Human rights in Iran

974: 1552: 989: 1341:, financial compensation paid to the victim or heirs of a victim in the cases of murder, bodily harm or property damage) varies based on the gender and religion of the victim (Muslims and men being worth more). The International Religious Freedom Report reports that in 2004 the IRI parliament and Guardian Council reformed the law to equalized diya (also diyeh) between Muslim, Christian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian men. (Baháʼí men were excluded, since according to law there is no "blood money" for Baháʼí since their blood is considered 753: 6822: 5573: 1451: 5583: 1474: 53: 1788: 741: 1372:, "broadly worded 'security laws'" in Iran are used "to arbitrarily suppress and punish individuals for peaceful political expression, association, and assembly, in breach of international human rights treaties to which Iran is party". For example, "connections to foreign institutions, persons, or sources of funding" are enough to bring criminal charges such as "undermining national security" against individuals. 1414:("the absolute authority of the jurist") -- indicated (according to Abrahamian) that "the survival of the Islamic Republic" and Islam itself were indeed tied together. It indicated to another scholar (Elizabeth Mayer) that the Islamic Republic was "freed ... to do as it chose — even if this meant violating fundamental pillars of the religion ..." (and, of course, the Iranian constitution) — and that 1431:

over 200 senior civilian officials. Their trials were brief and lacked defense attorneys, juries, transparency or the opportunity for the accused to defend themselves. By January 1980 "at least 582 persons" had been executed. In mid-August 1979, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down. Political parties were banned (the

1776:), mass arrests of anti-government demonstrators. Iran has a track record of treating Afghan refugees and migrants poorly, with Human Rights Watch documenting violations including physical abuse, detention in unsanitary and inhumane conditions, forced payment for transportation and accommodation in deportation camps, forced labor, and forced separation of families. 1141:, capitalized on the Jaleh Square massacre to paint the regime as brutal and illegitimate. Aided by a rumor-mongering machine that became fully operational in the absence of reliable media and news reporting, the number of casualties, the “martyrs” on the path of Islam, was inflated to thousands, and the troops who opened fire on them were labeled as 949:(suspended in the air by means of a rope tied around the victims arms) to "reveal their hidden loot". Suspected spies and assassins were "beaten, deprived of sleep, and subjected to the qapani" (the binding of arms tightly behind the back) which sometimes caused a joint to crack. But for political prisoners – who were primarily 1698:), in fact are "almost hegemonic" (Arzoo Osanloo), so that it is much harder to spread fear among them, even to the point that if Iranian intelligence services "were to arrest anyone who speaks ill of the government in private, they simply couldn't build cells fast enough to hold their prisoners" (journalist Hooman Majd). 953: – there was a "conspicuous absence of torture" under Reza Shah's rule. The main form of pressure was solitary confinement and the withholding of "books, newspapers, visitors, food packages, and proper medical care". While often threatened with the qapani, political prisoners "were rarely subjected to it." 1516:), a political leader (Dariush Forouhar) and his wife in the span of two months, in what became known as the "Chain murders" or 1998 Serial Murders of Iran. Altogether more than 80 writers, translators, poets, political activists, and ordinary citizens are thought to have been killed over the course of several years. 1320:(and the Iranian Civil Code) hold that a female becomes an adult at the age of 8 years and 9 months (i.e. 9 lunar years), and a male at 14 years and 7 months (i.e. 15 lunar years); a disparity that has led to the execution in Iran of large numbers of (what international law says are) juvenile offenders. 1442:

Between January 1980 and June 1981 another 900 executions (at least) took place, for everything from drug and sexual offenses to "corruption on earth", from plotting counter-revolution and spying for Israel to membership in opposition groups. And in the year after that, at least 8,000 were executed.

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Under the Islamic Republic, the prison system was centralized and drastically expanded; in one early period (1981–1985), more than 7900 people were executed. The Islamic Republic has been criticized both for restrictions and punishments that follow the Islamic Republic's constitution and law, but not

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One observation made by some non-governmental individuals about the state of human rights in the Islamic Republic is that it is not so severe that the Iranian public is afraid to criticize its government publicly to strangers. While in neighboring Syria "taxi driver rarely talk politics; the Iranian

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have been reported to follow at least some form of Islamic law and legal procedures.) According to Abrahamian, in the eyes of Iranian officials, "the survival of the Islamic Republic – and therefore of Islam itself – justified the means used," and trumped any right of

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In 1975, the human rights group Amnesty International – whose membership and international influence grew greatly during the 1970s – issued a report on treatment of political prisoners in Iran that was "extensively covered in the European and American Press". By 1976,

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Finally, in early 1988, shortly before his death, Imam Khomeini issued a fatwa ruling that Iran's Islamic government was "a branch of the Prophet's absolute Wilayat" and so important to Islam that it was one of "the primary (first order) rules of Islam" and that "ordinances of the law even praying,

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appointed a Special Representative on Iran to study its human rights situation and as of 2001 three men have filled that role. In addition to the UN Commission, more information on human rights violations has been provided by Human Rights NGOs and memoires by political prisoners who were released

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had been executed between 1971 and 1979, more than 7900 were executed between 1981 and 1985. ... the prison system was centralized and drastically expanded ... Prison life was drastically worse under the Islamic Republic than under the Pahlavis. One who survived both writes that four months under

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In 1984, Iran's representative to the United Nations, Sai Rajaie-Khorassani, declared the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be representing a "secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition", which did not "accord with the system of values recognized by the Islamic Republic of Iran"

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at the hands of Iranian morality Islamic police, after she was detained for allegedly wearing hijab incorrectly. as of 29 November 2022 at least 448 people, including 60 minors, have been killed as a result of the government's intervention in the protests. An estimated 18,170 have been

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In response, not only has the Islamic Republic not implement recommendations to improve conditions (according to the UNCHR), but it has retaliated "against witnesses who testified to the experts." The United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) has repeatedly passed resolutions criticizing

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Officials of the Islamic Republic have responded to criticism by stating that Iran has "the best human rights record" in the Muslim world (2012); that it is not obliged to follow "the West's interpretation" of human rights (2008); and that the Islamic Republic is a victim of "biased propaganda of

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in 1997, numerous moves were made to modify the Iranian civil and penal codes in order to improve the human rights situation. The predominantly reformist parliament drafted several bills allowing increased freedom of speech, gender equality, and the banning of torture. These were all dismissed or

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After the revolution, the new regime worked to consolidate its rule. Human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the Islamic government to be several thousand. The first to be executed were members of the old system – senior generals, followed by

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overthrowing the Pahlavi government started with demonstrations in October 1977 and ended on 11 February 1979 with the defeat of the Shah's troops. During the revolution, protestors were fired upon by troops and prisoners were executed. The real and imaginary human rights violations contributed

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in 1941. Political prisoners (mostly Communists) were released by the occupying powers, and the shah (crown prince at the time) no longer had control of the parliament. But after an attempted assassination of the Shah in 1949, he was able to declare martial law, imprison communists and other

1626:

From 2018 to 2020 human rights complaints included a high rate of executions, the targeting of "journalists, online media activists, and human rights defenders" by the "security apparatus and Iran's judiciary" in "blatant disregard of international and domestic legal standards", including

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for its citizens, with theocratic elements Khomeini desired. But it was theocracy that was pre-eminent. The constitution vested sovereignty in God, mandated non-elected governing bodies/authorities to supervise the elected ones, and subordinated the civil/political rights to the

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between July and early September 1988 on orders of the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. While the government attempted to keep the executions secret, by 2020 UN Special Rapporteurs had sent a letter to the IRI describing the killings as "crimes against humanity".

1385:(rulings issued by qualified clerical jurists))." Under the Islamic Republic, assassinations and other killings, beatings, rapes, torture and imprisonment of dissidents by government forces without any sort of due process were often described as "extrajudicial". But former 1360:

The IRI has a number of laws and clauses in the constitution in violation of human rights provisions whose connection to classical sharia may be tenuous but that do mention protecting "principles of Islam" and have been used since 1979 to protect the government from dissent.

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took the toll of four years under SAVAK. In the prison literature of the Pahlavi era, the recurring words had been ‘boredom’ and ‘monotony’. In that of the Islamic Republic, they were ‘fear’, ‘death’, ‘terror’, ‘horror’, and most frequent of all ‘nightmare’ (‘kabos’)."

