Hundred Years' War

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not in the national interest, yielding only losses in return for high economic burdens. In comparing this English cost-benefit analysis with French attitudes, given that both countries suffered from weak leaders and undisciplined soldiers, Lowe noted that the French understood that warfare was necessary to expel the foreigners occupying their homeland. Furthermore, French kings found alternative ways to finance the war – sales taxes, debasing the coinage – and were less dependent than the English on tax levies passed by national legislatures. English anti-war critics thus had more to work with than the French.

8138: 6687: 5882: 7919: 7708: 5306: 8116: 8008: 7986: 7964: 7875: 5574: 7666: 7644: 7728: 7600: 7294: 6819: 6911: 8030: 7853: 7620: 8263: 8183: 6636:. Despite the problems and having a smaller force, his victory was near total; the French defeat was catastrophic, costing the lives of many of the Armagnac leaders. About 40% of the French nobility was killed. Henry was apparently concerned that the large number of prisoners taken were a security risk (there were more French prisoners than there were soldiers in the entire English army) and he ordered their deaths before the French reserves fled the field and Henry rescinded the order. 69: 5609:) since 1354, and in 1363, the Navarrese used the captivity of John II in London and the political weakness of the Dauphin to try to seize power. Although there was no formal treaty, Edward III supported the Navarrese moves, particularly as there was a prospect that he might gain control over the northern and western provinces as a consequence. With this in mind, Edward deliberately slowed the peace negotiations. In 1364, John II died in London, while still in honourable captivity. 8231: 6204: 410: 8207: 7770: 7688: 6720:. The Duke of Clarence, against the advice of his lieutenants, before his army had been fully assembled, attacked with a force of no more than 1500 men-at-arms. Then, during the course of the battle, he led a charge of a few hundred men into the main body of the Franco-Scottish army, who quickly enveloped the English. In the ensuing mêlée, the Scot, John Carmichael of Douglasdale, broke his lance unhorsing the Duke of Clarence. Once on the ground, the duke was slain by 7810: 7748: 8074: 13602: 7123: 5347:

crossing at Poissy. This had only been partially destroyed, so the carpenters within his army were able to fix it. He then continued to Flanders until he reached the river Somme. The army crossed at a tidal ford at Blanchetaque, stranding Philip's army. Edward, assisted by this head start, continued on his way to Flanders once more until, finding himself unable to outmaneuver Philip, Edward positioned his forces for battle, and Philip's army attacked.

703: 506: 449: 367: 13592: 7163: 7790: 5766: 5140: 4659: 2228: 5498:... all went ill with the kingdom and the State was undone. Thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land. The Nobles despised and hated all others and took no thought for usefulness and profit of lord and men. They subjected and despoiled the peasants and the men of the villages. In no wise did they defend their country from its enemies; rather did they trample it underfoot, robbing and pillaging the peasants' goods ... 5809:

their refusal to pay the tax. Charles V summoned one Gascon lord and the Black Prince to hear the case in his High Court in Paris. The Black Prince answered that he would go to Paris with sixty thousand men behind him. War broke out again and Edward III resumed the title of King of France. Charles V declared that all the English possessions in France were forfeited, and before the end of 1369 all of Aquitaine was in full revolt.

5526: 8277: 5222: 4535:. As a result, the crown of England was held by a succession of nobles who already owned lands in France, which put them among the most influential subjects of the French king, as they could now draw upon the economic power of England to enforce their interests in the mainland. To the kings of France, this threatened their royal authority, and so they would constantly try to undermine English rule in France, while the 13612: 6783: 5788:, Edward of Woodstock, for help, but none was forthcoming, forcing Peter into exile in Aquitaine. The Black Prince had previously agreed to support Peter's claims but concerns over the terms of the treaty of Brétigny led him to assist Peter as a representative of Aquitaine, rather than England. He then led an Anglo-Gascon army into Castile. Peter was restored to power after Trastámara's army was defeated at the 6114: 4650:, but the French delayed the return of the lands, which helped Philip VI. On 6 June 1329, Edward III finally paid homage to the King of France. However, at the ceremony, Philip VI had it recorded that the homage was not due to the fiefs detached from the duchy of Guyenne by Charles IV (especially Agen). For Edward, the homage did not imply the renunciation of his claim to the extorted lands. 10435: 6955: 6763:(17 August 1424). At the Battle of Baugé, the Duke of Clarence had rushed into battle without the support of his archers; by contrast, at Verneuil the archers fought to devastating effect against the Franco-Scottish army. The effect of the battle was to virtually destroy the Dauphin's field army and to eliminate the Scots as a significant military force for the rest of the war. 7231:. Hobelars' tactics had been developed against the Scots, in the Anglo-Scottish wars of the 14th century. Hobelars rode smaller unarmoured horses, enabling them to move through difficult or boggy terrain where heavier cavalry would struggle. Rather than fight while seated on the horse, they would dismount to engage the enemy. The closing battle of the war, the 5158:, a call to arms, was proclaimed throughout France starting on 30 April 1337. Then, in May 1337, Philip met with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that the Duchy of Aquitaine, effectively Gascony, should be taken back into the King's hands because Edward III was in breach of his obligations as a vassal and had sheltered the King's "mortal enemy" 4747:. The French rejected this argument, so in 1329, the 17-year-old Edward III paid homage to Philip VI. Tradition demanded that vassals approach their liege unarmed, with heads bare. Edward protested by attending the ceremony wearing his crown and sword. Even after this pledge of homage, the French continued to pressure the English administration. 2395:. Edward protested but ultimately submitted and did homage for Gascony. Further French disagreements with Edward induced Philip, during May 1337, to meet with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that Gascony should be taken back into Philip's hands, which prompted Edward to renew his claim for the French throne, this time by force of arms. 7249: 5906:, the Black Prince's first son, had died sometime earlier). The treaty of Brétigny had left Edward III and England with enlarged holdings in France, but a small professional French army under the leadership of du Guesclin pushed the English back; by the time Charles V died in 1380, the English held only Calais and a few other ports. 6134:. The Lords Appellant were able to gain control of the council in 1388 but failed to reignite the war in France. Although the will was there, the funds to pay the troops was lacking, so in the autumn of 1388 the Council agreed to resume negotiations with the French crown, beginning on 18 June 1389 with the signing of the three-year 6624:. The city resisted for longer than expected, but finally surrendered on 22 September. Because of the unexpected delay, most of the campaign season was gone. Rather than march on Paris directly, Henry elected to make a raiding expedition across France toward English-occupied Calais. In a campaign reminiscent of 6923:

replacing his feudal levies with a more modern professional army that could put its superior numbers to good use. A castle that once could only be captured after a prolonged siege would now fall after a few days from cannon bombardment. The French artillery developed a reputation as the best in the world.

2475:(1424), as well as an alliance with the Burgundians raised the prospects of an ultimate English triumph and persuaded the English to continue the war over many decades. A variety of factors prevented this, however. Notable influences include the deaths of both Henry and Charles in 1422, the emergence of 7074:

Although the Battle of Castillon is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years' War, England and France remained formally at war for another 20 years, but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced unrest at home. Bordeaux fell to the French on October 19 and there were no

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The allegiance of Burgundy remained fickle, but the Burgundian focus on expanding their domains in the Low Countries left them little energy to intervene in the rest of France. The long truces that marked the war gave Charles time to centralise the French state and reorganise his army and government,

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The war became increasingly unpopular with the English public due to the high taxes needed for the war effort. These taxes were seen as one of the reasons for the Peasants' Revolt. Richard II's indifference to the war together with his preferential treatment of a select few close friends and advisors

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in the case of a child monarch but no regent was appointed for Richard II, who nominally exercised the power of kingship from the date of his accession in 1377. Between 1377 and 1380, actual power was in the hands of a series of councils. The political community preferred this to a regency led by the

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Civil wars, deadly epidemics, famines, and bandit free-companies of mercenaries reduced the population drastically in France. But at the end of the war, the French had the upper hand due to their better supply, such as small hand-held cannons, weapons, etc. In England, political forces over time came

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persuaded the Dauphin to send her to the siege, stating she had received visions from God telling her to drive out the English. She entered the city on April 29, after which the tide began to turn against the English within a matter of days. She raised the morale of the troops, and they attacked the

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campaigns to pressure enemies without risking open war. The French responded in kind and French pirates, under Scottish protection, raided many English coastal towns. The domestic and dynastic difficulties faced by England and France in this period quieted the war for a decade. Henry IV died in 1413

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had fought on the Black Prince's side during the war. Albret, who already had become discontented by the influx of English administrators into the enlarged Aquitaine, refused to allow the tax to be collected in his fief. He then joined a group of Gascon lords who appealed to Charles V for support in

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in just one day, surprising the French. Philip mustered a large army to oppose Edward, who chose to march northward toward the Low Countries, pillaging as he went. He reached the river Seine to find most of the crossings destroyed. He moved further south, worryingly close to Paris until he found the

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The dispute over Guyenne is even more important than the dynastic question in explaining the outbreak of the war. Guyenne posed a significant problem to the kings of France and England: Edward III was a vassal of Philip VI of France because of his French possessions and was required to recognize the

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on a permanent basis or being hunted down and destroyed if they refused. France gained a total standing army of around 6,000 men, which was sent out to gradually eliminate the remaining mercenaries who insisted on operating on their own. The new standing army had a more disciplined and professional

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is that interstate war was responsible for initiating a strong move toward states implementing tax systems with higher state capabilities. For example, see France in the Hundred Years' War, when the English occupation threatened the independent French Kingdom. The king and his ruling elite demanded

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National feeling that emerged from the war unified both France and England further. Despite the devastation on its soil, the Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state. In England the political and financial troubles which emerged

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off Normandy in 1336, threatening England. To deal with this crisis, Edward proposed that the English raise two armies, one to deal with the Scots "at a suitable time" and the other to proceed at once to Gascony. At the same time, ambassadors were to be sent to France with a proposed treaty for the

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Historian Ben Lowe argued in 1997 that opposition to the war helped to shape England's early modern political culture. Although anti-war and pro-peace spokesmen generally failed to influence outcomes at the time, they had a long-term impact. England showed decreasing enthusiasm for conflict deemed

