192:. The latter looks rough and has visible remains of the original plant or animal matter. Fully humified humus, on the contrary, has a uniformly dark, spongy, and jelly-like appearance, and is amorphous; it may gradually decay over several years or persist for millennia. It has no determinate shape, structure, or quality. However, when examined under a microscope, humus may reveal tiny plant, animal, or microbial remains that have been mechanically, but not chemically, degraded. This suggests an ambiguous boundary between humus and soil organic matter, leading some authors to contest the use of the term
229:. During decomposition processes these polyphenols are modified chemically so that they are able to join up with one another to form very large molecules. Some parts of these molecules are modified in such a way that protein molecules, amino acids, and amino sugars are able to attach themselves to the polyphenol âbaseâ molecule. As protein contains both nitrogen and sulfur, this attachment gives humus a moderate content of these two important plant nutrients.
33:
469:. However, recent work suggests that complex soil organic molecules may be much less stable than previously thought: âthe available evidence does not support the formation of large-molecular-size and persistent âhumic substancesâ in soils. Instead, soil organic matter is a continuum of progressively decomposing organic compounds.âł
370:, is one of the primary precursors of humus, together with by-products of microbial and animal activity. The humus produced by humification is thus a mixture of compounds and complex biological chemicals of plant, animal, and microbial origin that has many functions and benefits in soil. Some judge earthworm humus (
749:"The latest edition of The Nature and Properties of Soils, published in 2016, cites Lehmann's 2015 paper and acknowledges that "our understanding of the nature and genesis of soil humus has advanced greatly since the turn of the century, requiring that some long-accepted concepts be revised or abandoned."
477:
Humus has a characteristic black or dark brown color and is organic due to an accumulation of organic carbon. Soil scientists use the capital letters O, A, B, C, and E to identify the master horizons, and lowercase letters for distinctions of these horizons. Most soils have three major horizons: the
351:). Plant remains, including those that animals digested and excreted, contain organic compounds: sugars, starches, proteins, carbohydrates, lignins, waxes, resins, and organic acids. Decay in the soil begins with the decomposition of sugars and starches from carbohydrates, which decompose easily as
248:
attachments much younger, while to the light of modern concepts and methods the situation appears much more complex and unpredictable than previously thought. It seems that microbes are able to pull protein off humus molecules rather more readily than they are able to break the polyphenolic base
290:
There is little data available on the composition of humus because it is a complex mixture that is challenging for researchers to analyze. Researchers in the 1940s and 1960s tried using chemical separation to analyze plant and humic compounds in forest and agricultural soils, but this proved
2485:
De Macedo, J. R.; Do Amaral, Meneguelli; Ottoni, T. B.; Araujo, Jorge AraĂșjo; de Sousa Lima, J. (2002). "Estimation of field capacity and moisture retention based on regression analysis involving chemical and physical properties in
Alfisols and Ultisols of the state of Rio de Janeiro".
478:
surface horizon (A), the subsoil (B), and the substratum (C). Some soils have an organic horizon (O) on the surface, but this horizon can also be buried. The master horizon (E) is used for subsurface horizons that have significantly lost minerals (
2913:
Huang, D. L.; Zeng, G. M.; Feng, C. L.; Hu, S.; Jiang, X. Y.; Tang, L.; Su, F. F.; Zhang, Y.; Zeng, W.; Liu, H. L. (2008). "Degradation of lead-contaminated lignocellulosic waste by
Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the reduction of lead toxicity".
184:
resulting from past fires. The composition of humus varies with that of primary (plant) materials and secondary microbial and animal products. The decomposition rate of the different compounds will affect the composition of the humus.
494:
it provides to soils in both a physical and chemical sense, though some agricultural experts put a greater focus on other features of it, such as its ability to suppress disease. It helps the soil retain moisture by increasing
324:) in the decomposed organic matter are recycled. Depending on the conditions in which the decomposition occurs, a fraction of the organic matter does not mineralize and instead is transformed by a process called
390:, and can be regarded as stable; this organic matter has been protected from decomposition by microbial or enzyme action because it is hidden (occluded) inside small aggregates of soil particles, or tightly
40:. Besides the three major soil horizons of (A) surface/topsoil, (B) subsoil, and (C) substratum, some soils have an organic horizon (O) on the very surface. Hard bedrock (R) is not in a strict sense soil.
