390:". This textbook is the first known systematic treatment of this field and was most likely used in medical schools at the time. Throughout the book, Hunayn explains the eye and its anatomy in minute detail; its diseases, their symptoms, and their treatments. Hunayn repeatedly emphasizes that he believes the crystalline lens to be in the center of the eye, and may have been the originator of this idea, which was widely believed from his lifetime through the late 1500s. He discusses the nature of cysts and tumors, and the swelling they cause. He discusses how to treat various corneal ulcers through surgery, and the therapy involved in repairing cataracts. The book is evidence of the skills Hunayn ibn Ishaq had not just as a translator and a physician, but also as a surgeon.
402:, led the caliph to name Hunayn as his personal physician, ending the exclusive use of physicians from the Bukhtishu family. Despite their relationship, the caliph became distrustful; at the time, there were fears of death from poisoning, and physicians were well aware of its synthesis procedure. The caliph tested Hunayn's ethics as a physician by asking him to formulate a poison, to be used against a foe, in exchange for a large sum. Hunayn ibn Ishaq repeatedly rejected the Caliph's generous offers, saying he would need time to develop a poison. Disappointed, the caliph imprisoned his physician for a year. When asked why he would rather be killed than make the drug, Hunayn explained the
460:. Instead, he would try to summarize the topics of the original texts and then in a new manuscript paraphrase it in Syriac or Arabic. He also edited and redacted the available texts of technical works by comparing the information included therein with other works on similar subjects. Thus, his renditions may be seen as interpretations of medical, astronomical, and philosophical texts after researching the topics over which they range. Some scholars argue Hunayn's approach differed from previous translators through his commentaries on the subject and was influenced by Galen's ideas along the way.
40:
486:. It is part of the Alexandrian compendium of Galen's work. This manuscript from the 10th century is in two volumes that include details regarding various types of fevers (Humyat) and different inflammatory conditions of the body. More importantly, it includes details of more than 150 single and compound formulations of both herbal and animal origin. The book also provides an insight into understanding the traditions and methods of treatment in the Greek (Unani) and Roman eras.
368:
342:, the Bayt al Hikmah. The House of Wisdom was an institution where Greek works were translated and made available to scholars. (At least one scholar has argued that there is no evidence of Hunayn being placed in charge of the Bayt al Hikmah.) The caliph also gave Hunayn the opportunity to travel to Byzantium in search of additional manuscripts, such as those of Aristotle and other prominent authors.
440:, such as Galen's "On Sects" and "On the Anatomy of the Veins and Arteries". His translations are some of the only remaining documents of Greek manuscripts, and he helped influence the art of medicine, and through his book al-'Ashar Maqalat fi'l-Ayn (The Ten Treatises on the Eye) he helped to expand the science of ophthalmology through theory and practice.
279:. Hunayn Ibn Ishaq was a translator at the House of Wisdom, Bayt al-Hikma, where he received his education. In the West, another name he is known by his Latin name, Joannitius. It was the translations that came from administrative and legal materials gathered that lead to understanding of how to build up Arabic as the new official language.
327:; however, Hunayn's countless questions irritated Yuhanna, causing him to scold Hunayn and forcing him to leave. Hunayn promised himself to return to Baghdad when he became a physician. He went abroad to master the Greek language. On his return to Baghdad, Hunayn displayed his newly acquired skills by reciting the works of Homer and
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which are based on "Summaria
Alexandrinorum". For instance, Hunayn explains what the four elements and the four humors are and that medicine divides into therapy and practice and also defines health, disease, neutrality, and as well as the natural and the contranatural, and the six necessary conditions of living healthily.
428:. Nonetheless, none of his extant translations credit the House of Wisdom, which questions the legitimacy of whether this place actually was the origin of the Translation Movement. He laid down the basis of accurate translating techniques, which was extremely important for the accurate transmission of knowledge.