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With his health deteriorating, the Black Prince returned to England in January 1371, where his father Edward III was elderly and also in poor health. The prince's illness was debilitating, and he died on 8 June 1376. Edward III died the following year on 21 June 1377 and was succeeded by the Black

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set his ransom at 3 million crowns and allowed for hostages to be held in lieu of John. The hostages included two of his sons, several princes and nobles, four inhabitants of Paris, and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France. While these hostages were held, John

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of the King of France over them. In practical terms, a judgment in Guyenne might be subject to an appeal to the French royal court. The King of France had the power to revoke all legal decisions made by the King of England in Aquitaine, which was unacceptable to the English. Therefore, sovereignty

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When Charles IV died, Edward claimed the succession of the French throne through the right of his mother, Isabella (Charles IV's sister), daughter of Philip IV. His claim was considered invalidated by Edward's homage to Philip VI in 1329. Edward revived his claim and in 1340 formally assumed the

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After Charles VII's successful Normandy campaign in 1450, he concentrated his efforts on Gascony, the last province held by the English. Bordeaux, Gascony's capital, was besieged and surrendered to the French on 30 June 1451. Largely due to the English sympathies of the Gascon people, this was

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With France facing widespread destruction, plague, and economic recession, high taxation put a heavy burden on the French peasantry and urban communities. The war effort against England largely depended on royal taxation, but the population was increasingly unwilling to pay for it, as would be

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for his coronation (Reims was the traditional coronation city). However, the citizens of Reims built and reinforced the city's defences before Edward and his army arrived. Edward besieged the city for five weeks, but the defences held and there was no coronation. Edward moved on to Paris, but

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fought for the throne of France, which was then the dominant kingdom in Western Europe. The war had a lasting effect on European history: both sides produced innovations in military technology and tactics, including professional standing armies and artillery, that permanently changed European

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By the war's end, although the heavy cavalry was still considered the most powerful unit in an army, the heavily armoured horse had to deal with several tactics developed to deny or mitigate its effective use on a battlefield. The English began using lightly armoured mounted troops, known as

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led a mounted unit that was concealed in a forest. The French advance was contained, at which point de Grailly led a flanking movement with his horsemen, cutting off the French retreat and successfully capturing King John and many of his nobles. With John held hostage, his son the

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After the death of Joan of Arc, the fortunes of war turned dramatically against the English. Most of Henry's royal advisers were against making peace. Among the factions, the Duke of Bedford wanted to defend Normandy, the Duke of Gloucester was committed to just Calais, whereas

6149:. Bolingbroke returned to England with his supporters, deposed Richard and had himself crowned Henry IV. In Scotland, the problems brought in by the English regime change prompted border raids that were countered by an invasion in 1402 and the defeat of a Scottish army at the 5565:(8 May 1360). The treaty was ratified at Calais in October. In return for increased lands in Aquitaine, Edward renounced Normandy, Touraine, Anjou and Maine and consented to reduce King John's ransom by a million crowns. Edward also abandoned his claim to the crown of France. 4784:

in 1326, promising Scotland that France would support the Scots if England invaded their country. Similarly, France would have Scotland's support if its own kingdom were attacked. Edward could not succeed in his plans for Scotland if the Scots could count on French support.

4406:, the sister of the dead Charles IV, but the question arose whether she could transmit a right to inherit that she did not possess. Moreover, the French nobility baulked at the prospect of being ruled by an Englishman, especially one whose mother, Isabella, and her lover, 5388:

on the English Channel, capturing it in 1347. This became an important strategic asset for the English, allowing them to keep troops safely in northern France. Calais would remain under English control, even after the end of the Hundred Years' War, until the successful

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alone. The great medieval English monasteries produced large wool surpluses sold to mainland Europe. Successive governments were able to make large amounts of money by taxing it. France's sea power led to economic disruptions for England, shrinking the wool trade to

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Edward invaded France, for the third and last time, hoping to capitalise on the discontent and seize the throne. The Dauphin's strategy was that of non-engagement with the English army in the field. However, Edward wanted the crown and chose the cathedral city of

6145:, returned from Spain and Richard was able to rebuild his power gradually until 1397, when he reasserted his authority and destroyed the principal three among the Lords Appellant. In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, Richard II disinherited Gaunt's son, the exiled 6230:

continued the struggle against Louis but with the disadvantage of having no close relation to the king. Finding himself outmanoeuvred politically, John ordered the assassination of Louis in retaliation. His involvement in the murder was quickly revealed and the

6751:), and when he set out to the Upper Loire, he diverted to the royal castle at Vincennes, near Paris, where he died on 31 August. The elderly and insane Charles VI of France died two months later on 21 October. Henry left an only child, his nine-month-old son, 7146:

When the war ended, England was bereft of its Continental possessions, leaving it with only Calais on the continent (until 1558). The war destroyed the English dream of a joint monarchy and led to the rejection in England of all things French, although the

7151:, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest, left many vestiges in English vocabulary. English became the official language in 1362 and French was no longer used for teaching from 1385. 2320:

was a significant source of conflict between the two monarchies throughout the Middle Ages. French monarchs systematically sought to check the growth of English power, stripping away lands as the opportunity arose, mainly whenever England was at war with

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The Hundred Years' War was a time of rapid military evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure and the social meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the war's costs, partly through advancement in technology and partly through lessons that

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On his deathbed, as Henry VI was only an infant, Henry V had given the Duke of Bedford responsibility for English France. The war in France continued under Bedford's generalship and several battles were won. The English won an emphatic victory at the

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on 17 July 1453. Talbot had been persuaded to engage the French army at Castillon near Bordeaux. During the battle the French appeared to retreat towards their camp. The French camp at Castillon had been laid out by Charles VII's ordinance officer

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and brother of Louis X, positioned himself to take the crown, advancing the stance that women should be ineligible to succeed to the French throne. He won over his adversaries through his political sagacity and succeeded to the French throne as

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more hostilities afterwards. Following defeat in the Hundred Years' War, English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings; this is often considered a major cause of the

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Although the Castilians had agreed to fund the Black Prince, they failed to do so. The Prince was suffering from ill health and returned with his army to Aquitaine. To pay off debts incurred during the Castile campaign, the prince instituted a

5259:. The English fleet deceived the French into believing they were withdrawing. When the wind turned in the late afternoon, the English attacked with the wind and sun behind them. The French fleet was almost destroyed in what became known as the 5976:

succeeded his father as king of France at the age of 11, and he was thus put under a regency led by his uncles, who managed to maintain an effective grip on government affairs until about 1388, well after Charles had achieved royal majority.

2490:(1429) made English aspirations for conquest all but infeasible. Despite Joan's capture by the Burgundians and her subsequent execution (1431), a series of crushing French victories concluded the siege, favoring the Valois dynasty. Notably, 5956:. The support expected from the Duke of Brittany did not appear and in the face of severe losses in men and horses, Buckingham was forced to abandon the siege in January 1381. In February, reconciled to the regime of the new French king 2446:

of 1347–1351 (which killed nearly half of France and 20–33% of England) and the significant economic crisis that followed, led to a period of civil unrest in both countries. These crises were resolved in England earlier than in France.

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The first regular standing army in Western Europe since Roman times was organised in France in 1445, partly as a solution to marauding free companies. The mercenary companies were given a choice of either joining the Royal army as

5848:. While initially successful as French forces were insufficiently concentrated to oppose them, the English met more resistance as they moved south. French forces began to concentrate around the English force but under orders from 4742:

For the first 10 years of Edward III's reign, Gascony had been a significant friction point. The English argued that, as Charles IV had not acted properly towards his tenant, Edward should be able to hold the duchy free of French

5189:. His supporters could claim that they were loyal to the "true" King of France and did not rebel against Philip. In February 1340, Edward returned to England to try to raise more funds and also deal with political difficulties. 5864:

plateau but the weather was turning severe. Men and horses died in great numbers and many soldiers, forced to march on foot, discarded their armour. At the beginning of December, the English army entered friendly territory in

6870:, Bishop of Beauvais and a collaborator with the English government who served as a member of the English Council at Rouen. Joan was convicted and burned at the stake on 30 May 1431 (she was rehabilitated 25 years later by 4754:. Robert was an exile from the French court, having fallen out with Philip VI over an inheritance claim. He urged Edward to start a war to reclaim France, and was able to provide extensive intelligence on the French court. 6252:

and was replaced by his eldest son Henry V. The mental illness of Charles VI of France allowed his power to be exercised by royal princes whose rivalries caused deep divisions in France. In 1414 while Henry held court at

5762:, a Breton, who rose from relatively humble beginnings to prominence as one of France's war leaders. Charles V provided a force of 12,000, with du Guesclin at their head, to support Trastámara in his invasion of Castile. 2593:(1455–1487). The economic consequences of the Hundred Years' War not only produced a decline in trade but also led to a high collection of taxes from both countries, which played a significant role in civil disorder. 6235:

family took political power in opposition to John. By 1410, both sides were bidding for the help of English forces in a civil war. In 1418 Paris was taken by the Burgundians, who were unable to stop the massacre of

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to be financed. The French nobility, which had always opposed such an extension of state capacity, agreed in this exceptional situation. Hence, the inter-state war with England increased French state capability.

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Difficulties in raising taxes and revenue hampered the ability of the French to fight the English. At this point, the war's pace had largely slowed down, and both nations found themselves fighting mainly through

5852:, the French avoided a set battle. Instead, they fell on forces detached from the main body to raid or forage. The French shadowed the English and in October, the English found themselves trapped against the 9876: 2131:

on both sides. The periodisation of the war typically charts it as taking place over 116 years. However, it was an intermittent conflict which was frequently interrupted by external factors, such as the

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By the war's end, feudal armies had mainly been replaced by professional troops, and aristocratic dominance had yielded to a democratization of the manpower and weapons of armies. Although primarily a

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and Maillotin revolts in 1382. Charles V had abolished many of these taxes on his deathbed, but subsequent attempts to reinstate them stirred up hostility between the French government and populace.

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France in 1388, just before signing a truce. English territories are shown in red, French royal territories are dark blue, papal territories are orange, and French vassals have the other colours.

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in 1381 and an Anglo-Scottish war in 1384–1385. His attempts to raise taxes to pay for his Scottish adventure and for the protection of Calais against the French made him increasingly unpopular.