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Others subject to religious discrimination include Protestant Christians, (at least in part because of their "readiness to accept and even seek out Muslim converts"); irreligious, and otherwise orthodox Shia charged with apostasy for questioning the IRI doctrine of

1364:

Restrictions on expression and media. The 1985 press law established press courts with the power to impose criminal penalties on individuals and to order closures of newspapers and periodicals, involved in "discourse harmful to the principles of Islam" and "public

1124:, notes that "Foucault seems to have adhered to this exaggerated death count at Djaleh Square, propagated by the revolting masses themselves. Thousands were wounded, but the death toll unlikely accounted to more than hundred casualties". According to the historian 1503:

In the 1990s there were a number of unsolved murders and disappearances of intellectuals and political activists who had been critical of the Islamic Republic system in some way. In 1998 these complaints came to a head with the killing of three dissident writers

1410:

fasting and Hajj" were secondary ordinances over which Islamic government had "precedence". He wrote: "The Islamic State could prevent implementation of everything – devotional and non- devotional – that ... seems against Islam's interests". This doctrine --

2863: 6103: 4190: 1016:, and arrested most of its leaders. Over 4000 political activists of the Tudeh party were arrested, (including 477 in the armed forces), forty were executed, another 14 died under torture and over 200 were sentenced to life imprisonment. 1202:

in December 1979. Although Ayatollah Khomeini was the undisputed leader of the revolution, he had many supporters who hoped the revolution would replace the Shah with democracy. Consequently, the constitution combined conventional

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led to hundreds of civilian deaths and thousands of injuries, and a nationwide internet blackout by the government, "reported abuse and torture in detention", and the "greenlighting" of "these rampant abuses" by the Supreme Leader

1577:

of ten years ago has now given way to a bleak political winter. The new government continues to close down newspapers, silence dissenting voices and ban or censor books and websites. The peaceful demonstrations and protests of the

1258:), in inheritance, in court testimony (making conviction for rape of women difficult if not impossible in Iran), a woman needs her husband's permission to work outside the home or leave the country. covering of hair is compulsory. 1635:

In September 2022 a new round of "nationwide" protest began that has "spread across social classes, universities, the streets schools", and been called "the biggest threat" to the government of Iran since its founding with the

1665:

While in 2004 reformist president Mohammad Khatami stated that Iran certainly has "people who are in prison for their ideas." In general Iranian officials have denied Iran has political prisoners (Judiciary chief Ayatollah

5538: 1116:) troops fired on religious demonstrators in Zhaleh (or Jaleh) Square. The clerical leadership announced that "thousands have been massacred by Zionist troops" (i.e. Israel troops rumored to be aiding the Shah), 1865:

In the two and half years from mid 1973 through 1975, three United States colonels, an Iranian general, sergeant, and a Persian translator of the United States Embassy were all assassinated by guerrilla groups

6012: 872:, etc.); and for "extrajudicial" actions that follow neither, such as firebombings of newspaper offices, and beatings, torture, rape, and killing without trial of political prisoners and dissidents/civilians. 3409: 1745:, in 1985 Iran became "the fourth country ever in the history of the United Nations" to be placed on the agenda of the General Assembly because of "the severity and the extent of this human rights record". 973: 5548: 1736:. In early 1980 Iran became one of the few countries (where conditions were bad enough) to ever be investigated by a UN country rapporteur under the UN Special Procedures section. Four years later the 1381:

protections of civil and political rights, (for example article 167 of the constitution gives judges the discretion "to deliver his judgment on the basis of authoritative Islamic sources and authentic

1084:

this repression was softened considerably thanks to publicity and scrutiny by "numerous international organizations and foreign newspapers" as well as the newly elected President of the United States,

1368:

Restrictions on political freedom. Article 27 of the constitution limits "Public gatherings and marches" to those that "are not detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam," and according to

4186: 1706:

The Islamic revolution is thought to have a significantly worse human rights record than the Pahlavi dynasty it overthrew. According to political historian Ervand Abrahamian, "whereas less than 100

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victimless crimes: '“insulting the prophet,” “apostasy,” adultery, same-sex relations (all potentially punishable by death), drinking of alcoholic beverages, failure (for a woman) to wear hijab,

1030:

According to Amnesty International's Annual Report for 1974–1975 "the total number of political prisoners has been reported at times throughout the year to be anything from 25,000 to 100,000."

941:

Physical force was used against some kinds of prisoners – common criminals, suspected spies, and those accused of plotting regicide. Burglars in particular were subjected to the

2849: 2056: 2826: 1627:"decades-long prison sentences" for human rights defenders, "excessive force ... arbitrary mass arrests and serious due process violations" in response to economic protests by the public. 6461: 6141: 2914: 938: – even the loyal Revival party – were banned. The government banned all trade unions in 1927, and arrested 150 labor organizers between 1927 and 1932. 3273: 5918: 5543: 1961:

Ehsan Zarrokh (Ehsan and Gaeini, M. Rahman). "Iranian Legal System and Human Rights Protection" The Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World e-journal, New York law school 3.2 (2009).

1724:

Since the founding of the Islamic Republic, human rights violations have been the subject of resolutions and decisions by the United Nations and its human rights bodies, and by the

1157:, found 88 people killed on Black Friday: 64 (including two females) in Jaleh Square, and 24 (including one woman) in other parts of the capital. According to the military historian 4340: 894:, lasted from 1925 to 1979. The use of torture and abuse of prisoners varied at times during the Pahlavi reign, according to one history, but both of two monarchs – 4928: 1772:, have issued reports and expressed concern over issues such as the treatment of religious minorities, prison conditions, medical conditions of prisoners, deaths of prisoners ( 504: 499: 4323:

United Nations General Assembly. 39th Session. Third Committee. 65th meeting, held on 7 December 1984 at 3 pm New York. A/C.3/39/SR.65. quoted by Luiza Maria Gontowska,

2998: 1531:

blamed for the killings died in prison, allegedly committing suicide, though many believe he was killed and that "higher level officials were responsible for the killings".

2068: 4754: 1326: 6653: 2677: 5619: 1073:), were quite active in the first half of the 1970s when hundreds of them died in clashes with government forces and dozens of Iranians were executed. According to 6633: 6134: 1875:

A Persian-speaking British diplomat noted that the gulf between shah and public was now unbridgeable – both because of Black Friday and because of the Abadan fire.

276: 1080:

Torture was used to locate arms caches, safe houses and accomplices of the guerrillas, and also in attempts to induce enemies of the state to become supporters.

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to stifle political dissent. During Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's reign, estimates of the number of political prisoners executed vary from less than 100 to 300.

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was some years away. Freedom of the press, workers' rights, and political freedoms were restricted under Reza Shah. Independent newspapers were closed down,

1112:

and the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's son Mostafa, in 1977, were believed to be assassinations perpetrated by SAVAK by many Iranians. On 8 September 1978, (

4950: 1889: 825:. While the monarchy under the rule of the shahs was widely attacked by most Western watchdog organizations for having an abysmal human rights record, the 962: 6127: 5767: 4038: 2988:

Article 115 of the Constitution states, they must be from the "official religion of the country" which is described elsewhere as Twelver Ja’afari Shiism

1447:, in the period of 1980 to 1985, between 25,000 and 40,000 Iranians were arrested, 15,000 Iranians were tried and 8,000 to 9,500 Iranians were executed. 1397:

outside the penal code of the Islamic Republic since the code "authorises a citizen to assassinate another if he is judged to be 'impious'". (Historian

6188: 6046: 4298: 3528:; cited in Hamid Algar, `Development of the Concept of velayat-i faqih since the Islamic Revolution in Iran,` paper presented at London Conference on 1523:, a Ministry of Intelligence operative-turned-journalist and reformer—came close to being murdered and ended up seriously crippled by a member of the 1427:

The vast majority of killings of political prisoners occurred in the first decade of the Islamic Republic, after which violent repression lessened.