452:
In his efforts to translate Greek material, Hunayn ibn Ishaq was accompanied by his son Ishaq ibn Hunayn and his nephew
Hubaysh. Hunayn would translate Greek into Syriac, and then he would have his nephew finish by translating the text from Syriac to Arabic, after which he then would seek to correct
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Hunayn wrote on a variety of subjects that included philosophy, religion and medicine. In "How to Grasp
Religion", Hunayn explains the truths of religion that include miracles not possibly made by humans and humans' incapacity to explain facts about some phenomena, and false notions of religion that
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Some of Hunayn's most notable translations were his rendering of "De
Materia Medica", a pharmaceutical handbook, and his most popular selection, "Questions on Medicine", a guide for novice physicians. Information was presented in the form of questions taken from Galen's "Art of Physic" and answers,
974:
Porter, Roy (2001). The
Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine. Cambridge University Press. p. 67."The major ninth-century medical figure in Baghdad was a Christian Arab, Hunain ibn Ishaq, an amazingly accurate and productive scholar, who traveled to the Greek Byzantine empire in search of rare
244:
In the
Abbasid era, a new interest in extending the study of Greek science had arisen. At that time, there was a vast amount of untranslated ancient Greek literature pertaining to philosophy, mathematics, natural science, and medicine. This valuable information was only accessible to a very small
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Galen's works were translated before me by a certain Bin Sahda ... When I was young I translated them from a faulty Greek manuscript. Later when I was forty, my pupil
Hubaish asked me to correct the translation. Meanwhile a number of manuscripts had accumulated in my possession. I collated these
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wanted to have a place to gather world knowledge from Muslim and non-Muslim educators. Hunayn ibn Ishaq was one of the most well-known translators at the institution and was called the sheikh of the translators, as he mastered the four principal languages of the time: Greek, Persian, Arabic, and
1048:
Yarshater, E. (1983). The
Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 598."The population of Hira comprised its townspeople, the 'Ibad "devotees", who were Nestorian Christians using Syriac as their liturgical and cultural language, though Arabic was probably the language of daily
1068:
Angelelli, Claudia V. (2014). The
Sociological Turn in Translation and Interpreting Studies. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 45."Hunayn was most likely trilingual from his youth; Arabic was the vernacular of his native town, Persian a frequently-used tongue in his region, and Syriac the
994:
Grmek, Mirko D.; Fantini, Bernardino (1998). Western
Medical Thought from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Harvard University Press. p. 145.:"Hunayn ibn Ishaq was able to satisfy their needs. Of Christian Arab descent, he had spent many years of his life in Byzantine territory, in pursuit of his
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required him to help, and not harm, his patients. He completed many different medical works that pushed the idea of treating medicine with the practice and art of physic treatments. Some of his medical works were pulled from Greek sources such as, Fi Awja al-Ma'idah (On Stomach Ailments) and
268:, and his nephew Hubaysh, worked together with him at times to help translate. Hunayn ibn Ishaq is known for his translations, his method of translation, and his contributions to medicine. He has also been suggested by François Viré to be the true identity of the Arabic
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Corbin, Henry (2014). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. p. 16.:"The latter was succeeded by one of his students, the famous and prolific Hunayn ibn Ishaq (194/ 809—260/ 873), who was born at al-Hirah into a family belonging to the Christian Arab tribe of the
1058:
Milani, Milad (2014). Sufism in the Secret History of Persia. Routledge. p. 150."Hira was also home to the 'Ibad ("devotees"), who were Nestorian Christians using Syriac as their liturgical and cultural language, but Arabic for common daily
1023:
Ohlig, Karl-Heinz; Puin, Gerd-R. (2010). The hidden origins of Islam: new research into its early history. Prometheus Books. p. 32. :"The 'Ibad are tribes made up of different Arabian families that became connected with Christianity in
1004:
Selin, Helaine (2013). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 399.:"The family nickname, al-'Ibadi, is derived from "al-'Ibad," a Christian Arab
443:
Many R. Duval's published works on chemistry represent translations of Hunayn's work. Also in Chemistry a book titled meaning "About the Names", did not reach researchers but was used in "Dictionary of Ibn Bahlool" of the 10th century.
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and Arabic languages. Although al-Hira was known for commerce and banking, and his father was a pharmacist, Hunayn went to Baghdad in order to study medicine. In Baghdad, Hunayn had the privilege to study under renowned physician
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1850:
Johna, Samir. "Marginalisation of ethnic and religious minorities in Middle East history of medicine: the forgotten contributions to Arabian and Islamic medicine and science." Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica 8.2 (2010):
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include depression and an inclination for glory. He also worked on Arabic grammar and lexicography, writing a unique grammar of the Arabic language titled "The Rules of Inflexion According to the System of the Greeks."
2018:
Watt, John W. (2014). "Why Did Ḥunayn, the Master Translator into Arabic, Make Translations into Syriac? On the Purpose of the Syriac Translations of Ḥunayn and his Circle". In Scheiner, Jens J.; Janos, Damien (eds.).
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Hunayn translated writings on agriculture, stones, and religion and also some of Plato's and Aristotle's works, in addition to commentaries. He also translated many medicinal texts and summaries, mainly those of
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Esposito, John L. (2000). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 160.:"The most famous of these translators was a Nestorian (Christian) Arab by the name of Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (808–73)."
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El Khamloussy, Ahmed. "Commented Translation of an Excerpt from Hunayn Ibn Ishaq's Epistle to His Patron 'Ali Ibn Yahya on the Translations of Galen." Order No. MM07845 University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995
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Sarton, George (1927). Introduction to the History of Science. Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 611:"The nisba is derived from 'Ibad, the name of a Christian tribe of Arabs, established near Hira"
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Rashed, Roshdi. "Problems of the transmission of Greek scientific thought into Arabic: Examples from mathematics and optics." History of science 27.2 (1989): 199–209.
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manuscripts and produced a single correct copy. Next I collated the Syriac text with it and corrected it. I am in the habit of doing this with everything I translate.
190:
1262:"Dimitri Gutas: Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco‐Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early Ábbasid Society (Second–Fourth/Eighth–Tenth Centuries)"
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1759:Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq's Galen Translations and Greco-Arabic Philology: Some Observations from the Crises (De crisibus) and the Critical Days (De diebus decretoriis)
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Opth: Azmi, Khurshid. "Hunain bin Ishaq on Ophthalmic Surgery. "Bulletin of the Indian Institute of History of Medicine 26 (1996): 69–74. Web. 29 October 2009
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Sefer Musré ha-Filosofim (Book of the Morals of the Philosophers), Hebrew translation of the Judeo-Andalusian poet, Juda ben Shlomo Al-Jarisi (1170–1235).