5873:, starving, ill-equipped, and having lost over half of the 30,000 horses with which they had left Calais. Although the march across France had been a remarkable feat, it was a military failure. 2289:. The outbreak of war was motivated by a gradual rise in tension between the kings of France and England over territory; the official pretext was the interruption of the direct male line of the 6833:, French cavalry broke through a unit of English longbowmen that had been sent to block the road, then swept through the retreating English army. The English lost 2,200 men, and the commander, 6256:, he received ambassadors from Burgundy. Henry accredited envoys to the French king to make clear his territorial claims in France; he also demanded the hand of Charles VI's youngest daughter 13681: 7102:(1475). The treaty formally ended the Hundred Years' War with Edward renouncing his claim to the throne of France. However, future Kings of England (and later of Great Britain) continued to 6983:

and this was instrumental in the French success as when the French cannon opened fire, from their positions in the camp, the English took severe casualties losing both Talbot and his son.

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would struggle to protect and expand their lands. This clash of interests was the root cause of much of the conflict between the French and English monarchies throughout the medieval era.

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on 19 January 1419, turning Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. A formal alliance was made with Burgundy, which had taken Paris in 1418 before the assassination of Duke

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in Brittany changed hands several times, while further campaigns in Gascony met with mixed success for both sides. The English-backed Montfort finally took the duchy but not until 1364.

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succeeded him as king of France. On 16 May, one month after the dauphin's accession and three days before his coronation as Charles V, the Navarrese suffered a crushing defeat at the

6740:. It turned out to be more difficult to overcome than first thought. The siege began about 6 October 1421, and the town held for seven months before finally falling on 11 May 1422. 2585:

to oppose the costly venture. After the war, England was left insolvent, leaving the conquering French in complete control of all of France except Calais. The dissatisfaction of

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to Orléans in October 1428, which created a stalemate for months. Food shortages within the city led to the likelihood that the city would be forced to surrender. In April 1429

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in March 1369. The new Castilian regime provided naval support to French campaigns against Aquitaine and England. In 1372, the Castilian fleet defeated the English fleet in the

5411:, which had just arrived in Paris in 1348, ravaged Europe. In 1355, after the plague had passed and England was able to recover financially, King Edward's son and namesake, the 1209: 12987: 6561: 1711: 1253: 6898:

that returned Paris to the King of France. This was a major blow to English sovereignty in France. The Duke of Bedford died on 14 September 1435 and was later replaced by

5293:, in which Edward backed John of Montfort and Philip backed Charles of Blois. Action for the next few years focused on a back-and-forth struggle in Brittany. The city of 2589:, resulting from the loss of their continental landholdings, as well as the general shock at losing a war in which investment had been so significant, helped lead to the 11247: 4418:

assemblies decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded from consideration. Therefore, excluding Edward, the nearest

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suddenly descended into madness, forcing France into a regency dominated by his uncles and his brother. A conflict for control over the Regency began between his uncle

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Henry V returned to France and went to Paris, then visiting Chartres and Gâtinais before returning to Paris. From there, he decided to attack the Dauphin-held town of

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and the French king, who allowed his army to attack before it was ready. Philip appealed to his Scottish allies to help with a diversionary attack on England. King

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since Flanders' principal cities relied heavily on textile production, and England supplied much of the raw material they needed. Edward III had commanded that his

6886:, in the summer of 1435, where the duke of Beaufort was mediator, the English were unrealistic in their demands. A few days after the congress ended in September, 4635:, father of Philip VI, invaded Aquitaine on behalf of Charles IV and conquered the duchy after a local insurrection, which the French believed had been incited by 4383:. He decreed that he would become king if the unborn child were male. If not, Charles left the choice of his successor to the nobles. Joan gave birth to a girl, 1866: 10117: 9868: 6012:, which was supported by the English, won against the supporters of the King of Castile's claim to the Portuguese throne, who in turn was backed by the French. 5561:

at Easter 1360. This devastated Edward's army and forced him to negotiate when approached by the French. A conference was held at Brétigny that resulted in the

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that damaged trade and the navy. There is some evidence that Henry IV used state-legalised piracy as a form of warfare in the English Channel. He used such

11045: 10977: 10765: 10346: 10245: 10053: 9992: 9912: 9111:, pp. 179–180 – Nobles captured in battle were held in "Honorable Captivity", which recognised their status as prisoners of war and permitted ransom. 13557: 12681: 12676: 4836: 885: 5663: 1341: 1202: 11130: 6157:, resulted in a long and bloody struggle between the two for control of northern England, resolved only with the almost complete destruction of the 4731:

At the beginning of Edward III's reign on 1 February 1327, the only part of Aquitaine that remained in his hands was the Duchy of Gascony. The term

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added "King of England" to his titles, becoming both the vassal to (as Duke of Normandy) and the equal of (as king of England) the king of France.

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Philip II of Burgundy, the uncle of the French king, brought together a Burgundian-French army and a fleet of 1,200 ships near the Zeeland town of

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and warfare reduced population numbers throughout Europe during this period. France lost half its population during the Hundred Years' War, with

5598:, a hostage in English-held Calais, escaped captivity. With his stand-in hostage gone, John felt honour-bound to return to captivity in England. 5233: 2661: 1752: 4585:

to the French king for these territories. From the 11th century, the Angevins had autonomy within their French domains, neutralizing the issue.

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Queen consort of England, wife of Edward II, mother of Edward III, regent of England, sister of Charles IV and daughter of Philip IV of France

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On 22 March 1421 Henry V's progress in his French campaign experienced an unexpected reversal. Henry had left his brother and presumptive heir

4639:. Charles IV grudgingly agreed to return this territory in 1325. Edward II had to compromise to recover his duchy: he sent his son, the future 8043:

Queen consort of England, daughter of Charles VI of France, mother of Henry VI of England and by her second marriage grandmother of Henry VII

6040: 13676: 4877: 1195: 926: 11768: 9019: 5043: 1092: 13147: 12632: 6662:, by which Henry finally married Charles' daughter Catherine of Valois and Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. The Dauphin, 6207: 2211: 11855: 7352: 6123: 5935: 4600: 1925: 1859: 10104: 6946:

in 1450. Richemont's force attacked the English army from the flank and rear just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont's army.

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Baten, Joerg; Keywood, Thomas; Wamser, Georg (2021). "Territorial State Capacity and Elite Violence from the 6th to the 19th century".

2654: 1745: 39: 11472: 7285: 12930: 7487: 7005: 6859:

was crowned king of England at Westminster Abbey on 5 November 1429 and king of France at Notre-Dame, in Paris, on 16 December 1431.

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Tensions between the French and English crowns had gone back centuries to the origins of the English royal family, which was French (

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appeared deliberately late, so that the autumn weather prevented the fleet from leaving and the invading army then dispersed again.

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but reserved the right to reclaim territories arbitrarily confiscated. After that, he expected to be left undisturbed while he made

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ultimately retained control over the Kingdom of France. The French and English monarchies thereafter remained separate, despite the

1055: 12671: 10258: 9925: 7902: 6177: 2008: 11440: 10780: 5829: 5714: 5463:(known as John the Good), who had outflanked him near Poitiers but refused to surrender himself as the price of their acceptance. 4384: 1392: 12860: 12844: 12729: 12579: 6725: 6154: 4829: 878: 6974:

reversed when John Talbot and his army retook the city on 23 October 1452. However, the English were decisively defeated at the

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After the Battle of Poitiers, many French nobles and mercenaries rampaged, and chaos ruled. A contemporary report recounted:

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reduced by three-quarters and Paris by two-thirds. During the same period, England's population fell by 20 to 33 per cent.

6998: 6815:, forcing the English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took several English strongholds on the Loire River. 6772: 6307: 6281: 6005: 5915: 5675: 5631: 5325: 4923: 4848: 4810: 4558: 2187: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1920: 1833: 1818: 1808: 1783: 1457: 1431: 1353: 972: 897: 692: 4979: 1028: 13481: 13456: 13396: 12370: 11647: 11550: 11513: 8290: 8099: 7466: 7103: 6834: 5471: 4458: 3326: 2607: 2361: 2207: 2116: 1788: 739: 677: 185: 12488: 11232: 6795: 6450: 6223: 5972:

After the deaths of Charles V and du Guesclin in 1380, France lost its main leadership and overall momentum in the war.

5812:

With the Black Prince gone from Castile, Henry of Trastámara led a second invasion that ended with Peter's death at the

5230: 4508: 1915: 1910: 1600: 13661: 13572: 12589: 12224: 11642: 8325: 7461: 6519: 5992:

in the summer and autumn of 1386 to attempt an invasion of England, but this venture failed. However, Philip's brother

5747: 4894: 4822: 1890: 1669: 943: 871: 2502:(1453) proved decisive in ending the war. England permanently lost most of its continental possessions, with only the 13615: 13577: 13107: 11727: 11595: 10136: 8143: 6021: 5649: 4407: 2464: 2267: 1945: 1828: 1327: 682: 467: 17: 6604: 5143:

Animated map showing progress of the war (territorial changes and the most important battles between 1337 and 1453).

