612:
335:. Males, typically larger than females, are capable of reaching up to 2 meters and weighing up to 180 kg, but the average length is a little less than 1 meter. Females rarely grow larger than one meter. This species can be easily identified by its large size, thick lips, two black lines behind its eyes, and the hump on the foreheads of larger adults. Its color can vary between dull blue-green to more vibrant shades of green and purplish-blue. Adults are usually observed living singly, but are also seen in male/female pairs and in small groups.
1437:
339:
381:
46:
522:, on Borneo Island, is a major source of humphead wrasses. The fishing industry is vital to this state because of its severe poverty. The export of humphead wrasses out of Sabah has led to a roughly 99% decline in the area's population. In an effort to protect it, export of the humphead wrasse out of Sabah has been banned; however, it has not prevented illegal, unreported and unregulated activities. Protection by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (
112:
461:
70:
374:, with some becoming male at about 9 years old. The factors controlling the timing of sex change are not yet known. At certain times of year, adults move to the down-current end of the reef and form local spawning aggregations (groups). They likely do not travel very far for their spawning aggregations.
443:
Adults are commonly found on steep coral reef slopes, channel slopes, and lagoon reefs in water 3 to 330 ft (0.91 to 100.58 m) deep. The species actively selects branching hard and soft corals and seagrasses at settlement. Juveniles tend to prefer a more cryptic existence in areas of dense
648:
are the three largest exporters of the humphead wrasse. It has one of the highest retail values in Asia, especially when caught alive, and it is considered a delicacy in places like
Malaysia. Illegal, unregulated, and unreported activities have been identified as the major factor for the failure of
623:
Since so little was known about the wrasse's genetic relationships at a geographical scale, researchers utilized a test using microsatellite loci to facilitate population genetic studies. (DNA markers could not be used for testing, as the humphead wrasse lack such markers.) Of the 15 microsatellite
433:, or they themselves may excavate by ejecting water to displace sand and nosing around for prey. Like many other Red Sea wrasses, humphead wrasses often crack sea urchins (echinoids) by carrying them to a rock in their mouths and striking them against the rock with brisk, sideways head movements.
358:
The humphead wrasses can be found on the east coast of Africa around the mouth of the Red Sea, and in some areas of the Indian and
Pacific Oceans. Juveniles are usually found in shallow, sandy ranges bordering coral reef waters, while adults are found mostly in offshore and deeper areas of coral
624:
loci used in the test, only four seemed to have different outcomes than the other 11. These loci were all prone to null alleles. However, with the presence of these null alleles, the results may have been slightly biased, or they may be related to a particularity of the
602:
it is a protected species with fines of between NT$ 300,000 and $ 1.5 million and jail sentences of between 6 months and 5 years under the
Wildlife Conservation act for hunting or killing of the species having been added to the protection list in 2014.
545:
with it and have much smaller rangesâthus the conservation of the humphead wrasse's habitat would benefit these other species as well. Understanding the concept of an umbrella species can lead to a better understanding of endangered species protection.
677:
Domestic catching, possession, and trade are not sufficiently restricted. Fishers may illegally source the fish or intend to illegally trade it, but cannot be prosecuted if they are in
Malaysian waters with appropriate
526:) is managed in this area by the federal Department of Fisheries Malaysia, , which issues permits to regulate fishing activity. Two pieces of legislation have also been implemented to protect the species: The
649:
conservation efforts. Although the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora has banned its export, the fish are still smuggled across the MalaysiaâPhilippines border.
619:
In 1996, following a decade of rapid population decline, the humphead wrasse was placed on the IUCN Red List of endangered species. The wrasse's genomes must be analyzed to help keep the species alive.
367:
The humphead wrasse is long-lived, but has a very slow breeding rate. Individuals become sexually mature at five to seven years, and are known to live for around 30 years. They are
671:
Because a number of people are involved in the species's trade, it is difficult to trace its source; and importers and consumers cannot be held responsible for illegal exportation.
