Human rights in Venezuela

8131:... issued a scathing report that accuses Venezuela's government of human-rights abuses, political repression, and eroding the separation of powers among government branches in the oil-rich country. In its sternly worded conclusion, it blames the government of President Hugo Chávez—already reeling from a recession and energy shortages that have undermined his popularity in recent months—for "aspects that contribute to the weakening of the rule of law and democracy." ... The problems include the firing of judges critical of Mr. Chávez, the shuttering of critical media outlets, and the exertion of pressure on public employees, including those of state oil giant Petróleos de Venezuela SA, to support the government at the ballot box. ... Mr. Chávez has been struggling to maintain his popularity at home amid severe economic, infrastructure, and social headaches. In addition to the downturn and ballooning inflation, the government faces mounting criticism and public protests over chronic problems including power blackouts, soaring crime, and a perceived lack of investment in crucial sectors, including roads and the all-important oil industry. 1567:(ICCPR), "Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice". Specifically mentioned in Articles 18 and 19, freedom of expression and thought are guaranteed rights provided at the hand of sovereign states. According to the United Nations Treaty Collection, Venezuela signed the ICCPR on 24 June 1969 and agreed to the competence of human rights law as mentioned in the covenant. Thought not legally binding, signing the ICCPR represents and understand and signifies adherence to human rights standards expected of all United Nations member states. in 2015, the ICCPR concluded that Venezuela has been unable to uphold the agreements made upon the signing of the document and recommend that the country adopt measures to increase awareness of the covenant. 2449:

media workers, human rights defenders, trade unionists, participants in public demonstrations, people held in custody, 'campesinos' (small-scale and subsistence farmers), indigenous people, and women", as well as erosion of separation of powers and "severe economic, infrastructure, and social headaches", and "chronic problems including power blackouts, soaring crime, and a perceived lack of investment in crucial sectors". The report discusses decreasing rights of opposition to the government and "goes into heavy detail" about control of the judiciary. It says elections are free, but that the state has increasing control over media and state resources used during election campaigns and opposition elected officials have "been prevented from actually carrying out their duties afterward". However, the report also recognised "achievements with regard to the eradication of illiteracy, the set up of a primary health network, land distribution and the reduction of poverty".

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the nation, against liberty and against the public order" may be sent to military judges, and the armed forces control most law enforcement relating to border areas, actions by military personnel or by civilians in military-controlled areas, and crimes covered by both military and civilian law. Venezuelan law gives the police more authority than it does in most countries, and they have a central role in initiating and operating judicial proceedings; "the police have gradually assumed many of the functions of both the and investigating judges". "This power has allowed abuses to spread throughout the judicial process", including regular use of false witnesses, invented facts and destroyed evidence, and false charges, as well as the defiance of court orders, protection of accused officials, and harassment of political activists. It has also meant that the justice system has long been particularly poor at investigating alleged abuses by state agents.

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concept of the judiciary and the rule of law if this had happened in another country." Experts of multiple NGOs also criticized the Venezuelan governments record with human rights, with one expert stating that "only 12 public officials have been convicted of violations of human rights in the last decade that in the same period have been more than 5,000 complaints". Experts also criticized the Venezuelan National Commission for the Prevention of Torture for not being independent from the government, questioned the actions of doctors and forensic experts who examined victims and asked about the judicial system's independence from other bodies of the Venezuelan government.

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reviewed cases, the judges also failed to protect torture victims, returning them to detentions centers were torture was denounced, "despite having heard victims, sometimes bearing visible injuries consistent with torture, make the allegation in court". The report also concluded that prosecutorial and judicial individuals at all levels witness or experienced external interference in decision-making, and that several reported receiving instructions either from the judicial or prosecutorial hierarchy or from political officials on how to decide cases.

2489: 2036:. Vergara reported that the agents' faces were covered; they held him for several hours although he informed them that he had parliamentary immunity. Vergara said he heard the officials breaking into Marrero's apartment next door. After about three hours between both apartments, the officials took Marrero and Vergara's driver, Luis Alberto Páez Salazar. Vergara says that as he was being taken away, Marrero shouted to him that the officials had planted a grenade and two rifles. Marrero's attorney called it a "purely political operation". 24: 1076:(IACHR) stated that it "deplores the repressive measures taken by the Venezuelan authorities in response to the wave of protests that began in March in the country" and that it "calls on the State to cease these measures and to effectively fulfill its international human rights obligations." The IACHR was especially concerned with "the increase in deaths, injuries and mass detentions that has accompanied the militarization of the tasks of managing demonstrations" and expressed concern with the state of Leopoldo López's imprisonment. 1465:

economic sanctions were applied, she expressed concern that sanctions would worsen the situation. She highlighted the complaints about and nature of alleged murders by special police forces (FAES). She was disturbed by escalating freedom of speech and press restrictions. She mentioned the significant impact on health care and the medical system: spread of infection disease, and maternal and infant mortality. She reported that a million children are missing school as a consequence of the conditions in the country. She mentioned the

1743:. Complex cases can overwhelm even conscientious judges, and the system easily provides "plausible cover for judicial inaction". The report noted that "the perception is widespread – among lawyers, judges and fiscales as well as ordinary citizens – that corruption has tainted every level of the judicial system..." Prior to 1991, the appointment of judges (via the Judicial Council) was said to be "frankly partisan"; subsequently, open competition and objective criteria mitigated the influence of politics to an extent. 2541:—Maduro said on 23 April, 2024 in an event held at the Miraflores presidential palace, with Karim Khan (the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court), who is investigating Venezuela for possible human right crimes, standing next to him. In the event Maduro said he agreed to allow the reopening of the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The UN Human Rights Office was expelled from Venezuela in February after it had expressed concern over the detention of 68: 1496:

for the dissolution of the FAES. According to the report 1569 cases of executions as consequence as a result of "resistance to authority" were registered by the Venezuelan authorities from 1 January to 19 March. Other 52 deaths that occurred during 2019 protests have been attributed to colectivos. The report also details how the Venezuelan government has "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government" since 2016.

1195: 1089: 2102: 2055: 1700: 1036:, stated that the Bolivarian government failed to respond to multiple requests for information to which Méndez said, "In this case Venezuela did not respond, so I've drawn my conclusions based on the lack of response, but obviously on what I know of cases. And I concluded that the government violated the rights of prisoners". He also stated that the Maduro government did not comply "with the obligation to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture and cruel, 2089:. As of 2016, the U.S. Department of State considered Venezuela a Tier 3 country on the Trafficking in Persons Tier Placement rating, meaning it is a country whose government "does not fully meet the minimum standards" to stop human trafficking "and are not making significant efforts to do so." Venezuela is considered a source and destination of both sex trafficking and forced labor. The government doesn't meet the minimum standards for eliminating human trafficking. 517: 1886:

corruption and economic disaster caused by socialist rule. The only alternative to accepting arrest, he said while standing on a statue of Jose Marti, was to "leave the country, and I will never leave Venezuela!" Hours after the arrest, President Maduro addressed a cheering crowd of supporters in red, saying that he would not tolerate "psychological warfare" by his opponents and that López must be held responsible for his "treasonous acts."

2318:, the development of an area rich in mineral resources, several Venezuelan institutions, including the Academy of Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, the Venezuelan Society of Ecology and the National Assembly, publicly expressed their concern at the non-compliance with environmental and sociocultural impact studies and the violation of rights to prior consultation with indigenous communities. 1508:), reported 57 presumed extra-judiciary executions by FAES in Caracas in early July. Bachelet had called earlier for the dissolution of FAES, but she expressed that "On the contrary, the FAES have received support from the highest level of Government". Another concern in her speech was a proposed law to criminalize human rights organizations that receive money from abroad, a measure that according to 954: 950: 952: 862:. In 2004, Amnesty International criticized President Chavez's administration's handling of the 2000 coup, saying that violent incidents "have not been investigated effectively and have gone unpunished" and that "impunity enjoyed by the perpetrators encourages further human rights violations in a particularly volatile political climate". Amnesty International also criticized the 1107: 1747:

maximum of 34; and 794 days to reach the sentencing phase, against the legal maximum of 68. As a result of the judicial backlog, many prisoners eventually convicted will have spent longer in detention at the time of sentencing than the maximum sentence permitted for their crimes. The backlog also contributes significantly to the overcrowding of Venezuela's prisons.

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detentions against demonstrators in Venezuela". "Witness accounts suggest that security forces, mainly the national guard, the national police and local police forces, have systematically used disproportionate force to instil fear, crush dissent and to prevent demonstrators from assembling, rallying and reaching public institutions to present petitions".

1456:, one of the members of the delegation declared that they were not "fools", that the delegation noticed that the walls of the hospital were freshly painted and that the building smelled like paint. On 17 March, the UN delegation was able to freely visit the Pastor Oropeza hospital in Lara state without escorts, learning about its precarious conditions. 1278: 762:, on 29 October 1988. A joint military-police unit claimed the fishermen (who had no police records and were not known to either Venezuelan or Colombian military intelligence) were a group of guerillas who attacked them with guns and grenades, with an alleged 15–20-minute exchange of gunfire occurring at a range of 20–30 m. A case taken to the 1825:. On 8 February 2007, Cedeño was accused by the Venezuelan Attorney General of aiding Consorcio MicroStar with illegal dollar transactions. Over the next year, prosecutors repeatedly failed to turn up for court dates, leading to accusations that the case was being made to take unnecessarily long due to a lack of evidence. Partly as a result, the 1029:

confessions". The committee also called on more thorough investigations by the Venezuelan government since of the 185 investigations for abuses during the protests, only 5 had been charged. Other issues presented by the committee included the release of Leopoldo López and former mayor Daniel Ceballos from prison, which the UN committee urged.

634:, an economic depression, shortages of basic goods, and drastic increases in unemployment, poverty, disease, child mortality, malnutrition, and crime. According to the Amnesty International, the crisis in Venezuela has reached a “breaking point”, with 75% of citizens suffering from weight loss due to shortage of food. According to the 669:

penalty, extrajudicial execution, and torture and ill-treatment. Venezuela has received a cumulative score of 2.9 out of 10 for these rights. For Empowerment Rights, which consist of freedom of assembly and association, opinion and expression, and participation in government, Venezuela receives a cumulative score of 2.4 out of 10.

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raided the home of Guaidó's chief of staff, Roberto Marrero, who was detained and charged with four counts of conspiracy and illegal gun ownership in a "purely political" operation, said attorney Joel Garcia. Garcia's client, Marrero, has yet to have a hearing; they are often delayed for months and take place behind closed doors.

2836: 1275: 665:, the lowest category, with an index of 3.87 (the second lowest in Latin America), reflecting "Venezuela’s continued slide towards dictatorship as the government has side-lined the opposition-dominated National Assembly, jailed or disenfranchised leading opposition politicians and violently suppressed opposition protests." 2303:

government and Article 124's prohibition on "the registration of patents related to indigenous genetic resources or intellectual property associated with indigenous knowledge." The new constitution followed the example of Colombia in reserving parliamentary seats for indigenous delegates (three in Venezuela's

1182:, the national intelligence director, and Siria Venero de Guerrero, the military attorney general, are responsible for the human rights violations and abuses performed by Venezuelan security forces during the protests. Venezuelan officials have praised authorities for their actions and denied any wrongdoing. 2367:, a chieftain of the Pemon community in Gran Sabana, stated that at least 25 Pemon were killed by Venezuelan troops. The National Assembly added that 80 Pemons had disappeared since the massacre, in addition to the death toll claimed by Guzamana. The events have since been called the "Kumarakapay massacre". 832:, drawn up twenty years before the transition to democracy. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled the courts unconstitutional, but on the grounds that the President had neglected to suspend the relevant constitutional rights (right to a defence, right to be tried by one's natural judge) rather than on the 5382:

Press freedom groups condemn Venezuela's recent shutdown of radio stations as part of a broader strategy by President Hugo Chávez to progressively clamp down on the private news media and they want to put a stop to it. ... Newspaper executives who lead the Miami-based Inter American Press Association

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turned himself in to the Venezuelan National Guard after leading protests in the county. López turned himself in among thousands of cheering supporters, who, like him, wore white as a symbol of nonviolence. He gave a short speech in which he said that he hoped his arrest would awaken Venezuela to the

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ruled that the refusal to renew the concession was an "indirect restriction on the exercise of freedom of expression aimed at impeding the communication and circulation of ideas and opinions", that the government violated the right to due process and that it must restore the concession for RCTV. The

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on 3 March for her failure to condemn Maduro, and called on her "to fulfill the role as high commissioner to defend human rights in a country where they are being brutally overrun". On 8 March, her office announced that she would send a five-person delegation to Venezuela from 11 to 22 March ahead of

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denounced "widespread and systematic use of excessive force" against demonstrators, saying security forces and pro-government groups were responsible for the deaths of at least 73 protesters. UN Human Rights Office described "a picture of widespread and systematic use of excessive force and arbitrary

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The pace of politically motivated arrests in Nicolás Maduro's Venezuela has reached a fever pitch, advocates say, putting 2019 on track to record the highest number of political prisoners in two decades and signaling rising repression in the oil-rich country. In March, Venezuelan intelligence forces

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There have been problems with Venezuela's justice system throughout its democratic period (since 1958). In addition to weak legislative oversight, the Venezuelan military exercises more authority over the judicial process than in most other countries. Crimes against "the independence and security of

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The United States called Friday on the Venezuelan and other Latin American governments to stop intimidating the news media and take action to uphold a free press. ... On Tuesday, the International Press Institute, a media advocacy group, denounced the deterioration of press freedom in Venezuela and

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and two additional indigenous delegates won unreserved seats in the assembly elections. Ultimately, the constitutional process produced what was called "the region's most progressive indigenous rights regime". Innovations included Article 125's guarantee of political representation at all levels of

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denounced that "the charges against Leopoldo López were never adequately substantiated and the prison sentence against him is clearly politically motivated. His only ‘crime’ was being leader of an opposition party in Venezuela...With this decision, Venezuela is choosing to ignore basic human rights

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called for her immediate and unconditional release. Judge María Lourdes Afiuni was detained 15 minutes after granting parole to above mentioned Eligio Cedeño. Afiuni was held for 14 months in a maximum-security prison with individuals she had previously sentenced before she was granted house arrest

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The opposition also claims that the government of Hugo Chávez targeted university students. Some have been jailed under charges of "destabilizing the government," or "inciting civil war." Students have launched hunger strikes over the government's alleged treatment of political prisoners. According

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says there were more than 900 political prisoners in Venezuela as of March 2019, and human rights groups have said that 2,000 Chávez opponents have been under investigation. Venezuela's political opposition complains that the justice system is controlled by the government and is used as a political

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A major long-term problem has been the failure of justice arising from structural delays in the justice system: in 1990 the average court received 675 new cases, and reached decisions on 120. In Caracas the average court took 286 days to complete the investigation phase of trials, against the legal

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The final published report addressed the extrajudicial executions, torture, enforced disappearances and other right violations allegedly committed by Venezuelan security forces in the recent years. Bachelet expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudiciary killings and urged

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revealed that Venezuela’s judiciary failed to adequately investigate widespread abuses despite compelling evidence proving that crimes against humanity like imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty, torture, rape and/or other forms of sexual violence, and persecution against any