13686: 13671: 13666: 12687: 12355: 11950: 11002: 10455: 7376: 7357: 7346: 6931: 6551: 2058: 2013: 1930: 1701: 10902: 13646: 13641: 13075: 12380: 11983: 11848: 11213: 6708:

in charge while he returned to England. The Duke of Clarence engaged a Franco-Scottish force of 5000 men, led by

5381: 4972: 1021: 13636: 6666:, was declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the 5350: 4716:, in 1152, from which point the lands were held in vassalage to the French crown. By the 13th century the terms 13441: 13381: 13353: 13112: 12167: 12000: 11938: 11506: 10544: 8305: 6346: 6237: 5801: 5270:. At this point, Edward's funds ran out and the war probably would have ended were it not for the death of the 3962: 3414: 2586: 2286: 2249: 2043: 1496: 56: 7293: 6180:. In 1405, the French allied with Glyndŵr and the Castilians in Spain; a Franco-Welsh army advanced as far as 13527: 13358: 12375: 12284: 10033: 7896: 7453: 7439: 2038: 9798: 8473:

The term 'Hundred Years War' was first employed by the French historian Chrysanthe-Ovide des Michels in his

5918:, although Gaunt remained highly influential. Richard faced many challenges during his reign, including the 5152:

At the end of April 1337, Philip of France was invited to meet the delegation from England but refused. The

12954: 11737: 11560: 11467: 10737: 7400: 6939: 6935: 6713: 6709: 6351: 6273: 5374: 5313: 5290: 4503: 2519: 2028: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1793: 1501: 1423: 1219: 511: 35: 12658: 11333: 11149: 10444: 6743:

At the end of May, Henry was joined by his queen and together with the French court, they went to rest at

5961: 5890: 565: 13537: 12922: 12804: 12508: 12451: 12334: 12329: 11945: 11367: 10633: 10606: 10448: 10017: 7275: 6477: 5470:(19 September 1356) where the Black Prince's army routed the French. During the battle, the Gascon noble 5279: 5193: 4904: 4470: 3627: 2308:, the Norman duke who became King of England in 1066. English monarchs had, therefore, historically held 1940: 1627: 1303: 953: 164: 31: 12569: 11793: 10699: 8093: 7753: 6378: 5641: 5162:. Edward responded to the confiscation of Aquitaine by challenging Philip's right to the French throne. 4814: 3941: 2442:

In the following decades, the weakening of royal authority, combined with the devastation caused by the

2123:. The war grew into a broader military, economic, and political struggle involving factions from across 1528: 1319: 1278: 863: 856: 443: 13651: 13532: 13522: 13486: 13328: 13230: 12982: 12772: 12704: 12481: 12390: 12385: 11841: 11080: 10420: 9009: 8300: 7733: 7210: 6628:, he found himself outmanoeuvred and low on supplies and had to fight a much larger French army at the 6482: 6430: 5271: 4796:. However, the plan was abandoned and the fleet, including elements of the Scottish navy, moved to the 4423: 2392: 1632: 1580: 1283: 9121: 5893:, managed to raid the English coasts for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. 13656: 13255: 13018: 12476: 12421: 12360: 12114: 12075: 11165: 10570: 10166: 9014: 8447:

Planning for Protraction: A Historically Informed Approach to Great-power War and Sino-US Competition

6866:

on 23 May 1430. The Burgundians then transferred her to the English, who organised a trial headed by

6539: 6425: 5939: 5237: 2063: 1689: 1575: 1248: 787: 487: 454: 5021: 4481: 2832: 1070: 13506: 12946: 12895: 12828: 12812: 11256: 11227: 10651: 10315: 10021: 9688:"Every version of the complaints put forward by the rebels in 1450 harps on the losses in France" ( 7546: 7426: 6705: 6667: 6576: 6173: 6150: 6071: 5839: 5416: 5204:

in council as a symbol of the pre-eminence of the wool trade. At the time there were about 110,000

4781: 4701: 4632: 4570: 4536: 4387:(later Duchess of Orleans). With Charles IV's death and Blanche's birth, the main male line of the 2821: 2518:

Local conflicts in neighbouring areas, which were contemporarily related to the war, including the

2404: 2301: 2199: 1726: 2624:, although he only lived for five days. However, Joan's paternity was in question, as her mother, 2554: 2194:

into the conflict, with English forces initially prevailing; however, the French forces under the

570: 13210: 13180: 12938: 12868: 12795: 12788: 12756: 12605: 12365: 12023: 11627: 10729: 10528: 9950: 8478: 8049: 7924: 7308: 6534: 6091: 5785: 5122: 5117: 4930: 4914: 4887: 4578: 4532: 3797: 2369: 2238: 1900: 1684: 1171: 1166: 979: 963: 936: 667: 655: 645: 622: 537: 387: 377: 354: 7135:

The French victory marked the end of a long period of instability that had been seeded with the

2641:. When he died in 1322, leaving only daughters behind, the crown passed to his younger brother, 797: 13567: 13323: 13097: 12887: 12820: 12640: 12503: 12189: 12018: 11803: 11580: 10548: 8371: 8345: 7941: 7434: 6895: 6883: 6721: 6487: 6410: 5390: 4962: 2507: 2018: 1905: 1813: 1637: 1560: 1263: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1011: 11451: 7577: 7555: 7530: 7106:

until 1803, when they were dropped in deference to the exiled Count of Provence, titular King

7042: 6455: 5903: 5881: 5373:

responded by invading northern England, but his army was defeated, and he was captured at the

4788:

Philip VI had assembled a large naval fleet off Marseilles as part of an ambitious plan for a

4739:) kings of England in southwest France, although they still used the title Duke of Aquitaine. 1605: 550: 13386: 13235: 12544: 12461: 12269: 11683: 11622: 11565: 10741: 10490: 10440: 10216: 10098: 9808: 9581: 8392: 8268: 7969: 7880: 7671: 7318: 7148: 7140: 7107: 6958: 6845: 6663: 6556: 6445: 6415: 6240:

and his followers by a Parisian crowd, with an estimated death toll between 1,000 and 5,000.

5899: 5817: 5729: 5724: 5704: 5699: 5339: 5335: 4957: 4640: 4588: 4566: 4419: 4399: 4159: 4128: 3605: 3560: 3345: 2527: 2353: 2330: 2305: 2120: 1803: 1706: 1595: 1565: 1407: 1402: 1382: 1377: 1006: 687: 628: 618: 393: 169: 74: 11479: 8137: 6863: 6686: 6460: 6200:

was finally put down in 1415 and resulted in Welsh semi-independence for a number of years.

6130:, managed to press charges of treason against five of Richard's advisors and friends in the 5590: 5578: 5562: 5305: 5127: 5097: 4882: 2436: 2349: 1610: 1176: 1146: 931: 13605: 13547: 13343: 13250: 13220: 13205: 13011: 12554: 12498: 12414: 12324: 12319: 12259: 12194: 12099: 11758: 11678: 10300: 10085: 7649: 7605: 7362: 7095: 7047: 6829:

The English retreated from the Loire Valley, pursued by a French army. Near the village of

6529: 6341: 6215: 6131: 6101: 6086: 5973: 5964:, Brittany paid 50,000 francs to Buckingham for him to abandon the siege and the campaign. 5957: 5770: 5759: 5758:. The English crown supported Peter; the French supported Henry. French forces were led by 5488: 5370: 5159: 5001: 4909: 4872: 4751: 4713: 4636: 4592: 4411: 3917: 3587: 3551: 3144: 3054: 2792: 2642: 2629: 2574: 2535: 2460: 2432: 2345: 2174:

to encompass dynastically related conflicts, constructing the longest military conflict in

1935: 1679: 1491: 1288: 1050: 958: 921: 831: 757: 606: 500: 420: 383: 262: 176: 7126:

Burgundian territories (orange/yellow) and limits of France (red) after the Burgundian War

6057: 5205: 1895: 1823: 8: 13491: 13471: 13451: 13416: 13348: 13260: 13127: 12852: 12780: 12493: 12289: 12219: 12162: 12079: 11905: 11818: 11778: 11742: 11673: 11663: 11570: 11188: 10416: 9903: 8384: 8315: 8121: 8035: 7991: 7583: 7536: 7381: 7232: 7099: 6975: 6856: 6752: 6629: 6609: 6599: 6571: 6388: 6331: 6257: 6146: 6135: 6081: 6009: 5993: 5919: 5849: 5755: 5719: 5637: 5610: 5558: 5530: 5484: 5102: 5085: 4991: 4940: 4777: 4769: 4709: 4612: 4596: 4554: 4490: 4486: 4427: 4415: 4348: 4186: 3988: 3878: 3764: 3302: 2883: 2843: 2539: 2523: 2499: 2468: 2428: 2388: 2322: 2053: 1960: 1798: 1721: 1538: 1481: 1397: 1298: 1151: 1134: 1040: 989: 820: 697: 661: 641: 560: 373: 350: 318: 284: 196: 78: 12466: 11463: 10946:

Sizer, Michael (2007). "The Calamity of Violence: Reading the Paris Massacres of 1418".

10707:. Campaign. Vol. 241. Illustrated by Graham Turner. Colchester: Osprey Publishing. 10509: 7918: 7707: 6405: 5789: 5573: 5330:

In July 1346, Edward mounted a major invasion across the channel, landing on Normandy's

5112: 2487: 1555: 1161: 90: 13595: 13431: 13406: 13308: 13185: 13137: 13132: 13122: 13060: 12914: 12613: 12395: 12299: 12083: 12035: 12030: 11933: 11923: 11880: 11872: 11813: 11798: 11773: 11637: 11444: 11384: 10924: 10533: 10520: 10371: 10236: 10026: 9787: 8388: 8013: 7858: 7091: 7052: 6943: 6915: 6871: 6760: 6617: 6524: 6472: 6393: 6383: 6181: 6096: 5689: 5614: 5602: 5467: 5402: 5331: 5210: 5063: 4947: 4935: 4705: 4628:

over Guyenne was a latent conflict between the two monarchies for several generations.