291:
impossible because extractants interacted with the analysed organic matter and created many artefacts. Further research has been done in more recent years, though it remains an active field of study.
363:
decompose more slowly. Simple proteins, organic acids, starches, and sugars decompose rapidly, while crude proteins, fats, waxes, and resins remain relatively unchanged for longer periods of time.
2529:
Hempfling, R.; Schulten, H. R.; Horn, R. (1990). "Relevance of humus composition to the physical/mechanical stability of agricultural soils: a study by direct pyrolysis-mass spectrometry".
2667:
Vreeken-Buijs, M. J.; Hassink, J.; Brussaard, L. (1998). "Relationships of soil microarthropod biomass with organic matter and pore size distribution in soils under different land use".
523:
The process that converts soil organic matter into humus feeds the population of microorganisms and other creatures in the soil, and thus maintains high and healthy levels of soil life.
2566:
1459:
Das, Subhasich; Bhattacharya, Satya Sundar (2017). "Significance of soil organic matter in relation to plants and their products". In
Siddiqui, Mohammed Wasim; Bansal, Vasudha (eds.).
529:
Effective humus and stable humus are additional sources of nutrients for microbes: the former provides a readily available supply, and the latter acts as a long term storage reservoir.
633:
potential. Artificial humic acid and artificial fulvic acid synthesized from agricultural litter can increase the content of dissolved organic matter and total organic carbon in soil.
2839:
Kikuchi, R. (2004). "Deacidification effect of the litter layer on forest soil during snowmelt runoff: laboratory experiment and its basic formularization for simulation modeling".
445:
Stable humus contributes few plant-available nutrients in soil, but it helps maintain its physical structure. A very stable form of humus is formed from the slow oxidation (
526:
The rate at which soil organic matter is converted into humus promotes (when fast) or limits (when slow) the coexistence of plants, animals, and microorganisms in the soil.
1156:
2011:
GonzĂĄlez-PĂ©rez, Martha; Vidal
Torrado, Pablo; Colnago, Luiz A.; Martin-Neto, Ladislau; Otero, Xosé L.; Milori, Débora M. B. P.; Haenel Gomes, Felipe (31 August 2008).
249:
molecule itself. As protein is removed its place may be taken by younger protein, or this younger protein may attach itself to another part of the humus molecule.
2957:
Amelung, W.; Bossio, D.; de Vries, W.; Kögel-Knabner, I.; Lehmann, J.; Amundson, R.; Bol, R.; Collins, C.; Lal, R.; Leifeld, J.; Minasny, B. (27 October 2020).
532:
Decomposition of dead plant material causes complex organic compounds to be slowly oxidized (lignin-like humus) or to decompose into simpler forms (sugars and
188:
It is difficult to define humus precisely because it is a very complex substance which is still not fully understood. Humus is different from decomposing
3112:"Evaluation of conceptual models of natural organic matter (humus) from a consideration of the chemical and biochemical processes of humification"
2400:
Hargitai, L. (1993). "The soil of organic matter content and humus quality in the maintenance of soil fertility and in environmental protection".
1220:
1773:"Humic substances extracted by alkali are invalid proxies for the dynamics and functions of organic matter in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems"
1690:
818:
Chertov, Oleg G.; Komarov, Alexander S.; Crocker, Graham; Grace, Peter; Klir, Jan; Körschens, Martin; Poulton, Paul R.; Richter, Daniel (1997).
1919:
Soil researchers have concluded that even the largest, most complex molecules can be quickly devoured by soil's abundant and voracious microbes
1026:
2585:
Szalay, A. (1964). "Cation exchange properties of humic acids and their importance in the geochemical enrichment of UO2++ and other cations".
2563:
2827:
1901:
731:
2057:
Knicker, Heike; Almendros, Gonzalo; GonzĂĄlez-Vila, Francisco Javier; LĂŒdemann, Hans-Dietrich; MartĂn, Fracisco (NovemberâDecember 1995).
590:. While these nutrient cations are available to plants, they are held in the soil and prevented from being leached by rain or irrigation.