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In 2005, Central University of Venezuela professors Margarita López Maya and Luis Lander, stated there was a "greater recognition of the right to protest, and this has been institutionalized." The violent repression of demonstrations fell to 1 in 25 in 1998–99, and to 1 in 36 by 2002–3. However, in

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A number of members of the press covering the protests were severely injured by police. Although participants in the February coup attempt were tried under the regular military justice system, in response to the November coup attempt the government created ad hoc courts based on the 1938 legal code

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Press freedom organizations and Roman Catholic leaders condemned RCTV's removal from cable, calling it part of a broader effort to mute government critics. ... Paris-based Reporters Without Borders said the government's move is "an allergic reaction to dissident voices within the country's leading

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violations, including the use of pre-trial detention as a routine (rather than an exceptional measure) and judges sustaining detentions or charges based on manipulated or fabricated evidence, evidence obtained through illegal means, and evidence obtained through coercion or torture; in some of the

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concluded that "Venezuelan prisons are catastrophic, one of the worst in the American hemisphere, violating the Venezuelan State international obligations on human rights." Key problems included violence (in 1994 there were nearly 500 deaths, including around 100 in a single riot), corruption, and

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who was released 2 days before the visit, joined the crowd. Bachelet announced the creation of a delegation maintained by two U.N. officials that will remain in Venezuela to monitor the humanitarian situation. Bachelet expressed concern that the recent sanctions on oil exports and gold trade could

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On 4 July 2019, the UN reported that the Venezuelan government used death squads to kill 5,287 people in 2018 and another 1,569 through mid-May 2019. Attacking security forces would arrive at a home, separate young men from the rest of the family, then fire into the walls or plant drugs. Then they

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to impose targeted sanctions on Venezuelan individuals responsible for human rights violations as a result of the 2014 Venezuelan protests. The law allows the freezing of assets and visa bans for those accused of using acts of violence or violating the human rights of those opposing the Venezuelan

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The members expressed concern about the movement toward authoritarianism by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez's government, the European Union said Thursday in a release. In January 2010, six cable and satellite television channels were ordered off the air after they were criticized for failing to

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A 2010 OAS it also indicated "blistering" concerns with freedom of expression, human rights abuses, authoritarianism, press freedom, control of the judiciary, threats to democracy, political intimidation, and "the existence of a pattern of impunity in cases of violence, which particularly affects

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On 16 September 2021, the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela released its second report on the country's situation, concluding that the independence of the Venezuelan justice system under Nicolás Maduro has been deeply eroded, to the extent of playing an important role in

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documents that 200 cases of forced disappearances in 2018 increased to 524 in 2019, attributed to increased protests. The analysis found that the average disappearance lasted just over five days, suggesting the government sought to avoid the scrutiny that might accompany large-scale and long-term

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report declared that "the administration of justice is in crisis. courts are undermined by politicization, corruption, inefficiency and lack of resources." Part of the problem was identified as the "pivotal role" of the judge in criminal trials in managing investigations, including directing the

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Arbitrary detentions numbered in the hundreds and continued for some time after the events, and involved student leaders and other civic leaders not connected with the coup attempts. Freedom of expression was suspended for two months in the February case, and three weeks in the November case, and

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and that for months suffered from gastrointestinal diseases related to the insalubrity of his penitentiary center, informing that he lost a lot of weight in his last months of life. There was a court order for his transfer to a health center since 21 November 2020, but it was ultimately ignored.

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were increasingly lagging behind other Latin American countries, which were progressively enshrining a common set of indigenous collective rights in their national constitutions. In the beginning of the 19th century, the Venezuelan government did little for indigenous peoples; more so, they were

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Ahead of a three-week session of the U.N. Human Rights Council, the OHCHR chief, Michelle Bachelet, visits Venezuela from 19 to 21 June. The Human Rights Commissioner met separately with both Maduro and Guaidó during her visit, as well as with Venezuelan prosecutor Tarek William Saab, some human

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stated that "most of the detainees are beaten once they are arrested, while they are being transferred to a temporary detention site where they are to be brought before a judge", giving one instance with "a group of 40 people arrested for alleged looting, 37 reported that they were beaten before

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Mora, a Venezuelan delegate stated, "The prosecution did not receive complaints about the alleged rape told in a book. We suggest to the committee, why worry?", to which a member of the UN commission replied "It's very important and very serious, because it transcends the individual, affects the

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During the 2014 Venezuelan protests, multiple human rights organizations condemned the Venezuelan government for its handling of the protests as security forces had reportedly gone beyond typical practices of handling protests, with methods ranging from the use of rubber pellets and tear gas to

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The Human Rights Measurement Initiative has similarly given Venezuela scores for Civil and Political Rights. For Safety from the State Rights, HRMI uses responses from human rights experts in Venezuela to give the country scores for freedom from arbitrary arrest, forced disappearance, the death

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about an "American plot to overthrow the government" that he presented a week before Ledezma's arrest. Ledezma mocked the accusations stating that the Venezuelan government was destabilizing itself through corruption. The United States denied the accusations by President Maduro and stated that

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Richard Blanco, a male local government official from Caracas, was arrested in Caracas in August 2009, charged with inciting violence and injuring a police officer during a demonstration. Amnesty International said that "his detention appears to be politically motivated", saying that the video

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maintains that the government has a "premeditated policy" to commit violent and lethal acts against protesters, stating that there is "a planned strategy by the government of President Maduro to use violence and illegitimate force against the Venezuelan population to neutralize any criticism".

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requested the IACHR to visit the country, request that was granted. Maduro's administration denied access to the IACHR in January 2020. The IACHR was expected to visit the country in February 2020. The delegation was stopped at the airport when it tried to take a plane to visit Venezuela. The

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had used excessive force to quell protests, including assassination, arbitrary detention, torture and threats. She indicated that the search for food, health care and employment had led to mass emigration from Venezuela. She urged authorities to urgently improve human rights conditions and to

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summarized the key points of her speech. She said that the recognition of and response to the crisis by authorities had been insufficient, and that conditions had deteriorated since their last visit, particularly among vulnerable populations. Recognizing that the devastation began before 2017

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On 28 November, the United Nations Committee Against Torture expressed "alarm" due to the reports of abuse by Venezuelan authorities during the 2014 Venezuelan protests. According to the UN committee, allegations of torture included "beatings, burnings and electric shocks in efforts to obtain

1901:, José Antonio Viera-Gallo, stated that in the case of López, Socialist International "confirmed human right violations against a political leader" giving examples of authorities sounding loud sirens preventing communication when López and others tried to communicate with their families . tt 614:

or otherwise abused in custody, or that they were unable to see their families or lawyers for hours, occasionally days, after an arrest. In several cases, prosecutors failed to present any credible evidence linking the accused to crimes. In some, the evidence included possession of political

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documented at least six cases in which Venezuelan security forces raided residential areas and apartment buildings in Caracas and in four different states, usually near barricades built by residents; according to testimonies, officials bursted into houses without warrants, stealing personal

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with live ammunition, killing two and wounding fifteen. According to them, eighty of their neighbors had to flee to Brazil to escape persecutation, a 5% of inhabitants in a population of 1 500. By the end of the conflict more people were killed, with varying estimates. Former governor

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Held in jail pending trial for 34 months, Cedeño was paroled on 10 December 2009. By the 19th Cedeño had fled to the United States, where he was detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement until 23 December 2009, when he was released on parole pending an immigration hearing.

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During a speech in September 2019 to present the updated report in a UN meeting, Bachelet announced her concerns for possible the extra-judiciary killings carried out by the Venezuelan police after her visit in June. According to her, a non-governmental organization, Victims’ Monitor

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During the 1989–1993 Perez period the violent repression of protest was commonplace, with one of every three demonstrations repressed. During the Caldera administration it fell, and toward the middle of this the proportion of demonstrations repressed had fallen to one of every six.

1679:. Díaz told his wife that during the search, the intelligence agents beat him with his helmet, took away his phone, computer and cash and threatened him to plant a corpse in his house and accuse him of homicide if he spoke about the arrest to anyone. Díaz was held in the infamous 598:, the accumulation of power in the executive branch and erosion of human rights guarantees have enabled the government to intimidate, persecute, and even criminally prosecute its critics. The report added that other persistent concerns include poor prison conditions, impunity for 1488:

worsen the already existing crisis experienced by Venezuelans. She also called for the release of political prisoners in Venezuela. Bachelet has remained under pressure by rights groups to work towards the release of 700 political prisoners jailed in Venezuela, an allegation

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is characterized by inefficiency and low investment, with 70 percent of agricultural land owned by 3 percent of agricultural proprietors (one of the highest levels of land concentration in Latin America). According to the Land and Agricultural Reform Law of 2001 (see

1589:. The right to freedom of expression is set out in Article 57 and Article 58 of the Constitution. The right to express opinions freely without censorship (Article 57) and the right to reply (Article 58) are generally in line with international standards. However, the 1109: 1114: 1112: 1108: 693:. It also created an Office of the Public Defender, which includes the Human Rights Ombudsman's Office. Of the 350 articles in the 1999 constitution, 116 are dedicated to duties, human rights, and guarantees, including a chapter on the rights of indigenous peoples. 661:. In the 2012 report, the country's index had deteriorated to 5.15 and its ranking to 95 out of 167. During the presidency of Nicolás Maduro, the country's democracy has deteriorated further, with the 2017 report downgrading Venezuela from a hybrid regime to an 1113: 2561:

On 27 September 2018, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution for the first time on human rights abuses in Venezuela, with a vote of 23 in favor, 7 against and 17 abstentions. Eleven countries in the Americas sponsored the resolution, including

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proceedings, which involve investigations of state agents (especially police) which allow them to remain on active duty, and often delay criminal proceedings (or make them impossible, if they take so long that statutes of limitation apply) – HRW93,

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demanded his release with Human Rights Watch's Americas division director, Jose Miguel Vivanco, stating that without evidence, Ledezma "faces another case of arbitrary detention of opponents in a country where there is no judicial independence".

1956:. In the operation, the security forces made warning shots to the air to disperse a crowd that was forming. He was then transported to SEBIN's headquarters in Plaza Venezuela. His lawyer declared that the charges for his detention were unknown. 2186:

On 20 August 2012, armed prisoners in the Yare I prison complex, an overcrowded Venezuelan prison, rioted over the weekend, resulting in the deaths of 25 people. 29 inmates and 14 visitors were injured in the riot, and one visitor was killed.

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a few days earlier, though many sources refer to his unconstitutional arrest and detention as being "political" and "arbitrary", that the government used the drone attack as an excuse to penalise the opposition. He was taken contrary to his

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right activists, and families of victims who experienced torture and state repression. Protests took place in front of the UN office in Caracas during the last day of the visit, denouncing rights abuses performed by Maduro's administration.

928:'s government was criticized for "an increase in the selective enforcement of laws and regulations against the opposition in order to minimize its role as a check on government power", which gave Venezuela's freedom rating a downward trend. 1240:. The regime's officials forced dust from tear gas canisters up their noses to pry open their mouths. They then shoved the pasta with excrement in their mouths and made them swallow it". According to the Justice and Peace Commission of the 8785: 2086: 1394:

Since November 2020, Venezuelan state agents have been forcibly entering the offices of civil society organizations and making public threats against defenders engaging with human rights organizations. Five members of the Venezuelan NGO

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in 2011 due to her health following lack of medical treatment and an emergency operation due to physical abuse. In 2013, Afiuni was granted parole. The case of Afiuni is symbolic of the "lack of judicial independence in the country."

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Bachelet gave a preliminary oral report to the UN Human Rights Council on 20 March in which she expressed extreme concern about the seriousness of the human rights situation, which was also a factor in destabilizing the region.

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wrote: "I am personally aggrieved that 105 countries voted in favor of this affront to human life and dignity. It provides ironclad proof that the Human Rights Council is broken, and reinforces why the United States withdrew."

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from China destined to arrive in Venezuela, stating "it is clear that a large amount of tear gas is involved, and Venezuela can be seen as a hazardous area where fundamental human rights are not respected, among other things".

2298:. In this constitution Chávez, aimed for the improvement of human rights, mainly those of women and indigenous peoples. The constitution stated that three seats should be reserved for indigenous delegates in the 131-member 3679: 7668: 7555: 1924:, Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, called for the immediate release of López. The Venezuelan government condemned the statements by the United States and the United Nations, demanding them to not interfere in Venezuelan affairs. 1528:, a human rights organization tweeted for the protection of the human rights of the detained and added that they “only support and promote constitutional, peaceful and civil means to restore the country’s democracy.”. 1162:

that are extremely dangerous". Groups such as the Venezuelan Observatory of Health have denounced the use of tear gas fired directly or nearby health centers and hospitals, as well as houses and residential buildings.

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2008, Venezuela was ranked as the least democratic nation in South America in the 2008 Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index. Also in 2008, Freedom House removed Venezuela from its list of countries that have an

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villages and killed several thousand Ye'kuana. In 1961, a new constitution came, but instead of improving the rights of indigenous peoples, this constitution was a step backward from the previous 1947 constitution.

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in which 92% of voters favored drafting a new constitution. The constitution was drafted by an elected assembly with the participation of diverse citizens' groups, and was voted on later that year in

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specified that non-lethal weapons were used systematically to cause unnecessary injuries, explaining that security forces had fired tear gas canisters directly against protesters at short distances.

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In Venezuela, President Hugo Chávez's government is moving against this TV station, which has press freedom groups raising questions about the future of democracy in a highly polarized country.

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Coronil, Fernando, and Skurski, Julie (2006), "Dismembering and Remembering the Nation: The Semantics of Political Violence in Venezuela", in Coronil, Fernando and Skurski, Julie (eds, 2006),

6491: 6708: 3766: 6621: 4262: 3380: 583:. Concerns include attacks against journalists, political persecution, harassment of human rights defenders, poor prison conditions, torture, extrajudicial executions by death squads, and 9681: 8943: 3796: 8446: 6748: 6543: 3228: 6862: 4347: 993:, who surrendered himself in February, responding to controversial charges of murder and inciting violence, using his arrest to protest the government's "criminalization of dissent." 7604: 5217: 4995: 4284: 3885: 1110: 8061: 7582: 6403: 5081: 4226: 3675: 3540: 3279: 1818: 7672: 7559: 4204: 1659:

and RCTV. It concluded that the Venezuelan government had failed to do enough to prevent and punish acts of intimidation against journalists by third parties, as required by the

9145: 8780: 4618: 2590: 1139: 997: 6800: 3451: 812:. Both failed, and in the process of resisting the coup attempts, government agents were reported to have killed forty people, both civilians and surrendered rebels, either as 9512: 9270: 6840: 3736: 718: 3652: 2452:

Chávez rejected the 2010 OAS report, vowing to withdraw from the IACHR and calling the report "pure garbage". He disclaimed any power to influence the judiciary. Ombudswoman

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evidence provided to support the charges did not show any evidence of violence or incitement by Blanco. Amnesty asked for his liberation. He was freed on bail in April 2010.

894:

According to the United Nations, there were 31,096 complaints of human rights violations received between the years 2011 and 2014. Of the 31,096, 3.1% resulted in only in an

1365:

to initiate an investigation on crimes against humanity allegedly committed in the territory. On 28 September, the Presidency assigned the situation to Pre-Trial Chamber I.