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Hunayn was extremely motivated in his work to master Greek studies, which enabled him to translate Greek texts into Syriac and Arabic. The Abbasid Caliph
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478:"Kitab ila Aglooqan fi Shifa al Amraz" – This Arabic translation, related to Galen's Commentary, by Hunayn ibn Ishaq, is extant in the Library of
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Hunayn ibn Ishaq enriched the field of ophthalmology. His developments in the study of the human eye can be traced through his innovative book, "
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al-Masail fi'l-Tibb li'l-Muta'allimin (Questions on Medicine for Students) and having these sources to drawn on keeps the original text clear.
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2009:
Watt, John W. (2014). "The Syriac Translations of Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq and their Precursors". In Tamcke, Martin; Grebenstein, Sven (eds.).
2011:
Geschichte, Theologie und Kultur des syrischen Christentums: Beiträge zum 7. Deutschen Syrologie-Symposium in Göttingen, Dezember 2011
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Syriac. He was able to translate compositions on philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and even in subjects such as magic and
1812:"The Process of Origin and Growth of the Islamic Medicine: The Role of the Translators. A Glimpse on the Figure of Hunayn bin Ishaq"
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In Hunayn ibn Ishaq's lifetime, he devoted himself to working on a multitude of writings; both translations and original works.
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minority of Middle Eastern scholars who knew the Greek language; the need for an organized translation movement was urgent.
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Osman, Ghada. "The sheikh of the translators." The Sociological Turn in Translation and Interpreting Studies 66 (2014): 41.
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264:, into Syriac and Arabic. Ibn Ishaq also produced 36 of his own books, 21 of which covered the field of medicine. His son
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204:Ḥunayn ibn Isḥaq was the most productive translator of Greek medical and scientific treatises in his day. He studied
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Healy, J. "The Syriac-Speaking Christians and the Translation of Greek Science into Arabic." Muslim Heritage (2006).
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1971:. Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University.
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2023:. Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam. Vol. 26. Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin Press. pp. 363–388.
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S. Gougenheim: Aristote au Mont-Saint-Michel, 136–137 Nemira Publishing House, Bucharest 2011, (Romanian edition)
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1885:"Ethno-ophthalmology in the Egyptian delta: An historical systems approach to ethnomedicine in the middle east"
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Changing Fashions in Syriac Translation Technique: The Background to Syriac Translations under the Abbasids
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Die Wunder der Schöpfung: Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek aus dem islamischen Kulturkreis
774:. Translated by Bayard Dodge. New York & London: Columbia University Press. pp. 440, 589, 1071.
303:"al-Ibadi. The ʿIbad was an Arab community composed of different Arab tribes that had once converted to
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In time, Hunayn ibn Ishaq became arguably the chief translator of the era, and laid the foundations of
2013:. Göttinger Orientforschungen, I. Reihe: Syriaca 46. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 423–445.
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Faiq, Said. "Medieval Arabic translation: A cultural consideration." Mediaevalia 26.2 (2005): 99–110.
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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq". Encyclopedia Britannica, Invalid Date,
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1129:"A Book on Arabic Inflexion According to the System of the Greeks: A Lost Work by Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq"
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Hunayn ibn Ishaq's reputation as a scholar and translator, and his close relationship with Caliph
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Unlike many translators in the Abbasid period, he largely did not try to follow the text's exact
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1039::"Ḥira became renowned for its literate population of Arab Christians, or ʿEbād "devotees ". "
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Schrier, Omert J. (1995). "Hunayn Ibn Isḥaq on Tragedy and Comedy: A New Fragment of Galen".
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Samir, Samir Khalil (1997). "Maqālat Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq fī 'Kayfīyat idrāk ḥaqīqat al-diyāna".
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Hunayn ibn Ishaq was an Arab Nestorian Christian, born in 808, during the Abbasid period, in
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Pragmatic Markers from Greek into Arabic: A Case Study on Translations by Isḥāq ibn Ḥunayn
331:. In awe, ibn Masawayh reconciled with Hunayn, and the two started to work cooperatively.
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1579:"'On how to discern the truth of religion', by Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq: The impersonal recension"
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Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
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2049:"Hunayn Ibn Ishaq Al-'Ibadi, Abu Zaydonar Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography"
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Eastwood, Bruce."The Elements of Vision: The Micro-Cosmology of Galenic Visual Theory"
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Sa'di, Lutfi M. (1934). "A Bio-Bibliographical Study of Hunayn Ibn is-Haq Al-Ibadi".
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Lindberg, David C. The Beginnings of Western Science: Islamic Science. Chicago: The
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224:. Hunayn's method was widely followed by later translators. He was originally from
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794:""The sheikh of the translators": The translation methodology of Hunayn ibn Ishaq"
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1093:"Hunayn Ibn Ishaq". The Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. XV. 1978. Print.