332:
resistant to the action of microorganisms, however recent research has demonstrated that microorganisms are capable of digesting humus.
2468:
328:. Prior to modern analytical methods, early evidence led scientists to believe that humification resulted in concatenations of organic
547:), which are further transformed into microbial biomass (microbial humus) or reorganized and further oxidized into humic assemblages (
684:
593:
Humus can hold the equivalent of 80â90% of its weight in moisture and therefore increases the soil's capacity to withstand drought.
117:) of humus commonly ranges between 8:1 and 15:1 with the median being about 12:1. It also significantly improves (decreases) the
287:, molecular soil humus should be considered to be of significance in removing the atmosphereâs current carbon dioxide overload.
2625:"Humus bacteria of Norway spruce stands: plant growth promoting properties and birch, red fescue and alder colonizing capacity"
1829:"The (bio)chemistry of soil humus and humic substances: why is the "new view" still considered novel after more than 80 years?"
2013:"13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy characterization of humic acids in spodosols under tropical rain forest in southeastern Brazil"
1990:
1125:
2327:
1542:
1518:
1495:"The supramolecular structure of humic substances: a novel understanding of humus chemistry and implications in soil science"
1470:
1150:
1543:"The nature and dynamics of soil organic matter: plant inputs, microbial transformations, and organic matter stabilization"
987:
225:
molecules of the original plant material (foliage, wood, bark), in part from similar molecules that have been produced by
619:
and excess nutrients can be chelated, i.e., bound to the organic molecules of humus, and so prevented from leaching away.
507:
into large organic molecular assemblages generates many active, negatively charged sites that bind to positively charged
418:
contribute to the stability of humus by putting ingested orxganic and mineral particles in intimate contact within their
402:. Most humus that is not protected in this way is decomposed within 10 years and can be regarded as less stable or more
1877:
1833:
1742:
963:
1415:"Are humic substances soil microbial residues or unique synthesized compounds? A perspective on their distinctiveness"
1234:
302:
decompose a large portion of the soil organic matter into inorganic minerals that the roots of plants can absorb as
1777:
1226:
1134:
611:; these contribute to the crumby structure (tilth) of the soil by adhering particles together and allowing greater
283:. Only when it becomes stable and acquires its multi-century permanence, mostly via multiple interactions with the
52:
is the dark organic matter in soil that is formed by the decomposition of plant and animal matter. It is a kind of
3122:
2704:"Effects of humic substances derived from organic waste enhancement on the growth and mineral nutrition of maize"
2275:
Oades, J. M. (1984). "Soil organic matter and structural stability: Mechanisms and implications for management".
1124:
Guggenberger, Georg (2005). "Humification and mineralization in soils". In Buscot, François; Varma, Ajit (eds.).
1100:
820:"Simulating trends of soil organic carbon in seven long-term experiments using the SOMM model of the humus types"
386:
Much of the humus in most soils has persisted for more than 100 years, rather than having been decomposed into CO
1772:
1306:
176:
The primary materials needed for the process of humification are plant detritus and dead animals and microbes,
2466:. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment
2193:
2115:
1550:
1263:
679:
674:
308:
56:. It is rich in nutrients and retains moisture in the soil. Humus is the Latin word for "earth" or "ground".
2703:
519:. Humus allows soil organisms to feed and reproduce and is often described as the "life-force" of the soil.
1869:
955:
153:
541:
2435:
Hoitink, H. A.; Fahy, P. C. (1986). "Basic for the control of soilborne plant pathogens with composts".
2237:"Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack"
461:. This process is speculated to have been important in the formation of the unusually fertile Amazonian
210:(SCM). However, humus can be considered as having distinct properties, mostly linked to its richness in
217:
Fully formed humus is essentially a collection of very large and complex molecules formed in part from
864:
BrĂȘthes, Alain; Brun, Jean-Jacques; Jabiol, Bernard; Ponge, Jean-François; Toutain, François (1995).
626:
3177:
794:
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347:
fungi, bacteria, microbes and animals such as earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, and arthropods (see
3167:
616:
161:
1413:
Dou, Sen; Shan, Jun; Song, Xiangyun; Cao, Rui; Wu, Meng; Li, Chenglin; Guan, Song (April 2020).