7698: 4046: 3818: 1122:

The majority of individuals killed during protests died from gunshot wounds, with many resulting from the repression by Venezuelan authorities and assisting pro-government

6778: 6565: 3939: 8408: 6956: 6651: 8181: 3350: 8327: 5984: 2601:, demanding "her immediate release and respect for her right to legal defense". Maduro's government expelled its officials, giving them 72 hours to leave the country. 793: 6591: 5944: 4592: 1150:

who has studied over a thousand tear gas canisters since 2014, has stated that security forces have fired expired tear gas which, according to her, "breaks down into

7255: 4164: 4068: 3078: 2307:); and it was the first Latin American constitution to reserve indigenous seats in state assemblies and municipal councils in districts with indigenous populations. 8214: 7975: 5191: 1322:

published a 400-page report concluding that there were grounds that crimes against humanity were committed in Venezuela, including "dozens of murders, thousands of

1016:

over cases between 2002 and 2014. UN experts were dissatisfied with the Venezuelan government's delegation that was led by Deputy Interior Security Law and Policy,

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and that the Venezuelan government "violated several of their civil, political and constitutional rights" while demanding his immediate release. Weeks later, UN

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and was a "farce that has been put to give an express makeover to the hospital, knowing that here people die due to lack of supplies". During a visit in the

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Del Olmo, Rosa (1998), "The State of Prisons and Prisoners in Four Countries of the Andean Region", p 132; in Weiss, Robert P. and Nigel South (1998, eds.),

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in May 2020, eight people were killed, while 23 individuals were detained, in relation to the attempted incursion into Venezuela, including two US citizens.

824:

and the restoration of constitutional guarantees were met with state violence including indiscriminate police firing into crowds, with a total of 13 deaths.

8958: 7837: 5326: 1564: 708: 5448: 3907: 1778:

instrument against Chavez's opponents. The opposition cites corruption charges filed against a variety of opposition figures, including opposition leader

6986: 6900: 3421: 2174:"Venezuela's penitentiary system, considered one of the most violent in Latin America, has 29 prisons and 16 penitentiaries holding some 20,000 inmates". 1330:, more than 290 cases of torture, attacks against the judiciary and a 'state-sanctioned humanitarian crisis' affecting hundreds of thousands of people". 7945: 6430: 5383:

say Venezuela will be at the top of their list as they gather in Caracas for an emergency forum Friday to discuss freedom of expression in the Americas.

2208:

In 2009, the Attorney General announced the creation of an investigative team to examine 6,000 reports of extrajudicial killings between 2000 and 2007.

2140:), public and private land deemed to be illegally held or unproductive is to be redistributed. From 1999 to 2006, 130 landless workers were murdered by 1912:

called for the release of López saying, "we stand in solidarity with those who are detained at this very moment". On 8 October 2014, the United Nations

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government. In March 2015, the United States froze assets and revoked visas of several senior officials connected to human rights abuses in Venezuela.

682: 8087: 6024: 2333: 8349: 8118: 7019: 6677: 4100: 3220: 1540:

denounced Maduro administration for carrying out a "smear campaign" against PROVEA, "expanding its crackdown on critics, opponents and journalists."

1436: 722: 457: 453: 4752: 3021: 7889: 6483: 5599: 5239: 3758: 2357: 2177: 2171:

overcrowding, with the US State Department 1996 report describing it as "overcrowding so severe as to constitute inhuman and degrading treatment".

1636:, and others. Since 2003, Freedom House has ranked Venezuela as "not free" concerning press freedom, with it remaining at that ranking as of 2014. 1334: 6129: 6064: 3596: 1980:, noting the similar cases of arrests made by the Venezuelan Government in what Amnesty International described as "silencing dissenting voices". 8967: 8498: 7636: 6629: 4254: 3788: 3376: 1396: 678: 554: 214: 6002: 5825: 5165: 3981: 1893:

outside of Caracas. In a July 2014 press release, Lopez' wife stated that his visitation rights had been revoked and that he was now subject to

1536:

of the US and of defending the rights of accused “terrorists” and “mercenaries” who he claimed, being “part of Donald Trump’s security forces.”

619:. According to the Amnesty International report from 2016/2017 human rights defenders continued to be targeted with attacks and intimidation by 503: 9414: 8438: 4151: 2344: 1236:

their hair was forcefully shaved off their heads". In other examples of abuses, "15 reported that they were forced to eat pasta with grass and

971:. Other problems during the protests included media censorship and government tolerance of violence by pro-government militant groups known as 7748: 6740: 6539: 5966: 2421:

discovered Venezuelan authorities and armed pro-government groups committed human rights violations that amounted to crimes against humanity.

9429: 9265: 9028: 8878: 8820: 8672: 7304: 6870: 3705: 1448:

College of Physicians denounced that a large operation by government officials was underway to clean, repair and provide medical supplies in

371: 366: 8249: 8158: 5425:

broadcast media." ... U.S. State Department Spokesman P.J. Crowley echoed earlier comments by the U.S. Embassy that Washington is concerned.

4803: 4292: 2536:“The doors of the Miraflores palace are open...so that we can talk about the differences we have, the conflict that arose and overcome it,” 9630: 8053: 7611: 5213: 4991: 3877: 9330: 5051: 5025: 9340: 8962: 7287: 6395: 5572: 5073: 6233: 5720:

p11. The report notes that "such problems are not limited to the courts; they are said to plague most Venezuelan public institutions..."

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argued that the report distorted and took statistics out of context, saying that "human rights violations in Venezuela have decreased".

766:(IACHR) concluded in 1996, with the IACHR ordering Venezuela to pay over $ 700,000 in reparations to next of kin and surviving victims. 10370: 10308: 9166: 8570: 7437: 7032: 4196: 2620: 1265: 1170:

stated that high levels officials of the government, such as José Antonio Benavides Torres, the head of the Bolivarian National Guard;

9972: 5265: 4856: 3443: 805: 225: 9604: 9214: 8972: 6808: 5114: 3104: 2459:

In October 2014, the IACHR asked for permission to assess the human rights environment in Venezuela, but the Commission was denied.

2438: 1633: 1590: 1469:

as an example of the country's collapsing infrastructure, leading to food, water and medical shortages. She said security forces and

1147: 1073: 883: 490: 417: 8530: 5908: 5882: 3648: 2442: 2336:(DGCIM) officials killed a person and injured two Pemons of the Arekuna community after arriving in the Campo Carrao sector, in the 1648: 9494: 9383: 9307: 9260: 9219: 9176: 9133: 5535: 1013: 870:

stating that they "allegedly used excessive force to control the situation on a number of occasions" during protests involving the

472: 468: 9399: 6460: 1765:

Arbitrary detentions in Venezuela between 2014 and 2019 according to Foro Penal. Arrests by year in blue and total arrests in red.

690: 10338: 8992: 8850: 4042: 3822: 3100: 2943: 1414:

identifiable group or by civilian authorities, members of the armed forces, and government supporters are still being committed.

447: 246: 7327: 6830: 6286: 6208: 874:. It was also noted that many of the protesters detained seemed to not be "brought before a judge within the legal time limit". 10343: 9557: 9292: 9186: 9043: 7915: 6924:"Caracas Mayor Detained By State Agents Antonio Ledezma, fierce critic of President Nicolás Maduro, taken away by armed agents" 6770: 6569: 5642: 5134: 4516: 354: 349: 318: 8271: 7583:"Asamblea Nacional alerta sobre los efectos biológicos, psicológicos y sociales de la explotación del Arco Minero del Orinoco" 2922:

Feo, Oscar. 2008. Neoliberal Policies and their Impact on Public Health Education: Observations on the Venezuelan Experience.

1968:

Human rights groups quickly condemned Ledezma's arrest and the similarity of the case to Leopoldo López's arrest was noted by

527: 9676: 9345: 9240: 9097: 9071: 8191: 5620: 5295: 4026: 3354: 3334: 3136: 943: 858:

Shortly after Hugo Chávez's election, ratings for freedom in Venezuela dropped according to political and human rights group

335: 330: 281: 259: 102: 8323: 5988: 4471: 1840:

Cedeño claims that he became a target of the Chávez government as a consequence of his support for its political opponents.

10486: 8775: 5934: 5779: 5568: 5350:

Human Rights Watch and press freedom groups have criticized the investigation, saying it aims to harass Chavez's opponents.

3070: 3014: 2196: 2161: 1913: 1860: 1830: 1664: 1652: 967:

instances of live ammunition and torture of arrested protestors, according to organizations like Amnesty International and

789: 763: 701: 286: 7967: 7259: 5761:

Hernández, Arelis R. and Mariana Zuñiga (12 April 2019). "Political detentions climbing amid worsening Venezuela crisis".

5415: 4494: 3728: 10298: 9282: 9107: 8635: 8218: 7997: 6923: 2555: 1660: 1598: 1032:

On 11 March 2015 at a UN Human Rights Council meeting in Geneva, UN rapporteur on torture and other degrading treatment,

820:

involved censorship of the media. A series of demonstrations in March and April calling for the resignation of President

697: 547: 405: 400: 7501:

Van Cott (2003), "Andean Indigenous Movements and Constitutional Transformation: Venezuela in Comparative Perspective",

3505: 2332:

plateau in southern Venezuela, started coming into conflict increasingly with the Maduro administration. On 8 December,

10573: 10444: 10348: 9277: 9076: 9048: 8913: 8297: 7776: 7174: 4665: 4446: 4126: 2694: 2299: 2211:

Amnesty International estimated that there were more than 8,200 extrajudicial killings in Venezuela from 2015 to 2017.

1921: 1740: 1282: 1065: 1020:

Avalos and questions asked by the UN Committee were not answered accurately by him. In the five-year-old case of Judge

388: 383: 8840: 8557: 2849:"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries" 2238:

aiding state repression and perpetuating state impunity for human rights violations. The document identified frequent

9191: 8813: 8665: 5859: 4639: 2429: 1821:, was arrested in a crackdown by Venezuelan officials on individuals circumventing government currency rules to gain 1621: 649:" with an index of 5.42 out of 10. The country was ranked 93 out of 167 countries, and the third-least democratic in 298: 6099: 5718: 3473: 3057: 2967: 10578: 10516: 9691: 9640: 9454: 8997: 8528:

IN SINGLE SECRET BALLOT, GENERAL ASSEMBLY ELECTS 18 MEMBER STATES TO SERVE THREE-YEAR TERMS ON HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL

7867:"El preso político indígena Salvador Franco murió por falta de atención médica en una cárcel del régimen de Maduro" 7077: 4315:"Sepa quiénes son los 11 venezolanos señalados por la OEA por supuestos crímenes de lesa humanidad – Efecto Cocuyo" 3401: 1805:

The torture of political prisoners has included the capture, mistreatment and in some cases killing of their pets.

1756: 1613: 784:, which successive Venezuelan governments failed to investigate, despite requests from human rights groups such as 9661: 6034: 4427: 2003:

was taken from his apartment in Caracas by SEBIN with his sister, who was released, supposedly in relation to the

10396: 10355: 10280: 8953: 8154: 7463: 6369: 4965: 4402: 2551: 2377:, died on 3 January 2021 due to lack of medical attention. The indigenous people national coordinator of the NGO 2262: 2021: 1949: 1319: 1297: 1241: 607: 165: 141: 9780: 8588: 7065: 7012:

Rosati, Andrew and Patricia Laya (21 March 2019). "Venezuela police detain Guaido's chief of staff after raid".

6182: 5380:

James, Ian (17 September 2009). "Venezuela a top concern at press freedom forum". LexisNexis. Associated Press.

5322: 2113: 2066: 1711: 10318: 9532: 9378: 9012: 8855: 8845: 5437: 4348:"Canada introduces new sanctions on Venezuelan regime in wake of devastating report on crimes against humanity" 2463: 2219: 2045: 1917: 1391:

and other high-ranking officers ordered the systematic killing and torture of critics, violating human rights.

1227:

at an army base when soldiers piled them into two jeeps and transported them to a wooded area just outside the

1055: 1037: 540: 440: 10088: 9947: 6338: 5348:

Jones, Rachel (28 May 2009). "In Venezuela, hundreds march for press freedom". Lexis Nexis. Associated Press.

3562: 3413: 10550: 10461: 10424: 9335: 8681: 8382: 7937: 6426: 3976: 3844: 2812: 2523:

passed a February 2010 resolution expressing "concern about the movement toward authoritarianism" by Chavez.

2304: 1617: 208: 7225: 5812: 4883:"UN human rights chief 'hopeful' Venezuelan authorities are ready to address violations, calls for dialogue" 4011: 3295: 2751: 8806: 8658: 8110: 8083: 5939: 4619:"La crisis que la ONU no pudo ver en el hospital central de Barquisimeto, la constató en el Pastor Oropeza" 4379: 2295: 1881:

Human rights groups consider López as "Latin America's most prominent political prisoner." On 18 February,

1308: 9449: 8589:"Maduro cierra la Oficina del Alto Comisionado de Derechos Humanos de la ONU y expulsa a sus funcionarios" 8357: 7366: 6685: 10409: 10063: 9922: 9810: 9419: 9360: 9250: 8948: 8918: 7121: 4914: 4719: 3971: 3195:

Margarita López Maya and Luis Lander (2005), "Popular Protest in Venezuela: Novelties and Continuities",

3018: 2266: 2033: 1994: 1533: 1179: 642: 635: 291: 276: 178: 10328: 9805: 9770: 5596: 5243: 4103:(in Spanish). Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia. Observatorio Venezolano de la Salud. 28 April 2017. 2348: 2175: 9785: 9635: 9527: 9255: 8933: 7725: 6061: 4043:"Informe: En Venezuela los manifestantes fueron víctimas de vulneraciones y abusos de derechos humanos" 3588: 2776: 1551: 1204: 1098: 480: 422: 136: 10123: 7643: 5157: 4825: 829: 804:

With increasing instability of the political system in the face of economic crisis, Venezuela saw two

780:

One of the six cases brought against Venezuela by the IACHR between 1977 and 1998 related to the 1989

10360: 10223: 10012: 9698: 9439: 9404: 8977: 8697: 6010: 2954: 1905: 1625: 1586: 1466: 863: 686: 95: 9942: 9790: 7395: 1761: 1171: 10158: 10058: 9815: 9686: 9671: 9645: 9547: 9489: 9302: 9287: 9128: 8742: 8732: 8717: 8689: 8644: 5970: 4288: 2725: 2615: 2132: 1676: 1361:, referred the situation in Venezuela since 12 February 2014 to the ICC, requesting the Prosecutor 1178:, the interior minister, Carlos Alfredo Pérez Ampueda, director of the Bolivarian National Police; 1049: 937: 821: 495: 114: 10218: 9907: 9469: 9464: 8241: 7605:"Pronunciamiento de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales sobre el Arco Minero" 6592:"UN Human Rights Chief urges Venezuela to release arbitrarily detained protestors and politicians" 5679: 5665: 4593:"'Los comisionados dijeron que el hospital olía a pintura', médico sobre visita de la ONU al Chet" 2800: 1960:

stated that Ledezma was arrested by the Venezuelan Government after accusations made by President

10198: 9887: 9542: 9140: 8898: 8747: 8722: 8702: 8146: 7894: 6928: 6085: 5240:"Resolutions Passed by the Coordinating Committee of Press Freedom Organisations on 18 June 2008" 4688:"Venezuela: 'A worrying destabilizing factor in the region', Bachelet tells Human Rights Council" 4428:"Venezuela: Extrajudicial Killings in Poor Areas Pattern of Serious Police Abuse Goes Unpunished" 2578: 2283: 1898: 1378: 1312: 1301: 1219: 1212:

Human rights groups have stated that Venezuelan authorities have used force to gain confessions.