1185:
Poh, Tun-Min; Fanning, Lucia M. (May 2012). "Tackling illegal, unregulated, and unreported trade towards
Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus) recovery in Sabah, Malaysia".
691:
1405:
1442:
531:
665:
Fishers do not have alternatives for the humphead wrasse, due to its value, and sanctions for illegal fishing are not harsh enough to discourage them
1621:
806:
377:
The pelagic eggs and larvae ultimately settle on or near coral reef habitats. Eggs are 0.65 mm in diameter and spherical, with no pigment.
1447:
1660:
508:
694:, where the fish could recently be purchased for between US$ 45.30 and $ 69.43, with its retail price ranging from $ 60.38 to $ 120.36.
452:, while larger individuals and adults prefer limited home ranges in more open habitat on the edges of reefs, channels, and reef passes.
1324:
Chen, Julia Ng Su; Justin, Spencer Ryan (March 2009). "Regulating the humphead wrasse (cheilinus undulatus) trade in Sabah, Malaysia".
1763:
1595:
1634:
1686:
1639:
1452:
926:
Sadovy, Y.; Kulbicki, M.; Labrosse, P.; Letourneur, Y.; Lokani, P.; Donaldson, T.J. (September 2003). "The
Humphead Wrasse,
978:
611:
584:
1735:
1665:
74:
1783:
487:
Intensive, species-specific removal by the live reef food-fish trade throughout its core range in
Southeast Asia
875:
Weng, Kevin C.; Pedersen, Martin W.; Del Raye, Gen A.; Caselle, Jennifer E.; Gray, Andrew E. (April 29, 2015).
659:
A lack exists of formal procedures and personnel to monitor fishing activities and enforce fishing regulations
592:
429:. Because half of echinoids and most pelecypods hide under the sand, wrasses may rely on fish excavators like
1508:
1048:
Randall, John E.; Head, Stephen M.; Sanders, Adrian P. L. (1978). "Food habits of the giant humphead wrasse,
1137:
1543:
1530:
1548:
713:
111:
1768:
1740:
1138:"Seagrass beds and mangroves as potential nurseries for the threatened Indo-Pacific humphead wrasse,
703:
1269:
1213:
877:"Umbrella species in marine systems: using the endangered humphead wrasse to conserve coral reefs"
591:âone about which it has concerns, but for which it has insufficient information to list under the
756:
1778:
1626:
1470:
833:
Chateau, Wantiez (December 2007). "Site fidelity and activity patterns of a humphead wrasse,
652:
Four main factors have allowed illegal, unregulated and unreported activities to persist:
206:
1727:
1704:
1522:
1569:
1535:
1517:
1431:
1100:
1020:
876:
437:
244:
1652:
530:
controls the transport of live fish and prohibits destructive fishing techniques; and the
8:
943:
59:
1104:
1024:
1773:
1436:
1341:
1069:
947:
854:
588:
553:, but has been protected in Queensland since 2003 and in Western Australia since 1998.
527:
472:
465:
347:
231:
106:
1270:"Development and characterization of microsatellite loci in a threatened marine fish,
1699:
1556:
1384:
1367:
Fenner, Douglas (July 15, 2014). "Fishing down the largest coral reef fish species".
1349:
1306:
1298:
1250:
1242:
1118:
901:
565:
1380:
1073:
951:
858:
733:
255:
222:
1376:
1333:
1288:
1232:
1194:
1160:
1108:
1061:
1028:
982:
939:
891:
846:
751:
573:
538:
320:
1561:
380:
338:
1717:
1673:
1198:
1164:
687:
986:
45:
1337:
1268:
J. Hu; X.P. Zhu; J. Luo; S.W. Yin; Y.H. Peng; Y.L. Hu; F. Zhu (July 30, 2013).
1136:
Dorenbosch, M.; Grol, M.G.G.; Nagelkerken, I.; van der Velde, G. (April 2006).