419:
367:
344:
232:
Radiocarbon and other dating techniques have shown that the polyphenolic base of humus (mostly
3172:
2201:
1738:"Dynamic stability of soil carbon: reassessing the "permanence" of soil carbon sequestration"
2462:
559:
and metal hydroxides. The ability of plants to absorb humic substances with their roots and
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3037:
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2718:
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2594:
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915:
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423:
276:
165:
2884:"Soil binding properties of mucilage produced by a basidiomycete fungus in a model system"
2105:
Muscolo, Adele; Bovalo, Francesco; Gionfriddo, Francesco; Nardi, Serenella (August 1999).
789:
8:
3162:
2059:"13C and 15N NMR analysis of some fungal melanins in comparison with soil organic matter"
395:
189:
53:
3041:
3024:
Tang, Chunyu; Li, Yuelei; Song, Jingpeng; Antonietti, Markus; Yang, Fan (25 June 2021).
2974:
2927:
2852:
2798:
2752:
Zandonadi, D. B.; Santos, M. P.; Busato, J. G.; Peres, L. E. P.; Façanha, A. R. (2013).
2722:
2680:
2598:
2542:
2499:
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2413:
2360:
2288:
2159:"Effects of vermicompost on soil and plant health and promoting sustainable agriculture"
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1790:
1703:
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1609:
1563:
1430:
1381:
1327:
1276:
1039:
988:"Influence of soil organic matter on bulk density and available water capacity of soils"
919:
835:
3066:
3025:
3001:
2958:
2810:
2641:
2624:
2511:
2382:
2300:
1077:
537:
36:
Humus has a characteristic black or dark brown color and is an accumulation of organic
2860:
2785:
Olness, A.; Archer, D. (2005). "Effect of organic carbon on available water in soil".
2688:
2254:
2136:
1510:
1438:
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843:
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1639:
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1414:
1365:
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1284:
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959:
280:
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2770:
2753:
2623:
Elo, S.; Maunuksela, L.; Salkinoja-Salonen, M.; Smolander, A.; Haahtela, K. (2006).
2515:
2192:
Dungait, J. A.; Hopkins, D. W.; Gregory, A. S.; Whitmore, A. P. (14 February 2012).
1258:
865:
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The dark, usually brown or black, color of humus helps to warm cold soils in spring.
612:
3061:
3045:
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2895:
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2802:
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2730:
2726:
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2503:
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2210:
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1986:
1944:
1842:
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1751:
1707:
1659:
1613:
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1506:
1434:
1385:
1331:
1314:
1280:
1194:
1138:
1043:
923:
877:
839:
572:
211:
68:
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The biochemical structure of humus enables it to moderate, i.e. buffer, excessive
2570:
2472:
1906:
1711:
737:
654:
568:
512:
198:
122:
3049:
2983:
2177:
2158:
1259:"Humus form dynamics during the sylvogenetic cycle in a mountain spruce forest"
772:
689:
500:
491:
321:
317:
253:
79:
2899:
1948:
1756:
1737:
1663:
1182:
1069:
881:
819:
3156:
3057:
2992:
2194:"Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance"
2010:
1847:
1828:
1198:
1183:"Chemical composition of the organic matter in forest soils: the humus layer"
1021:
564:
556:
299:
226:
141:
114:
3094:
1798:
1592:
Huang, Xue Ru; Li, H.; Li, Song; Xiong, Hailing; Jiang, Xianjun (May 2016).
1142:
1047:
3075:
3010:
2943:
2868:
2738:
2650:
2378:
2163:
1806:
1594:"Role of cationic polarization in humus-increased soil aggregate stability"
1343:
704:
699:
694:
544:
516:
431:
371:
348:
269:
265:
245:
237:
181:
149:
118:
75:
45:
24:
2507:
1462:
Plant secondary metabolites. Volume 3. Their roles in stress ecophysiology
927:
761:
563:
them has been long debated. There is now a consensus that humus functions
16:
Organic matter in soils resulting from decay of plant and animal materials
709:
601:
548:
533:
464:
450:
435:
403:
352:
284:
60:
37:
3026:"Artificial humic substances improve microbial activity for binding CO2"
2369:
2344:
1335:
2828:
Effect of
Organic Carbon on Available Water in Soil : Soil Science
2622:
2296:
1617:
669:
560:
552:
490:
The importance of chemically stable humus is thought by some to be the
479:
427:
222:
133:
2935:
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1991:
10.1002/1521-3846(200105)21:2<179::AID-ABIO179>3.0.CO;2-2
1970:
1932:
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439:
415:
407:
356:
177:
157:
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2236:
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2058:
2012:
1863:
1460:
949:
903:
19:
This article is about the organic matter in soil. For the food, see
1181:
Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid; Zech, Wolfgang; Hatcher, Patrick G. (1988).