813: 599: 10098: 9092: 1849: 1021: 10365: 10163: 9754: 9484: 9209: 8982: 8727: 8707: 8186: 7096: 6896: 6272: 5643:"Venezuelan Journalist Luis Carlos Díaz Was Detained After Reporting On His Country's Blackout" 5047: 5017: 4570:"Médicos llaman a protestar en el Hospital Central de Barquisimeto frente a comisión de la ONU" 4045:(in Spanish). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 31 August 2017. 3940:"CIDH deplora medidas represivas, condena secuela de muertes y emplaza al gobierno bolivariano" 3041: 2409: 2232: 712: 311: 161: 9474: 9350: 7284: 7146: 6709:"Mayor Antonio Ledezma arrested and dragged out of office 'like a dog' by police in Venezuela" 6244: 5561: 2087:

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children

1304:

in the country, including incidents during the 2017 protests and 192 cases of sexual torture.

1017: 1004:

Hundreds of Venezuelans detained by Venezuelan authorities during the protests were tortured.

886:

released a report stating that Venezuela's government practiced "repression and intolerance".

848: 10521: 10380: 10213: 9982: 9245: 8937: 8888: 8712: 8245: 7382: 7280: 7183: 5473: 5103: 4231: 4069:"Bombas lacrimógenas que usa el gobierno están vencidas y emanan cianuro (+ recomendaciones)" 3881: 3174: 3157: 2996: 2353: 2337: 2202: 1973: 1932: 1894: 1609: 1470: 1432: 1323: 1213: 1123: 973: 871: 785: 750:

The Massacre of El Amparo was a massacre of 14 fishermen that took place near the village of

745: 580: 131: 126: 58: 9235: 8923: 7695:"Incursión del Dgcim en Canaima dejó un indígena fallecido y tres heridos (+Fotos y videos)" 5273: 5270:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor: 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices

2669: 2373:, a Pemon arrested in December 2019 accused of having participated in a barracks assault in 2279: 10526: 10454: 10303: 10293: 9912: 9775: 9459: 9355: 9181: 8737: 8527: 5048:"United Nations Treaty Collection: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 4524: 2610: 2155: 2004: 1582: 1285: 584: 266: 190: 10543: 10078: 9932: 8473:"UN Human Rights Office to resume operations in Venezuela following agreement with Maduro" 4826:"On Venezuelan independence day, Maduro calls for dialogue as Guaido slams 'dictatorship'" 3702:"Venezuela: UN rights chief calls for immediate release of opposition leader, politicians" 3255: 3108: 3000: 606:

outlets. The report continues that in 2016, the Bolivarian National Intelligence Service (

8: 10449: 9620: 9599: 9537: 8883: 8829: 8763: 8618: 8412: 7035:[National Assembly calls for sanctions for the 'kidnapping' of Roberto Marrero]. 6652:"Venezuela: Sentence against opposition leader shows utter lack of judicial independence" 6080: 5104:

Preliminary Evaluation by the IACHR of the Visit to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

2951: 2625: 2520: 2433:

April 2019 findings: "98% of cases of human rights violations go unpunished in Venezuela"

2286:, where 100 settlers were killed. In the following nine years, Funes destroyed dozens of 2265:

make up around 1.5% of the population nationwide, though the proportion is nearly 50% in

1928: 1327: 1143: 1094:

National Guardsman firing live ammunition at protesters on 19 June, killing Fabián Urbina

879: 627: 485: 271: 6452: 5790: 5539: 2598: 2542: 2502:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2453: 1672: 37:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

10506: 10248: 10193: 9987: 9962: 9877: 9847: 9625: 9583: 9434: 9424: 9297: 9002: 7971: 7941: 7806:"Confirman 25 muertos en Santa Elena de Uairén y denuncian uso de presos para reprimir" 7332: 6989:[SEBIN detained Roberto Marrero and raided the home of deputy Sergio Vergara]. 6835: 5188:"Venezuela: Globovisión attack must be urgently investigated and journalists protected" 4547:"UN rights team heading to Venezuela may pave way for official mission led by Bachelet" 4130: 4003: 3178: 3161: 3053: 2400: 2315: 2270: 2167: 2009: 1981: 1977: 1770: 1735: 1605: 1576: 1537: 1410: 1370: 1167: 1127: 978: 968: 616: 576: 10233: 10208: 9967: 9917: 9872: 9733: 5509: 4940: 4778: 4666:"Oral update on the situation of human rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" 3701: 3618: 2940: 2374: 1791: 959: 590:

According to the Human Rights Watch report of 2017, under the leadership of President

183: 10178: 10168: 10103: 9862: 7909: 7337: 6263: 6160: 5128: 4165:"Venezuelan Regime Steps up Torture against Protesters, Forces Them to Eat Excrement" 4022: 3789:"Venezuela tuvo que responder por más de 3.000 casos de tortura ante Naciones Unidas" 3330: 2362: 2252: 1890: 1644: 1440: 1059: 982: 914: 603: 10143: 9842: 9373: 8460:

broadcast Chavez's speech on the 52nd anniversary of the overthrow of Perez Jimenez.

7669:"AN niega autorización constitucional al Ejecutivo para explotación del Arco Minero" 7556:"Arco Minero sigue sin estudios de impacto socioambiental a dos años de su creación" 7147:"South America :: Venezuela — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency" 5296:"In 'cure worse than cold,' Globovisión waits to be stripped of broadcast frequency" 2311: 1961: 1927:

When in September 2015 López was sentenced to 13 years and nine months prison term,

1882: 1655:

concluded two cases brought against Venezuela by the private Venezuelan TV stations

1529: 1489: 1388: 1175: 1174:, the defense minister and the strategic operational commander of the Armed Forces; 1033: 990: 925: 595: 171: 9857: 9852: 9325: 8593: 7720: 6866: 6831:"Caracas Mayor Arrested on Sedition Accusation, Plunging Venezuela into New Crisis" 1509: 1501: 1401: 1377:

since 2016 for "resistance to authority" and many of these killings may constitute

751: 662: 521: 121: 10253: 10113: 8027:"Cidh califica de excepcional rechazo del gobierno venezolano ante posible visita" 5299: 3759:"Venezuela ante la ONU: "Puede haber individuos armados dentro de los colectivos"" 3133: 1814: 602:, and continuous harassment by government officials of human rights defenders and 10183: 10153: 10148: 10138: 9795: 9738: 9725: 9522: 9444: 9171: 9161: 8987: 8639: 8534: 7580: 7291: 7178: 7084: 6713: 6106: 6068: 5935:"Venezuelan bank president detained in crack down on illegal dollar transactions" 5603: 5110: 3283: 3140: 3025: 2947: 2370: 2181: 2025: 1945: 1787: 1629: 1521: 218: 10108: 10022: 8650: 6863:"Opposition leaders in Venezuela call for rally to protest Caracas mayor arrest" 4019:

Crackdown on Dissent. Brutality, Torture, and Political Persecution in Venezuela

1852:

was arrested after ordering the release of Eligio Cedeño on corruption charges.

1369:

would say that the victims had been killed during a confrontation. According to

10434: 10203: 10188: 10173: 10133: 10032: 9902: 9897: 9033: 9007: 8523: 7414: 7409: 5909:"Thor, la mascota de un preso político que encerraron por 22 meses en el Sebin" 4882: 4687: 4546: 2558:

for the 2013–2015 period; the first time Venezuela was elected to the council.

2418: 2256: 2137: 2000: 1856: 1826: 1779: 1474:"demonstrate their real commitment to addressing the many challenging issues". 1453: 1384: 1362: 631: 10053: 9997: 8632: 6987:"Sebin detuvo a Roberto Marrero y allanó vivienda del diputado Sergio Vergara" 6484:"Imprisoned opposition leader subjected to psychological torture, wife claims" 5883:"Tortura a presos políticos incluye tratos crueles y encierro de sus mascotas" 4857:"UN report cites 'shockingly high' number of likely 'executions' in Venezuela" 3819:"Estado no respondió con precisión preguntas de la ONU sobre casos de tortura" 2594: 2467: 2029: 1783: 1656: 1640: 1293: 1198: 1092: 809: 591: 10567: 10491: 10419: 10375: 10027: 10007: 10002: 9977: 9800: 9066: 8893: 7890:"Foro Penal: Falleció en El Rodeo II el preso político pemón Salvador Franco" 7341: 4804:"UN Human Rights Chief Urges Venezuelan Government to Free Jailed Dissidents" 4622: 4596: 4352: 4319: 2274:

pushed away from the agricultural center to the periphery. In 1913, during a

1288:

and relatives of those killed during protests discuss the crisis in Venezuela

921: 859: 650: 646: 9892: 8627: 7328:"A Knock, Then Gone: Venezuela Secretly Detains Hundreds to Silence Critics" 7171: 6312:"Jailed Venezuelan opposition leader Leopoldo Lopez calls for more protests" 5242:(Press release). International Press Institute. 18 June 2008. Archived from 4101:"Observatorio Venezolano de la Salud alerta sobre uso de gases lacrimógenos" 3908:"Venezuela: UN rights chief decries excessive force used against protesters" 2347:, members of the armed forces loyal to Maduro fired upon the inhabitants of 67: 10466: 10414: 10238: 10073: 9882: 9578: 9479: 9365: 9038: 6056: 4447:"Venezuela Ordered Killings and Torture of Critics, U.N. Investigators Say" 4255:"Denunciaron 289 casos de tortura en la Organización de Estados Americanos" 3912: 2968:"AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS "PACT OF SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA" (B-32)" 1909: 1822: 1680: 1594: 1449: 1135:

belongings and food from residents, as well as beating and arresting them.

986: 572: 10243: 9409: 8622: 7721:"As tensions over aid rise, Venezuelan troops fire on villagers, kill two" 6130:"Venezuelan leader violates independence of judiciary – UN rights experts" 5851: 3589:"S.2142 – Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014" 3351:"Como 'una tragedia' cataloga la ONU situación de las cárceles en el país" 10128: 10118: 9992: 9517: 8546: 7749:"Kumarakapay: las huellas de una masacre contra un pueblo en resistencia" 7305:"The women fighting to solve hundreds of mysterious murders in Venezuela" 7204:

Comparing prison systems: Toward a comparative and international penology

6118:

Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez Abuses Extradition Treaties, Says Lawyer

5967:"Interpol captura en Panamá a Gustavo Arraíz imputado por caso Microstar" 3792: 3762: 2582: 2326: 2287: 2275: 2239: 1484: 1118:

Venezuelan protester David Vallenilla being shot dead by a security agent

917:

in 1982. Cordero was elected and PROVEA demanded his immunity be lifted.

833: 620: 10037: 8182:"IACHR requests the Venezuelan government to guarantee all human rights" 4227:"Heimild til flutnings á hergögnum um íslenskt yfirráðasvæði ekki veitt" 2644: 2101: 2054: 1699: 9957: 7637:"Carta al Presidente de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos" 7362: 6514:"Socialist International rejects detention of dissenter Leopoldo López" 5760: 4169: 4152:

Venezuela's Brutal Crime Crackdown: Executions, Machetes and 8,292 Dead

4073: 4007: 3944: 3377:"La situación de las cárceles venezolanas es una tragedia, dice la ONU" 2378: 2215: 1799: 1774: 1558: 1461: 1445: 1428: 1311:(ICC) announced that it would open preliminary probes into the alleged 1232: 1131: 895: 8798: 5022:

United Nations Human Rights Committee: Office of the High Commissioner

2848: 1296:

testified about 289 cases of torture during the first audience of the

10429: 9552: 9123: 7058:"Venezuela crisis escalates as Guaido's chief of staff is arrested". 7033:"Asamblea Nacional pide sanciones por 'secuestro' de Roberto Marrero" 6062:

UN human rights panel accuses Chávez of undermining Venezuelan judges

2571: 2329: 2190: 1604:

Concerns about freedom of the press in Venezuela have been raised by

1374: 1338: 1237: 1228: 755: 6622:"Venezuela rechazó resolución ONU sobre López y pide no inmiscuirse" 4374: 2472: 2356:

declared that fourteen people were killed, and National Assemblyman

1897:, including isolation. Chilean lawyer and secretary of a mission of 10401: 8903: 8571:"Venezuela to Join U.N. Human Rights Council, Despite Track Record" 8350:"Gobierno de Venezuela cierra la puerta a visita de delegados CIDH" 7838:"El Parlamento venezolano denuncia la desaparición de 80 indígenas" 7753: 4753:"Protests Erupt in Caracas During Venezuela Visit by UN's Bachelet" 2382: 2269:. Prior to the creation of the 1999 constitution, legal rights for 2142: 1802:, as of 4 June 2018 there were 973 political prisoners nationwide. 1675:

was arbitrarily detained on the accusations of causing the massive

1354: 1346: 1252: 1159: 1155: 781: 775: 7581:

Con información de nota de prensa, Ariana Revollo (22 June 2018).

7438:"Venezuela judicial independence deeply eroded: UN rights experts" 7410:"Venezuela's justice system aiding repression: Human rights probe" 4915:"Killings, torture still going on in Venezuela: U.N. rights chief" 4517:"Chile's Pinera slams UN's Bachelet for failure to condemn Maduro" 4403:"Venezuela Forces Killed Thousands, Then Covered It Up, U.N. Says" 3845:"U.N. watchdog urges Venezuela to investigate torture allegations" 1965:"Venezuela's problems cannot be solved by criminalizing dissent". 10511: 10323: 8499:"Venezuela's Maduro says he is open to receiving UN rights envoy" 7871: 6029: 5216:(Press release). Inter American Press Association. 31 July 2009. 4720:"U.N. rights chief Bachelet urges Venezuela to release prisoners" 2314:'s presidency (Chávez's successor) and after the creation of the 1953: 1684: 1318:

On 29 May 2018, a Board of Independent Experts designated by the

1248: 1224: 1151: 611: 7011: 5801: 5402:

in particular the Chavez government's harassment of Globovision.