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1994:] (in German). Beirut Würzburg: Orient-Institut Ergon Verlag in Kommission.
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Seven books of Galen's anatomy, lost in the original Greek, preserved in Arabic.
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311:. They were known for their high-literacy and multilingualism being fluent in
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translator, scholar, physician, and scientist. During the apex of the Islamic
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Kitab Adab al-Falasifa, original Arabic lost, known in medieval translation.
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Christians and Muslims in dialogue in the Islamic Orient of the Middle Ages
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Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
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Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
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Sezgin, Fuat; Amawi, Mazin; Ehrig-Eggert, Carl; Neubauer, E. (1999).
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Christianity in Iraq: Its Origons and Developments to the Present Day
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Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Developments to the Present Day
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family. Hunayn in classical sources is said to have belonged to the ʿ
252:. In his lifetime, ibn Ishaq translated 116 works, including Plato's
1857:"A foundation of western ophthalmology in medieval Islamic medicine"
1747:, Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 4 (2004): 3–14.
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2767:
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1427:"Isḥāq ibn Ḥunayn: Abū Yaҁqūb Isḥāq ibn Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq al-ҁIbādī"
1277:
1168:"A medieval fallacy: the crystalline lens in the center of the eye"
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The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture
457:
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45:
44:
Iluminure from the Hunayn ibn-Ishaq al-'Ibadi manuscript of the
1966:
1827:
Haddad, Rachid (1974). "Hunayn ibn Ishaq apologiste chrétien".
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Bocados de Oro, taken directly from Adab al-Falasifa (Spanish).
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213:
209:
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The Place to Go: Contexts of Learning in Baghdād, 750–1000 C.E
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with German translation, Leipzig (1925) (in German and Arabic)
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Leffler CT, Hadi TM, Udupa A, Schwartz SG, Schwartz D (2016).
232:, but he spent his working life in Baghdad, the center of the
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any of his partners' mistakes or inaccuracies he might find.
437:
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1708:"Ḥunain Ibn Isḥāq: An Arab Scholar Translating into Syriac"
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language of the liturgy and of higher Christian education."
296:
292:
723:, Hunayn ibn Ishaq's son, also a translator and physician
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Llibre de Saviesa of James of Aragon (Castilian Spanish).
338:
noticed Hunayn's talents and placed him in charge of the
189:, he worked with a group of translators, among whom were
16:
Arab Christian scholar, physician and scientist (809–873)
1752:
The Syriac Background to Hunayn's Translation Techniques
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846:
844:
1433:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 1094–1095,
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Wright. Catalogue, pp. 1190–1191, MV Coll' orient, 1593
1225:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1081–1083,
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1101:
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751:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hunayn-ibn-Ishaq
1927:
Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine
628:
Fragments from various books interpolated or adapted
169:
1593:
Pontifical Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies
1324:
1322:
1096:
612:
Libro de Los Buenos Proverbios (Castilian Spanish).
482:. It is a masterpiece of all the literary works of
480:Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences
2043:Aprim, Fred "Hunein Ibn Ishak – (809–873 or 877)"
1767:"The Purported Autobiography of Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq"
212:of the Translators". He mastered four languages:
3191:
1969:Ḥunain Ibn Isḥāq (d. 260/873): texts and studies
1319:
1988:Christlich-muslimische Gespräche im Mittelalter
1883:Millar, Marcia Inhorn; Lane, Sandra D. (1988).
646:La Floresta de Philosophos (Castilian Spanish).
371:The eye according to Hunain ibn Ishaq. From a "
353:
19:"al-Ibadi" redirects here. For other uses, see
236:. His fame went far beyond his own community.
3215:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
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1864:University of Western Ontario Medical Journal
1577:Cucarella, Diego R. Sarrió (1 January 2019).
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2304:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
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910:, avril-juin 1967, Parigi, 1967, pp. 172–176
764:Nadim (al-), Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq
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1780:. Harwood Academic: 235–249. Archived from
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3255:Members of the Assyrian Church of the East
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1810:Gorini, Rosanna; Shabat, Mohammed (2005).
1803:, Studia graeco-arabica 5 (2015): 321–344.
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1690:My Syriac and Arabic translations of Galen
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995:studies, most probably in Constantinople."
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699:from the Greek Septuagint did not survive.
3088:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
1924:
1764:
1608:"On how to discern the truth of religion"
1576:
1504:
1475:
1393:
1364:
1193:
1183:
702:"Kitab al-Ahjar" or the "Book of Stones".
656:
447:
1651:"Hunayn bin Ishaq: The Great Translator"
1564:"Testimonios Árabes de Adab Al-Falásifa"
1431:Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
1335:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 46.
1216:
472:
366:
3265:Opticians of the medieval Islamic world
2788:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
2037:On How to Discern the Truth of Religion
1945:
1648:
1105:
856:
830:Seleznyov, N. "Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq in the
3192:
1985:
1826:
1535:
1424:
1328:
1298:
904:Sur l'identité de Moamin le fauconnier
896:
889:
887:
885:
643:The Pseudo Seneca (Castilian Spanish).