6850: 2833: 2797: 1949: 6648: 6486: 4811: 2918: 1821: 1199: 4350: 3308: 5137: 3361: 1694:), and that "notions of democracy and human rights" now have much deeper roots among Iranians than under the Shah (Akbar Ganji, Arzoo Osanloo, 1466: 1461: 1402: 180: 4899: 4572: 6261: 5612: 4398: 4372: 3560: 1120:

reported 4000 had been killed, and another European journalist reported that the military left behind a `carnage`. Johann Beukes, author of

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Tehran Times. Foreign Minister Manuchehr Mottaki has criticized discrimination against Muslim minorities in Western countries. 6 March 2008

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While reformist journalists and media were able to uncover the murders, the man responsible for much of the exposing of the chain murders—

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in 2002, authorities placed a moratorium on execution by stoning, but as of 2018, women were still being sentenced to stoning in Iran.

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were about the eliminating the need for the Supreme Leader to be a marja chosen by popular acclaim, did not involve human rights.

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in 1953, the Shah again cracked down on his opponents, and political freedom waned. He outlawed Mosaddegh's political group the

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Human Rights Violations Under the Sharia'a, A Comparative Study of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran

1885: 697: 431: 64: 4064: 1377:

In addition, some provisions of the constitution are believed to give the government license to go outside the constitution's

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Only Shia Muslims are eligible to become Supreme Leader or President. (non-Shia Muslims did not have equal rights with Shia).

765: 5923: 5824: 3195: 2629: 2613: 2586: 2489: 2154: 2120: 931: 455: 4463:"Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on the Threat of US Attack and International Criticism of Iran's Human Rights Record" 6676: 6671: 5861: 5212: 5045: 3948: 2685: 3847: 5856: 5814: 1831: 1742: 1436: 1221:

Some of the ways that basics of law in Iran clashed with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights after 1979 included:

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in 2004), or claimed that Iran's human rights record is better than that of countries that criticize it (President

1418:, not sharia law, explained "the prevalence of torture and punishment of political dissent" in the Islamic Republic. 145: 6860: 6216: 5989: 5979: 5953: 5703: 4987: 4772: 1932: 1811: 1595: 1432: 1047: 817:(1979 to current), government treatment of Iranian citizens' rights has been criticized by Iranians, international 298: 264: 3456: 1161:, 94 were killed on Black Friday, consisting of 64 protesters and 30 government security forces. According to the 6316: 5688: 5654: 5628: 5502: 5407: 3683: 3388:"Iran. International Religious Freedom Report 2004. Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor" 1769: 1659: 1309: 3222: 5886: 5871: 5819: 1615: 1607: 1586:

and arrested hundreds of them. In March police beat hundreds of men and women who had assembled to commemorate

1313: 1293:

of Shia Islam and his revelations supersede the Quran. (The IRI insist the Bahai are traitors and subversives.)

785: 348: 4697: 4035: 3255: 6845: 6206: 5933: 5849: 5512: 5123: 3546: 3294: 2942:""Are trans men the manliest of men?" Gender practices, trans masculinity and mardānegī in contemporary Iran" 1801: 1509: 1001: 303: 202: 107: 4698:"U.N. Assembly Chides Iran on Human Rights By BENNY AVNI, Staff Reporter of the Sun | 21 November 2007" 1329:

and some slight modifications to it have made since 1979 that slightly improve the IRI human rights record:

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In addition, non-governmental human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, the

1046:") sparked "an intense guerrilla struggle" against the government, and harsh government countermeasures. 1024: 968: 288: 218: 6376: 6007: 5467: 5442: 5357: 5337: 5287: 5257: 5247: 5172: 1296:

a Muslim man committing adultery with a Muslim woman is subject to 100 lashes, a non-Muslim man death.

1208: 899: 837: 526: 308: 271: 131: 6491: 6481: 5881: 5553: 5432: 5427: 5307: 5179: 5098: 3316: 1836: 1816: 1667: 778: 643: 522: 4146: 3589: 2999:"Former Sunni MP: Rouhani Government Failing to Uphold Minority Rights Despite Supreme Leader's Cal" 2784: 1261:

Trans-women are viewed as majorly prostitutes and face judgment and danger from the law due to this.

149: 5497: 5447: 5402: 5382: 5372: 5272: 5229: 5205: 4896: 4587: 3091: 1505: 1252:

unequal rights for women in several areas: a woman is not valued the same as a man in blood money (

814: 211: 4479: 4402: 2578:

The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State

1317: 6201: 5908: 5829: 5732: 5644: 5472: 5387: 5367: 5252: 5242: 4376: 1574: 1348:

on 10 February 2012, Iran's parliament raised the minimum age for adulthood to 18 (solar years).

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Explanations for why this is include the importance of "debate and discussion" among clerics in

5774: 5762: 5727: 5722: 5710: 5649: 5517: 5452: 5417: 5352: 5332: 5322: 5282: 5267: 5262: 1733: 887: 410: 293: 78: 4187:"Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest – 'Do whatever it takes to end it'" 4114: 3608: 2752: 2603: 2576: 2514:

The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History

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era are no longer tolerated: in January 2007 security forces attacked striking bus drivers in

1281:(apostasy) is prohibited, and may be punishable by death; This is widely thought to explain 6717: 6119: 6073: 5893: 5791: 5784: 5757: 5747: 5661: 5558: 5477: 5437: 5412: 5392: 5327: 5302: 5292: 5277: 4047: 2144: 2110: 1498: 1485: 1271: 1074: 1013: 283: 259: 5088: 4909: 4790: 3547:

Khomeini on how Laws in Iran will strictly adhere to God's perfect and unchanging divine law

1534:

With the rise of the Iranian reform movement and the election of moderate Iranian president

6381: 6098: 6083: 5898: 5737: 5683: 5397: 5362: 5317: 5221: 4658: 4238:".hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/iran "World Report 2019. Iran. Events of 2018" 4213:".hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/iran "World Report 2018. Iran. Events of 2017" 4090:".hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/iran "World Report 2020. Iran. Events of 2019" 3387: 2813: 2802: 1641: 1481: 865: 725: 543: 8: 6681: 5527: 5198: 5167: 4022: 1972:"Rights Crisis Escalates Faces and Cases from Ahmadinejad's Crackdown, 20 September 2008" 1826: 1773: 1729: 1712: 1671: 1113: 993: 950: 869: 840:—has sometimes been described as a "royal dictatorship", or "one man rule", and employed 702: 565: 195: 98: 4449: 3557:

Sahife’ Noor (letters and lectures of Ayatollah Khomeini), Volume 20, p. 170. quoted in

1971: 6610: 6456: 6401: 6371: 6301: 6251: 6196: 5994: 5019: 4134: 3808:

Source: Letter from Amnesty International to the Shaul Bakhash, 6 July 1982. Quoted in

3659: 3577: 3431: 3066: 2971: 2772: 2707: 2486: 1707: 1637: 1369: 1335:

in 2004 blood money was made more equal. Under traditional Islamic law, "blood money" (

1301: 1097: 1009: 977: 810: 620: 610: 560: 555: 538: 381: 334: 19: 6552: 6396: 6296: 5582: 4944: 4910:

Iran: Human Rights in the spotlight on the 30th Anniversary of the Islamic Revolution

4876: 4857: 4838: 4832: 4817: 4796: 4619: 3745: 3288: 3199: 3182: 2975: 2963: 2609: 2582: 2509: 2294:

Amnesty International's membership increased from 15,000 in 1969 to 200,000 by 1979.

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This article is about human rights in Iran. For more details on human rights in post-

4972: 4426:"Iran Report, A Weekly Review of Developments in and Pertaining to Iran, 3 May 2004" 3135: 3113: 1216: 6643: 6476: 6451: 6183: 3737: 3651: 2953: 2324:, edited by W. William Bayne Fisher, P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, C. Melville, p. 286 1540: 1535: 1477: 1058: 1043: 923: 826: 720: 692: 415: 228: 155: 137: 43: 5597: 4341:"'Iran has best human rights record in the Muslim world' quoting Ali Akbar Salehi" 2958: 2941: 2633: 6542: 6417: 6332: 6221: 5903: 5103: 5026: 4999: 4922: 4903: 4487: 4480:

cnn.com, Iran's leader slams 'arrogant' powers in U.N. address, 25 September 2007

4042: 2897: 2493: 1691: 1520: 1162: 1150: 1117: 891: 806: 757: 595: 175: 27: 5049: 5009: 4373:"Islamic world urged to stand against Western-style human rights Tehran, May 15" 3952: 3609:"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)" 1750: 1610:— have been met with violent crackdowns from the "parallel institution" of the 6699: 6628: 6562: 6557: 6471: 6431: 6306: 6291: 2730: 1762: 1246: 354: 4539: 4482:. This was seen as "a veiled but unmistakable criticism of the United States" 3848:"Mandates of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances; ..." 3655: 2347:

Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movements of Iran ...