1855:

In December 2009, three independent human rights experts of the

9102: 8272:"Chávez dice abandonará organismo DDHH de la OEA por "mafioso"" 6081:"UPDATE: Venezuelan Banker, Wanted Back Home, Is Paroled in US" 4472:"Standing in solidarity with Venezuelan human rights defenders" 3972:"Venezuela's New Government Approach to Crowd Control: Robbery" 2567: 2563: 1525: 1342: 1140:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

998:

Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014

902: 8239: 6893:"Amnesty International deplores actions against Mayor Ledezma" 6424: 5826:"Foro Penal asegura que hay 973 presos políticos en Venezuela" 5680:

Elusive reform: democracy and the rule of law in Latin America

5666:

Elusive reform: democracy and the rule of law in Latin America

5323:"Head of Venezuelan TV station: Raid of home was scare tactic" 4642:[10 keys if Michelle Bachelet's report on Venezuela]. 3878:"Venezuela violó derecho internacional al no prevenir tortura" 3729:"Venezuela government faces brutality accusations over unrest" 3676:"Latin America silent on Venezuela as US airs rights concerns" 719:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

10439: 8147:"Press release N° 20/10, IACHR publishes report on Venezuela" 7810: 7464:"Venezuela's Justice System Perpetuating Human Rights Abuses" 5621:"Venezuela: Journalist Detained, Accused of Causing Blackout" 5158:"Report accuses Chávez of undermining democracy in Venezuela" 5074:"CCPR – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 3402:

Provea criticizes Róger Cordero is allowed to become a deputy

2898: 2873: 2322: 1350: 867: 759: 658: 8383:"OAS human rights delegation barred from entering Venezuela" 8324:"Venezuelan official disputes report on human rights abuses" 7777:"Al menos 14 muertos en la frontera de Venezuela con Brasil" 7671:. Correo del Caroní. Prensa AN. 15 June 2016. Archived from 7302: 6957:"Juan Guaidó's chief of staff arrested by Venezuelan agents" 6427:"Murder charges against Venezuela opposition leader dropped" 5272:. U.S. Department of State. 25 February 2009. Archived from 4640:"10 claves del informe de Michelle Bachelet sobre Venezuela" 4197:"Efectivos militares orinaron a joven detenida en protestas" 4002: 2424: 1651:, which briefly overthrew his government. In March 2009 the 1373:

almost 18,000 people have been killed by security forces in

10285: 8215:"Venezuela government violating basic human rights: report" 6155: 4941:"UN human rights chief cites continued abuses in Venezuela" 4495:"Venezuela, the International Criminal Court, and Impunity" 3173:

Clifford C. Rohde, Jamie Fellner, Cynthia G. Brown (1993),

3156:

Clifford C. Rohde, Jamie Fellner, Cynthia G. Brown (1993),

2577:

When the UN General Assembly voted to add Venezuela to the

1358: 906: 654: 6339:"Venezuela's Lopez says ready for arrest at Tuesday march" 5078:

United Nations Human Right Office of the High Commissioner

4285:"ICC to open preliminary probes in Philippines, Venezuela" 2720: 2718: 2716: 2389: 615:

materials, including pamphlets calling for the release of

8084:"Venezuela violates human rights, OAS commission reports" 6453:"Venezuelan opposition leader Leopoldo Lopez denied bail" 6373: 5366:. National Public Radio (NPR); LexisNexis. 11 June 2009. 5298:. Reporters without Borders. 23 June 2009. Archived from 4779:"UN human rights chief appeals for dialogue in Venezuela" 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 3277:

The Economist Intelligence Unit's Index of Democracy 2008

3129: 1833:

declared Cedeño's detention arbitrary in September 2009.

1643:

decided shut down the channel by refusing to renew their

4127:"Venezuela: Senior Officials' Responsibility for Abuses" 958:

Pro-government colectivos fire upon the protest student

868:

Direccion de Inteligencia Seguridad y Prevención (DISIP)

689:

sought to secure a wider range of human rights, such as

9667:

Law against Fascism, Neofascism and Similar Expressions

7226:"Well-armed Venezuela prisoners riot again, killing 25" 6741:"Sebin detuvo al alcalde Metropolitano Antonio Ledezma" 6566:"ONU insta a la inmediata liberación de Leopoldo López" 6540:"Obama calls for release of Venezuelan dissenter López" 5756: 5754: 5752: 5395:"US calls for free press in Venezuela, Latin America". 4713: 4711: 4709: 3563:"Venezuela arrests one opposition mayor, jails another" 2713: 2533:“Let's overcome the differences, the conflict we had.” 1936:

principles and giving the green light to more abuses."

700:

in 1977. This makes it part of the jurisdiction of the

8179: 8054:"Venezuela, President Chávez criticized in OAS report" 7030: 5813:

Venezuelan protesters end hunger strike over prisoners

5362:"Venezuela Threatens To Close Opposition TV Station". 5190:. Amnesty International. 4 August 2009. Archived from 5018:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 4992:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" 4818: 4737: 3444:"Amnesty Reports Dozens of Venezuela Torture Accounts" 2589:

On 15 February 2024, the Maduro government closed the

2399:

In September 2008, the Venezuelan government expelled

685:

and approved with 71.8% support among voters. The new

8465: 8401: 7998:"Venezuela: UN Inquiry Finds Crimes Against Humanity" 7326:

Turkewitz, Julie; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (19 June 2020).

7097:"Trafficking in Persons Report 2016: Tier Placements" 5985:"Fiscalía realizó nueva acusación por caso Microstar" 4851: 4849: 4847: 3506:"Venezuela: Violence Against Protesters, Journalists" 2581:

in October 2019, US Ambassador to the United Nations

2345:

that year's shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela

6771:"Sebin se lleva detenido al alcalde Antonio Ledezma" 6183:"Venezuela Violates Rights of Judge Afiuni in Trial" 6003:"Detienen en Panamá a solicitado por caso Microstar" 5749: 4706: 1671:

In March 2019, an independent Venezuelan journalist

1565:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1559:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

709:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

8240:Forero, Juan and Steve Inskeep (24 February 2010). 7968:"Venezuela: Human Rights Watch Delegation Expelled" 7367:"Reporte Sobre La Represión En Venezuela. Año 2019" 6954: 6829:Gupta, Girish; Robles, Frances (20 February 2015). 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6425:Castillo, Mariano and Ed Payne (20 February 2014). 6337:Wallis, Daniel; Chinea, Eyanir (16 February 2014). 6025:"Cedeno Trial Postponed for Fourth Time in a Month" 5466: 5430: 5214:"IAPA condemns harsh blow to Venezuela's democracy" 3649:"Obama Signs Bill to Sanction Venezuelan Officials" 3619:"OBAMA SIGNS BILL TO SANCTION VENEZUELAN OFFICIALS" 2695:"Venezuela: Human Rights Watch Delegation Expelled" 2334:

Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence

1387:' investigators reported on 16 September 2020 that 8491: 7325: 7218: 6396:"Venezuela opposition leader jailed over protests" 5691: 5689: 5538:. Inter Press Service. 30 May 2007. Archived from 5416:"Removal of anti-Chavez TV channel spurs protests" 4844: 4400: 2550:On 12 November 2012, Venezuela was elected by the 2441:(IACHR) since 2002, stating that it supported the 2282:, colonel Tomas Funes seized control of Amazonas’ 2191:Extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances 1593:(IACHR) expressed concern about Article 58 of the 977:. Venezuela's government has also been accused of 8680: 8217:. Jurist: Legal news and research. Archived from 8212: 8045: 6948: 1437:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 1283:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 1244:, many other cases of abuses have been recorded. 723:Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 677:Soon after President Chávez was first elected, a 10565: 8558:Venezuela: Landmark UN Rights Council Resolution 8298:"Chavez Rejects Report Citing Rights Violations" 7303:McKenzie, David; Vasco Cotovio (30 April 2019). 6815: 6017: 5413: 2475:, Colombia, close to the border with Venezuela. 2085:Venezuela is a signatory (December 2000) to the 1647:, accusing the channel of being involved in the 1512:, "could further erode democracy in Venezuela". 1444:a potential visit by Bachelet. On 15 March, the 1333:On 27 September 2018, six states parties to the 1012:In November 2014, Venezuela appeared before the 816:, or through the use of disproportionate force. 7553: 7198: 7196: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6393: 5987:. Venevision.com. 26 March 2007. Archived from 5686: 3555: 3353:. El Nacional. 28 November 2014. Archived from 3318: 2726:"World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Venezuela" 1889:López was denied bail and is being held in the 1007: 852:Freedom ratings in Venezuela from 1998 to 2017. 8173: 7814:(in Spanish). 24 February 2019. Archived from 6418: 5969:. UnionRadio.net. 1 March 2007. Archived from 5742: 5740: 5738: 5728: 5726: 4777:Smith, Scott; Goodman, Joshua (22 June 2019). 4718:Pons, Corina; Castro, Shaylim (22 June 2019). 3821:. El Nacional. 8 November 2014. Archived from 3250: 3248: 3246: 1668:Venezuelan government has ignored the ruling. 1417: 1200:Human Rights Watch multimedia report on abuses 905:criticized the fact that the government party 9430:Statute Governing the Transition to Democracy 9146:Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act 8814: 8666: 8356:(in Spanish). 31 January 2020. Archived from 7531: 7529: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7172:Venezuela: the promise of land for the people 7005: 6568:. El Nacional. 8 October 2014. Archived from 5791:Jailing of judge provokes debate in Venezuela 5597:CorteIDH ordena restablecer frecuencia a RCTV 5347: 5320: 5155: 4680: 4444: 3674:Goodman, Joshua; Orsi, Peter (7 April 2015). 3329:. Penguin Books: New York. pp. 182–194. 3288: 3001:Venezuela: The Amparo Massacre: Four years on 1843: 1543: 548: 8908: 8787:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 8431: 8409:"Human rights: Venezuela, Madagascar, Burma" 8108: 8051: 7193: 6974: 6700: 6654:. Amnesty International. 10 September 2015. 6506: 6336: 6156:"News from California, the nation and world" 5927: 4966:"Venezuelan Human Rights Group Under Attack" 4776: 3872: 3870: 3498: 3406: 3256:"VENEZUELA Protestors in civil disturbances" 3071:"Venezuela Inquiry Urged on Abuses in Riots" 2294:In 1999, a new constitution was formed, the 1690: 1585:is mentioned by two key clauses in the 1999 679:national referendum was called in April 1999 8242:"OAS Report Critical of Venezuela's Chavez" 8180:Alonso, Juan Francisco (24 February 2010). 8141: 8139: 8021: 8019: 7554:Ramírez Cabello, María (23 February 2018). 6828: 6367: 6330: 6304: 5735: 5723: 5364:SHOW: Morning Edition 10:00 am EST NPR 3673: 3611: 3343: 3243: 3221:"Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2014" 3152: 3150: 3148: 2325:, an indigenous community that live in the 1999:On 7 August 2018, National Assembly deputy 1532:accused PROVEA of receiving money from the 1223:reported that a young men had already been 1056:2017 Venezuelan protests § Plan Zamora 1043: 996:In December 2014, the United States signed 931: 808:; one of which was led by future president 638:, the unemployment rate has reached 34.3%. 10502:International Criminal Court investigation 10371:Local Committees for Supply and Production 8821: 8807: 8673: 8659: 7938:"Venezuela: Chávez's Authoritarian Legacy" 7526: 7490: 7361: 7051: 6387: 5536:"Easy to See the Speck in the Other's Eye" 5379: 4717: 4261:(in European Spanish). 14 September 2017. 4156: 3047: 2621:International Criminal Court and Venezuela 2593:office in Caracas after High Commissioner 1477: 1266:International Criminal Court and Venezuela 1259: 555: 541: 8151:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 6915: 6855: 5712: 5115:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 5080:. United Nations Human Rights Committee. 4634: 4632: 4445:Cumming-Bruce, Nick (16 September 2020). 4323:(in Spanish). 30 May 2018. Archived from 4061: 3867: 3720: 3581: 3369: 3327:Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela 3191: 3189: 3187: 2439:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2425:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1634:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1591:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1074:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 884:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 796:was charged in relation to the Caracazo. 8136: 8016: 7031:Rodrigues Rosas, Ronny (22 March 2019). 6361: 5823: 4617:Sleinan, Julett Pineda (18 March 2019). 4591:Sleinan, Julett Pineda (15 March 2019). 4119: 3524: 3508:. Human Rights Watch. 21 February 2014. 3436: 3270: 3167: 3145: 3010: 3008: 2471:delegation decided instead to travel to 2428: 2226: 1760: 1292:On 14 September 2017, Venezuelan lawyer 1269: 1105: 1014:United Nations Committee Against Torture 947: 847: 836:grounds for which they were criticised. 739: 9631:Unitary Platform presidential primaries 9331:Presidential campaign of Nicolás Maduro 8828: 8569:Symonds, Alexandria (17 October 2019). 8568: 8206: 8102: 8076: 7914:. Human Rights Watch. 20 January 2010. 7884: 7882: 7861: 7859: 7800: 7798: 7461: 7024: 6801:"Detuvieron al alcalde Antonio Ledezma" 6558: 5133:. Human Rights Watch. 20 January 2010. 4913:Nebehay, Stephanie (9 September 2019). 4912: 4616: 4590: 3694: 3030: 2670:"IACHR Annual Report 2008 - Chapter IV" 2390:Relationships with international bodies 2024:officials first broke into the home of 2020:In the early morning of 21 March 2019, 1431:meeting in Colombia, Chilean President 1406:were also detained without a warrant. 623:and high-ranking government officials. 10566: 8929:Economic policies under Nicolás Maduro 8562: 8377: 8375: 8213:Schimizzi, Carrie (24 February 2010). 7462:Banwait, Harjyot (19 September 2021). 7189:(in French, Portuguese, and Esperanto) 7164: 6546:from the original on 28 September 2014 5657: 5562:"Inter American Court of Human Rights" 5528: 4629: 4567: 4549:(Press release). UN News. 8 March 2019 4420: 4265:from the original on 15 September 2017 4162: 3569:from the original on 24 September 2015 3466: 3213: 3184: 3101:"Comité de Familiares de las Víctimas" 2478: 1948:was detained without a warrant by the 1750: 924:'s report on the year 2013, President 792:. In July 2009, then-defence minister 9513:National Assembly leadership election 9167:Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis 8924:Devaluation of the Venezuelan bolívar 8802: 8654: 8449:from the original on 18 February 2010 8439:"European Parliament OKs resolutions" 8419:from the original on 14 February 2010 8161:from the original on 28 February 2010 8121:from the original on 16 February 2015 7948:from the original on 29 November 2016 7256:"1993 Human Rights Report: VENEZUELA" 7062:. 21 March 2019 – via ProQuest. 6955:Parkin Daniels, Joe (21 March 2019). 6936:from the original on 21 February 2015 6885: 6843:from the original on 21 February 2015 6781:from the original on 20 February 2015 6751:from the original on 20 February 2015 6721:from the original on 21 February 2015 6706: 6658:from the original on 24 November 2017 6520:from the original on 15 December 2014 6481: 6433:from the original on 22 February 2014 6349:from the original on 17 February 2014 6314:. Fox News Latino. 15 December 2014. 5880: 5502: 5266:"2008 Human Rights Report: Venezuela" 5168:from the original on 2 September 2013 5054:from the original on 11 November 2016 5028:from the original on 11 November 2016 4938: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4561: 4474:. Human Rights Watch. 5 February 2021 4346:Smith, Marie-Danielle (30 May 2018). 4345: 4077:(in European Spanish). 8 April 2017. 3855:from the original on 28 November 2014 3726: 3629:from the original on 19 December 2014 3599:from the original on 13 December 2014 3530: 3512:from the original on 21 February 2014 3424:from the original on 16 December 2014 3383:from the original on 30 November 2014 3306:from the original on 16 December 2014 3005: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2591:UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 2394: 2343:On 22 February 2019, on the onset of 2032:, neighbor, National Assembly deputy 1976:condemned Ledezma's arrest called it 1773:has escalated significantly. The NGO 1315:performed by Venezuelan authorities. 1251:blocked the entrance of 16 tonnes of 913:, who was militarily involved in the 10487:Enforced disappearances in Venezuela 10286:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas 8633:Amnesty International Venezuela page 8304:. Associated Press. 25 February 2010 8033:from the original on 29 October 2014 7918:from the original on 31 January 2010 7879: 7856: 7830: 7795: 7713: 7455: 7430: 7402: 6921: 6394:Goodman, Joshua (18 February 2014). 6370:"The face of Venezuela's opposition" 5590: 5490:from the original on 14 January 2015 5414:Sanchez, Fabiola (25 January 2010). 5137:from the original on 31 January 2010 5084:from the original on 9 November 2017 4998:from the original on 8 November 2016 4750: 3799:from the original on 9 November 2014 3769:from the original on 9 November 2014 3739:from the original on 26 October 2014 3708:from the original on 21 October 2014 3324: 3231:from the original on 30 October 2014 3015:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 2597:condemned the detention of activist 2482: 2246: 2197:Enforced disappearances in Venezuela 2162:Observatorio Venezolano de Prisiones 2096: 2092: 2049: 2039: 1914:Working Group on Arbitrary Detention 1861:Working Group on Arbitrary Detention 1831:Working Group on Arbitrary Detention 1694: 1665:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 1653:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 790:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 764:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 702:Inter-American Court of Human Rights 17: 10299:United Socialist Party of Venezuela 8851:History of Venezuela (1999–present) 8372: 7661: 7629: 7597: 7574: 7558:. Correo del Caroní. Archived from 7547: 7236:from the original on 21 August 2012 6542:. El Universal. 23 September 2014. 5852:"Presos Políticos a Nivel Nacional" 5623:. Human Rights Watch. 12 March 2019 5156:Carroll, Rory (18 September 2008). 3948:(in European Spanish). 9 May 2017. 3920:from the original on 13 August 2017 3655:from the original on 1 January 2015 2978:from the original on 4 January 2016 2974:. Organization of American States. 2916: 2556:United Nations Human Rights Council 2437:Venezuela has denied access to the 2133:Venezuela's present-day agriculture 1661:American Convention on Human Rights 1599:American Convention on Human Rights 909:selected as candidate for congress 898:by the Venezuelan Public Ministry. 698:American Convention on Human Rights 13: 9049:III National Assembly of Venezuela 8968:Interventions of political parties 6899:. 20 February 2015. Archived from 6869:. 20 February 2015. Archived from 6707:Sabin, Lamiat (20 February 2015). 6516:. El Universal. 17 November 2014. 6463:from the original on 31 March 2014 5862:from the original on 27 March 2018 4901: 4497:. Human Rights Watch. 21 July 2021 4401:Nick Cumming-Bruce (4 July 2019). 4081:from the original on 24 April 2017 4049:from the original on 11 April 2018 3888:from the original on 13 March 2015 3727:Gupta, Girish (26 February 2014). 3543:from the original on 2 August 2017 3454:from the original on 14 April 2014 3107:. 28 February 2007. Archived from 2990: 2929: 2015: 1952:at his office in the EXA Tower in 1939: 1922:High Commissioner for Human Rights 1066:United Nations Human Rights Office 981:of opponents, most notably former 672: 14: 10590: 9192:IV National Assembly of Venezuela 8612: 8252:from the original on 1 March 2010 8109:Prado, Paulo (24 February 2010). 8090:from the original on 1 March 2010 8052:Forero, Juan (24 February 2010). 7978:from the original on 25 June 2009 7697:. 9 December 2018. Archived from 7642:. 2 December 2016. Archived from 6628:. 10 October 2014. Archived from 6602:from the original on 30 June 2015 6494:from the original on 26 July 2014 6406:from the original on 1 March 2014 6318:from the original on 2 April 2015 5947:from the original on 2 April 2007 5881:Marra, Yohana (1 February 2020). 5220:from the original on 19 July 2011 4939:Smith, Scott (9 September 2019). 4291:. 8 February 2018. Archived from 4177:from the original on 12 June 2017 4107:from the original on 16 July 2018 3984:from the original on 14 June 2017 3682:from the original on 8 April 2015 3531:Lopez, Leopoldo (25 March 2014). 3134:Former Venezuela minister charged 2899:"Venezuela - HRMI Rights Tracker" 2874:"Venezuela - HRMI Rights Tracker" 2526: 2146:paid by opponents to the reform. 1988: 1904:On 23 September 2014 at the 2014 1876: 1867: 1769:Venezuela is a country where the 1622:United States Department of State 944:United States–Venezuela relations 10517:Political prisoners in Venezuela 9562:V National Assembly of Venezuela 8998:States of emergency in Venezuela 8581: 8551: 8540: 8517: 8342: 8330:from the original on 4 June 2011 8316: 8290: 8264: 8233: 8111:"OAS Report Chastises Venezuela" 8064:from the original on 4 June 2011 7990: 7960: 7930: 7902: 7769: 7741: 7687: 7538: 7517: 7508: 7481: 7468:The Organization for World Peace 7355: 7319: 7296: 7274: 7248: 7209: 7139: 7114: 7089: 7070: 6922:Vyas, Kejal (19 February 2015). 6793: 6763: 6733: 6670: 6644: 6614: 6584: 6532: 6475: 6445: 6368:Rafael Romo (22 February 2014). 6279: 6226: 6201: 6175: 6148: 6122: 6111: 6093: 6073: 6049: 5995: 5977: 5959: 5901: 5874: 5844: 5817: 5806: 5795: 5784: 5780:Politics and prison in Venezuela 5773: 5704:For example, through the use of 5698: 5671: 5635: 5613: 5578:from the original on 22 May 2011 5554: 5454:from the original on 16 May 2015 5407: 5388: 5373: 5355: 5341: 5329:from the original on 6 July 2009 5314: 5288: 5258: 5232: 5206: 4207:from the original on 23 May 2017 3952:from the original on 10 May 2017 3486:from the original on 13 May 2014 3379:. La Patilla. 29 November 2014. 3081:from the original on 7 July 2015 2487: 2149: 2100: 2053: 1808: 1757:Political prisoners in Venezuela 1698: 1614:Inter American Press Association 1570: 1193: 1087: 515: 66: 22: 10397:Organization of American States 10356:Bolivarian Intelligence Service 10281:Union of South American Nations 8841:Protests against Nicolás Maduro 8278:(in Japanese). 26 February 2010 8155:Organization of American States 8029:. La Patilla. 28 October 2014. 7206:. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach. 6033:. 19 March 2008. Archived from 5397:Agence France Presse -- English 5180: 5149: 5121: 5096: 5066: 5040: 5010: 4984: 4958: 4932: 4875: 4796: 4770: 4751:Laya, Patricia (20 June 2019). 4658: 4610: 4584: 4539: 4509: 4487: 4464: 4438: 4394: 4367: 4339: 4307: 4277: 4247: 4235:(in Icelandic). 23 October 2017 4219: 4189: 4145: 4093: 4035: 3996: 3964: 3932: 3900: 3837: 3811: 3781: 3751: 3667: 3641: 3395: 3202: 3123: 3093: 3063: 2960: 2891: 2866: 2841: 2552:United Nations General Assembly 2263:indigenous peoples of Venezuela 2012:and without evidence or trial. 1950:Bolivarian Intelligence Service 1320:Organization of American States 1298:Organization of American States 1242:Venezuelan Episcopal Conference 1146:, a chemist and teacher of the 10319:Agencia Venezolana de Noticias 9465:Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo 9400:Inauguration of Nicolás Maduro 8846:Venezuelan presidential crisis 8682:Human rights in South America 8628:Human Rights Watch / Venezuela 8597:(in Spanish). 15 February 2024 7783:(in Spanish). 24 February 2019 7610:. October 2016. Archived from 6482:Poleo, Helena (14 July 2014). 6100:Bolivarian rule of lawlessness 6009:. 5 March 2007. Archived from 4163:Martín, Karina (16 May 2017). 3651:. ABC News. 18 December 2014. 3199:, 32 (2), pp. 92-108. pr. 97-8 2830: 2805: 2794: 2769: 2744: 2687: 2662: 2637: 2464:Venezuelan presidential crisis 2220:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights 2046:Human trafficking in Venezuela 1819:Bolivar-Banpro Financial Group 1422: 1038:inhuman or degrading treatment 1: 10551:Bolivarian Revolution in film 10349:Constituent National Assembly 9662:Detention of Rocío San Miguel 9293:Death of Carlos Andrés García 9266:Constituent Assembly election 7285:2009 Annual Report: Venezuela 5321:Brice, Arthur (23 May 2009). 4568:Gascón, Liz (15 March 2019). 3977:Latin American Herald Tribune 2631: 2443:2002 coup against Hugo Chávez 1649:2002 coup d'état in Venezuela 1618:International Press Institute 979:politically-motivated arrests 10462:National Assembly (majority) 9475:Death of Juan Carlos Márquez 9450:Disappearance of Gilber Caro 9445:Detention of Roberto Marrero 9162:Detention of Antonio Ledezma 8645:World Report 2017: Venezuela 5940:International Herald Tribune 5915:(in Spanish). 20 August 2020 5824:Nacional, El (4 June 2019). 5399:. LexisNexis. 12 June 2009. 4380:International Criminal Court 2296:1999 Venezuelan Constitution 1663:. On 7 September, 2015, the 1326:, more than 12,000 cases of 1309:International Criminal Court 1072:In a 9 May 2017 letter, the 1008:UN Committee Against Torture 788:, and instructions from the 691:health care as a human right 7: 10410:Democratic Unity Roundtable 10339:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 10309:People's Electoral Movement 9361:Detention of Juan Requesens 9251:Caracas helicopter incident 9141:Detention of Leopoldo López 9029:Colombian diplomatic crisis 8978:Refugee crisis and diaspora 8537:, General Assembly GA/11310 7503:Latin American Perspectives 7020:online with a subscription. 6993:(in Spanish). 21 March 2019 5474:"FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2014" 5438:"FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 2003" 4646:(in Spanish). 20 March 2019 3533:"Venezuela's Failing State" 3197:Latin American Perspectives 2604: 1995:Detention of Juan Requesens 1534:Central Intelligence Agency 1471:pro-government armed groups 1418:2019 OHCHR delegation visit 769: 683:another national referendum 643:Economist Intelligence Unit 636:International Monetary Fund 448:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 247:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 10: 10595: 10344:National Electoral Council 9215:Recall referendum movement 8623:A Country Study: Venezuela 8443:United Press International 7844:(in Spanish). 