3275:Physicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
2075:
1680:How Greek science passed to the Arabs
1625:
1605:
1259:
1126:
791:
727:Galen § Influence on Islamic medicine
171:ʾAbū Zayd Ḥunayn ibn ʾIsḥāq al-ʿIbādī
3039:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
2101:
2017:
2008:
1133:Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik
798:Translation and Interpreting Studies
787:
785:
783:
781:
714:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
388:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
373:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
135:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
3260:Nestorians in the Abbasid Caliphate
2890:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
1854:
882:
165:
13:
1736:
1210:
928:
526:De venarum arteriumque dissectione
410:
345:
14:
3296:
2314:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
2029:
1478:"'In the translator's workshop,'"
1367:"'In the translator's workshop,'"
949:"Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq | Arab scholar"
834:of al-Muʾtaman ibn al-ʿAssāl" in
792:Osman, Ghada (31 December 2012).
778:
649:El Victorial (Castilian Spanish).
620:Kayfiyyat idrāk ḥaqīqat al-diyāna
533:De elementis secundum Hippocratem
393:
2652:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
1684:. London: Routledge and K. Paul.
1614:. Translated by Davis, Stephen J
929:G., Strohmaier (24 April 2012).
362:
38:
2926:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
2910:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
1599:
1570:
1556:
1529:
1469:
1418:
1358:
1349:
1292:
1260:Kalin, Ibrahim (1 March 2003).
1253:
1120:
1111:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1027:
1017:
1008:
998:
988:
978:
968:
959:
941:
922:
2531:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
2067:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1706:Strohmaier, Gotthard (1993) .
1231:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9796
1035:"ḤIRA – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
913:
824:
756:
743:
1:
2601:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
2223:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
2065:on Hunain ibn Ishaq from the
1892:Social Science & Medicine
1641:
1447:10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_704
1145:10.13173/zeitarabling.72.0026
561:De locis affectis De pulsibus
415:With the construction of the
376:
282:
174:(808–873), known in Latin as
166:أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي
2849:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
2637:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
2541:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
2536:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
2389:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
2294:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
1904:10.1016/0277-9536(88)90030-5
1485:Arab Science and Philosophys
1374:Arab Sciences and Philosophy
1217:Iskandar, Albert Z. (2008),
737:
354:As a writer of original work
277:De Scientia Venandi per Aves
228:, previously capital of the
7:
3026:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
2611:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
1765:Cooperson, Michael (1997).
931:"Ḥunayn b. Isḥāḳ al-ʿIbādī"
706:
597:Hippocrates and Dioscorides
318:As a child, he learned the
239:
170:
10:
3301:
3280:Church of the East writers
3074:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
2859:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
2808:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
1754:, ARAM 3 (1991 ): 139–162.
1649:Tschanz, David W. (2003).
1606:Ishaq, Hunain ibn (2009).
554:De causis et symptomatibus
18:
3270:Syriac–Arabic translators
3156:
3130:
3104:
2995:
2974:
2954:
2918:
2872:
2821:
2783:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
2778:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
2735:
2702:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
2624:
2546:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
2523:
2412:
2384:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
2286:
2195:
2174:
2118:
2109:
1761:, Oriens 44 (2016): 1–43.
1718:: 163–170. Archived from
1542:. Gracewing. p. 84.
1497:10.1017/S0957423911000038
1386:10.1017/S0957423911000038
1305:. Gracewing. p. 84.
547:De facultibus naturalibus
512:De musculorum dissectione
208:and became known as the "
160:(also Hunain or Hunein) (
158:Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi
151:
141:
129:
103:
93:
88:
84:
66:
52:
37:
30:
3245:Greek–Arabic translators
3240:Greek–Syriac translators
3220:9th-century philosophers
3143:Ancient Iranian medicine
2931:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
2803:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
2667:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
2632:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2455:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
2354:Al-Tamimi, the physician
2141:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
1425:Cooper, Glen M. (2014),
603:
3230:9th-century translators
3210:9th-century Arab people
3095:Lives of the Physicians
3060:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
3006:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
2962:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
2844:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
2707:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
2430:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
2359:Eutychius of Alexandria
2334:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
1986:Tamcke, Martin (2007).
1841:10.1163/157005874x00445
953:Encyclopedia Britannica
753:. Accessed 13 May 2023.
519:De nervorum dissectione
191:Abū 'Uthmān al-Dimashqi
3225:9th-century physicians
3138:Ancient Greek medicine
2798:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
2712:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2556:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
2450:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
2420:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
2324:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
1329:Rebhan, Helga (2010).
1172:Clinical Ophthalmology
935:Encyclopaedia of Islam
695:Arabic version of the
657:Other translated works
619:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
470:
448:Translation techniques
383:
305:Nestorian Christianity
21:Ibadi (disambiguation)
3122:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
3013:The Canon of Medicine
2834:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
2440:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
2425:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
2329:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
2273:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
2063:Bibliography of works
2039:– English translation
1750:Brock, Sebastian P.,
1743:Brock, Sebastian P.,
1536:Rassam, Suha (2005).
1476:Vagelpohl, U (2011).
1365:Vagelpohl, U (2011).