6839: 6735: 6446: 6366: 6266: 6256: 6246: 6236: 6231: 6211: 6173: 6158: 5866: 5576: 2967: 2553: 2527: 1165: 1042:

post (where three police were killed and two guerrillas freed, known as the "

942: 903: 841: 237: 4160: 1952:

By (ed.) Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad, p.15

856:

international human rights norms (harsh penalties for crimes, punishment of

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human rights violations against Iran's religious minorities—especially the

1620: 1555: 1513: 1337: 1254: 1241:

harsh punishments: stoning to death, amputation, lashing, retribution (or

1125: 1109: 1085: 927: 818: 625: 605: 376: 83: 3362:"Resolution on the serious and systematic human rights violations in Iran" 3024: 2884: 6808: 6781: 6771: 6753: 6727: 6600: 6276: 6271: 6226: 6178: 5984: 5636: 5586: 4773:"Iran: Afghan Refugees and Migrants Face Abuse | Human Rights Watch" 4161:"وزیر کشور ایران می‌گوید بیش از ۲۰۰ نفر در جریان اعتراضات آبان کشته شدند" 3482: 2915:"Women act against repression and intimidation in Iran, 28 February 2008" 2808: 1793: 1695: 1528: 1454: 1390: 1070: 1066: 1055: 1039: 1023:

had virtually unlimited powers. The agency closely collaborated with the

745: 659: 630: 570: 4399:"Human rights fully respected in Iran: Judiciary chief Tehran, April 10" 4299:"Iran lawmakers demand severe punishment for 'rioters' as protests rage" 3070: 3054: 2360:

The Priest and the King: An Eyewitness Account of the Iranian Revolution

2006:

The Age of the Dictators: A Study of the European Dictatorships, 1918–53

1543:

and leading conservative figures in the Iranian government at the time.

1000:

Mohammad Reza became monarch after his father was deposed following the

922:

The reign of Reza Shah was authoritarian and dictatorial at a time when

752: 6507: 6311: 5190: 5115: 4897:‘We are ordered to crush you.’ Expanding Repression of Dissent in Iran. 4284: 3663: 3639: 3158:"Statistical Centre of Iran: 11. Population by sex and religion (2006)" 1450: 1062: 911: 849: 6663: 6638: 5999: 5031: 4741:"Iran: Investigate Suspicious Deaths in Detention, Release Activists" 3196:"hrw.org, November 9, 2002 Iran: Academic's Death Sentence Condemned" 2678:"A Detailed Analysis of Iran's Constitution - World Policy Institute" 1137: 1008:

Following the pro-Shah coup d'état that overthrew the Prime Minister

946: 4792:

Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran

4525:"The Latter-Day Sultan, Power and Politics in Iran" by Akbar Ganji, 3339: 1994:

Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran

1802:

High Council for Human rights, Judiciary of Islamic Republic of Iran

1108:

The deaths of the popular and influential modernist Islamist leader

1005:

opponents, and restrict criticism of the royal family in the press.

963:

Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran § Mohammad_Reza_Shah

6800: 4723:"UN Experts Call On Iran To Guarantee Rights Of Detained Activists" 3432:"1999 Report IV. THE IRANIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND INTERNATIONAL LAW" 1758: 1645:

arrested throughout 134 cities and towns, and at 132 universities.

1527:; and the deputy security official of the Ministry of Information, 1473: 1467:

Somewhere between 3000 and 30,000 political prisoners were executed

5099:

Foundation for the Promotion of Human Rights and Democracy in Iran

2660:"Francis Fukuyama: Iranian constitution democratic at heart - WSJ" 1439:

in January 1980), a purge of universities started in March 1980.

6763: 6745: 6709: 6691: 6620: 5913: 1950:

Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopedia of the World of Islam

1754: 1719: 1579: 907: 845: 52: 4684:"Canadian-sponsored human rights resolution against Iran passes" 4263:"Fresh protests erupt in Iran's universities and Kurdish region" 3274:"CHILD EXECUTION IN IRAN AND ITS LEGALITY UNDER THE ISLAMIC LAW" 1690:

Islam that has spilled over into the Iranian public (journalist

6592: 6521: 6351: 5876: 4058: 4056: 1687: 1583: 1354: 1232: 1142: 6149: 2728: 1654:

and whose provisions the IRI would "not hesitate to violate".

1286: 6032: 5106:

Mission for Establishment of Human Rights in Iran (MEHR Iran)

4929:"REALITE-EU Human Rights Violations and Torture in Iran 2009" 3888:"Killing of three rebel writers turns hope into fear in Iran" 3525: 2089: 1611: 1524: 1382: 1290: 1020: 981: 4615:

Human Rights in Iran : The Abuse of Cultural Relativism

4053: 3223:"Three Decades of Islamic Criminal Law Legislation in Iran" 2252: 2250: 2248: 1922:, 174–256 (20 October 1983 – 8 August 1985). 4755:"2018 will go down in history as a year of shame for Iran" 3927: 3559:

Vaezi, Ahmed (2004). "The Dominion Of The Wali Al-Faqih".

2496:

IranianVoice.org, 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar

1753:—as well as the Islamic Republic's "instances of torture, 1443:

According to estimates provided by the military historian

1302:

obeying the political "guardianship" of the Supreme Leader

1077:, the Shah carried out at least 300 political executions. 5089:

Guardian Newspaper – Special Report – Death of a Teenager

4573:"The Specter of Ideological Genocide: The Baháʼí of Iran" 4017: 4013:"Iran sacks police chiefs over student protest crackdown" 3136:"Human Rights Watch: Religious minorities in Iran (1997)" 3092:"22 May 2008. "Iran 'plans to destroy Baha'i community'"" 1761:

and amputations", and the situation of a hunger striker (

1133: 1105:

as much as his general urged him to, according to some).

1019:

During the height of its power, the shah's secret police

822: 4988:

Freedom House: Freedom in the World Country Report: Iran

2245: 1614:, with mass arrests, live ammunition, show trials. The 1316:

in international norms is 18 years, but mainstream Shia

1145:

mercenaries who were brought in to crush the revolution.

5093: 4641:

The Baháʼí of Iran: The Minority Rights Group Report 51

3631: 3596: 3214: 1741:

and which became available in the 1990s. According to

1546: 1207:

mandates for an elected president and legislature, and

1054:" to overthrow the Shah, and inspired by international 6094:

Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel

4657:. Human Rights Watch. 31 December 2004. Archived from 4618:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. xvii–xx. 2798:

Iran vows crackdown on 'inappropriately' dressed women

2136: 2102: 1658:

enemies" which is "part of a greater plan against the

1648: 930:

were common in both the region and the world, and the

829:

which succeeded it is considered still worse by many.

