads for refusing to recant their faith and join the
346:
the face was not permitted to be so disfigured, the branding being on the hand, arm or calf.
977:, though other instances show that pimps have no issue with larger, more noticeable brands.
473:
In late 18th century England the letter used would indicate the type of crime committed, eg
936:
782:
751:
392:
232:
1829:
1737:
8:
1998:
1164:
659:
447:
320:
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BDSM relationships, with a dominant branding their name or symbol onto their submissive.
1028:
Sometimes as an extreme initiation in the increasingly less common tradition of painful
68:", e.g. within a tribe, or to signify membership of or acceptance into an organization.
1872:
1795:
Irish Mirror: Pictured: Trafficked prostitutes BRANDED by pimps to show they 'own' them
1378:
771:
747:
517:
324:
191:
is now generally understood to mean a medical process – specifically to stop bleeding.
49:
1983:
1876:
1864:
1821:
1808:"Burning Messages: Interpreting African American Fraternity Brands and Their Bearers"
1743:
1698:
1501:
1491:
1420:
1366:
1356:
1333:
1323:
1298:
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1033:
858:
Mark of a deserter from the British Army. Tattoo on skin and equipment. Displayed at
837:
786:
755:
53:
1993:
1856:
1845:"NONMAINSTREAM BODY MODIFICATION: Genital Piercing, Branding, Burning, and Cutting"
847:
731:
513:
319:
Brand marks have also been used as a punishment for convicted criminals, combining
300:
1967:
1159:
1146:
1138:
1126:
unit which uses electricity to cut and cauterize the skin, similar to the way an
995:
883:
635:
long. When he turned to look at the kid, the kid could see that he had no ears."
627:
420:
350:
328:
231:, and other colonial slavers branded millions of slaves during the period of the
158:
is used. This is known in English since 1541, and is derived via Medieval French
140:
65:
42:
816:
for "blasphemer". In 1698 it was enacted that those convicted of petty theft or
1860:
1630:
In The Matter of Color Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period
1561:
1123:
920:
631:
372:
170:
128:
108:
1955:
1442:"Maltese History - E. The Decline of the Order of St John In the 18th Century"
27:
Process by which a mark is permanently burned into the skin of a living person
1977:
1950:
1868:
1825:
1505:
1370:
1253:
1197:
1192:
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The mark in later times was also often chosen as a code for the crime (e.g.,
440:
313:
228:
187:
45:
894:, such letter to be not less than an inch long. In 1879 this was abolished.
64:, oppressed, or otherwise controlled person. It may also be practiced as a "
1524:
The Underground RailRoad: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations
999:
928:
841:
797:
743:
688:
647:
594:
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532:
528:
509:
309:
276:
242:
1337:
955:
619:
527:, various offenses carried the additional infamy of being branded with a
96:
714:
Ceremonial branding is an integral part of religious initiation in most
334:
Robbers, like runaway slaves, were marked by the Romans with the letter
1127:
974:
967:
878:
with ink or gunpowder. Notoriously bad soldiers were also branded with
790:
463:
368:
163:
57:
722:, etc. This practice remains prevalent among Madhava sect Brahmins of
867:
854:
809:
778:
on the cheek or forehead. This law was repealed in England in 1550.
723:
715:
683:
501:
400:
217:
89:
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use their name or well-known symbol, others are using secret signs.
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for bad character in Canada. Most branded men were shipped off to a
1763:
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1003:
702:
428:
404:
380:
293:
1191:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
666:
71:
1784:
CNN: Old mark of slavery is being used on sex trafficking victims
1142:
1063:
817:
805:
746:, and the ancient law of England authorized the penalty. By the
436:
354:
213:
61:
1254:"Children in Sudan: Slaves, Street Children and Child Soldiers"
1086:
1082:
1056:
1029:
1023:
940:
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with a mark of their owners. Women and girls being forced into
875:
801:
643:
598:
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524:
361:
357:
268:
236:
1290:
944:
727:
687:, which allowed the cropping of ears, shoulder branding, and
602:
571:
412:
261:
1085:
subjected themselves to branding on World Farm Animals Day (
1251:
1014:
1007:
932:
833:
38:
1108:
This is a less common form of branding. It uses a thermal
989:
Members of a fraternity displaying their new heart brands.
1723:"Hindu temple in Texas sued for branding 11-year-old boy"
785:, branding was inflicted for all offences which received
1960:
1419:. United Kingdom: Summersdale Publishers. p. 240.