4604: 4550: 4446: 4403: 4395: 4195: 4150: 3372: 3116: 3072: 2638: 2617: 2550: 2495: 2472: 2456: 2412: 2365: 2357: 2112: 2100: 2033: 1674: 1622: 1543: 1533: 1367: 1112: 996: 984: 792: 782: 734: 651: 601: 399: 322: 296: 252: 217: 200: 11783: 11763: 6717: 6698: 6363: 5362: 5309: 5169:

On 26 January 1340, Edward III formally received homage from Guy, half-brother of the

4967: 4601:

by 1204 had succeeded in taking control of much of the Angevin continental possessions

4229: 2783: 2408: 1513: 1016: 13591: 13333: 13303: 13293: 13283: 13200: 13190: 13175: 13042: 12712: 12471: 12274: 12249: 12229: 12209: 12199: 12089: 12071: 12040: 11973: 11890: 11864: 11788: 11668: 11414: 11388: 11355: 11318: 11293: 11260: 11192: 11169: 11139: 11103: 11084: 11029: 11010: 10963: 10959: 10932: 10910: 10888: 10869: 10846: 10838: 10824: 10801: 10745: 10708: 10681: 10659: 10637: 10614: 10580: 10552: 10494: 10471: 10402: 10383: 10329: 10319: 10279: 10193: 10174: 10152: 10126: 10037: 9973: 9954: 9943: 9791: 9779: 8498: 8462: 8425: 8212: 7561: 7337: 7323: 7156: 7111: 7076: 6879: 6655: 6497: 6420: 6373: 6336: 6326: 6227: 6076: 5813: 5734: 5586: 5480: 5460: 5286: 5255:

estuary the next day. The French fleet assumed a defensive formation off the port of

5170: 5048: 5011: 4867: 4616: 4599:

acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of John, both legally and militarily, and

4546: 4520: 4494: 4476: 3835: 3578: 3529: 3085: 2865: 2633: 2613: 2612:

The question of female succession to the French throne was raised after the death of

2590: 2546: 2416: 2175: 2157: 2104: 1876: 1647: 1570: 1523: 1486: 1476: 1412: 1273: 1268: 1097: 1060: 916: 555: 472: 360: 314: 292: 276: 258: 242: 180: 127: 60: 12532: 9585: 8115: 8007: 7985: 7963: 7874: 7727: 6197: 5185:

proclaimed Edward King of France. Edward aimed to strengthen his alliances with the

4952: 4380: 1001: 430: 288: 13552: 13501: 13496: 13436: 13401: 13313: 13270: 13240: 13162: 13080: 13050: 12564: 12526: 12264: 12179: 12124: 12094: 12045: 12005: 11988: 11978: 11913: 11885: 11380: 11376: 11050: 10982: 10955: 10770: 10566: 10351: 10250: 10058: 9997: 9917: 9775: 9771: 8832: 8454: 7625: 7223:

taught. The feudal system slowly disintegrated as well as the concept of chivalry.

7192: 7083: 6891: 6787: 6659: 6645: 6232: 5751: 5709: 5694: 5595: 5275: 5016: 4996: 4524: 4450: 4222: 3390: 2621: 2578: 2480: 2290: 2160:

took root in both kingdoms, which became more centralized and gradually emerged as

2108: 2023: 1387: 1372: 1293: 1065: 1045: 835: 806: 802: 777: 743: 725: 712: 592: 574: 541: 528: 515: 491: 458: 434: 326: 309: 280: 271: 221: 11062: 10994: 10788: 10363: 10266: 10070: 10009: 9933: 9869:"Castillon, 17 juillet 1453 : le canon, arme fatale de la guerre de Cent Ans" 7665: 7643: 7599: 6165: 5856:

by four French forces. With some difficulty, the English crossed at the bridge at

4515:

Tensions between the French and English monarchies can be traced back to the 1066

2329:. English holdings in France had varied in size, at some points dwarfing even the 702: 505: 477: 448: 366: 13562: 13476: 13446: 13170: 13087: 12720: 12574: 12538: 12304: 12279: 12067: 12050: 11895: 11808: 11117: 11074: 10821:

Men in arms: a history of warfare and its interrelationships with Western society

10673: 10574: 10465: 10309: 9128: 8399:

fell to the French on 19 October 1453; there were no more hostilities afterwards.

8236: 8188: 7933: 7236: 7136: 7087: 7062: 7057: 7022: 6887: 6830: 6818: 6690: 6671: 6507: 6502: 6435: 6219: 6169: 6127: 5857: 5506: 5412: 5366: 5317: 5266:

England dominated the English Channel for the rest of the war, preventing French

5260: 5226: 5197: 5107: 4899: 4797: 4582: 4562: 4516: 4442: 4177: 3786: 2774: 2531: 2491: 2195: 2092: 2068: 1657: 1652: 1585: 1308: 1156: 948: 772: 708: 588: 482: 300: 246: 155: 138: 82: 11009:. Vol. 1: Trial by Battle. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 7248: 6910: 6848:

was defeated on 8 September 1429, and Charles VII withdrew to the Loire Valley.

5594:

returned to France to try to raise funds to pay the ransom. In 1362, John's son

5365:

of 1346 was a complete disaster for the French, largely credited to the English

2156:, which reached its height during the conflict, subsequently declined. Stronger 13466: 13411: 13365: 13318: 13298: 13142: 13065: 12976: 12764: 12559: 12254: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12214: 12204: 12119: 12062: 11955: 11918: 11406: 11054: 10986: 10816: 10355: 10254: 10079: 10062: 10051:

Bean, J.M.W. (2008). "Percy, Henry, first earl of Northumberland (1341–1408)".

9987: 9921: 7815: 7775: 7179: 7037: 6867: 6492: 6440: 6368: 6158: 5886: 5853: 5520: 5475: 5080: 4574: 4431: 4388: 2810: 2801: 2503: 2439:(signed in 1360), leaving the English with only a few cities on the continent. 2384: 2352:, disallowed female succession. Charles's closest male relative was his nephew 2309: 2203: 2168: 2124: 1642: 1590: 1518: 1187: 1129: 844: 762: 425: 415: 304: 225: 11498: 10775: 10001: 9618:

Pernoud, Régine. "Joan of Arc By Herself And Her Witnesses", pp. 159–162, 165.

8953: 8951: 8949: 8029: 6990: 6844:

After the coronation, Charles VII's army fared less well. An attempted French

6837:, was taken prisoner. This victory opened the way for the Dauphin to march to 5251:

On 22 June 1340, Edward and his fleet sailed from England and arrived off the

5154: 4750:

Gascony was not the only sore point. One of Edward's influential advisers was

4573:

in 1154 as Henry II. The Angevin kings ruled over what was later known as the

4379:

Charles IV died in 1328, leaving behind his young daughter and pregnant wife,

1737: 13630: 13225: 12836: 12350: 12149: 11632: 11243: 11070: 10967: 10695: 10540: 10375: 10341: 10333: 10093: 9783: 8282: 7947: 7852: 7619: 7367: 7313: 7184: 6633: 6142: 5860:

but lost all their baggage and loot. The English carried on south across the

5835: 5452: 5428: 5186: 4773: 4763: 4608: 4543: 3826: 2570: 2562: 2377: 2326: 2171: 2048: 1950: 815: 672: 583: 409: 159: 123: 119: 11722: 8477:. It was then imported into English historiography by the English historian 8182: 6942:), caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen and defeated it at the 6303: 4772:

as English kings had tried to subjugate the country for some time. In 1295,

2557:

nationalism. The broader introduction of weapons and tactics supplanted the

1453: 68: 13391: 13288: 13092: 12309: 12139: 12010: 11928: 11290:

A Great and Glorious Adventure: A Military History of the Hundred Years War

8946: 8903:, transl. & ed. Rosemay Horrox, (Manchester University Press, 1994), 9. 8358: 8079: 6962: 6203: 6172:

on 16 September 1400. He was the leader of the most serious and widespread

5274:

in 1341 precipitating a succession dispute between the duke's half-brother

4498: 2435:, the French had reconquered most of the lands ceded to King Edward in the 2073: 848: 824: 752: 633: 334: 8458: 8230: 2403:

In the early years of the war, the English, led by their king and his son

13542: 13245: 13152: 13034: 12437: 12294: 12172: 12157: 12129: 11965: 11688: 11365:

Lambert, Craig L. (2011). "Edward III's siege of Calais: A reappraisal".

8422:

The History of Civilization in Europe; translated by William Hazlitt 1846

8206: 7795: 7769: 7693: 7687: 7167: 6980: 6822: 6807: 6189: 5671: 5525: 5432: 5408: 4844: 4736: 3356: 2476: 2443: 2178:. The war is commonly divided into three phases separated by truces: the 2144: 2133: 2128: 1349: 893: 404: 192: 86: 38:. For the war between the Kingdom of Croatia and the Ottoman Empire, see 11338:. Translated by Bourchier, John; Lord Berners. London: Macmillan and Son 10424: 10294: 7809: 7747: 5557:

on the encamped army, causing over 1,000 English deaths – the so-called

4688:

in southwest France had been incorporated into Aquitaine (also known as

13117: 13003: 12057: 11400: 11307: 10113: 10108:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 501. 8073: 5797: 5354: 4744: 4624: 2252: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1955: 5546:

retreated after a few skirmishes in the suburbs. Next was the town of

4410:, were widely suspected of having murdered the previous English king, 13426: 13195: 12549: 12104: 11732: 11434: 10865: 10467:

The French in London: From William the Conqueror to Charles de Gaulle

8450: 7162: 7122: 6748: 6260:. The French rejected his demands, leading Henry to prepare for war. 6253: 6248: 6184:, while the Spaniards used galleys to raid and burn all the way from 6001: 5923: 5554: 5424: 5267: 5075: 4793: 4441:

Eventually, Edward III reluctantly recognized Philip VI and paid him

4435: 2566: 2558: 2137: 1124: 11833: 11395:

Postan, M. M. "Some Social Consequences of the Hundred Years' War",

9274: 7789: 6851: 6025: 5765: 5139: 4426:, and it was decided that he should take the throne. He was crowned 2227: 1844: 13461: 13338: 13215: 12314: 12109: 10929:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

10276:

The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558

8396: 7196: 6724:. The body of the Duke of Clarence was recovered from the field by 6621: 6620:

sailed from England with a force of about 10,500 and laid siege to

6193: 6185: 5870: 5861: 5778: 5547: 5534: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5377:

on 17 October 1346. This greatly reduced the threat from Scotland.

5201: 2368:, but the French nobility rejected this, maintaining that Isabella 2191: 2167:

The term "Hundred Years' War" was adopted by later historians as a

2153: 6882:

was inclined to peace. Negotiations stalled. It seems that at the

6658:

in 1419. In 1420, Henry met with King Charles VI. They signed the

6625: 5533:

in 1360: hailstorms and lightning ravage the English army outside

4696:) and formed with it the province of Guyenne and Gascony (French: 4658: 13102: 12737: 12184: 11995: 9577: 7713: 7228: 7220: 7183:

consistent and permanent taxation, which would allow a permanent

6812: 6263: 5982: 5866: 5606: 5456: 5221: 4789: 4685: 4647: 4464: 4454: 2569:

became important. The war precipitated the creation of the first

2338: 2334: 2297: 2148: 10845:. Yale English Monarchs series. University of California Press. 10125:. Essential Histories. Vol. 19. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 9990:(2004). "Edward, prince of Wales and of Aquitaine (1330–1376)". 9970:

Inscribing the Hundred Years' War in French and English Cultures

6782: 2316:

to the kings of France. The status of the English king's French

10097: 8860: 8858: 8745: 8743: 8560: 8558: 8526: 6966: 6744: 6588: 6244: 5953: 5943: 5910: 5805: 5620: 5385: 5294: 5182: 4528: 4497:, Edward was also a vassal to the French king (illumination by 2313: 115: 12406: 9719: 9707: 8575: 8573: 8516: 8514: 8128:

Reigned 1422–1461 (also 1422–1453 as King Henry II of France)

7235:, was the first major battle won through the extensive use of 13682:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe

11473:

Online database of Soldiers serving in the Hundred Years War.