1299:Rassam, Suha (2005).
1127:Vidro, Nadia (2020).
877:University of Chicago
810:10.1075/tis.7.2.04osm
583:De diebus decretoriis
505:De ossibus ad tirones
473:Selected translations
465:
419:, the Abbasid Caliph
370:
195:Ibn Mūsā al-Nawbakhti
178:, was an influential
2905:Sultan Ali Khorasani
2606:Serapion the Younger
2248:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
2131:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
1185:10.2147/OPTH.S100708
906:. Communication à l'
637:(Castilian Spanish).
325:Yuhanna ibn Masawayh
234:Translation movement
3174:Medical Renaissance
3032:The Book of Healing
2936:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
2727:Zakariya al-Qazwini
2616:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
2258:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
1855:Lin, Daren (2008).
1787:on 7 September 2017
1439:2014bea..book.1094C
975:Galenic treatises."
732:History of medicine
633:General History of
375:" manuscript dated
183:Nestorian Christian
3112:Al-'Adudi Hospital
3020:Tacuinum Sanitatis
2946:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
2465:Badi' al-Asturlabi
2364:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
2339:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
2319:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
2268:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
2161:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
2156:Nafi ibn al-Harith
2035:Hunain ibn Ishaq,
1722:on 29 October 2020
1688:Hunain ibn Ishaq,
1219:"Ḥunayn Ibn Isḥāq"
836:VG 16 (2012) 38–45
569:De typis (febrium)
384:
98:Islamic Golden Age
3187:
3186:
3179:Medieval medicine
2970:
2969:
2829:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
2662:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
2551:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
2166:Zaynab al-Awadiya
2001:978-3-89913-611-1
1799:Eksell, Kerstin,
1757:Cooper, Glen M.,
1456:978-1-4419-9916-0
1240:978-1-4020-4559-2
155:
154:
78:Abbasid Caliphate
3292:
3250:Iraqi Christians
3169:Learned medicine
3164:Ibn Sina Academy
2864:Şerafeddin Kadir
2839:Husayni Isfahani
2773:Mansur ibn Ilyas
2717:Rashidun al-Suri
2596:Moshe ben Maimon
2379:Ibrahim ibn Baks
2309:Abu Bakr al-Razi
2243:Jabir ibn Hayyan
2238:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
2233:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2116:
2115:
2103:Islamic medicine
2096:
2089:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2024:
2014:
2005:
1982:
1963:
1942:
1915:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1861:
1844:
1823:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1771:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1701:Books.Google.com
1685:
1674:O'Leary, De Lacy
1669:
1667:
1665:
1655:
1636:
1635:
1624:Translated from
1623:
1621:
1619:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1584:Islamochristiana
1574:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1508:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1397:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1091:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1002:
996:
992:
986:
982:
976:
972:
966:
963:
957:
956:
945:
939:
938:
926:
920:
917:
911:
900:
894:
891:
880:
873:
854:
848:
839:
828:
822:
821:
789:
776:
775:
770:, Bayard (ed.).
760:
754:
747:
721:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
683:(Tabi'iyat) and
635:Alfonso el Sabio
622:
599:
592:
590:Methodus medendi
585:
578:
571:
564:(four treatises)
563:
556:
549:
542:
540:De temperamentis
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
404:physician's oath
381:
378:
250:Islamic medicine
199:Thābit ibn Qurra
173:
167:
146:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
42:
32:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
28:
27:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3235:Arab Christians
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3152:
3126:
3100:
2991:
2966:
2950:
2914:
2895:Dawud al-Antaki
2868:
2817:
2731:
2672:Ibn Abi Usaibia
2620:
2519:
2510:Jonah ibn Janah
2408:
2299:Aayon Ibn Aayon
2282:
2263:Shapur ibn Sahl
2191:
2170:
2126:Abu Hafsa Yazid
2105:
2100:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2032:
2027:
2002:
1979:
1887:
1873:
1871:
1859:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1769:
1739:
1737:Further reading
1734:
1725:
1723:
1694:G. Bergstrasser
1663:
1661:
1653:
1644:
1639:
1617:
1615:
1604:
1600:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1423:
1419:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1297:
1293:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1215:
1211:
1178:(10): 649–662.
1164:
1160:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1057:
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1047:
1043:
1033:
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1028:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
999:
993:
989:
983:
979:
973:
969:
964:
960:
947:
946:
942:
927:
923:
918:
914:
902:François Viré,
901:
897:
892:
883:
874:
857:
851:Strohmaier 1993
849:
842:
829:
825:
790:
779:
761:
757:
748:
744:
740:
709:
659:
630:
606:
475:
450:
417:House of Wisdom
413:
411:As a translator
396:
379:
365:
356:
348:
346:Accomplishments
340:House of Wisdom
291:, to an ethnic
285:
242:
230:Lakhmid kingdom
80:
71:
62:
57:
48:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3285:Syriac writers
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2952:
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2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Hakim-e-Gilani
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2880:Rostam Gorgani
2876:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
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2825:
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2810:
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2800:
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2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2722:Sa'ad al-Dawla
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Ibn al-Tilmīdh
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2500:Ibn al-Kattani
2497:
2495:Ibn al-Haytham
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Ibn Al-Thahabi
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Ali ibn Ridwan
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2404:Qusta ibn Luqa
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2278:Yusuf al-Khuri
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2187:Ja'ar al-Sadiq
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2045:
2040:
2031:
2030:External links
2028:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1983:
1977:
1964:
1954:(3): 344–348.