371:
343:
153:
1005:"Identification of nursery habitats for commercially valuable humphead wrasse
850:
1757:
1647:
1493:
1458:
1302:
1246:
905:
802:
742:
476:
79:
1237:
1388:
1353:
1310:
1293:
1254:
1122:
778:
549:
The humphead wrasse has historically been fished commercially in northern
496:
Local consumption, and its perception as a delicacy to locals and tourists
460:
1678:
1608:
1502:
732:
Russell, B.; et al. (Grouper & Wrasse
Specialist Group) (2004).
637:
515:
368:
359:
reefs, typically in outer-reef slopes and channels, but also in lagoons.
163:
28:
1345:
1600:
1587:
1113:
1088:
1065:
1033:
1004:
969:) Abundance and Size Structure Among Coral Reef Habitats in Maldives".
418:
414:
406:
292:
1135:
499:
A developing export market for juveniles for the marine aquarium trade
1613:
1426:
896:
641:
561:
550:
542:
430:
394:
183:
123:
1464:
930:: synopsis of a threatened and poorly known giant coral reef fish".
1582:
1487:
1087:
Vail, Alexander L.; Manica, Andrea; Bshary, Redouan (23 Apr 2013).
815:
683:
569:
449:
410:
332:
143:
1574:
631:
483:. Its numbers have declined due to multiple threats, including:
445:
422:
402:
284:
1691:
1214:"Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the humphead wrasse,
925:
502:
Lack of coordinated, consistent national and regional management
599:
331:
The humphead wrasse is the largest extant member of the family
288:
173:
133:
1712:
645:
557:
523:
519:
480:
96:
90:
518:
within the live reef food fish trade is the primary threat.
1267:
1211:
874:
725:
577:
564:
allows fishing only for research, mariculture and licensed
490:
Destructive fishing techniques, including bombs and cyanide
426:
576:
prohibits export of fish over 2 ft (61 cm); and
682:
Most exports of the humphead wrasse in
Malaysia occur in
615:
Stamp of Azerbaijan devoted to the humphead wrasse, 2024.
53:
Breeding male humphead wrasse in the Melbourne Aquarium
628:, which are highly restricted to coral reef habitats.
606:
436:
They sometimes engage in cooperative hunting with the
1415:(Report). Australian Fisheries Management Authority.
1212:
X.Z. Qi; S.W. Yin; J. Luo; R. Huo (April 10, 2013).
1089:"Referential gestures in fish collaborative hunting"
965:
Sluka, Robert D. (November 2005). "Humphead Wrasse (
560:, permits are required for the sale of the species.
295:
in the Indo-Pacific region. It is also known as the
1047:
837:(Labridae), as determined by acoustic telemetry".
532:International Trade in Endangered Species Act 2008
1009:and large groupers (Pisces: Serranidae) in Palau"
1755:
1086:
464:A humphead wrasse at the water's surface on the
632:Illegal, unregulated and unreported activities
1453:The Humphead Wrasse is a Threatened Reef Fish
828:
826:
998:
996:
921:
919:
917:
915:
757:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T4592A11023949.en
731:
509:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
1435:
1323:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
870:
868:
823:
68:
44:
1292:
1236:
1112:
1032:
993:
912:
895:
755:
580:has banned all fishing for this species.
556:In Guangdong Province, southern mainland
401:preys primarily on invertebrates such as
1443:Biological information on the above fish
610:
587:has classified the humphead wrasse as a
459:
379:
337:
1171:
865:
832:
801:
795:
534:supports Malaysia's adoption of CITES.
1756:
1366:
1002:
1469:
1468:
1406:Management of Humphead Maori Wrasse (
964:
932:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
541:, which means many other species are
537:The humphead wrasse is considered an
981:(Smithsonian Institution): 192â198.
743:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
607:Population conservation by genetics
505:Inadequate knowledge of the species
384:Napoleon fish diving in the Red Sea
13:
1398:
979:National Museum of Natural History
944:10.1023/B:RFBF.0000033122.90679.97
572:instituted an export ban in 1995;
342:Humphead wrasse in an aquarium at
14:
1795:
1420:
958:
585:National Marine Fisheries Service
471:The humphead wrasse is listed as
319:in the Pohnpeian language of the
1764:IUCN Red List endangered species
809:Cheilinus undulatus month-August
675:Absent domestic trade controls â
110:
1381:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.049
1360:
1317:
1281:Genetics and Molecular Research
1261:
1225:Genetics and Molecular Research
1205:
1129:
1080:
1054:Environmental Biology of Fishes
839:Environmental Biology of Fishes
455:
362:
1142:Caribbean rainbow parrotfish,
1041:
1013:Marine Ecology Progress Series
771:
326:
1:
719:
669:Weak accountability systems â
1199:10.1016/j.marpol.2011.10.011
1165:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.032
493:Habitat loss and degradation
7:
987:10.5479/si.00775630.538.189
884:Endangered Species Research
697:
10:
1800:
1410:) in the Coral Sea Fishery
1338:10.1579/0044-7447-38.2.122
714:List of animals with humps
388:
353:
18:
1477:
1369:Marine Pollution Bulletin
851:10.1007/s10641-006-9149-6
704:Green humphead parrotfish
514:Unsustainable and severe
237:
230:
212:
205:
107:Scientific classification
105:
88:
66:
57:
52:
43:
38:
1332:(2). Springer: 123â125.
805:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
444:branching corals, bushy
1238:10.4238/2013.April.10.5
1153:Biological Conservation
971:Atoll Research Bulletin
663:Lack of disincentives â
1784:Fish described in 1835
1294:10.4238/2013.July.30.2
1140:Cheilinus undulatusand
708:Bolbometopon muricatum
616:
593:Endangered Species Act
479:and in Appendix II of
468:
385:
350:
19:This article is about
1461:on Sealife Collection
1093:Nature Communications
1003:Tupper, Mark (2007).
614:
463:
383:
341:
1432:Encyclopedia of Life
779:"Appendices | CITES"
750:: e.T4592A11023949.
438:roving coral grouper
252:Cheilinus godeffroyi
1536:Cheilinus_undulatus
1523:Cheilinus_undulatus
1509:Cheilinus undulatus
1479:Cheilinus undulatus
1408:Cheilinus undulatus
1272:Cheilinus undulatus
1216:Cheilinus undulatus
1105:2013NatCo...4.1765V
1050:Cheilinus undulatus
1025:2007MEPS..332..189T
1007:Cheilinus undulatus
967:Cheilinus Undulatus
928:Cheilinus undulatus
835:Cheilinus undulatus
736:Cheilinus undulatus
393:Very opportunistic
281:Cheilinus undulatus
263:Cheilinus rostratus
241:Cheilinus mertensii
216:Cheilinus undulatus
60:Conservation status
21:Cheilinus undulatus
1274:(humphead wrasse)"
1114:10.1038/ncomms2781
1066:10.1007/bf00691948
1034:10.3354/meps332189
657:Lack of capacity â
617:
589:species of concern
528:Fisheries Act 1985
469:
466:Great Barrier Reef
386:
351:
1751:
1750:
1700:Open Tree of Life
1471:Taxon identifiers
1427:"Humphead wrasse"
566:artisanal fishing
273:
272:
267:
259:
248:
198:C. undulatus
100:
83:
1791:
1769:Fish of Thailand
1744:
1743:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1707:
1695:
1694:
1682:
1681:
1669:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1642:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1616:
1604:
1603:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1577:
1565:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1466:
1465:
1439:
1416:
1414:
1393:
1392:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1287:(2): 2633â2636.
1278:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1231:(2): 1095â1105.