10823:(5th ed.). Beverley, MA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc. 8545: 8543: 8541: 7082:

The Hundred Years' War almost resumed in 1474, when the duke

6927: 6838: 6803: 6737: 6693:

crest with a broken lance commemorating the unseating of the

6651: 6243:

Throughout this period, England confronted repeated raids by

5989: 5938:

commanded an expedition to France to aid England's ally, the

5842:, Duke of Brittany led a force of 9,000 men from Calais on a 5774: 5542: 5256: 5216: 5178: 5174: 4553:

since the Norman conquest of 1066 was brought to an end when

2373: 330: 106:(116 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) 10173:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Oxford University Press. 10084:. The Continental Legal History. Vol. 9. Translated by 9695: 8855: 8740: 8728: 8692: 8555: 6747:. While there, it became apparent that he was ill (possibly 4438:, males would not be able to inherit through their mothers. 10656:

The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-Made King

9354: 9201: 8980: 8978: 8760: 8758: 8682: 8680: 8570: 8511: 6650:

Henry retook much of Normandy, including Caen in 1417, and

6113: 5343: 5300: 5252: 4776:

was signed between France and Scotland during the reign of

4577:, which included more French territory than that under the 2317: 2147:. During the war, five generations of kings from two rival 11124:. Translated by Birdsall, Jean. Columbia University Press. 11028:. Vol. 3: Divided Houses. London: Faber & Faber. 10344:(September 2010). "Thomas, duke of Clarence (1387–1421)". 9731: 8990: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8538: 6954: 5929: 4398:, the nearest male relative of Charles IV was his nephew, 2459:

seized the opportunity presented by the mental illness of

11332:

Froissart, Jean (1895). Macaulay, George Campbell (ed.).

10975:

Smith, Llinos (2008). "Glyn Dŵr, Owain (c.1359–c.1416)".

9630: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9078: 9034: 4615:(1324), the English king's holdings on the continent, as 2143:

The Hundred Years' War was a significant conflict in the

11413:. Brief Histories (revised ed.). London: Robinson. 10630:

Imagining Peace: History of Early English Pacifist Ideas

9652: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9514: 8975: 8755: 8677: 8665: 7098:

off with a large cash sum and an annual pension, in the

2601: 2348:

died without any sons or brothers, and a new principle,

11411:

The Hundred Years War: The English in France, 1337–1453

11302:

Cuttino, G. P., "The Causes of the Hundred Years War",

10485:

Jaques, Tony (2007). "Paris, 1429, Hundred Years War".

10299:. Vol. 1. Translated by F. G. Richmond. New York: 9669: 9667: 9640: 9438:

Ian Friel. The English and War at Sea. c.1200 – c.1500

9298: 9286: 9163: 9161: 9066: 8870: 8808: 8716: 8704: 6938:, Earl of Richmond, of the Montfort family (the future 6681: 4735:

came to be used for the territory held by the Angevin (

2506:

remaining under its control on the continent until the

10862:

The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377

10470:. Translated by Read, Emily. Wilmington Square Books. 9829: 9621: 9546: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9408: 9146: 8597: 8585: 2513: 11457: 10948:

Proceedings of the Western Society for French History

10769:(online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9600: 9511: 9173: 9090: 8963: 8882: 8653: 7094:. Louis managed to isolate the Burgundians by buying 6786:

The first Western image of a battle with cannon: the

2542:, were used by the parties to advance their agendas. 2285:

The root causes of the conflict can be traced to the

11475:

University of Southampton and University of Reading.

11452:

The Hundred Years' War (1336–1565) by Lynn H. Nelson

10429:(revised ed.). Columbus, OH: Harold L. Hedrick. 10028:

England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075–1225

9819: 9817: 9664: 9158: 9134: 8258: 6841:

for his coronation as Charles VII, on 16 July 1429.

4653: 4646:

The King of France agreed to restore Guyenne, minus

2099:; 1337–1453) was a conflict between the kingdoms of 10171:

Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo

9499: 9460: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9240: 8918: 8906: 8609: 6862:Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians at the 5423:from Gascony into France, during which he pillaged 10532: 10401:. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Military. 10025: 9942: 9761: 9310: 9225: 9213: 5946:on 25 August; Buckingham's forces continued their 5589:, was held captive in England for four years. The 5514: 5166:title "King of France and the French Royal Arms". 4804: 4780:, known as the Auld Alliance. Charles IV formally 2467:to revive the conflict. Overwhelming victories at 2465:French civil war between Armagnacs and Burgundians 11249:Conquest: The English Kingdom of France 1417–1450 10814: 10149:A New Historical Geography of England before 1600 9823: 9814: 9396: 6852:Henry's coronations and the desertion of Burgundy 6777: 5823: 2422: 13628: 11435:The Hundred Years War and the History of Navarre 11043:Tuck, Richard (2004). "Richard II (1367–1400)". 10510:"Re-thinking the origins of the 'Irish' Hobelar" 10464:Janvrin, Isabelle; Rawlinson, Catherine (2016). 10463: 9725: 9713: 9237: 8475:Tableau Chronologique de L'histoire du Moyen Âge 8424:. Indiana, US: Liberty Fund. pp. 204, 205. 8131:Henry V's son, grandson of Charles VI of France 5942:. The French refused battle before the walls of 5750:(part of modern Spain). The forces of the ruler 5746:In 1366, there was a civil war of succession in 5380:In France, Edward proceeded north unopposed and 4619:, were limited roughly to provinces in Gascony. 1217: 11528: 10370: 9442: 8395:, who responded by claiming the French throne. 8311:List of battles involving the Kingdom of France 7979:Son of the Black Prince, Edward III's grandson 7020: 5754:were pitched against those of his half-brother 4591:inherited the Angevin domains from his brother 2479:(which boosted French morale), and the loss of 1767: 172:confirmed as the law of French royal succession 12988:Cross-dressing, gender identity, and sexuality 11480:"Causes of the Wars of the Roses: An Overview" 6264:Resumption of the war under Henry V: 1415–1429 6153:. A dispute over the spoils between Henry and 5192:Relations with Flanders were also tied to the 4465:Dispute over Guyenne: a problem of sovereignty 2483:as an ally (concluding the French civil war). 2450: 2380:should receive the crown, rather than Edward. 2370:could not transmit a right she did not possess 13019: 12422: 11849: 11514: 11185:The Plantagenets: The Kings That Made Britain 11076:Historical Dynamics: Why States Rise and Fall 10901: 10380:War at Sea in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 8532: 8520: 7488: 7006: 6949: 6593: 6289: 6041: 5657: 5357:counting the dead on the battlefield of Crécy 4830: 2662: 2616:in 1316. Louis left behind a young daughter, 1860: 1753: 1439: 1335: 1203: 879: 12633:Joan of Arc Kissing the Sword of Deliverance 11049:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 10981:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 10415: 10350:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 10249:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 10057:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9996:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9916:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9737: 9684: 9682: 9432: 9264:Francoise Autrand. Charles V King of France 6766: 6589:Burgundian alliance and the seizure of Paris 5947: 5843: 5621:French ascendancy under Charles V: 1369–1389 4679: England and Guyenne/Gascony as of 1330 2111:. It emerged from feudal disputes over the 104:24 May 1337 – 19 October 1453 (intermittent) 11458:The Hundred Years' War information and game 10909:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. 10565: 10314:. Studies in History Series. Vol. 71. 9453: 9451: 9114: 9056: 9040: 8996: 8936: 8001:John of Gaunt's son, Edward III's grandson 7215:approach to warfare than its predecessors. 7178:A 2021 theory about the early formation of 6122:angered an alliance of lords that included 5885:The Franco-Castilian Navy, led by Admirals 5285:In 1341, this inheritance dispute over the 2628:, was accused of being an adulterer in the 34:. For the later Anglo-French conflict, see 30:For the earlier Anglo-French conflict, see 13026: 13012: 12429: 12415: 11856: 11842: 11521: 11507: 10459:. Cambridge University Press. p. 388. 10292: 9568: 9566: 9457:Nolan. The Age of Wars of Religion. p. 424 9258: 9102: 9052: 8957: 7495: 7481: 7155:from the defeat were a major cause of the 7130: 7013: 6999: 6639: 6608:Fifteenth-century miniature depicting the 6296: 6282: 6048: 6034: 6015: 5784:Peter appealed to England and Aquitaine's 5664: 5650: 5217:Outbreak, the English Channel and Brittany 4837: 4823: 2669: 2655: 1867: 1853: 1760: 1746: 1446: 1432: 1342: 1328: 1210: 1196: 886: 872: 27:Medieval Anglo-French conflicts, 1337–1453 12931:Szenen aus dem Leben der Heiligen Johanna 11486:(Online Resource ed.). 26 April 2007 11352:The Hundred Years War: A People's History 11100:Encyclopedia of the Middle ages. Volume 1 10882: 10859: 10837: 10774: 10672: 10521:Cardiff School of History and Archaeology 10235: 9841: 9701: 9679: 9536: 9524: 9344: 9332: 9010:"Apr 13, 1360: Hail kills English troops" 8984: 8864: 8749: 8734: 8698: 8686: 8671: 8647: 8643: 8631: 8564: 6226:. After Philip's death, his son and heir 6208:Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans 5568: 2268:Learn how and when to remove this message 13033: 11023: 11001: 10931:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. 10650: 10273: 10092: 10077: 10016: 9646: 9448: 9372: 9360: 9304: 9292: 9280: 9207: 9072: 9060: 8888: 8802: 8798: 8770: 8722: 8710: 8603: 8591: 8579: 7202: 7161: 7121: 6953: 6909: 6817: 6781: 6685: 6603: 6202: 6141:In 1389, Richard's uncle and supporter, 6112: 5880: 5764: 5625: 5572: 5524: 5349: 5304: 5301:Battle of Crécy and the taking of Calais 5220: 5138: 4657: 4480: 2362:claimed the throne of France for her son 12861:Jeannette: The Childhood of Joan of Arc 12845:The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc 12730:The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431 12580:Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick 11769:Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356 11159: 11116: 11097: 11069: 11046:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10978:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10798:Military Obligation in Medieval England 10795: 10766:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10694: 10680:(revised ed.). London: Routledge. 10527: 10347:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10340: 10246:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 10206: 10192:(revised ed.). Sparkford: Sutton. 10054:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9993:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9940: 9913:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9902: 9835: 9804: 9689: 9658: 9563: 9505: 9489: 9477: 9268: 9108: 8969: 8615: 8549: 6894:, deserted to Charles VII, signing the 6726:Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury 6155:Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland 5930:1380 campaign of the Earl of Buckingham 5869:. By the end of December, they were in 5601:The French crown had been at odds with 4757: 4422:was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, 4414:. The French barons, prelates, and the 2407:, saw resounding successes, notably at 14: 13629: 12993:Alternative historical interpretations 11464:"On The Hundred Years War (1337–1453)" 11182: 11128: 10923: 10907:The shorter Cambridge Medieval History 10758: 10728: 10576:Feudal Empires: Norman and Plantagenet 10489:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 10484: 10396: 10382:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. 10307: 10278:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. 9986: 9968:Baker, Denise Nowakowski, ed. (2000). 9851: 9673: 9606: 9540: 9493: 9231: 9219: 9195: 9191: 9179: 9167: 9140: 9096: 9084: 8940: 8912: 8876: 8819: 8659: 8627: 8492: 8444: 8419: 8296:Military history of the United Kingdom 7110:, who was living in England after the 13007: 12410: 11863: 11837: 11502: 11132:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 10974: 10945: 10507: 10487:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z 10190:The Sutton Companion to Local History 10187: 10165: 10146: 10112: 9967: 9855: 9764:European Journal of Political Economy 9557: 9426: 9414: 9402: 9389:Agincourt: Myth and Reality 1915–2015 9348: 9328: 9316: 9152: 9022:from the original on 5 September 2012 8786: 8764: 6994: 6900:Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York 6728:, who conducted the English retreat. 6277: 6055: 6029: 5645: 5396: 4818: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4211: 4209: 4193: 4184: 4182: 4175: 4157: 4148: 4146: 4126: 4070: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4006: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3915: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3846: 3833: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3762: 3704: 3660: 3644: 3625: 3623: 3603: 3601: 3585: 3576: 3574: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3527: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3465: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3412: 3410: 3388: 3386: 3370: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3324: 3322: 3300: 3250: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3196: 3180: 3142: 3140: 3114: 3112: 3083: 3081: 3070: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3032: 2988: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2944: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2922: 2881: 2863: 2861: 2841: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2808: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2772: 2728: 2688: 2602:Dynastic turmoil in France: 1316–1328 2596: 2107:and a civil war in France during the 1874: 1848: 1741: 1427: 1323: 1191: 867: 13677:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire 11042: 10627: 10593:from the original on 16 January 2023 10439: 10296:A Short History of the French People 10050: 9749: 9376: 9252: 8924: 8776: 8445:Rehman, Iskander (8 November 2023). 7265: 6905: 6682:Death of the Duke of Clarence (1421) 6222:, Duke of Burgundy and his brother, 5487:) assumed the powers of the king as 5459:. He offered terms of peace to King 4712:married the former Queen of France, 4673: French acquisitions until 1330 2250:adding citations to reliable sources 2221: 165:Strengthening of the French monarchy 13611: 13056:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 12371:History of the Mediterranean region 11648:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 11551:Second War of Scottish Independence 11441:"Timeline of the Hundred Years War" 10724:from the original on 8 August 2013. 10605: 10036:. London: Oxford University Press. 9634: 6835:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 2608:English claims to the French throne 2514:Related conflicts and after-effects 1789:Second War of Scottish Independence 186:English claims to the French throne 40:Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War 24: 13148:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 11643:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford 11207: 11120:(1953). Newall, Richard A. (ed.). 10701:The Fall of English France 1449–53 10088:Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 9879:from the original on 20 March 2021 8843:from the original on 15 April 2018 8321:Timeline of the Hundred Years' War 7261:List of Hundred Years' War battles 6731: 5876: 5830:John of Gaunt's chevauchée of 1373 2398: 25: 13698: 13578:Historiography in the Middle Ages 11428: 11138:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 10759:—— (3 January 2008). 10209:"The Hundred Years War: Overview" 8497:(in French). Place des éditeurs. 8493:Minois, Georges (28 March 2024). 6986: 5967: 5213:and the wine trade from Gascony. 4654:Gascony under the King of England 2360:, was Charles's sister. Isabella 2190:(1415–1453). Each side drew many 13610: 13601: 13600: 13590: 12489:Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier 12356:Bibliography of European history 11951:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 11122:The Chronicle of Jean de Venette 10456:Dictionary of National Biography 10433: 10426:A History of the French Language 10119:The Hundred Years' War 1337–1453 8275: 8261: 8229: 8205: 8181: 8136: 8114: 8092: 8072: 8048: 8028: 8006: 7984: 7962: 7940: 7917: 7895: 7873: 7851: 7808: 7788: 7768: 7746: 7726: 7706: 7686: 7664: 7642: 7618: 7598: 7576: 7554: 7529: 7292: 7247: 6926:By 1449, the French had retaken 6796:Bibliothèque nationale de France 6224:Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans 6008:. The independence party in the 6006:1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum 5147: 5059:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356) 5034:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355) 4631:During the War of Saint-Sardos, 4509:Bibliothèque Nationale de France 4453:in 1329. He made concessions in 2226: 1108:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356) 1083:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355) 701: 504: 447: 408: 365: 67: 13076:Christianity in the Middle Ages 13071:Decline of Hellenistic religion 12436: 12381:History of Western civilization 11984:Christianity in the Middle Ages 11454:, University of Kansas Emeritus 10579:. London: Hambledon Continuum. 