9 April 2019 7757:(in Spanish). 5 March 2020 7726:Thomson Reuters Foundation 6598:. OHCHR. 20 October 2014. 5602:November 13, 2015, at the 5118:. Retrieved 6 August 2006. 2853:humanrightsmeasurement.org 2250: 2230: 2194: 2159: 2153: 2043: 1992: 1891:Ramo Verde military prison 1844:Judge María Lourdes Afiuni 1782:, former Defense Minister 1754: 1639:On 27 May 2007, president 1574: 1552:Civil and political rights 1544:Civil and political rights 1300:(OAS) to analyze possible 1263: 1053: 1047: 941: 935: 773: 743: 729: 10574:Human rights in Venezuela 10535: 10497:Human rights in Venezuela 10479: 10389: 10361:Bolivarian National Guard 10273: 10266: 10046: 9835: 9828: 9763: 9747: 9718: 9711: 9654: 9613: 9605:Recall referendum project 9592: 9571: 9505: 9455:30 April uprising attempt 9405:Venezuela TPS Act of 2019 9392: 9379:Tumeremo massacre (third) 9318: 9228: 9210:Tumeremo massacre (first) 9202: 9154: 9116: 9085: 9059: 9021: 8993:State-sponsored terrorism 8871: 8864: 8836: 8761: 8688: 8533:28 September 2014 at the 8326:. CNN. 25 February 2010. 8086:. CNN. 24 February 2010. 7911:Venezuela: Events of 2009 7066:online with subscription. 6271:Cite uses generic title ( 5510:"Hugo Chavez Versus RCTV" 5130:Venezuela: Events of 2009 3474:"Punished for Protesting" 3175:Human rights in Venezuela 3158:Human rights in Venezuela 3058:Human Rights in Venezuela 2955:Federal Research Division 2941:Venezuela country profile 2496:This article needs to be 2381:declared that Franco had 1906:Clinton Global Initiative 1741:Judicial Technical Police 1691:Administration of justice 1628:, representatives of the 1626:Reporters without Borders 1587:Constitution of Venezuela 1515: 1467:2019 Venezuelan blackouts 1324:extra-judicial executions 1192: 1187: 1086: 1081: 864:Venezuelan National Guard 687:constitution of Venezuela 626:Since 2014, the enduring 569:human rights in Venezuela 31:This article needs to be 10445:Movimiento al Socialismo 10329:Venezolana de Televisión 9672:Bulla Loca mine disaster 9415:Humanitarian aid mission 9384:2018 protests (timeline) 9374:Murder of Fernando Albán 9341:Panama diplomatic crisis 9288:Attack on Fort Paramacay 9261:National Assembly attack 9236:Detention of Gilber Caro 9220:2016 protests (timeline) 9177:2015 protests (timeline) 8638:13 February 2015 at the 7290:2 September 2009 at the 7126:U.S. Department of State 6678:"Venezuela on the Brink" 3282:14 December 2008 at the 3060:, October 1993, pp 20–22 2616:LGBT rights in Venezuela 2278:and the dictatorship of 1427:Following a 25 February 1166:In a 15 June statement, 1148:Simón Bolívar University 1050:2017 Venezuelan protests 1044:2017 Venezuelan protests 938:2014 Venezuelan protests 932:2014 Venezuelan protests 889: 854:(1 = Free, 7 = not free) 843: 814:extrajudicial executions 799: 794:Italo del Valle Alliegro 734: 10579:Government of Venezuela 9682:international reactions 9641:Guyana–Venezuela crisis 9435:Murder of Alí Domínguez 9034:Death of Franklin Brito 8959:International sanctions 8909:Crimes against humanity 8115:The Wall Street Journal 6929:The Wall Street Journal 6400:San Francisco Chronicle 6086:The Wall Street Journal 6067:2 December 2016 at the 4572:(in Spanish). El Pitazo 3258:. Amnesty International 3024:10 October 2012 at the 2579:UN Human Rights Council 2284:San Fernando de Atabapo 1931:, Americas Director at 1899:Socialist International 1786:, and former Governors 1677:blackout in the country 1478:Michelle Bachelet visit 1379:extrajudicial execution 1313:crimes against humanity 1302:crimes against humanity 1260:Crimes against humanity 1220:The Wall Street Journal 830:Eleazar López Contreras 696:Venezuela ratified the 600:human rights violations 571:has been criticized by 504:Chávez's foreign policy 103:Constitutions of States 10366:Mission Barrio Adentro 9712:Deaths during protests 9558:Parliamentary election 9553:Detention of Alex Saab 9480:Murder of Edmundo Rada 9187:Parliamentary election 9044:Parliamentary election 7585:. FM center es noticia 7390:Cite journal requires 7177:4 January 2010 at the 6234:"WebCite query result" 6105:8 January 2010 at the 5765:– via ProQuest. 4668:. OHCHR. 20 March 2019 3479:. Human Rights Watch. 3325:Rory, Carroll (2014). 3042:University of Michigan 2813:"Democracy Index 2012" 2554:to hold a seat on the 2538: 2434: 2417:On 17 September 2020, 2233:Judiciary of Venezuela 2203:extrajudicial killings 2028:'s, chief of staff to 1910:President Barack Obama 1895:psychological tortures 1766: 1505: 1307:In February 2018, the 1289: 1180:Gustavo González López 1172:Vladimir Padrino López 1119: 963: 855: 713:Human Rights Committee 645:rated Venezuela as a " 575:organizations such as 469:Diplomatic missions of 10522:Revolving door effect 9677:Presidential election 9528:Barquisimeto shooting 9470:Attack of Rufo Chacón 9366:Economic reforms and 9346:Presidential election 9246:Mother of All Marches 9241:Constitutional crisis 9098:Presidential election 9072:Presidential election 8938:Zulia energy collapse 8889:Bolivarian Revolution 8246:National Public Radio 7974:. 19 September 2008. 7281:Amnesty International 7184:Le Monde diplomatique 7016:– via ProQuest. 5514:The Los Angeles Times 5109:12 April 2008 at the 4232:Government of Iceland 3623:Associated Press News 3017:, 14 September 1996, 2997:Amnesty International 2972:Multilateral Treaties 2946:26 March 2010 at the 2752:"Venezuela 2017/2018" 2531: 2432: 2338:Canaima National Park 2227:Judicial independence 2214:A report produced by 1978:politically motivated 1974:Amnesty International 1944:On 19 February 2015, 1933:Amnesty International 1916:ruled that López was 1764: 1610:Amnesty International 1575:Further information: 1439:(OHCHR) commissioner 1281: 1214:Amnesty International 1117: 957: 872:2004 Venezuela recall 851: 806:coup attempts in 1992 786:Amnesty International 746:Massacre of El Amparo 740:Massacre of El Amparo 585:forced disappearances 581:Amnesty International 59:Politics of Venezuela 10527:Torture in Venezuela 10455:Agreement for Change 10335:State organizations 10294:Great Patriotic Pole 10099:María Corina Machado 9776:Juan Pablo Pernalete 9699:Widespread blackouts 9518:Death of Addy Valero 9460:Acarigua prison riot 9440:Widespread blackouts 9356:Caracas drone attack 9182:Narcosobrinos affair 9093:Death of Hugo Chávez 9013:Coronavirus pandemic 8526:, 12 November 2012, 8445:. 12 February 2010. 8415:. 11 February 2010. 8157:. 24 February 2010. 7215:Del Olmo (1998: 134) 6811:on 20 February 2015. 6402:. Associated Press. 6060:, 17 December 2009, 5102:Canton, Santiago A. 4525:Agence France-Presse 4434:. 18 September 2019. 3851:. 28 November 2014. 3678:. Associated Press. 3139:22 July 2009 at the 2837:Democracy Index 2017 2801:Democracy Index 2007 2611:Torture in Venezuela 2321:From early 2018 the 2300:constituent assembly 2180:2 March 2012 at the 2156:Prisons in Venezuela 2005:Caracas drone attack 1918:detained arbitrarily 1850:María Lourdes Afiuni 1817:, then President of 1645:broadcast concession 1583:freedom of the press 1328:arbitrary detentions 1286:Zeid Raad Al Hussein 1022:María Lourdes Afiuni 985:mayor and leader of 962:was participating in 758:'s western state of 663:authoritarian regime 522:Venezuela portal 228:since 5 January 2021 10450:Progressive Advance 10376:Carnet de la Patria 9646:El Palito oil spill 9621:Anti-Solidarity Law 9548:El Palito oil spill 9538:Guanare prison riot 9351:El Paraíso stampede 9283:Municipal elections 9108:Municipal elections 8944:Human rights abuses 8884:Bolivarian missions 8830:Crisis in Venezuela 8619:Library of Congress 8413:European Parliament 8058:The Washington Post 8004:. 16 September 2020 7842:Diario Las Americas 7818:on 25 February 2019 7701:on 25 February 2020 7418:. 16 September 2021 7415:United Nations News 7365:(23 January 2020). 7101:2009-2017.state.gov 7083:31 May 2009 at the 6903:on 21 February 2015 6873:on 20 February 2015 6241:www.webcitation.org 6089:. 23 December 2009. 5943:. 8 February 2007. 5677:Mark Ungar (2002), 5663:Mark Ungar (2002), 5420:The Washington Post 5276:on 28 February 2010 5194:on 17 February 2010 3795:. 6 November 2014. 3765:. 8 November 2014. 3357:on 28 November 2014 2952:Library of Congress 2777:"Unemployment rate" 2701:. 19 September 2008 2626:Anti-Solidarity Law 2521:European Parliament 2479:European Parliament 2405:Jose Miguel Vivanco 2403:Americas Director, 1929:Erika Guevara Rosas 1771:political prisoners 1751:Political prisoners 1506:Monitor de víctimas 1018:José Vicente Rangel 880:electoral democracy 822:Carlos Andrés Pérez 628:crisis in Venezuela 617:political prisoners 10536:In popular culture 10507:Orinoco Mining Arc 10406:Political parties 10290:Political parties 10064:C. Alcalá Cordones 9923:C. Alcalá Cordones 9626:Barbados Agreement 9425:Venezuela Aid Live 9298:Law against Hatred 9278:Regional elections 9077:Regional elections 9003:Catatumbo campaign 8983:Resource shortages 8954:Illegal drug trade 8647:Human Rights Watch 8575:The New York Times 8360:on 2 February 2020 8302:The New York Times 8221:on 20 October 2013 8002:Human Rights Watch 7972:Human Rights Watch 7942:Human Rights Watch 7729:. 22 February 2019 7544:Van Cott (2003:65) 7535:Van Cott (2003:63) 7523:Van Cott (2003:56) 7514:Van Cott (2003:55) 7487:Van Cott (2003:52) 7333:The New York Times 7232:. 20 August 2012. 6836:The New York Times 6632:on 16 October 2014 6250:on 4 November 2010 6189:. 23 November 2016 6136:. 16 December 2009 5024:. United Nations. 4970:Human Rights Watch 4451:The New York Times 4432:Human Rights Watch 4295:on 8 February 2018 4131:Human Rights Watch 4004:Human Rights Watch 3825:on 9 November 2014 3704:. United Nations. 3537:The New York Times 3179:Human Rights Watch 3162:Human Rights Watch 3111:on 13 October 2007 3075:The New York Times 3054:Human Rights Watch 3038:States of Violence 2730:Human Rights Watch 2699:Human Rights Watch 2435: 2401:Human Rights Watch 2395:Human Rights Watch 2316:Orinoco Mining Arc 2280:Juan Vicente Gómez 2271:indigenous peoples 2168:Human Rights Watch 2112:. You can help by 2065:. You can help by 2010:political immunity 1982:Human Rights Watch 1970:The New York Times 1958:The New York Times 1767: 1736:Human Rights Watch 1710:. You can help by 1606:Human Rights Watch 1577:Media in Venezuela 1538:Human Rights Watch 1411:Human Rights Watch 1371:Human Rights Watch 1290: 1168:Human Rights Watch 1128:Human Rights Watch 1120: 969:Human Rights Watch 964: 911:Róger Cordero Lara 856: 594:and now President 577:Human Rights Watch 142:Capital punishment 10559: 10558: 10475: 10474: 10425:Democratic Action 10262: 10261: 9824: 9823: 9781:Armando Cañizales 9707: 9706: 9533:COVID-19 pandemic 9485:Operación Alacrán 8856:COVID-19 pandemic 8796: 8795: 8768:other territories 8411:(Press release). 8389:. 4 February 2020 8153:(Press release). 7898:. 3 January 2021. 7875:. 3 January 2021. 7675:on 10 August 2018 7617:on 10 August 2018 7562:on 10 August 2018 7170:Maurice Lemoine, 6572:on 9 October 2014 6459:. 28 March 2014. 6161:Los Angeles Times 5571:. 23 March 2009. 4028:978-1-62313-549-2 3916:. 8 August 2017. 3884:. 11 March 2015. 3336:978-0-14-312488-7 3077:. 12 March 1989. 2999:, 31 March 1993, 2903:rightstracker.org 2878:rightstracker.org 2732:. 12 January 2017 2517: 2516: 2305:National Assembly 2253:Indigenous rights 2247:Indigenous rights 2130: 2129: 2093:Agrarian violence 2083: 2082: 2040:Human trafficking 1728: 1727: 1563:According to the 1441:Michelle Bachelet 1279: 1247:In October 2017, 1210: 1209: 1115: 1104: 1103: 1060:Operation Tun Tun 955: 915:Cantaura massacre 604:independent media 565: 564: 491:Visa requirements 441:Foreign relations 323:Recent elections 319:Political parties 260:Federal divisions 209:National Assembly 52: 51: 10586: 10271: 10270: 9943:V. Padrino López 9913:C. Mata Figueroa 9908:N. Maduro Guerra 9867:arrested in 2024 9833: 9832: 9811:David Vallenilla 9716: 9715: 9692:political crisis 9543:Operation Gideon 9326:El Junquito raid 8988:State protectors 8869: 8868: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8800: 8799: 8788: 8776:Falkland Islands 8690:Sovereign states 8675: 8668: 8661: 8652: 8651: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8566: 8560: 8555: 8549: 8544: 8538: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8456: 8454: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8379: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8190:. 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Archived from 6238: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6187:freedomhouse.org 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6126: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6077: 6071: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6021: 6015: 6014: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5821: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5788: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5758: 5747: 5744: 5733: 5730: 5721: 5716: 5710: 5702: 5696: 5695:Ungar (2002:105) 5693: 5684: 5675: 5669: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5617: 5611: 5610:7 September 2015 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5577: 5566: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5506: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5478: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5442: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5125: 5119: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4945:Associated Press 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4910: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4853: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4783:Associated Press 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4748: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4715: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4160: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4016: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3410: 3404: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3292: 3286: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3252: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3217: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3193: 3182: 3171: 3165: 3154: 3143: 3132:, 18 July 2009, 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3067: 3061: 3051: 3045: 3034: 3028: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2964: 2958: 2938: 2927: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2845: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2809: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2722: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2674:www.cidh.oas.org 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2641: 2599:Rocío San Miguel 2546: 2543:Rocío San Miguel 2512: 2509: 2503: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2454:Gabriela Ramírez 2413: 2366: 2354:Andrés Velásquez 2125: 2122: 2104: 2097: 2078: 2075: 2057: 2050: 1723: 1720: 1702: 1695: 1673:Luis Carlos Díaz 1510:Associated Press 1433:Sebastián Piñera 1405: 1280: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1185: 1184: 1138:A report of the 1116: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1079: 1078: 956: 630:has resulted in 557: 550: 543: 520: 519: 518: 221: 70: 54: 53: 47: 44: 38: 26: 25: 18: 10594: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10584: 10583: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10555: 10531: 10471: 10430:Un Nuevo Tiempo 10385: 10258: 10042: 9963:H. Rangel Silva 9820: 9796:Orlando Figuera 9786:Miguel Castillo 9759: 9743: 9739:Geraldin Moreno 9734:Génesis Carmona 9726:Bassil Da Costa 9703: 9650: 9609: 9588: 9567: 9501: 9388: 9314: 9224: 9198: 9172:Resolution 8610 9150: 9112: 9081: 9055: 9017: 8879:Economic crisis 8860: 8832: 8827: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8769: 8767: 8757: 8684: 8679: 8640:Wayback Machine 8615: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8587: 8586: 8582: 8567: 8563: 8556: 8552: 8545: 8541: 8535:Wayback Machine 8522: 8518: 8508: 8506: 8505:. 24 April 2024 8497: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8479:. 24 April 2024 8471: 8470: 8466: 8452: 8450: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8381: 8380: 8373: 8363: 8361: 8348: 8347: 8343: 8333: 8331: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8307: 8305: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8281: 8279: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8211: 8207: 8197: 8195: 8178: 8174: 8164: 8162: 8145: 8144: 8137: 8124: 8122: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8067: 8065: 8050: 8046: 8036: 8034: 8025: 8024: 8017: 8007: 8005: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7966: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7936: 7935: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7888: 7887: 7880: 7865: 7864: 7857: 7847: 7845: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7821: 7819: 7804: 7803: 7796: 7786: 7784: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7730: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7693: 7692: 7688: 7678: 7676: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7579: 7575: 7565: 7563: 7552: 7548: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7527: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7500: 7491: 7486: 7482: 7472: 7470: 7460: 7456: 7446: 7444: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7421: 7419: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7391: 7389: 7380: 7379: 7372: 7370: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7324: 7320: 7310: 7308: 7301: 7297: 7292:Wayback Machine 7279: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7262:on 11 July 2010 7254: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7201: 7194: 7188: 7187:, October 2003/ 7179:Wayback Machine 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7145: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7085:Wayback Machine 7075: 7071: 7064:Also available 7057: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7029: 7025: 7018:Also available 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6985: 6984: 6975: 6965: 6963: 6953: 6949: 6939: 6937: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6876: 6874: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6827: 6816: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6714:The Independent 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6688:on 2 April 2015 6676: 6675: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6650: 6649: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6547: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6291:www.amnesty.org 6285: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6261: 6260: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6217: 6215: 6213:www.amnesty.org 6207: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6139: 6137: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6107:Wayback Machine 6098: 6094: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6069:Wayback Machine 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5774: 5763:Washington Post 5759: 5750: 5745: 5736: 5731: 5724: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5645:. BuzzFeed News 5641: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5604:Wayback Machine 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5542:on 20 July 2011 5534: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5412: 5408: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5378: 5374: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5302:on 27 June 2009 5294: 5293: 5289: 5279: 5277: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5111:Wayback Machine 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4911: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4749: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4716: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4694:. 