1222:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1144:Scarus guacamaia
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1000:
991:
990:
962:
956:
955:
923:
910:
909:
899:
897:10.3354/esr00663
881:
872:
863:
862:
830:
821:
820:
799:
793:
792:
790:
789:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
759:
729:
574:Papua New Guinea
539:umbrella species
321:Caroline Islands
315:(Filipino), and
311:čç (Cantonese),
291:mainly found on
265:
254:
243:
218:
115:
114:
94:
77:
72:
71:
48:
39:Humphead wrasse
36:
35:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1674:Observation.org
1672:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1473:
1459:Humphead wrasse
1423:
1412:
1404:
1401:
1399:Further reading
1396:
1365:
1361:
1322:
1318:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1220:
1210:
1206:
1183:
1172:
1148:
1134:
1130:
1085:
1081:
1046:
1042:
1001:
994:
963:
959:
924:
913:
879:
873:
866:
831:
824:
800:
796:
787:
785:
777:
776:
772:
762:
760:
730:
726:
722:
700:
634:
609:
458:
391:
365:
356:
329:
301:Napoleon wrasse
277:humphead wrasse
226:
220:
214:
201:
109:
101:
84:
73:
69:
62:
32:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1732:
1722:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1670:
1657:
1644:
1631:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1540:
1527:
1514:
1499:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1422:
1421:External links
1419:
1418:
1417:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1359:
1316:
1260:
1204:
1193:(3): 696â702.
1170:
1159:(2): 277â282.
1128:
1079:
1060:(2): 235â238.
1040:
992:
957:
938:(3): 327â364.
911:
890:(1): 251â263.
864:
845:(4): 503â508.
822:
803:Froese, Rainer
794:
770:
723:
721:
718:
717:
716:
711:
699:
696:
680:
679:
672:
666:
660:
646:Sabah Malaysia
633:
630:
608:
605:
512:
511:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
457:
454:
405:(particularly
390:
387:
372:hermaphrodites
364:
361:
355:
352:
328:
325:
271:
270:
269:
268:
260:
249:
235:
234:
228:
227:
221:
210:
209:
203:
202:
195:
193:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
154:Actinopterygii
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
103:
102:
89:
86:
85:
67:
64:
63:
58:
55:
54:
50:
49:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1796:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Fish of Palau
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1375:(1â2): 9â16.
1374:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Marine Policy
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:(Labridae)".
1051:
1044:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
999:
997:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
920:
918:
916:
907:
903:
898:
893:
889:
885:
878:
871:
869:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
829:
827:
818:
817:
812:
810:
804:
798:
784:
780:
774:
758:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
737:
728:
724:
715:
712:
709:
705:
702:
701:
695:
693:
689:
685:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
654:
653:
650:
647:
643:
639:
629:
627:
621:
613:
604:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
547:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
485:
484:
482:
478:
477:IUCN Red list
474:
467:
462:
453:
451:
447:
441:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
409:, as well as
408:
404:
400:
396:
382:
378:
375:
373:
370:
360:
349:
345:
340:
336:
334:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:Napoleon fish
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:) is a large
282:
278:
266:Cartier, 1874
264:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
239:
238:
236:
233:
229:
224:
219:
217:
211:
208:
207:Binomial name
204:
200:
199:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
113:
108:
104:
98:
92:
87:
81:
76:
65:
61:
56:
51:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1478:
1430:
1407:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1263:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1207:
1190:
1186:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1016:
1012:
1006:
974:
970:
966:
960:
935:
931:
927:
887:
883:
842:
838:
834:
814:
808:
797:
786:. Retrieved
782:
773:
761:. Retrieved
747:
741:
735:
727:
707:
681:
674:
668:
662:
656:
651:
635:
626:C. undulatus
625:
622:
618:
597:
582:
555:
548:
536:
513:
470:
456:Conservation
442:
435:
399:C. undulatus
398:
392:
376:
366:
363:Reproduction
357:
330:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:MÄori wrasse
296:
280:
276:
274:
262:
251:
245:Valenciennes
240:
215:
213:
197:
196:
184:
33:
25:Coris aygula
24:
20:
1609:iNaturalist
1503:Wikispecies
1019:: 189â199.
763:19 November
638:Philippines
516:overfishing
419:crustaceans
369:protogynous
327:Description
293:coral reefs
164:Labriformes
93:Appendix II
29:Clown coris
1758:Categories
1457:Photos of
788:2022-01-14
720:References
473:endangered
450:seagrasses
446:macroalgae
411:pelecypods
407:gastropods
75:Endangered
1774:Cheilinus
1448:WWF site
1303:1676-5680
1247:1676-5680
906:1613-4796
783:cites.org
642:Indonesia
583:The U.S.