88:, attested since the 12th century, is a combination of
41:
making it permanent. This is performed using a hot or
789:. Branding of the thumbs was used around 1600 at the
1681:
1145:. This process is also used in livestock and called
470:
as punishment for perceived servility to the Crown.
1921:"Scarification: Ancient Body Art Leaving New Marks"
1552:. Raleigh, North Carolina. July 18, 1838. p. 3
1488:
Blood meridian, or, The evening redness in the west
1739:Convict Tattoos: Marked Men and Women of Australia
1586:. New York: Arno Press. pp. 21, 77, 108, 112.
1468:
1322:. Rutland, Vt.: C.E. Tuttle Co. pp. 146–147.
296:John Leclerc during the 16th century persecutions.
1404:. The University of Western Ontario. p. 105.
1294:British Colonial America: People and Perspectives
304:Whipping and branding of thieves in Denmark, 1728
1975:
1632:. New York: Oxford University. pp. 176–184.
1055:– a form of permanent body art rather like many
169:"to burn or brand with a hot iron", itself from
1118:"Laser" branding is a marketing term coined by
1112:tool with a heated wire tip to cause the burns.
870:from the army, who were marked with the letter
48:. It therefore uses the physical techniques of
1742:. Melbourne: Text Publishing. pp. 54–55.
1469:Pennsylvania; Dallas, Alexander James (1797).
1353:Scars of independence: America's violent birth
1291:John A. Grigg; Peter C. Mancall, eds. (2008).
1252:Human Rights Watch - Africa (September 1995).
107:"to be on fire" (intransitive), both from the
95:"to burn, light", and two originally distinct
1883:
364:on a judge's order for refusal to sacrifice.
212:The origin may be the ancient treatment of a
52:on a human, either with consent as a form of
1703:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1627:
1210:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
958:for the victim, especially when done with a
208:Branding of a naked enslaved woman in Africa
1806:Posey, Sandra Mizumoto (Fall–Winter 2004).
1010:relationships. Branding is thus practiced:
998:) and a permanent membership mark, seen as
681:In Louisiana, there was a "black code", or
574:, some slaves were branded with the letter
1914:
1912:
1892:"Vegans are branding their flesh in Leeds"
1707:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1417:Amazing True Stories of Execution Blunders
1383:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1002:. Branding is also practiced as a form of
709:
539:or, once the galleys were replaced by the
454:were branded on the face with the letters
264:, there are reports of branding of slaves.
1820:(3–4). New York Folklore Society: 42–45.
613:
582:) on their forehead and condemned to the
1946:Human Branding and Scarification Article
1813:Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore
1715:
1485:
1355:(First ed.). New York. p. 34.
1215:Brand & Cauterize on EtymologyOnLine
1196:
984:
943:nearly all prostitutes are marked. Some
853:
762:were ordered to be branded with a large
665:
653:
642:
299:
287:
203:
199:
181:"burning or branding iron", from καίειν
70:
1909:
1735:
1397:
980:
245:marked runaway slaves with the letters
14:
1976:
1414:
1842:
1805:
1799:
1684:"'Tapta Mudra Dharana' ceremony held"
1439:
1350:
1317:
439:. Those convicted of burglary on the
1596:
1581:
804:, was accused of claiming to be the
605:) can even turn out to cause death.
1849:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography
1682:Udupi, July 11, DHNS (2013-05-21).
766:on the breast, and "brawlers" with
24:
1918:
1889:
1628:Higginbotham, A. Leon Jr. (1978).
1320:Curious punishments of bygone days
1229:Curious Punishments of Bygone Days
742:The punishment was adopted by the
670:Depiction of slave branding, from
650:, the famous "branded slave" photo
626:This punishment was referenced in
593:law), sooner and more widely than
443:were branded upon their forehead.
323:, as burns are very painful, with
279:, or auctioned to a private owner.
275:'forced labour' until 1832), in a
25:
2015:
1939:
954:The branding is both painful and
512:). Branding was also used by the
360:at the time of the Roman Emperor
194:
1951:Branding at the BME Encyclopedia
1567:
1184:
1172:for details on cosmetic branding
970:submission for the prostitutes.
931:would have their boss's name or
608:
283:
216:(often without legal rights) as
1836:
1788:
1777:
1756:
1729:
1675:
1661:
1646:. Uttaradi Math. Archived from
1636:
1621:
1590:
1575:
1538:
1512:
1479:
921:Forced and enslaved prostitutes
774:who ran away were branded with
446:During the early stages of the
1582:Weld, Theodore Dwight (1968).