664:
659:
608:
496:
391:
313:
303:
145:
126:
110:
102:
98:
67:
extracted from a woodland or other spontaneous source for use as a
2956:
904:"Earthworm feeding activity and development of the humus profile"
649:
644:
597:
579:
458:
454:
411:
340:
329:
261:
257:
241:
137:
72:
64:
1902:"A soil-science revolution upends plans to fight climate change"
32:
3137:
504:
375:
360:
233:
218:
106:
63:, "humus" sometimes also is used to describe mature or natural
20:
2484:
733:
A soil-science revolution upends plans to fight climate change
2666:
2191:
446:
268:
that can hold nutrient elements until required by plants, an
2104:
1222:
Humus: origin, chemical composition and importance in nature
485:
406:. The mixing activity of soil-consuming invertebrates (e.g.
355:
initially invade the dead plant organs, while the remaining
2318:
Lehmann, J.; Kern, D. C.; Glaser, B.; Woods, W. I. (2004).
1684:
Lal, Rattan; Negassa, Wakene; Lorenz, Klaus (August 2015).
1465:. Palm Bay, Florida: Apple Academic Press. pp. 39â61.
399:
336:
2751:
817:
2959:"Towards a global-scale soil climate mitigation strategy"
2754:"Plant physiology as affected by humified organic matter"
1133:. Soil biology. Vol. 3. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:
866:"Classification of forest humus forms: a French proposal"
508:
2157:
Oyege, Ivan; Sridhar, B. B. Maruthi (10 November 2023).
1180:
1070:"Compost quality standards and guidelines, final report"
132:
A similar material, also called humus and often used as
2107:"Earthworm humic matter produces auxin-like effects on
1127:
Microorganisms in soils: roles in genesis and
Functions
607:
During humification, microbes secrete sticky, gum-like
279:
is a major property of the soil, also considered as an
2701:
2317:
2235:
Baldock, Jeffrey A.; Skjemstad, Jan Otto (July 2000).
1827:
Baveye, Philippe C.; Wander, Michelle (6 March 2019).
863:
2662:
2660:
2528:
2320:
Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin, Properties, Management
1971:"Ligninolytic enzymes of the white rot basidiomycete
1933:"Litter decomposition in forest ecosystems: a review"
3023:
515:, making them more available to the plant by way of
252:
The most useful functions of humus are in improving
1366:"Humus: dark side of life or intractable "aether"?"
125:and lacks the cellular structure characteristic of
2657:
1771:Kleber, Markus; Lehmann, Johannes (8 March 2019).
1731:
482:). Bedrock, which is not soil, uses the letter R.
430:such as mull, with well-developed mineral-organic
2488:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
586:of soil, hence its ability to store nutrients by
343:. Organic matter is humified by a combination of
214:, justifying its maintenance as a specific term.
3154:
2702:Eyheraguibel, B.; Silvestrea, J. Morard (2008).
2234:
1969:Levin, Laura; Forchiassin, Flavia (9 May 2001).
1968:
1683:
1019:
2912:
2345:"The contentious nature of soil organic matter"
1691:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
1458:
1307:"The contentious nature of soil organic matter"
1257:Bernier, Nicolas; Ponge, Jean-François (1994).
272:function comparable to that of clay particles.
156:according to standard tolerance levels, is the
2881:
2580:
2578:
1638:Shoba, V. N.; Chudnenko, K. V. (August 2014).