5070:"Human rights violations against Iranian Azeri Turks" 4993:

Freedom House: Freedom of the Press 2010 Report: Iran

4957: 3742:

Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic

3424: 3025:"Discrimination against religious minorities in Iran" 2832:. Norwegian Institute of Human Rights. Archived from 2827:"Refah Revisited: Strasbourg's Construction of Islam" 1403:

execution of thousands of political prisoners in 1988

4538:Sally E. Merry, New York University, writing about 3640:"Islamic Rights or Human Rights: An Iranian Dilemma" 3230:

Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law

1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1783: 1277:

Non-Muslims are encouraged to convert to Islam, but

5627: 4809: 4084: 4082: 3684:"The Latter-Day Sultan, Power and Politics in Iran" 3331: 2708:"The Iranian Legal Framework And International Law" 2440:J. Gueyras, `Liberalization is the Main Casualty,` 2423:E. Baqi, `Figures for the Dead in the Revolution`, 2404: 4605: 4255: 1198:The new constitution of the Islamic Republic was 4455: 4002:. London: 21 July 2007. Vol. 384, Iss. 8538; p. 5 3758: 3457:"Iran: End Widespread Crackdown on Civil Society" 3055:"The Baha'is in Iran: Twenty Years of Repression" 2574: 2391: 1905: 1623:. Estimates of the killed vary from 200 to 1500. 1171: 875: 6837: 4949:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 4931:. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 4580:War Crimes, Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity 4230: 4205: 4107: 4079: 4065:"The Anger and Anguish Fuelling Iran's Protests" 3770: 3354: 2991: 2855: 2657: 2417: 1757:as a method of execution and punishment such as 1285:who descend from Iranian Shia and hold that the 1264:restrictions on religious freedom and equality: 4854:Persian Mirrors : the Elusive Face of Iran 4813:Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope 4514:Persian Mirrors : the Elusive Face of Iran 3851:Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights 3128: 3046: 2917:. Amnesty.org. 28 February 2008. Archived from 1822:International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran 4237: 4212: 4089: 2149:. University of California Press. p. 84. 2115:. University of California Press. p. 92. 1720:Human rights bodies and sources of information 1492: 1462:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 6135: 5613: 5206: 5131: 5104:Translation of the Islamic Penal Code of Iran 3410:"Iran changes law for execution of juveniles" 3283:. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. 2099:, (University of California), 1999, pp. 89–90 2079: 2077: 1964: 1918:source: Anonymous "Prison and Imprisonment", 1594:Several major recent protest movements — the 1401:writes that the torture of prisoners and the 786: 26:. For more details on human rights under the 5005:Freedom House: Freedom on the Net 2011: Iran 4678: 4676: 4643:. London, UK: The Minority Rights Group LTD. 4566: 4564: 4179: 2021:, (Princeton University Press), 1982, p. 138 1933:"Pahlavi royal dictatorship - Google Search" 1842:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran 1674:in 2007 and 2008), or better than Israel's. 1630: 1355:Velayat-e faqih and regime self-preservation 1194:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1178:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran 24:Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran 6826:Category:Foreign nationals detained in Iran 5949:Arabic Network for Human Rights Information 4963:Amnesty International's Concerns about Iran 4445: 4443: 4285:"Iran Protests: at Least 448 People Killed" 3883: 3881: 3638:Mayer, Ann Elizabeth (Summer–Autumn 1996). 3402: 2864:"Eye for an eye: Iran blinds acid attacker" 2653: 2651: 1600:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 1249:") which can include blinding the offender. 6151:List of foreign nationals detained in Iran 6142: 6128: 5620: 5606: 5213: 5199: 5138: 5124: 5046:"Freedom of Expression violations in Iran" 4788: 3337: 3256:"Iranian activists fight child executions" 3084: 3052: 2939: 2568: 2240:Iran, From Religious Dispute to Revolution 2229:, Harvard University Press, 2004, p.145–46 2142: 2108: 2074: 1807:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 1226:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 1155:Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs 1103:his scruples in not violating human rights 992:Protesters killed by the Shah's regime on 882:Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran 793: 779: 343:Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution 32:Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran 6089:Human rights in Muslim-majority countries 5015:Human Rights Watch's Developments in Iran 4916:Amnesty International report 2010 on Iran 4673: 4561: 4423: 3903: 3840: 3606: 3366:International Federation for Human Rights 3340:"Iran's grim history of death by stoning" 3106: 2957: 2898:"Islamic Penal Code of Iran, article 300" 2824: 2084:Iran in Revolution: The Opposition Forces 1738:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 1279:conversion from Islam to another religion 956: 945:(beating the soles of the feet), and the 902: – employed censorship, 6109:Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine 5220: 5145: 4851: 4570: 4440: 3975:"Khatami and the Myth of Reform in Iran" 3878: 3837:, Columbia University Press, 2008, p.181 3744:. Oxford University Press. p. 148. 3736: 3032:International Federation of Human Rights 2878: 2745: 2648: 2189: 1974:. Iranhumanrights.org. 20 September 2008 1550: 1472: 1449: 1345:, i.e. it can be spilled with impunity). 987: 972: 6851:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran 5975:Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 5941: 4611: 4277: 2861: 2757:World Report 2020. Iran. Events of 2019 2595: 2534:. Oxford University Press. p. 108. 2322:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 2242:, Harvard University Press, 1980 p. 128 1101:directly to the Shah's demise, (as did 984:, with Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 1970 6838: 5835:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 5094:Iran Human Rights Documentation Center 4810:Ebadi, Shirin; Azadeh Moaveni (2006). 4717: 4715: 4638: 4541:The Politics of Women's Rights in Iran 4287:. Iran Human Rights. 29 November 2022. 4119:World Report 2021. Iran Events of 2020 4062: 3220: 2862:Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (5 March 2015). 2843: 2508: 2468: 2453: 1270:Religiously based punishments include 1168:, 64 protesters died at Jaleh Square. 1132:The clerical activists, backed by the 65:Government of Islamic Republic of Iran 6123: 5601: 5194: 5119: 5110:Translation of the Iranian Civil Code 5037:Various human rights news stories at 4193:from the original on 23 December 2019 4036:Report 2001, Islamic Republic of Iran 3906:"RFE/RL Iran Report. 5 February 2001" 3637: 3558: 3114:"hrw.org, Iran – THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK" 3017: 2605:The Middle East and North Africa 2003 2526: 2520: 2504: 2502: 2480: 2476:. Yale University Press. p. 719. 1091: 932:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4686:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 4486:and domestic surveillance under the 2852:, NATLEX . Retrieved 21 August 2006. 2700: 2575:Mahmood T. Davari (1 October 2004). 2299:Amnesty International Report 1968-69 1677: 1547:Early 21st century and mass protests 890:, the government of Iran during the 5857:Human right to water and sanitation 5032:Iran Charter of Rights and Freedoms 5010:Human Rights Watch – Iran Documents 4712: 3449: 3183:Iranian academic sentenced to death 2729:Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M. 2601: 1832:Status of religious freedom in Iran 1649:Perspective of the Islamic Republic 1325:The laws of the IRI do not follow " 1212:laws/precepts/principles of Islam, 1187: 13: 4795:. University of California Press. 3416:. 10 February 2012. Archived from 2885:Human Rights in Iran 2007 MEHR.org 2499: 2227:The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran 2190:Baraheni, Reza (28 October 1976). 1996:, (University of California), 1999 1539:significantly watered down by the 1182: 827:government of the Islamic Republic 91:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 14: 6872: 4890: 4063:Wright, Robin (15 January 2020). 3160:. Amar.sci.org.ir. Archived from 3053:KAZEMZADEH, FIRUZ (Summer 2000). 2940:Saeidzadeh, Zara (2 April 2020). 2658:Francis Fukuyama (28 July 2009). 2608:. Psychology Press. p. 414. 2307:Amnesty International Report 1979 1149:Post-revolutionary accounting by 1038:In 1971, a guerrilla attack on a 680:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 328:Supreme National Security Council 6821: 6820: 5990:Al Mezan Center for Human Rights 5980:Defenders of Human Rights Center 5954:Arab Commission for Human Rights 5581: 5572: 5571: 4765: 4747: 4733: 4690: 4647: 4632: 4548: 4532: 4519: 4516:, Free Press, 2000, 2005, p. 247 4506: 4493: 4473: 4417: 4391: 4365: 4333: 4317: 4291: 4153: 4029: 4005: 3992: 3967: 3951:. Iranterror.com. Archived from 3941: 3920: 3897: 3865: 3338:Wooldridge, Mike (9 July 2010). 