1462:
1433:
1408:
1391:
1344:
1311:
1284:
1266:
1245:
915:
638:
139:a branded mark; similarly, in
13:
1:
1843:Myers, James (October 1992).
1238:
882:(bad character). The British
674:American Anti-Slavery Almanac
271:(in France branded GAL or TF
127:"to boil forth, well up". In
103:"to kindle" (transitive) and
1398:Compeau, Timothy J. (2015).
1077:In symbolic solidarity with
962:, and may be also a form of
923:have often been tattooed or
897:
874:, not with hot irons but by
860:Army Medical Services Museum
367:In the 16th century, German
79:
7:
1597:Howe, S. W. (Winter 2009).
1318:Earle, Alice Morse (1896).
1153:
1072:
1041:fraternities and sororities
748:Statute of Vagabonds (1547)
561:travaux forcés à perpetuité
10:
2020:
1861:10.1177/089124192021003001
1176:
1092:
737:
56:; or under coercion, as a
1584:American Slavery As It Is
1486:McCarthy, Cormac (2010).
1415:Abbott, Geoffrey (2007).
1053:voluntary body decoration
906:
1297:. ABC-CLIO. p. 54.
1039:Some members of college
568:Conspiracy of the Slaves
1736:Barnard, Simon (2016).
1207:Encyclopædia Britannica
846:Ancient Punishments of
808:, and was convicted of
710:As religious initiation
696:Raleigh, North Carolina
551:, 'forced' labor, i.e.
387:letter on their chest,
1526:. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe
1351:Hoock, Holger (2017).
990:
863:
836:and killed his man in
828:previously convicted.
678:
663:
651:
614:As criminal punishment
493:(Rogue), for example.
305:
297:
209:
76:
75:Modern strike branding
1956:The Hot Iron Database
1669:"Tapta mudra dharana"
1644:"Tapta Mudra Dharana"
1273:Edward Bean Underhill
988:
857:
672:Illustrations of the
669:
657:
646:
618:In Pennsylvania, the
477:(Sower of Sedition),
383:were branded with an
303:
291:
207:
200:Marking the rightless
74:
1989:Corporal punishments
1832:on January 18, 2017.
1671:. 25 September 2016.
1449:St. Benedict College
1221:Old Time Punishments
981:Persisting practices
937:trafficking of women
427:on the shoulder for
233:Atlantic slave trade
154:Sometimes, the word
147:means "a brand" and
84:The English verb to
1925:National Geographic
1550:The Weekly Standard
1490:. London: Picador.
1440:Sciberras, Sandro.
1165:Number of the beast
1006:, and sometimes in
939:and girls like the
660:Museum of Liverpool
448:American Revolution
321:physical punishment
185:"to burn". However
117:Proto-Indo-European
1966:2017-06-10 at the
1961:Scarification Blog
1931:on August 5, 2004.
1890:Starke, Jonathan.
1686:. Deccanherald.com
1603:Arizona Law Review
1032:(otherwise mostly
991:
975:inner vaginal lips
886:provided that the
864:
840:. Found guilty of
679:
664:
652:
518:American Civil War
325:public humiliation
312:, branding with a
306:
298:
210:
77:
60:or to identify an
50:livestock branding
1749:978-1-925410-23-5
1497:978-0-330-51094-3
1475:Hall and Sellers.
1426:978-1-84024-503-5
1362:978-0-8041-3728-7
1304:978-1-59884-025-4
832:who had fought a
787:benefit of clergy
781:From the time of
770:for "fraymaker".
628:Cormac McCarthy's
535:could be branded
435:on the cheek for
429:rogue or vagabond
419:on the cheek for
123:, from base root
115:, perhaps from a
54:body modification
16:(Redirected from
2011:
1933:
1932:
1927:. Archived from
1919:Guynup, Sharon.
1916:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1828:. Archived from
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1510:
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1451:. Archived from
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1412:
1406:
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1395:
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1388:
1382:
1374:
1348:
1342:
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1315:
1309:
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1288:
1282:
1281:, (1850), pg 118
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1261:
1260:
1249:
1211:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1149:in that context.
1105:Cautery branding
1081:, protesters in
732:Sugarland, Texas
514:Confederate Army
489:(Fraymaker) and
411:on the hand for
292:Branding of the
135:mean "to burn",
21:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1974:
1973:
1970:at Scarwars.net
1968:Wayback Machine
1942:
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1160:Criminal tattoo
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1139:liquid nitrogen
1124:electrosurgical
1098:Strike branding
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996:rite of passage
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884:Mutiny Act 1858
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611:
421:seditious libel
351:Acts of Sharbel
329:criminal record
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239:slave catchers.