1943:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1898:(6): 651–657.
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1835:(3): 292–302.
1824:
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1637:
1612:tertullian.org
1598:
1569:
1555:
1548:
1528:
1491:(2): 249–288.
1468:
1455:
1417:
1380:(2): 249–288.
1357:
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1311:
1291:
1278:10.1086/376126
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879:, 2007. Print.
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804:(2): 161–175.
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508:
501:
494:
487:
474:
471:
449:
446:
412:
409:
395:
394:As a physician
392:
364:
361:
355:
352:
347:
344:
284:
281:
256:, Aristotle's
241:
238:
153:
152:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:
124:Arabic grammar
105:
104:Main interests
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
72:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3297:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:Adab al-Tabib
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Ophthalmology
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:ʽImad Shirazi
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Ibn al-Khatib
2761:
2759:
2758:Ibn al-Akfani
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Ibn al‐Raqqam
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Ibn al-Baitar
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Al-Shahrazuri
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Ibn Abi Sadiq
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Ibn al-Jazzar
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
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2285:
2279:
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2269:
2266:
2264:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
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2241:
2239:
2236:
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2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1978:3-8298-6018-8
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:(in French).
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1634:(2): 345–363.
1633:
1630:(in Arabic).
1629:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1551:
1549:9780852446331
1545:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1344:
1342:9783880080058
1338:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1312:9780852446331
1308:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1065:
1055:
1049:intercourse."
1045:
1036:
1030:
1020:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
962:
954:
950:
944:
936:
932:
925:
916:
909:
905:
899:
890:
888:
886:
878:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
852:
847:
845:
837:
833:
827:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
786:
784:
782:
773:
769:
765:
759:
752:
746:
742:
733:
730:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
710:
701:
698:
697:Old Testament
694:
691:
688:
687:
686:Magna Moralia
682:
678:
674:
671:
668:
664:
661:
660:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:
621:
617:
614:
611:
608:
607:
598:
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
577:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
541:
537:
534:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
476:
469:
464:
463:Hunayn says:
461:
459:
454:
445:
441:
439:
433:
429:
427:
422:
418:
408:
405:
401:
400:al-Mutawakkil
391:
389:
374:
369:
363:Ophthalmology
360:
351:
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
321:
316:
314:
310:
307:and lived in
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
280:
278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
262:Old Testament
259:
255:
251:
246:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
172:
163:
159:
150:
147:
144:
140:
137:
136:
132:
130:Notable works
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:Ophthalmology
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:Academic work
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
65:
61:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2955:18th century
2919:17th century
2873:16th century
2822:15th century
2813:Zayn-e-Attar
2736:14th century
2687:Ibn al-Nafis
2625:13th century
2524:12th century
2505:Ibn al-Wafid
2413:11th century
2287:10th century
2232:
2218:Ali al-Ridha
2052:. Retrieved
2020:
2010:
1991:
1987:
1968:
1951:
1947:
1930:
1926:
1895:
1891:
1872:. Retrieved
1867:
1863:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1815:
1800:
1789:. Retrieved
1782:the original
1777:
1773:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1715:
1711:
1681:
1678:
1662:. Retrieved
1657:
1631:
1627:
1616:. Retrieved
1611:
1601:
1588:
1582:
1572:
1558:
1538:
1531:
1488:
1484:
1471:
1460:, retrieved
1430:
1420:
1377:
1373:
1360:
1351:
1331:
1301:
1294:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1244:, retrieved
1222:
1212:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1139:(2): 26–58.
1136:
1132:
1122:
1113:
1106:Tschanz 2003
1064:
1054:
1044:
1029:
1019:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
924:
915:
903:
898:
831:
826:
801:
797:
771:
758:
745:
712:
689:(Khulqiyat).
684:
680:
676:
666:
466:
462:
455:
451:
442:
434:
430:
414:
397:
385:
357:
349:
333:
317:
286:
276:
275:, author of
247:
243:
220:, Greek and
203:
175:
157:
156:
133:
25:
3046:De Gradibus
2692:Ibn al-Quff
2196:9th century
2175:8th century
2151:Masarjawaih
2119:7th century
1933:: 409–446.
1874:7 September
1791:7 September
1726:7 September
1664:7 September
679:(Maqulas),
576:De crisibus
426:oneiromancy
380: 1200
299:, thus his
258:Metaphysics
187:Abbasid era
176:Johannitius
108:Translation
3205:873 deaths
3200:809 births
3194:Categories
3157:Influenced
3131:Influences
3117:Bimarestan
2987:Psychology
2941:Tunakabuni
2854:Nurbakhshi
2753:Ibn Shuayb
2743:Al-Nagawri
2677:Ibn Tumlus
2657:As-Suwaydi
2642:Al-Dakhwar
2581:Ibn Tufayl
2576:Ibn Jumay‘
2480:Ibn Butlan
2369:Ibn Juljul
2344:Al-Kaŝkarī
2213:Albubather
2111:Physicians
2054:10 October
1939:1296241043
1870:(1): 41–45
1642:References
1628:al-Mashriq
1595:: 155–163.