562:Indonesia
551:Australia
543:sympatric
431:stingrays
415:echinoids
395:predators
192:Species:
185:Cheilinus
130:Kingdom:
124:Eukaryota
1713:Species+
1627:10824333
1583:FishBase
1575:46571891
1488:Wikidata
1389:24889317
1354:19431947
1346:25515818
1311:23979889
1255:23661435
1123:23612306
1099:: 1765.
1074:10744732
952:36840221
859:12829459
816:FishBase
698:See also
684:Sandakan
678:permits.
570:Maldives
423:annelids
403:mollusks
333:Labridae
232:Synonyms
174:Labridae
170:Family:
144:Chordata
140:Phylum:
134:Animalia
120:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
1601:2383313
1494:Q179377
1429:at the
1101:Bibcode
1021:Bibcode
475:on the
389:Ecology
354:Habitat
348:Okinawa
285:species
256:GĂźnther
223:RĂźppell
180:Genus:
160:Order:
150:Class:
95: (
78: (
1741:218945
1728:123538
1725:uBio:
1705:195578
1692:218945
1666:241271
1640:170619
1387:
1352:
1344:
1309:
1301:
1253:
1245:
1121:
1072:
950:
904:
857:
690:, and
644:, and
600:Taiwan
568:. The
425:) and
421:, and
346:mall,
313:mameng
309:so mei
289:wrasse
258:, 1872
247:, 1840
225:, 1835
27:, see
23:. For
1736:WoRMS
1718:10242
1679:79537
1622:IRMNG
1614:82355
1549:21154
1413:(PDF)
1342:JSTOR
1326:Ambio
1277:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
1070:S2CID
948:S2CID
880:(PDF)
855:S2CID
692:Tawau
688:Papar
558:China
524:CITES
520:Sabah
481:CITES
448:, or
317:merer
97:CITES
91:CITES
1687:OBIS
1661:NCBI
1653:4592
1648:IUCN
1635:ITIS
1596:GBIF
1588:5604
1562:TRTD
1544:BOLD
1385:PMID
1350:PMID
1307:PMID
1299:ISSN
1251:PMID
1243:ISSN
1119:PMID
902:ISSN
765:2021
748:2004
636:The
578:Niue
427:fish
344:Aeon
275:The
1570:EoL
1557:CoL
1531:AFD
1518:ADW
1377:doi
1334:doi
1289:doi
1233:doi
1195:doi
1161:doi
1157:129
1109:doi
1062:doi
1029:doi
1017:332
983:doi
975:538
940:doi
892:doi
847:doi
752:doi
598:In
287:of
1760::
1738::
1715::
1702::
1689::
1676::
1663::
1650::
1637::
1624::
1611::
1598::
1585::
1572::
1559::
1546::
1533::
1520::
1505::
1490::
1383:.
1373:84
1371:.
1348:.
1340:.
1330:38
1328:.
1305:.
1297:.
1285:12
1283:.
1279:.
1249:.
1241:.
1229:12
1227:.
1223:.
1191:36
1189:.
1173:^
1155:.
1151:.
1117:.
1107:.
1095:.
1091:.
1068:.
1056:.
1027:.
1015:.
1011:.
995:^
977:.
973:.
946:.
936:13
934:.
914:^
900:.
888:27
886:.
882:.
867:^
853:.
843:80
841:.
825:^
813:.
781:.
746:.
740:.
686:,
640:,
595:.
440:.
417:,
413:,
397:,
323:.
307:,
303:,
299:,
1391:.
1379::
1356:.
1336::
1313:.
1291::
1257:.
1235::
1218:"
1201:.
1197::
1167:.
1163::
1146:"
1125:.
1111::
1103::
1097:4
1076:.
1064::
1058:3
1037:.
1031::
1023::
989:.
985::
954:.
942::
908:.
894::
861:.
849::
819:.
811:"
807:"
791:.
767:.
754::
738:"
734:"
710:)
706:(
279:(
99:)
82:)
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