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66:rite of passage
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1940:External links
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549:travaux forcés
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481:(Malefactor),
373:Roman Catholic
285:
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273:travaux forcés
265:
258:
243:Ancient Romans
240:
201:
198:
196:
195:Historical use
193:
177:, from καυτήρ
173:καυτηριάζειν,
151:, "to brand".
109:Proto-Germanic
81:
78:
31:Human branding
26:
18:Human Branding
9:
6:
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3:
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2016:
2005:
2004:Scarification
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1650:on 2014-04-19
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1899:. Retrieved
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1830:the original
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1811:
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1768:. Retrieved
1766:. Murders.ru
1758:
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1688:. Retrieved
1677:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:the original
1638:
1629:
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1611:. Retrieved
1606:
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1577:
1560:– via
1554:. Retrieved
1549:
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1464:
1453:the original
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1257:. Retrieved
1247:
1228:
1223:(Hull, 1890)
1220:
1219:W. Andrews,
1205:
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1000:male bonding
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648:Wilson Chinn
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510:penal colony
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145:Brandzeichen
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136:
133:(ver)branden
132:
124:
120:
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100:
92:
85:
83:
35:stigmatizing
34:
30:
29:
1556:October 20,
956:humiliating
916:Prostitutes
639:For slavery
620:horse theft
570:of 1749 in
553:hard labour
516:during the
464:King George
393:drunkenness
369:Anabaptists
167:cauterizare
149:brandmarken
113:bren(wanan)
97:Old English
1999:Mutilation
1978:Categories
1770:2014-06-09
1690:2014-06-09
1654:2014-06-09
1259:2020-01-10
1239:References
1128:arc welder
1064:consensual
964:punishment
791:Old Bailey
662:, England.
586:for life.
460:George Rex
441:Lord's Day
260:In modern
164:Late Latin
160:cauteriser
58:punishment
1877:143746278
1869:0891-2416
1826:1551-7268
1764:"Murders"
1506:540398528
1379:cite book
1371:953617831
1143:keloiding
898:Australia
876:tattooing
868:deserters
848:Northants
838:Hyde Park
810:blasphemy
796:In 1655,
783:Henry VII
756:vagabonds
724:Karnataka
716:Vaishnava
684:Code Noir
543:on land,
502:desertion
452:Loyalists
401:blasphemy
255:fugitivus
218:livestock
156:cauterize
137:brandmerk
90:Old Norse
80:Etymology
43:very cold
1984:Body art
1964:Archived
1901:10 April
1699:cite web
1202:Branding
1154:See also
1079:Calf 269
1073:Protests
1062:In some
1034:paddling
1013:By some
1004:body art
851:, 1886.
703:Kentucky
676:for 1840
595:flogging
468:Patriots
405:burglary
381:adultery
375:church.
355:Parthian
314:hot iron
294:Huguenot
229:American
225:European
121:bhre-n-u
62:enslaved
1994:Torture
1195::
1177:Sources
1110:cautery
1093:Methods
1057:tattoos
1024:prisons
966:and of
925:branded
818:larceny
806:Messiah
738:Britain
584:galleys
580:ribelli
462:, i.e.
450:, some
437:forgery
269:galleys
237:African
125:bhereu-
105:beornan
99:verbs:
1875:
1867:
1824:
1746:
1530:Oct 3,
1504:
1494:
1423:
1369:
1359:
1338:355389
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1301:
1189:
1087:Gandhi
1083:Israel
1030:hazing
941:mafias
912:1863.
907:Russia
802:Quaker
772:Slaves
750:under
630:novel
599:caning
591:sharia
541:bagnes
525:France
431:, and
362:Trajan
358:Edessa
183:kaiein
179:kauter
141:German
101:bærnan
93:brenna
1873:S2CID
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1051:As a
945:pimps
728:India
603:knout
578:(for
572:Malta
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466:) by
458:(for
413:thief
262:Sudan
253:(for
214:slave
171:Greek
162:from
129:Dutch
119:root
111:root
1903:2013
1896:Vice
1865:ISSN
1822:ISSN
1744:ISBN
1709:link
1705:link
1615:2013
1558:2022
1532:2013
1502:OCLC
1492:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1385:link
1367:OCLC
1357:ISBN
1334:OCLC
1324:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1008:BDSM
947:and
933:gang
834:duel
800:, a
760:Roma
758:and
531:and
504:and
500:for
399:for
395:and
391:for
349:The
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1857:doi
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726:in
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537:GAL
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249:or
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