20 March 2019 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4443: 4439: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4327:on 22 June 2018 4313: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4203:. 20 May 2017. 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4014: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3980:. 5 June 2017. 3970: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3284:Wayback Machine 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3172: 3168: 3155: 3146: 3141:Wayback Machine 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3052: 3048: 3035: 3031: 3026:Wayback Machine 3013: 3006: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2948:Wayback Machine 2939: 2930: 2924:Social Medicine 2921: 2917: 2907: 2905: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2756:www.amnesty.org 2750: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2649:www.amnesty.org 2643: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2607: 2548: 2540: 2529: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2427: 2407: 2397: 2392: 2371:Salvador Franco 2360: 2259: 2249: 2235: 2229: 2201:There were 187 2199: 2193: 2182:Wayback Machine 2164: 2158: 2152: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2110:needs expansion 2095: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2063:needs expansion 2048: 2042: 2026:Roberto Marrero 2018: 2016:Roberto Marrero 1997: 1991: 1946:Antonio Ledezma 1942: 1940:Antonio Ledezma 1879: 1870: 1846: 1811: 1792:Didalco Bolívar 1788:Eduardo Manuitt 1759: 1753: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1708:needs expansion 1693: 1630:Catholic Church 1579: 1573: 1561: 1546: 1522:Macuto Bay raid 1518: 1480: 1425: 1420: 1399: 1270: 1268: 1262: 1199: 1194: 1188:External videos 1106: 1093: 1088: 1082:External videos 1062: 1052: 1046: 1010: 960:Génesis Carmona 948: 946: 940: 934: 892: 882:. By 2009, the 853: 846: 802: 778: 772: 748: 742: 737: 732: 675: 673:Legal framework 561: 532: 528:Other countries 516: 514: 509: 508: 500: 481:Nationality law 477: 465: 454:Felix Plasencia 443: 433: 432: 427: 410: 393: 376: 359: 348:Parliamentary: 342: 314: 304: 303: 262: 252: 251: 242: 234: 233: 226:Jorge Rodríguez 219:Dinorah Figuera 213: 204: 196: 195: 184:Delcy Rodríguez 157: 149: 148: 91: 90: 61: 48: 42: 39: 36: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 10592: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10476: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10435:Come Venezuela 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10404: 10399: 10393: 10391: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10315:Media outlets 10313: 10312: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10288: 10283: 10277: 10275: 10268: 10264: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10089:Rafael Ramírez 10086: 10085: 10084: 10079:L. Ortega Díaz 10076: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10061: 10056: 10050: 10048: 10044: 10043: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9954: 9953: 9945: 9940: 9939: 9938: 9933:L. Ortega Díaz 9930: 9929: 9928: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9843:Nicolás Maduro 9839: 9837: 9830: 9826: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9728: 9722: 9720: 9713: 9709: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9617: 9615: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9600:Arauca clashes 9596: 9594: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9563: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9206: 9204: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9126: 9120: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9008:Pemon conflict 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8963:U.S. sanctions 8956: 8951: 8949:Hyperinflation 8946: 8941: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8875: 8873: 8866: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8826: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8803: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8783: 8778: 8772: 8770: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8694: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8678: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8642: 8630: 8625: 8614: 8613:External links 8611: 8609: 8608: 8580: 8561: 8550: 8539: 8524:United Nations 8516: 8490: 8464: 8430: 8400: 8371: 8341: 8315: 8289: 8263: 8232: 8205: 8194:on 14 May 2013 8172: 8135: 8101: 8075: 8044: 8015: 7989: 7959: 7929: 7901: 7878: 7855: 7829: 7794: 7768: 7740: 7712: 7686: 7660: 7628: 7596: 7573: 7546: 7537: 7525: 7516: 7507: 7489: 7480: 7454: 7429: 7401: 7392:|journal= 7354: 7318: 7295: 7273: 7247: 7217: 7208: 7192: 7163: 7138: 7113: 7088: 7069: 7060:New York Times 7050: 7023: 7004: 6973: 6947: 6914: 6884: 6854: 6814: 6792: 6762: 6732: 6699: 6669: 6643: 6613: 6583: 6557: 6531: 6505: 6474: 6444: 6417: 6386: 6360: 6329: 6303: 6278: 6225: 6200: 6174: 6147: 6121: 6110: 6092: 6072: 6048: 6037:on 3 July 2012 6016: 6013:on 6 May 2008. 5994: 5991:on 7 May 2008. 5976: 5973:on 7 May 2008. 5958: 5926: 5900: 5873: 5843: 5816: 5805: 5794: 5783: 5772: 5748: 5734: 5722: 5711: 5697: 5685: 5670: 5656: 5634: 5612: 5589: 5553: 5527: 5501: 5465: 5429: 5406: 5387: 5372: 5354: 5340: 5313: 5287: 5257: 5246:on 8 June 2011 5231: 5205: 5179: 5148: 5120: 5095: 5065: 5039: 5009: 4983: 4957: 4931: 4900: 4874: 4843: 4817: 4795: 4769: 4736: 4705: 4679: 4657: 4628: 4621:(in Spanish). 4609: 4583: 4560: 4538: 4527:. 3 March 2019 4508: 4486: 4463: 4437: 4419: 4407:New York Times 4393: 4366: 4338: 4306: 4276: 4246: 4218: 4188: 4155: 4144: 4133:. 15 June 2017 4118: 4092: 4060: 4034: 4027: 4021:. p. 61. 3995: 3963: 3931: 3899: 3866: 3836: 3810: 3780: 3750: 3719: 3693: 3666: 3640: 3610: 3580: 3554: 3523: 3497: 3465: 3435: 3405: 3394: 3368: 3342: 3335: 3317: 3287: 3269: 3242: 3212: 3201: 3183: 3166: 3144: 3122: 3092: 3062: 3046: 3029: 3019:El Amparo Case 3004: 2989: 2959: 2928: 2926:3 (4):223-231. 2915: 2890: 2865: 2840: 2829: 2804: 2793: 2768: 2743: 2712: 2686: 2661: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2603: 2530: 2528: 2527:United Nations 2525: 2515: 2514: 2495: 2493: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2426: 2423: 2419:United Nations 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2358:Romel Guzamana 2312:Nicolás Maduro 2267:Amazonas state 2257:Pemon conflict 2248: 2245: 2228: 2225: 2195:Main article: 2192: 2189: 2154:Main article: 2151: 2148: 2138:Mission Zamora 2128: 2127: 2107: 2105: 2094: 2091: 2081: 2080: 2060: 2058: 2044:Main article: 2041: 2038: 2034:Sergio Vergara 2017: 2014: 2001:Juan Requesens 1993:Main article: 1990: 1989:Juan Requesens 1987: 1962:Nicolás Maduro 1941: 1938: 1883:Leopoldo López 1878: 1877:Leopoldo López 1875: 1869: 1868:Richard Blanco 1866: 1857:United Nations 1845: 1842: 1827:United Nations 1810: 1807: 1780:Manuel Rosales 1755:Main article: 1752: 1749: 1726: 1725: 1705: 1703: 1692: 1689: 1572: 1569: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1545: 1542: 1530:Nicolás Maduro 1517: 1514: 1479: 1476: 1454:Carabobo state 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1409:A research by 1389:Nicolás Maduro 1385:United Nations 1363:Fatou Bensouda 1261: 1258: 1208: 1207: 1190: 1189: 1176:Néstor Reverol 1144:Mónica Kräuter 1126:. A report by 1102: 1101: 1084: 1083: 1048:Main article: 1045: 1042: 1034:Juan E. Méndez 1009: 1006: 991:Leopoldo López 936:Main article: 933: 930: 926:Nicolás Maduro 891: 888: 845: 842: 801: 798: 774:Main article: 771: 768: 744:Main article: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 727: 726: 716: 674: 671: 632:hyperinflation 596:Nicolás Maduro 567:The record of 563: 562: 560: 559: 552: 545: 537: 534: 533: 531: 530: 524: 511: 510: 507: 506: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 476: 475: 464: 463: 462: 461: 444: 439: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 429: 428: 426: 425: 420: 413: 411: 409: 408: 403: 396: 394: 392: 391: 386: 379: 377: 375: 374: 369: 362: 360: 358: 357: 352: 345: 343: 341: 340: 333: 329:Presidential: 326: 321: 315: 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 301: 296: 295: 294: 292:Municipalities 289: 284: 279: 269: 263: 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 230: 229: 224:Disputed with 222: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 188: 187: 186: 179:Vice President 176: 175: 174: 172:Nicolás Maduro 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 134: 129: 119: 118: 117: 112: 107: 106: 105: 92: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 71: 63: 62: 57: 50: 49: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10591: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10562: 10552: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10492:Guaire miners 10490: 10488: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10478: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10420:Justice First 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10269: 10267:Organizations 10265: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10249:J. P. Guanipa 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10224:M. C. Figuera 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10199:V. S. Scarano 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10159:Pérez Álvarez 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10067: 10066: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10013:M. C. Figuera 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9931: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9863:T. El Aissami 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9817: 9816:Xiomara Scott 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9806:Fabián Urbina 9804: 9802: 9801:Neomar Lander 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9771:Paola Ramírez 9769: 9768: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730:Robert Redman 9729: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9717: 9714: 9710: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9584:Apure clashes 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9561: 9560: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9504: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9490:2019 protests 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9336:Valencia fire 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9317: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9303:2017 protests 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9129:2014 protests 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9115: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9067:Amuay tragedy 9065: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8934:Energy crisis 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8894:Bolivarianism 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8870: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8817: 8812: 8810: 8805: 8804: 8801: 8789: 8784: 8782: 8781:French Guiana 8779: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8765: 8760: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8671: 8669: 8664: 8662: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8584: 8576: 8572: 8565: 8559: 8554: 8548: 8543: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8520: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8461: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8376: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8345: 8329: 8325: 8319: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8220: 8216: 8209: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8176: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8140: 8132: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8105: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8048: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8003: 7999: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7917: 7913: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7885: 7883: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7860: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7782: 7781:The Objective 7778: 7772: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7744: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7645: 7638: 7632: 7613: 7606: 7600: 7584: 7577: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7541: 7532: 7530: 7520: 7511: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7484: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7405: 7397: 7384: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7306: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7212: 7205: 7199: 7197: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7167: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7078:Ratifications 7073: 7067: 7061: 7054: 7038: 7037:Efecto Cocuyo 7034: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7008: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6918: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6796: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6703: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6478: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6274: 6265: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6229: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6096: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5930: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5787: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5707: 5701: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5660: 5644: 5638: 5622: 5616: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5593: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5557: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5516:. 30 May 2007 5515: 5511: 5505: 5486: 5482: 5481:Freedom House 5475: 5469: 5450: 5446: 5445:Freedom House 5439: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5376: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5013: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4889:. 4 July 2019 4888: 4884: 4878: 4863:. 5 July 2019 4862: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4832:. 5 July 2019 4831: 4827: 4821: 4805: 4799: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4667: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4624: 4623:Efecto Cocuyo 4620: 4613: 4598: 4597:Efecto Cocuyo 4594: 4587: 4571: 4564: 4548: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4496: 4490: 4473: 4467: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4355: 4354: 4353:National Post 4349: 4342: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4320:Efecto Cocuyo 4316: 4310: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4030: 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2973: 2969: 2963: 2957:(March 2005). 2956: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2925: 2919: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2833: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2797: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2511: 2499: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2375:Bolívar state 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2241: 2234: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2198: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2150:Prison system 2147: 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J. Rendón 10234:D. Solórzano 10214:A. Velásquez 10209:J. Torrealba 10194:H. Salas Feo 10179:R. Requesens 10174:J. Requesens 9983:I. Rodríguez 9973:J. Rodríguez 9968:D. Rodríguez 9755:Kluivert Roa 9579:La Vega raid 9368:Viernes Rojo 9367: 9039:PDVAL affair 8973:Negotiations 8764:Dependencies 8752: 8599:. Retrieved 8592: 8583: 8574: 8564: 8553: 8542: 8519: 8507:. Retrieved 8502: 8493: 8481:. Retrieved 8476: 8467: 8458: 8451:. Retrieved 8442: 8433: 8421:. Retrieved 8403: 8391:. Retrieved 8386: 8362:. Retrieved 8358:the original 8353: 8344: 8332:. Retrieved 8318: 8306:. Retrieved 8301: 8292: 8280:. Retrieved 8275: 8266: 8254:. Retrieved 8235: 8223:. Retrieved 8219:the original 8208: 8196:. Retrieved 8192:the original 8187:El Universal 8185: 8175: 8163:. Retrieved 8150: 8130: 8123:. Retrieved 8114: 8104: 8092:. Retrieved 8078: 8066:. Retrieved 8057: 8047: 8035:. Retrieved 8008:17 September 8006:. Retrieved 8001: 7992: 7980:. Retrieved 7962: 7950:. Retrieved 7932: 7920:. 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L. Silva 10169:Ramos Allup 10164:Pérez Vivas 10104:H. Capriles 10059:Óscar Pérez 10054:Juan Guaidó 10047:Anti-Maduro 9918:C. Meléndez 9848:F. Ameliach 9791:Paúl Moreno 9420:Amnesty Law 8601:22 February 8453:24 February 8423:24 February 8334:26 February 8308:25 February 8282:9 September 8256:25 February 8225:25 February 8198:25 February 8165:26 February 8125:24 February 8094:24 February 8068:24 February 7895:El Nacional 7822:24 February 7733:23 February 7151:www.cia.gov 7122:"Venezuela" 6940:20 February 6907:20 February 6877:20 February 6847:20 February 6805:El Nacional 6785:19 February 6755:19 February 6725:20 February 6662:23 November 6524:14 December 6437:23 February 6410:22 February 6353:16 February 6322:16 December 5951:17 February 5919:29 December 5913:Crónica Uno 5887:Crónica Uno 5830:El Nacional 5802:Tell Chavez 5608:Globovisión 5494:16 December 5458:16 December 4375:"Venezuela" 4259:El Nacional 3859:29 November 3659:19 December 3633:18 December 3603:11 December 3428:16 December 3414:"Venezuela" 3387:29 November 3361:29 November 3310:16 December 3296:"Venezuela" 3262:15 December 3235:16 December 2817:www.eiu.com 2781:www.imf.org 2645:"Countries" 2595:Volker Türk 2583:Kelly Craft 2468:Juan Guaidó 2462:During the 2408: [ 2361: [ 2349:Kumarakapay 2327:Gran Sabana 2276:rubber boom 2240:due process 2205:in 1992/3. 2030:Juan Guaidó 1784:Raúl Baduel 1657:Globovisión 1641:Hugo Chávez 1520:During the 1485:Gilber Caro 1435:criticized 1423:First visit 1400: [ 1294:Tamara Sujú 834:due process 810:Hugo Chávez 621:state media 592:Hugo Chávez 496:Visa policy 399:Municipal: 203:Legislature 137:Nationality 115:LGBT rights 10568:Categories 10381:Colectivos 10274:Pro-Maduro 10254:T. Guanipa 10239:O. Barboza 10228:since 2019 10204:L. Tintori 10189:M. Rosales 10184:F. Rosales 10139:A. Ledezma 10134:F. Guevara 10093:since 2018 10083:since 2017 10068:since 2013 10033:I. Alfonzo 10017:until 2019 10003:E. Amoroso 9988:T. W. Saab 9978:J. Arreaza 9952:until 2018 9948:R. Ramírez 9937:until 2017 9927:until 2013 9903:I. Alfonzo 9888:A. Istúriz 9878:T. W. Saab 9873:H. Escarrá 9853:D. Cabello 9836:Pro-Maduro 9636:Referendum 9523:Cagua fire 9256:Referendum 8919:Defections 8914:Corruption 8899:Censorship 8477:MercoPress 8393:5 February 8364:2 February 8037:28 October 7952:2 November 7922:31 January 7848:14 October 7505:30(1), p51 7442:Jurist.org 7373:1 February 7363:Foro Penal 7266:31 January 6775:La Patilla 6636:12 October 6606:20 October 6498:22 October 6287:"Document" 6209:"Document" 5893:2 February 5856:Foro Penal 5746:HRW93, p13 5732:HRW93, p12 5706:nudo hecho 5333:4 February 5306:3 February 5280:3 February 5250:3 February 5224:3 February 5198:3 February 5172:4 February 5164:. 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