1637:
1591:
1412:
1027:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
2758:Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology
2618:
2616:
1770:
1304:
462:
3097:. Agricultural University of Wroclaw, Poland
2784:
2156:
1930:
1826:
1732:Dynarski, Katherine A.; Bossio, Deborah A.;
1256:
1212:
1123:
1013:
2575:
2531:Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
2434:
2336:
2185:
1931:Krishna, M. P.; Mohan, Mahesh (July 2017).
1486:
1187:Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science
453:after the incorporation of finely powdered
2613:
1408:
1406:
1305:Lehmann, Johannes; Kleber, Markus (2015).
3065:
3000:
2982:
2769:
2640:
2368:
2268:
2176:
1846:
1755:
685:Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage
486:Benefits of soil organic matter and humus
180:of all soil-dwelling organisms, and also
3140:. International Humic Substances Society
2399:
1640:"Ion exchange properties of humus acids"
1174:
366:Lignin, which is quickly transformed by
31:
2838:
1492:
1403:
1218:
1067:
901:
105:being the most important. The ratio of
3155:
2584:
1899:
1020:Whitehead, D. C.; Tinsley, J. (1963).
729:
615:of the soil. Toxic substances such as
2343:Lehmann, Johannes (1 December 2015).
2274:
1861:
1493:Piccolo, Alessandro (December 2002).
1363:
1022:"The biochemistry of humus formation"
985:
947:
499:and encourages the formation of good
339:or artificially in the production of
2916:Environmental Science and Technology
1868:(9th ed.). New York, New York:
1540:
954:(9th ed.). New York, New York:
335:Humification can occur naturally in
256:, all the more when associated with
164:, which is a secondary phase in the
3109:
2449:10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.000521
2111:cell growth and nitrate metabolism"
13:
2642:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00679.x
1865:The nature and properties of soils
1834:Frontiers in Environmental Science
1743:Frontiers in Environmental Science
951:The nature and properties of soils
776:Random House Dictionary Unabridged
14:
3189:
3092:
3086:
2861:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.025
2564:Soil Development: Soil Properties
264:), and in providing a very large
101:that improve the health of soil,
2807:10.1097/00010694-200502000-00002
2342:
2215:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02665.x
1778:Journal of Environmental Quality
1598:European Journal of Soil Science
1162:from the original on 7 July 2024
870:Annales des Sciences ForestiĂšres
730:Popkin, Gabriel (27 July 2021),
71:. It is also used to describe a
3123:United States Geological Survey
3017:
2950:
2906:
2875:
2832:
2821:
2778:
2771:10.1590/S2197-00252013000100003
2745:
2695:
2587:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2557:
2522:
2478:
2455:
2437:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2428:
2393:
2311:
2228:
2150:
2098:
2050:
2004:
1962:
1937:Energy, Ecology and Environment
1924:
1893:
1855:
1820:
1764:
1725:
1677:
1631:
1585:
1534:
1452:
1357:
1298:
1250:
1117:
1093:
1061:
294:
2882:Caesar-Tonthat, T. C. (2002).
2731:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.082
2037:10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.06.018
1686:"Carbon sequestration in soil"
979:
941:
908:Biology and Fertility of Soils
895:
857:
811:
782:
754:
723:
171:
1:
2689:10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00064-3
2669:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2255:10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00049-8
2137:10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00049-8
2116:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
1572:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.04.001
1551:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
1511:10.1016/S0065-2113(02)75003-7
1439:10.1016/S1002-0160(20)60001-7
1390:10.1016/S1002-0160(21)60013-9
1364:Ponge, Jean-François (2022).
1264:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
844:10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00085-2
716:
680:Mineralization (soil science)
675:Immobilization (soil science)
154:persistent organic pollutants
3138:"What are Humic Substances?"
2607:10.1016/0016-7037(64)90009-2
2551:10.1016/0165-2370(90)85016-G
2422:10.1016/0169-2046(93)90044-E
2402:Landscape and Urban Planning
2085:10.1016/0146-6380(95)00094-1
1870:Macmillan Publishing Company
1712:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.09.002
1285:10.1016/0038-0717(94)90161-9
1068:Brinton, William F. (2020).
956:Macmillan Publishing Company
582:substance and increases the
381:
374:) to be the optimal organic
7:
1219:Waksman, Selman A. (1936).