1812:Defenders of Human Rights Center 1786: 1437:Muslim People's Republican Party 917: 751: 739: 51: 5629:Human rights in the Middle East 4834:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 4782: 4571:Affolter, Friedrich W. (2005). 4265:. The Guardian. 6 November 2022 3827: 3815: 3802: 3791:, 20.8.78–21.8.78, ` quoted in 3782: 3730: 3718: 3705: 3693: 3677: 3551: 3535: 3518: 3505: 3492: 3475: 3380: 3301: 3266: 3248: 3188: 3176: 3150: 3003:Center for Human Rights in Iran 2982: 2933: 2907: 2890: 2818: 2791: 2722: 2670: 2622: 2538: 2462: 2447: 2434: 2378: 2365: 2362:, (London: Turis, 1999), p. 25) 2352: 2340: 2327: 2315: 2288: 2275: 2263: 2238:source: Fischer, Michael M.J., 2232: 2219: 2204: 2183: 2170: 2086:by E Abrahamian – MERIP Reports 2062: 2050: 2037: 1888:almost ten years later but the 1878: 1869: 1859: 1770:Center for Human Rights in Iran 1596:July 1999 Iran student protests 1422: 1283:the brutal treatment of Baháʼís 1231:The use Classical Islamic law ( 980:, head of shah's secret police 6104:Sahrawi Association of Victims 5820:Arbitrary arrest and detention 5539:British Indian Ocean Territory 5020:Human Rights Watch 2005 report 3928:"Human Rights Reports | CODIR" 2458:. AOSIS. p. 53 (note 26). 2309:. Amnesty International. 1980. 2301:. Amnesty International. 1969. 2024: 2011: 1999: 1986: 1955: 1943: 1925: 1217:Khomeinism § Human_rights 1172:Islamic Republic, (since 1979) 876:Pahlavi dynasty (1925 to 1979) 349:Expediency Discernment Council 1: 6207:Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari 4700:. Nysun.com. 21 November 2007 3904:John Pike (5 February 2001). 3792: 3764: 3605:, January 8, 1988; quoted in 3414:Iran Independent News Service 3185:| bbc.co.uk| 7 November 2002. 2959:10.1080/09589236.2019.1635439 2812:), 24 February 2007, via the 2552:. Parliran.ir. Archived from 2349:By Houchang E Chehabi, p. 225 1847: 1701: 1640:. The unrest began with the 1002:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 304:High Council for Human rights 265:Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i 203:Islamic Consultative Assembly 108:Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani 6338:Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani 5970:Kurdish Human Rights Project 4655:"Human Rights Overview 2005" 4556:The Ayatollah Begs to Differ 3821: 3809: 3607:MATSUNAGA, Yasuyuki (2009). 3221:Tavana, Mohammad H. (2014). 2260:(1999), pp. 135–36, 167, 169 2197:The New York Review of Books 2059:By Ervand Abrahamian, p. 186 2057:Iran between two revolutions 2019:Iran Between Two Revolutions 1899: 1683:will talk of nothing else." 809:(1925 to 1979), through the 425:Recent and future elections 7: 6079:Humanitarian crisis in Gaza 4969:"International 2005 report" 4870: 4789:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). 4401:. .irna.com. Archived from 4375:. .irna.com. Archived from 3724: 3713:The Reign of the Ayatollahs 3390:. State.gov. 1 January 2004 2630:"Constitutional Background" 2456:Foucault in Iran, 1978–1979 2143:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). 2109:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). 1779: 1493:1990s and the Chain Murders 1393:argues these were actually 1122:Foucault in Iran, 1978–1979 969:1963 demonstrations in Iran 651:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 289:Islamic Revolutionary Court 164:Presidential Administration 10: 6877: 6377:Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani 5919:Women's suffrage, timeline 4906:Amnesty International 2012 4586:(1): 59–89. Archived from 3949:"A Man Called Saeed Emani" 3545:, Tehran, 7 January 1988, 2581:. Routledge. p. 138. 2550:Islamic Parliament of Iran 2427:, 30 July 2003 (quoted in 2178:Great War for Civilisation 1608:2019–2020 Iranian protests 1496: 1484:was one of the victims of 1459: 1312:: The age of maturity and 1223: 1214: 1209:civil and political rights 1191: 1175: 1033: 966: 960: 900:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 879: 838:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 813:(1979), to the era of the 17: 6817: 6799: 6780: 6762: 6744: 6726: 6708: 6690: 6662: 6619: 6591: 6571: 6529: 6520: 6500: 6492:Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 6482:Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht 6439: 6430: 6410: 6359: 6350: 6325: 6166: 6157: 6066: 6045: 5962: 5932: 5807: 5635: 5567: 5526: 5486: 5228: 5153: 4852:Sciolino, Elaine (2000). 4830: 3776: 3699: 3690:, November/December 2008. 3656:10.1080/00210869608701851 3293:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3198:. Hrw.org. Archived from 2946:Journal of Gender Studies 1817:Freedom of speech in Iran 1743:The Minority Rights Group 1668:Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi 1631:2022 Mahsa Amini protests 1588:International Women's Day 1433:National Democratic Front 1416:velayat-e motlaqaye faqih 1412:velayat-e motlaqaye faqih 924:authoritarian governments 299:General Inspection Office 5288:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4529:, November/December 2008 4503:, Norton, (2005), p. 296 4424:John Pike (3 May 2004). 3894:, 14 December 1998 p. A6 2516:. ABC-CLIO. p. 439. 2429:A History of Modern Iran 2071:By Elton L. Daniel, 2012 1852: 1604:2017–18 Iranian protests 1506:Mohammad Jafar Pouyandeh 821:activists, writers, and 815:Islamic Republic of Iran 212:Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf 6861:Human rights by country 6202:Moorhead C. Kennedy Jr. 5830:Crimes against humanity 5549:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5112:by Alavi and Associates 4998:9 November 2011 at the 4484:extraordinary rendition 3979:washingtoninstitute.org 2602:Eur (31 October 2002). 2487:"A Question of Numbers" 2454:Beukes, Johann (2020). 1314:criminal responsibility 169:Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili 6856:Women's rights in Iran 4837:. Thomas Dunne Books. 4612:Afshari, Reza (2001). 4115:"Iran: Events of 2020" 4041:4 October 2014 at the 3835:History of Modern Iran 3562:Shia Political Thought 3116:. Hrw.org. 22 May 1992 3094:. Cnn.com. 22 May 2008 2753:"Iran: Events of 2019" 2474:Iran: A Modern History 2373:Unthinkable Revolution 1837:Women's rights in Iran 1734:United States Congress 1616:November 2019 protests 1592: 1562: 1489: 1457: 1147: 997: 985: 957:Mohammad Reza Shah era 888:Imperial State of Iran 671:Diplomatic missions of 294:Special Clerical Court 277:Mohammad Movahedi-Azad 6718:Olivier Vandecasteele 6074:Collective punishment 5894:Right to a fair trial 5222:Human rights in Asia 5025:4 August 2010 at the 4921:24 March 2014 at the 4875:. Adler & Adler. 4871:Taheri, Amir (1985). 4759:Amnesty International 4545:accessed 30-June-2009 4067:. New Yorker magazine 4048:Amnesty International 2731:"Iran – Constitution" 2532:Iran in World History 2492:4 August 2014 at the 2401:, (1985), pp. 182–83. 2388:, (2000), pp. 184–85. 2375:, (2004), p. 108 1884:The constitution was 1571: 1554: 1499:Chain murders of Iran 1486:Chain murders of Iran 1476: 1453: 1318:Jaʽfari jurisprudence 1224:Further information: 1215:Further information: 1200:adopted by referendum 1130: 1075:Amnesty International 991: 976: 589:Intellectual backdrop 6846:Human rights in Iran 6382:Hamid Ghassemi-Shall 6099:Israel and apartheid 6084:Human rights in Asia 5899:Right to development 5780:United Arab Emirates 5463:United Arab Emirates 5147:Human rights in Iran 4902:2 March 2012 at the 4831:Moin, Baqer (2000). 4428:. Globalsecurity.org 4189:. 23 December 2019. 4025:on 11 December 2008. 3998:"Men of principle", 3955:on 11 September 2012 3908:. Globalsecurity.org 3833:Abrahamian, Ervand, 3686:By Akbar Ganji From 3513:Tortured Confessions 3500:Tortured Confessions 3498:Abrahamian, Ervand, 3420:on 11 February 2012. 2710:. Human Rights Watch 2444:, 17 September 1978. 2358:(source: D. Harney, 2335:Tortured Confessions 2283:Tortured Confessions 2258:Tortured Confessions 2213:Tortured Confessions 2146:Tortured Confessions 2112:Tortured Confessions 2097:Tortured Confessions 2095:Abrahamian, Ervand, 2045:Tortured Confessions 2032:Tortured Confessions 1642:Death of Mahsa Amini 1435:in August 1979, the 1153:, of the government 832:The Pahlavi dynasty— 726:Armed forces of Iran 146:First Vice President 6682:Kylie Moore-Gilbert 6008:HRFS (founded 2002) 5845:Freedom of religion 5490:limited recognition 5163:Freedom of religion 4873:The Spirit of Allah 4775:. 20 November 2013. 4743:. 13 February 2018. 4729:. 30 November 2018. 4639:Cooper, R. (1995). 3502:, (1999), p.209-228 3202:on 13 November 2002 3005:. 