1462:4 December
1246:4 December
677:Categories
669:(Siyasah).
283:Early life
260:, and the
142:Influenced
116:Philosophy
3053:Al-Tasrif
2793:Nakhshabi
2571:Ibn Habal
2490:Ibn Jazla
2485:Ibn Hindu
2435:Al-Biruni
2349:Al-Natili
2253:Masawaiyh
2228:Bukhtishu
2208:Al-Ruhawi
2182:Bukhtishu
2146:Ibn Uthal
2136:Bukhtishu
1948:Mnemosyne
1822:(8): 1–7.
1618:12 August
1286:0021-1753
1272:(1): 59.
1153:234954510
1024:al-Hira."
818:1932-2798
738:Citations
673:Aristotle
498:De sectis
491:De medica
421:al-Ma'mun
3148:Ayurveda
2975:Concepts
2768:Jaghmini
2748:Aqsara'i
2586:Ibn Zuhr
2566:Averroes
2561:Avempace
2515:Masawaih
2460:Avicenna
2394:Muvaffak
2203:Al-Kindi
1935:ProQuest
1851:203–210.
1774:Edebiyât
1676:(1949).
1523:25275686
1515:24077025
1412:25275686
1404:24077025
1204:27114699
766:(1970).
707:See also
667:Republic
336:al-Mamun
289:al-Hirah
270:falconer
240:Overview
226:al-Hirah
120:Religion
60:Al-Hirah
3105:Centers
3081:Al-Hawi
1960:4432506
1912:3283948
1829:Arabica
1660:: 39–40
1506:3783994
1435:Bibcode
1395:3783994
1195:4833360
1005:tribe."
985:'Ibad."
681:Physics
458:lexicon
309:al-Hira
254:Timaeus
222:Persian
74:Baghdad
46:Isagoge
1998:
1975:
1958:
1937:
1910:
1692:, ed.
1546:
1521:
1513:
1503:
1453:
1410:
1402:
1392:
1339:
1309:
1284:
1237:
1202:
1192:
1151:
816:
717:(book)
320:Syriac
313:Syriac
273:Moamyn
218:Syriac
214:Arabic
210:Sheikh
197:, and
162:Arabic
70:873 AD
56:808 AD
2997:Works
2399:Qumri
1990:[
1956:JSTOR
1888:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1785:(PDF)
1770:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1519:S2CID
1481:(PDF)
1408:S2CID
1370:(PDF)
1149:S2CID
1059:use."
832:Summa
768:Dodge
663:Plato
604:Works
484:Galen
438:Galen
329:Galen
301:nisba
266:Ishaq
206:Greek
2056:2014
1996:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1908:PMID
1876:2017
1793:2017
1728:2017
1712:ARAM
1666:2017
1620:2024
1544:ISBN
1511:PMID
1464:2020
1451:ISBN
1400:PMID
1337:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1282:ISSN
1266:Isis
1248:2020
1235:ISBN
1200:PMID
1176:2016
814:ISSN
297:Ibad
293:Arab
180:Arab
67:Died
53:Born
1900:doi
1837:doi
1501:PMC
1493:doi
1443:doi
1390:PMC
1382:doi
1274:doi
1227:doi
1190:PMC
1180:doi
1141:doi
806:doi
675:'s
665:'s
94:Era
3196::
1952:48
1950:.
1929:.
1906:.
1896:26
1894:.
1890:.
1868:78
1866:.
1862:.
1833:21
1818:.
1814:.
1776:.
1772:.
1714:.
1710:.
1656:.
1632:71
1610:.
1591:.
1589:45
1587:.
1581:.
1517:.
1509:.
1499:.
1489:21
1487:.
1483:.
1449:,
1441:,
1429:,
1406:.
1398:.
1388:.
1378:21
1376:.
1372:.
1321:^
1280:.
1270:94
1268:.
1264:.
1233:,
1221:,
1198:.
1188:.
1174:.
1170:.
1147:.
1137:72
1135:.
1131:.
1098:^
1074:^
951:.
933:.
884:^
858:^
843:^
812:.
800:.
796:.
780:^
377:c.
216:,
193:,
168:;
164::
122:,
118:,
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110:,
76:,
2095:e
2088:t
2081:v
2058:.
2004:.
1981:.
1962:.
1941:.
1931:2
1914:.
1902::
1878:.
1843:.
1839::
1820:4
1795:.
1778:7
1730:.
1716:3
1668:.
1622:.
1566:.
1552:.
1525:.
1495::
1445::
1437::
1414:.
1384::
1345:.
1315:.
1288:.
1276::
1229::
1206:.
1182::
1155:.
1143::
1108:.
1037:.
955:.
937:.
853:.
838:.
820:.
808::
802:7
623:.
382:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