637:
472:
320:) and the other nutrients (
240:) can be very old, but the
10:
3194:
3050:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102647
2984:10.1038/s41467-020-18887-7
2178:10.3390/soilsystems7040101
196:and derived terms such as
18:
3095:"Types of humus in soils"
2900:10.1017/S0953756202006330
2629:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1949:10.1007/s40974-017-0064-9
1757:10.3389/fenvs.2020.514701
1664:10.1134/S1064229314080110
902:Bernier, Nicolas (1998).
627:climate change mitigation
306:. This process is termed
2890:(Submitted manuscript).
2569:28 November 2012 at the
1900:Popkin, Gabriel (2021).
1848:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00027
1199:10.1002/jpln.19881510512
795:Encyclopaedia Britannica
625:Humus can contribute to
584:cation-exchange capacity
2461:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
1862:Brady, Nyle C. (1984).
1799:10.2134/jeq2019.01.0036
1541:Paul, Eldor A. (2016).
1225:. Baltimore, Maryland:
1143:10.1007/3-540-26609-7_4
1048:10.1002/jsfa.2740141201
948:Brady, Nyle C. (1984).
882:10.1051/forest:19950602
503:. The incorporation of
162:sewage sludge treatment
2711:Bioresource Technology
1227:Williams & Wilkins
986:Bauer, Armand (1974).
463:
41:
2963:Nature Communications
2508:10.1081/CSS-120005747
2202:Global Change Biology
1644:Eurasian Soil Science
928:10.1007/s003740050370
434:, when compared with
35:
2888:Mycological Research
2494:(13â14): 2037â2055.
2242:Organic Geochemistry
2064:Organic Geochemistry
1979:Acta Biotechnologica
1736:(13 November 2020).
1499:Advances in Agronomy
631:carbon sequestration
465:terra preta do Indio
424:carbon sequestration
277:carbon sequestration
208:Soil Continuum Model
166:wastewater treatment
23:. For the band, see
3042:2021iSci...24j2647T
2975:2020NatCo..11.5427A
2928:2008EnST...42.4946H
2853:2004Chmsp..54.1163K
2799:2005SoilS.170...90O
2723:2008BiTec..99.4206E
2681:1998SBiBi..30...97V
2599:1964GeCoA..28.1605S
2543:1990JAAP...17..275H
2500:2002CSSPA..33.2037D
2471:8 June 2013 at the
2414:1993LUrbP..27..161H
2370:10.1038/nature16069
2361:2015Natur.528...60L
2289:1984PlSoi..76..319O
2129:1999SBiBi..31.1303M
2077:1995OrGeo..23.1023K
2029:2008Geode.146..425G
1791:2019JEnvQ..48..207K
1704:2015COES...15...79L
1656:2014EurSS..47..761S
1610:2016EuJSS..67..341H
1564:2016SBiBi..98..109P
1431:2020Pedos..30..159D
1382:2022Pedos..32..660P
1336:10.1038/nature16069
1328:2015Natur.528...60L
1277:1994SBiBi..26..183B
1137:. pp. 85â106.
1040:1963JSFA...14..849W
920:1998BioFS..26..215B
836:1997Geode..81..121C
567:rather than simply
312:. In this process,
190:soil organic matter
54:soil organic matter
2297:10.1007/BF02205590
2071:(11â12): 1023â28.
1618:10.1111/ejss.12342
1101:"Sewage treatment"
1081:. Ithaca, New York
1078:Cornell University
140:and if not judged
121:of soil. Humus is
42:
2936:10.1021/es800072c
2922:(13): 4946â4951.
2717:(10): 4206â4212.
2593:(10): 1605â1614.
2329:978-1-4020-1839-8
1520:978-0-12-000793-6
1472:978-1-77188-356-6
1152:978-3-540-26609-9
555:), which bind to
281:ecosystem service
212:functional groups
3185:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3133:
3131:
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3116:
3106:
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3080:
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3015:
3014:
3004:
2986:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2847:(8): 1163â1169.
2836:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2708:
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2664:
2655:
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2554:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2482:
2476:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2408:(2â4): 161â167.
2397:
2391:
2390:
2372:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2283:(1â3): 319â337.