17 September 2017 2636:on 8 September 2006 2412:The Spirit of Allah 2399:The Spirit of Allah 2069:The History of Iran 2017:Ervand Abrahamian, 2008:, D. G. Williamson. 1992:Ervand Abrahamian, 1827:LGBT rights in Iran 1774:Vahid Sayadi Nasiri 1730:European Parliament 1708:political prisoners 1672:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1387:Revolutionary Guard 870:freedom of religion 758:Politics portal 309:Ministry of Justice 219:Supreme Audit Court 181:Government of Raisi 99:Assembly of Experts 6457:Iason Athanasiadis 6402:Kavous Seyed-Emami 6372:Hossein Derakhshan 6302:Matthew Trevithick 5995:Association Najdeh 5825:Capital punishment 5173:Transgender rights 5052:on 7 February 2007 4761:. 24 January 2019. 4593:on 14 January 2010 4512:Sciolino, Elaine, 4379:on 10 October 2008 4242:Human Rights Watch 4217:Human Rights Watch 4121:. 15 December 2020 4094:Human Rights Watch 3892:The New York Times 3853:. 3 September 2020 3461:Human Rights Watch 3436:Human Rights Watch 3368:. 19 November 2019 3319:on 3 February 2014 2850:Iranian Civil Code 2839:on 27 August 2008. 2759:. 12 December 2019 2556:on 27 October 2016 2510:Tucker, Spencer C. 2225:Kurzman, Charles, 1638:Islamic Revolution 1563: 1490: 1458: 1370:Human Rights Watch 1205:liberal democratic 1098:Iranian Revolution 1092:Islamic Revolution 1010:Mohammad Mosaddegh 998: 986: 978:Nematollah Nassiri 868:, restrictions on 860:, restrictions on 811:Islamic Revolution 805:From the Imperial 621:Propaganda in Iran 611:Islamic Government 551:Outside government 382:Secretary of state 335:Ali Akbar Ahmadian 6833: 6832: 6792:Bridget Thackwray 6611:Ahmad Reza Jalali 6587: 6586: 6516: 6515: 6426: 6425: 6397:Ramin Jahanbegloo 6346: 6345: 6297:Victor L. Tomseth 6117: 6116: 6041: 6040: 5924:Male guardianship 5862:Human trafficking 5595: 5594: 5532:other territories 5188: 5187: 5158:Children's rights 4958:Iran Human Rights 4912:, 5 February 2009 4305:. 6 November 2022 3738:Axworthy, Michael 3524:in an early 1988 2921:on 3 October 2013 2733:. Servat.unibe.ch 2615:978-1-85743-132-2 2588:978-1-134-29488-6 2414:, (1985), p. 223. 2156:978-0-520-21866-6 2122:978-0-520-21866-6 1726:Council of Europe 1678:Relative openness 1560:Nobel Peace Prize 1558:, winner of 2003 1510:Mohammad Mokhtari 1445:Spencer C. Tucker 1399:Ervand Abrahamian 1389:turned dissident 1310:Children's rights 1159:Spencer C. Tucker 1061:revolutionaries ( 936:political parties 896:Reza Shah Pahlavi 862:freedom of speech 858:victimless crimes 834:Reza Shah Pahlavi 803: 802: 698:Visa requirements 644:Foreign relations 616:Ruhollah Khomeini 601:Hossein Borujerdi 534:Inside government 523:Political parties 369:Local governments 6868: 6824: 6823: 6789:Topher Richwhite 6644:Jamshid Sharmahd 6527: 6526: 6477:Ghoncheh Ghavami 6452:Anoosheh Ashoori 6437: 6436: 6357: 6356: 6184:Haleh Esfandiari 6164: 6163: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6121: 6120: 5939: 5938: 5815:Academic freedom 5797:Yemeni civil war 5768:Syrian civil war 5622: 5615: 5608: 5599: 5598: 5585: 5575: 5574: 5544:Christmas Island 5230:Sovereign states 5215: 5208: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5076:on 11 March 2007 5072:. Archived from 5061: 5059: 5057: 5048:. Archived from 4984: 4982: 4980: 4975:on 13 March 2007 4971:. Archived from 4954: 4948: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4886: 4867: 4848: 4827: 4816:. Random House. 4806: 4777: 4776: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4680: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4661:on 4 August 2010 4651: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4592: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4552: 4546: 4543:by Arzoo Osanloo 4536: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4504: 4501:The Soul of Iran 4499:Molavi, Afshin, 4497: 4491: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4467:democracynow.org 4459: 4453: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4405:on 12 April 2008 4395: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4349:. Archived from 4337: 4331: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4060: 4051: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4021:. Archived from 4009: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3901: 3895: 3890:, Douglas Jehl, 3885: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3844: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3806: 3800: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3650:(3/4): 269–270. 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3555: 3549: 3539: 3533: 3530:wilayat al-faqih 3522: 3516: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3490: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3463:. 7 January 2008 3453: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3315:. Archived from 3313:johnhowellmp.com 3309:"John Howell MP" 3305: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3284: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3227: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3164:on 9 August 2011 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3029: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2961: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2831: 2822: 2816: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2684:. Archived from 2674: 2668: 2667: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2632:. 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416:Guardian Council 330: 321:Supreme Councils 272:Attorney General 229:Guardian Council 156:Mohammad Mokhber 138:Mohammad Mokhber 55: 44:Politics of Iran 39: 38: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6813: 6795: 6776: 6758: 6740: 6722: 6704: 6686: 6658: 6615: 6583: 6567: 6553:Benjamin Brière 6543:Fariba Adelkhah 6512: 6496: 6422: 6418:Saeed Malekpour 6406: 6342: 6333:Afarin Neyssari 6321: 6217:Robert Levinson 6153: 6148: 6118: 6113: 6062: 6037: 5958: 5928: 5909:Status of women 5904:Right to health 5803: 5704:Iraqi Kurdistan 5655:Northern Cyprus 5631: 5626: 5596: 5591: 5563: 5531: 5522: 5503:Northern Cyprus 5489: 5482: 5224: 5219: 5189: 5184: 5149: 5144: 5079: 5077: 5068: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5027:Wayback Machine 5000:Wayback Machine 4978: 4976: 4967: 4942: 4941: 4934: 4932: 4927: 4923:Wayback Machine 4904:Wayback Machine 4893: 4883: 4864: 4845: 4824: 4803: 4785: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4575: 4569: 4562: 4553: 4549: 4537: 4533: 4527:Foreign Affairs 4524: 4520: 4511: 4507: 4498: 4494: 4488:USA PATRIOT Act 4478: 4474: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4353:on 14 July 2012 4339: 4338: 4334: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4142: 4141: 4132: 4131: 4124: 4122: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4043:Wayback Machine 4034: 4030: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3902: 3898: 3886: 3879: 3873:Persian Mirrors 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3803: 3797:New York Times, 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3688:Foreign Affairs 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3644:Iranian Studies 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3601: 3597: 3585: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3567: 3565: 3556: 3552: 3540: 3536: 3532:, in June 1988 3523: 3519: 3510: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3481:Interview with 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3286: 3285: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3059:Social Research 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2895: 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1897: 1896: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1722: 1704: 1692:Elaine Sciolino 1680: 1651: 1633: 1549: 1521:Saeed Hajjarian 1501: 1495: 1464: 1425: 1406:the individual. 1357: 1228: 1219: 1196: 1190: 1185: 1183:Post-revolution 1180: 1174: 1151:Emadeddin Baghi 1118:Michel Foucault 1094: 1036: 971: 965: 959: 920: 892:Pahlavi dynasty 884: 878: 807:Pahlavi dynasty 799: 770: 766:Other countries 750: 746:Iran portal 740: 738: 731: 730: 716: 708: 707: 688:Nationality law 684: 667: 646: 636: 635: 596:Anti-capitalism 591: 581: 580: 550: 533: 529: 515: 514: 509: 490: 471: 449: 422: 421: 420: 411:Election Office 404: 394: 393: 392: 391: 370: 362: 361: 345: 326: 322: 314: 313: 255: 245: 244: 225: 198: 188: 187: 123: 115: 114: 95: 74: 46: 35: 28:Pahlavi dynasty 12: 11: 5: 6874: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6831: 6830: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6805: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6700:Kamran Ghaderi 6696: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6654:Helmut Szimkus 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6629:Marcus Hellwig 6625: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6606:Johan Floderus 6603: 6597: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6563:Clotilde Reiss 6560: 6558:Roland Marchal 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6531: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6472:Kamal Foroughi 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6434: 6432:United Kingdom 6428: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6307:Karan Vafadari 6304: 6299: 6294: 6292:Kian Tajbakhsh 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6193:Gerald F. Seib 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6147: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6051: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6013:APDWRSA (2007) 6010: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5889: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5579: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5180:Women's rights 5177: 5176: 5175: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5066: 5042: 5034: 5029: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4990: 4985: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4925: 4913: 4907: 4892: 4891:External links 4889: 4888: 4887: 4881: 4868: 4862: 4856:. Free Press. 