2272:
2266:
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2263:
2261:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2198:
2189:
2183:
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2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1966:
1960:
1959:
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1955:
1928:
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1897:
1891:
1890:
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1886:
1859:
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1759:
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1681:
1675:
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1635:
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1589:
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1547:
1538:
1532:
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1527:
1490:
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1008:
1006:
992:
983:
977:
976:
974:
972:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
830:(1â2): 121â135.
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
786:
780:
779:
770:
768:
758:
752:
751:
746:
744:
727:
604:soil conditions.
573:plant physiology
468:
206:, proposing the
199:humic substances
69:soil conditioner
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3178:Organic farming
3153:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3114:
3110:Wershaw, R. L.
3100:
3098:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3022:
3018:
2955:
2951:
2911:
2907:
2880:
2876:
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2783:
2779:
2750:
2746:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2665:
2658:
2621:
2614:
2583:
2576:
2571:Wayback Machine
2562:
2558:
2527:
2523:
2483:
2479:
2475:. Washington DC
2473:Wayback Machine
2460:
2456:
2433:
2429:
2398:
2394:
2355:(7580): 60â68.
2341:
2337:
2330:
2316:
2312:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2023:(3â4): 425â33.
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1973:Trametes trogii
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1929:
1925:
1912:
1910:
1907:Quanta Magazine
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1872:. p. 265.
1860:
1856:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1769:
1765:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1682:
1678:
1668:
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1636:
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1590:
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1576:
1574:
1545:
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1535:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1411:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1322:(7580): 60â68.
1309:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
990:
984:
980:
970:
968:
966:
958:. p. 269.
946:
942:
932:
930:
900:
896:
886:
884:
862:
858:
848:
846:
816:
812:
802:
800:
788:
787:
783:
766:
764:
760:
759:
755:
742:
740:
738:Quanta Magazine
728:
724:
719:
714:
655:Biotic material
640:
513:plant nutrients
488:
475:
389:
384:
368:white-rot fungi
297:
174:
97:Humus has many
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3168:Soil improvers
3165:
3151:
3150:
3134:
3107:
3093:Weber, Jerzy.
3088:
3087:External links
3085:
3082:
3081:
3016:
2949:
2905:
2894:(8): 930â937.
2874:
2831:
2820:
2777:
2744:
2694:
2656:
2635:(2): 143â152.
2612:
2574:
2556:
2537:(3): 275â281.
2521:
2477:
2464:Abiotic factor
2454:
2427:
2392:
2335:
2328:
2310:
2277:Plant and Soil
2267:
2249:(7): 697â710.
2227:
2209:(6): 1781â96.
2184:
2149:
2123:(9): 1303â11.
2097:
2049:
2003:
1961:
1923:
1892:
1879:978-0029460306
1878:
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1819:
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1584:
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1271:(2): 183â220.
1249:
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1116:
1092:
1060:
1034:(12): 849â57.
1012:
978:
965:978-0029460306
964:
940:
894:
856:
810:
781:
773:Dictionary.com
753:
721:
720:
718:
715:
713:
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707:
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690:Organic matter
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322:nutrient cycle
318:nitrogen cycle
309:mineralization
300:Microorganisms
296:
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254:soil structure
173:
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80:organic matter
78:that contains
15:
9:
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3:
2:
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3119:Pubs.USGU.gov
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3077:
3073:
3068:
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2675:(1): 97â106.
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2112:
2110:
2109:Daucus carota
2101:
2086:
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2078:
2074:
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2065:
2060:
2053:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1992:
1988:
1985:(2): 179â86.
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1943:(3): 236â49.
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
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1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1808:
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1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:(2): 207â16.
1784:
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1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1734:Scow, Kate M.
1728:
1713:
1709:
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1701:
1697:
1693:
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1661:
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1653:
1650:(8): 761â71.
1649:
1645:
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1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:(3): 341â50.
1603:
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1424:
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1383:
1379:
1376:(4): 660â64.
1375:
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1236:9780598966629
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1193:(5): 331â40.
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1016:
1000:
996:
995:Farm Research
989:
982:
967:
961:
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953:
952:
944:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:(3): 215â23.
913:
909:
905:
898:
883:
879:
876:(6): 535â46.
875:
871:
867:
860:
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841:
837:
833:
829:
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821:
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739:
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