4849: 4843: 4828: 4822: 4807: 4801: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4764: 4746: 4732: 4711: 4689: 4672: 4646: 4631: 4624: 4604: 4560: 4547: 4531: 4518: 4505: 4492: 4472: 4454: 4439: 4416: 4390: 4364: 4332: 4330:May 2005, p. 4 4316: 4290: 4276: 4254: 4229: 4204: 4178: 4165:BBC News فارسی 4152: 4143:|website= 4106: 4078: 4052: 4028: 4004: 3991: 3966: 3940: 3919: 3896: 3877: 3875:, 2000, p. 241 3864: 3839: 3826: 3814: 3801: 3795:, p. 51, also 3781: 3769: 3757: 3751:978-0190468965 3750: 3729: 3717: 3715:(1984), p. 61. 3704: 3692: 3676: 3630: 3595: 3586:|website= 3550: 3534: 3517: 3515:, 1999, p. 137 3504: 3491: 3489:, 6 June 2006. 3474: 3448: 3423: 3401: 3379: 3353: 3330: 3300: 3265: 3247: 3213: 3187: 3175: 3149: 3127: 3105: 3083: 3065:(2): 537–558. 3045: 3016: 2990: 2981: 2952:(3): 295–309. 2932: 2906: 2889: 2877: 2866:. The Guardian 2854: 2842: 2817: 2790: 2781:|website= 2744: 2721: 2699: 2669: 2647: 2621: 2614: 2594: 2587: 2567: 2546:"Constitution" 2537: 2528:Foltz, Richard 2519: 2498: 2479: 2461: 2446: 2433: 2416: 2403: 2390: 2377: 2364: 2351: 2339: 2326: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2303: 2287: 2274: 2262: 2244: 2231: 2218: 2203: 2182: 2169: 2155: 2135: 2121: 2101: 2088: 2073: 2061: 2049: 2036: 2023: 2010: 1998: 1985: 1963: 1954: 1942: 1937:www.google.com 1924: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1877: 1868: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1781: 1778: 1763:Farhad Meysami 1721: 1718: 1703: 1700: 1679: 1676: 1660:world of Islam 1650: 1647: 1632: 1629: 1548: 1545: 1497:Main article: 1494: 1491: 1460:Main article: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1407: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1333: 1327:sharia exactly 1323: 1322: 1321: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1297: 1294: 1275: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1250: 1247:Eye for an eye 1239: 1192:Main article: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1176:Main article: 1173: 1170: 1093: 1090: 1052:armed struggle 1035: 1032: 1014:National Front 961:Main article: 958: 955: 919: 916: 880:Main article: 877: 874: 801: 800: 798: 797: 790: 783: 775: 772: 771: 769: 768: 762: 761: 760: 748: 733: 732: 729: 728: 723: 717: 715:Related topics 714: 713: 710: 709: 706: 705: 700: 695: 690: 683: 682: 677: 666: 665: 664: 663: 647: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 592: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 547: 546: 541: 536: 530: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 512: 511: 510: 508: 507: 502: 497: 493: 491: 489: 488: 483: 478: 474: 472: 470: 469: 464: 459: 452: 450: 448: 447: 440: 435: 428: 419: 418: 413: 407: 406: 405: 400: 399: 396: 395: 390: 389: 384: 379: 373: 372: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 358: 357: 355:Sadeq Larijani 346: 341: 339: 338: 337: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 280: 279: 269: 268: 267: 256: 251: 250: 247: 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Kohler 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6487:Nahid Taghavi 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6447:Kameel Ahmady 6445: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6367:Maziar Bahari 6365: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6317:Michael White 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6267:Roxana Saberi 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6257:Jason Rezaian 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6247:Richard Queen 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6237:Siamak Namazi 6235: 6233: 6232:Baquer Namazi 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6212:Bruce Laingen 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6189:Joshua Fattal 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 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August 2003 3033: 3026: 3020: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2899: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2786: 2774: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2732: 2725: 2709: 2703: 2688:on 6 May 2014 2687: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2652: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2571: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2470:Amanat, Abbas 2465: 2457: 2450: 2443: 2437: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2407: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2318: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2285:, 1999 p. 114 2284: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2241: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2186: 2179: 2173: 2158: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2105: 2098: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2078: 2070: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2047:, 1999, p. 41 2046: 2040: 2034:, 1999, p. 39 2033: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1989: 1973: 1967: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1891: 1887: 1881: 1872: 1862: 1858: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1655: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1575:Tehran spring 1570: 1568: 1567:The Economist 1561: 1557: 1553: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1195: 1179: 1169: 1167: 1166:Richard Foltz 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1089: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1003: 995: 990: 983: 979: 975: 970: 964: 954: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 933: 929: 928:dictatorships 925: 918:Reza Shah era 915: 913: 909: 905: 904:secret police 901: 897: 893: 889: 883: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 853: 851: 847: 843: 842:secret police 839: 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 796: 791: 789: 784: 782: 777: 776: 774: 773: 767: 764: 763: 759: 754: 749: 747: 737: 736: 735: 734: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 712: 711: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 681: 678: 676: 672: 669: 668: 661: 657: 654: 653: 652: 649: 648: 645: 640: 639: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 590: 585: 584: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 549: 548: 545: 542: 540: 537: 532: 531: 528: 524: 519: 518: 506: 503: 501: 498: 495: 494: 492: 487: 484: 482: 479: 476: 475: 473: 468: 465: 463: 460: 457: 454: 453: 451: 446: 445: 441: 439: 436: 433: 430: 429: 427: 426: 424: 423: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 403: 398: 397: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 366: 365: 356: 352: 351: 350: 347: 344: 340: 336: 332: 331: 329: 325: 324: 318: 317: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 284:Supreme Court 282: 278: 275: 274: 273: 270: 266: 263: 262: 261: 260:Chief Justice 258: 257: 254: 249: 248: 239: 238:Ahmad Jannati 235: 232: 231: 230: 227: 226: 220: 217: 216: 213: 209: 206: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 192: 191: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 170: 167: 166: 165: 161: 157: 154: 153: 151: 147: 144: 139: 136: 135: 133: 129: 126: 125: 119: 118: 109: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 70: 69: 66: 63: 62: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 29: 25: 21: 20:revolutionary 16: 6819: 6634:Helmut Hofer 6579:Ruhollah Zam 6548:Nazak Afshar 6536:Louis Arnaud 6467:Abbas Edalat 6462:Roger Cooper 6392:Zahra Kazemi 6387:Homa Hoodfar 6287:Morad Tahbaz 6282:Sarah Shourd 6252:David Rabhan 6222:John Limbert 6197:Amir Hekmati 6054: 6033:ALQST (2014) 6028:ESOHR (2013) 6018:ACPRA (2009) 6004: 5887:Antisemitism 5753:Saudi Arabia 5716:Palestinians 5677:Islamic Iran 5672:Pahlavi Iran 5666: 5528:Dependencies 5458:Turkmenistan 5423:Saudi Arabia 5312: 5146: 5078:. 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