9875:(in French). 4 September 2019. 9861: 9824:Preston, Wise & Werner 1991 9755: 9743: 9612: 9530: 9483: 9420: 9381: 9366: 9338: 9322: 9185: 9046: 9002: 8930: 8894: 8825: 8792: 8637: 8621: 8357:Fought with England during the 8326:Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris 8291:France–United Kingdom relations 7117: 7086:, counting on English support, 5581:, English holdings in light red 5515:Reims campaign and Black Monday 4805:Beginning of the war: 1337–1360 4363: 4356: 4203: 4167: 4140: 3996: 3970: 3931: 3776: 3617: 3595: 3568: 3541: 3404: 3380: 3362: 3316: 3166: 3134: 3106: 3093: 3062: 2908: 2895: 2873: 2855: 2676:Royal families involved in the 2632:. Given the situation, Philip, 2431:the Wise and the leadership of 2383:The throne passed to Charles's 2237:needs additional citations for 13354:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 12225:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 12168:Christianity in the modern era 11939:Christianity in late antiquity 11381:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2011.05.002 11354:. New Haven and London: Yale. 11306:31#3 (1956), pp. 463–477 10545:University of California Press 10535:The French Peasantry 1450–1660 10151:. Cambridge University Press. 9776:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102037 9574:"Sir John Fastolf (MC 2833/1)" 8486: 8438: 8413: 8377: 8364: 8351: 8344:Fought against England during 8338: 8306:Influence of French on English 6778:Joan of Arc and French revival 6697:, leading to his death at the 6520:Normandy campaign of 1449–1450 6270:Hundred Years' War (1415–1453) 5952:and in November laid siege to 5824:1373 campaign of John of Gaunt 5039:Edward III's chevauchée (1355) 4603:. Following John's reign, the 2423:Caroline phase and Black Death 2310:titles and lands within France 1670:Normandy campaign of 1449–1450 1088:Edward III's chevauchée (1355) 73:Clockwise, from top left: the 57:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 13: 1: 13528:Disability in the Middle Ages 13201:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 13133:Rise of the Venetian Republic 12376:History of the European Union 11399:12#1/2, 1942, pp. 1–12. 10885:Plantagenet England 1225–1360 10611:This Sceptred Isle 55 BC–1901 10399:The Black Prince's Expedition 10034:New Oxford History of England 9945:The Worlds of Medieval Europe 9941:Backman, Clifford R. (2003). 9131:. Retrieved 21 September 2012 8406: 7454:Wars of Scottish Independence 7440:Conquest of Wales by Edward I 7377:Anglo-French War of 1294–1303 7358:Anglo-French War of 1213–1214 6773:Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453 6309:Lancastrian phase (1415–1453) 6176:authority in Wales since the 6022:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War 5902:who was still a child of 10 ( 5632:Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389 5326:Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347 5241: 4980:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346) 4811:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360 2287:crisis of 14th-century Europe 1459:Lancastrian phase (1415–1453) 1029:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346) 11738:War of the Breton Succession 11596:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict 11561:War of the Breton Succession 11468:Internet Medieval Sourcebook 11233:Resources in other libraries 11098:Vauchéz, Andre, ed. (2000). 11063:UK public library membership 10995:UK public library membership 10819:; Werner, Herman O. (1991). 10789:UK public library membership 10738:Yale English Monarchs series 10364:UK public library membership 10293:Guignebert, Charles (1930). 10267:UK public library membership 10081:History of French Public Law 10071:UK public library membership 10010:UK public library membership 9934:UK public library membership 9726:Janvrin & Rawlinson 2016 9714:Janvrin & Rawlinson 2016 9283:, pp. 385–390, 396–399. 8383:24 May 1337 is the day when 7865:Regent of England 1327–1330 7401:War of the Breton Succession 7347:Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry 6940:Arthur III, Duke of Brittany 6755:, later to become Henry VI. 6714:John Stewart, Earl of Buchan 6710:Gilbert Motier de La Fayette 6552:Gascon campaign of 1450–1453 5314:Grandes Chroniques de France 5291:War of the Breton Succession 4504:Grandes Chroniques de France 2573:in Western Europe since the 2520:War of the Breton Succession 2117:a claim to the French throne 1829:Armagnac–Burgundian conflict 1794:War of the Breton Succession 1702:Gascon campaign of 1450–1453 1221:War of the Breton Succession 7: 12452:Maid of Lorraine prophecies 12335:Russian invasion of Ukraine 11946:Crisis of the Third Century 11368:Journal of Medieval History 11335:The Chronicles of Froissart 10887:. Oxford University Press. 10800:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10634:Penn State University Press 9443:Hattendorf & Unger 2003 8370:Fought with England during 8254: 8159: 7353:French invasion of Normandy 7242: 5553:Disaster struck in a freak 5173:. The civic authorities of 4728:were virtually synonymous. 2451:Lancastrian phase and after 2217: 10: 13703: 13329:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 12983:National symbols of France 12773:The Passion of Joan of Arc 12391:Military history of Europe 12386:Maritime history of Europe 11102:. Cambridge: James Clark. 11081:Princeton University Press 9895: 8301:Military history of France 7829: 7734:Jean Poton de Xaintrailles 7258: 7254: 7149:French language in England 6950:French conquest of Gascony 6914:The French victory at the 6792:Les Vigiles de Charles VII 6770: 6643: 6597: 6594:Battle of Agincourt (1415) 6267: 6192:, before taking refuge in 6019: 5909:It was usual to appoint a 5827: 5715:John of Gaunt's chevauchée 5677:Caroline phase (1369–1389) 5635: 5629: 5518: 5400: 5323: 5044:Normandy chevauchée (1356) 4808: 4768:France was an ally of the 4761: 4581:. The Angevins still owed 4569:, became the first of the 4474: 4468: 4420:heir through the male line 2605: 2280: 1393:John of Gaunt's chevauchée 1355:Caroline phase (1369–1389) 1093:Normandy chevauchée (1356) 29: 13662:Wars involving Luxembourg 13586: 13515: 13374: 13269: 13256:Mongol invasion of Europe 13161: 13041: 12969: 12906: 12879: 12748: 12697: 12651: 12624: 12597: 12588: 12517: 12444: 12361:Genetic history of Europe 12343: 12148: 11964: 11904: 11871: 11751: 11728:Armagnacs and Burgundians 11710: 11701: 11656: 11615: 11608: 11543: 11536: 11288:Corrigan, Gordon (2014), 11228:Resources in your library 10960:2027/spo.0642292.0035.002 10796:Powicke, Michael (1962). 10658:. London: Jonathan Cape. 10613:. London: Penguin Books. 10517:Cardiff Historical Papers 10445:"Edward the Black Prince" 9055:, Volume 1. pp. 304–307; 8420:Guizot, Francois (1997). 8248:Son of John the Fearless 8200:Son of John II of France 7507: 7033: 6767:French victory: 1429–1453 6317: 6174:rebellion against England 6067: 5685: 5375:Battle of Neville's Cross 4858: 4519:of England, in which the 4300: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4238: 4236: 4191: 4173: 4155: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4008: 3954: 3952: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3895: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3583: 3556: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3441: 3439: 3431: 3429: 3368: 3341: 3339: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3068: 3050: 3048: 3036: 3034: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2960: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2926: 2924: 2879: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2333:; by 1337, however, only 1886: 1779: 1467: 1363: 1229: 907: 566:Fernando Sánchez de Tovar 340: 236: 96: 66: 54: 49: 36:Second Hundred Years' War 12947:The Survival of St. Joan 12829:The Trial of Joan of Arc 12813:Joan of Arc at the Stake 12570:Jean II, Duke of Alençon 11794:Battle of La Brossinière 11257:Harvard University Press 10864:(2nd ed.). London: 10761:"Edward III (1312–1377)" 10447:. In Lee, Sidney (ed.). 10421:Schutz, Alexander Herman 10316:Royal Historical Society 10274:Grummitt, David (2008). 9738:Holmes & Schutz 1948 8960:, Volume 1. pp. 304–307. 8331: 6959:Charles "the Victorious" 6706:Thomas, Duke of Clarence 4702:Angevin kings of England 4667: France before 1214 4611:(1242), and finally the 4571:Angevin kings of England 4565:, and great-grandson of 4471:First Hundred Years' War 4402:. Edward was the son of 2577:and helped change their 2405:Edward, the Black Prince 2372:. An assembly of French 2206:) styling themselves as 857:Juan Vélaz de Medrano IV 193:nationalistic identities 32:First Hundred Years' War 13687:Wars of the Middle Ages 13672:Wars involving Scotland 13667:Wars involving Portugal 13211:Investiture Controversy 13181:Second Bulgarian Empire 12955:Das Mädchen aus Domrémy 12939:The Triumph of St. Joan 12606:The Tale of Joan of Arc 12366:History of Christianity 11628:Edward the Black Prince 11484:Luminarium Encyclopedia 11397:Economic History Review 11160:Webster, Bruce (1998). 11024:—— (2012). 10883:—— (2007). 10860:—— (2003). 10632:. University Park, PA: 10207:Gormley, Larry (2007). 10188:Friar, Stephen (2004). 10105:Encyclopædia Britannica 10078:Brissaud, Jean (1915). 9951:Oxford University Press 9847:Colm McNamee. Hobelars 9127:1 November 2012 at the 8837:Encyclopædia Britannica 8224:Son of Philip the Bold 7925:Edward the Black Prince 7211:compagnies d'ordonnance 7131:Historical significance 6640:Treaty of Troyes (1420) 6451:Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier 6151:Battle of Homildon Hill 6126:. This group, known as 6016:Second peace: 1389–1415 5439:. The next year during 5282:, nephew of Philip VI. 2136:, and several years of 1601:Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier 222:continental possessions 13647:15th century in France 13642:14th century in France 13568:Post-classical history 13324:Fall of Constantinople 13231:Capet–Plantagenet feud 13098:First Bulgarian Empire 12190:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 11804:Battle of the Herrings 11219:Hundred Years' War 11183:Wilson, Derek (2011). 11055:10.1093/ref:odnb/23499 10987:10.1093/ref:odnb/10816 10508:Jones, Robert (2008). 10356:10.1093/ref:odnb/27198 10308:Harris, Robin (1994). 10255:10.1093/ref:odnb/12953 10241:"Henry VI (1421–1471)" 10063:10.1093/ref:odnb/21932 9922:10.1093/ref:odnb/12952 8449:(1 ed.). London: 7435:Welsh uprising of 1211 7171: 7127: 7079:that started in 1455. 6970: 6919: 6826: 6799: 6701: 6675: 6613: 6211: 6118: 5948: 5894: 5844: 5781: 5582: 5569:First peace: 1360–1369 5537: 5512: 5358: 5321: 5248: 5238:Froissart's Chronicles 5144: 4681: 4512: 4434:confirmed that, under 4430:in 1328. In 1340, the 4391:was rendered extinct. 3351:"the Noble" "the Wise" 2127:, fuelled by emerging 2096: 341:Commanders and leaders 274:(1337–1419; 1435–1453) 12545:Charles VII of France 12270:Industrial Revolution 11566:War of the Two Peters 11350:Green, David (2014), 11315:La Guerre de Cent Ans 11313:Favier, Jean (1980). 11162:The Wars of the Roses 11026:The Hundred Years War 11007:The Hundred Years War 10839:Prestwich, Michael C. 10776:10.1093/ref:odnb/8519 10742:Yale University Press 10678:The Hundred Years War 10397:Hewitt, H.J. (2004). 10217:Ohio State University 10147:Darby, H.C. (1976) . 10142:on 27 September 2018. 10002:10.1093/ref:odnb/8523 9908:"Henry V (1386–1422)" 9906:(23 September 2010). 9582:Norfolk Record Office 8495:La guerre de Cent Ans 8459:10.4324/9781003464419 8393:Edward III of England 8269:United Kingdom portal 7932:Edward III's son and 7890:Philip IV's grandson 7259:Further information: 7203:Military significance 7170:(with modern borders) 7165: 7141:William the Conqueror 7125: 6957: 6913: 6821: 6785: 6689: 6607: 6206: 6178:conquest of 1282–1283 6116: 6004:, such as during the 5884: 5818:Battle of La Rochelle 5768: 5626:Aquitaine and Castile 5576: 5529:A later engraving of 5528: 5496: 5415:, later known as the 5353: 5308: 5224: 5142: 5054:Loire campaign (1356) 4684:In the 11th century, 4661: 4567:William the Conqueror 4484: 4475:Further information: 4400:Edward III of England 2528:War of the Two Peters 2354:Edward III of England 2306:William the Conqueror 2186:(1369–1389), and the 2121:Edward III of England 2115:and was triggered by 1804:War of the Two Peters 1103:Loire campaign (1356) 571:Pedro Álvares Pereira 170:Agnatic primogeniture 75:Battle of La Rochelle 13548:Medieval reenactment 13344:Renaissance Humanism 13251:Medieval Warm Period 13221:Republic of Florence 13035:European Middle Ages 12805:Daughters of Destiny 12325:European debt crisis 12320:European integration 12260:Age of Enlightenment 12100:Republic of Florence 11759:Battle of Saint-Omer 10417:Holmes, Urban T. Jr. 9904:Allmand, Christopher 9854:, pp. 267–268; 9588:on 23 September 2015 9375:, pp. 263–264; 9347:, pp. 182–184; 8801:, pp. 188–189; 7701:Religious visionary 7606:Bertrand du Guesclin 7096:Edward IV of England 6196:for the winter. The 6147:Henry of Bolingbroke 6132:Merciless Parliament 5981:demonstrated at the 5898:Prince's second son 5771:Bertrand du Guesclin 5760:Bertrand du Guesclin 5391:French siege in 1558 5371:David II of Scotland 4758:Franco-Scot alliance 4752:Robert III of Artois 4714:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4637:Edward II of England 4589:King John of England 3552:Philippa of Hainault 3078:"She-Wolf of France" 2630:Tour de Nesle affair 2626:Margaret of Burgundy 2575:Western Roman Empire 2461:Charles VI of France 2433:Bertrand du Guesclin 2427:By 1378, under King 2419:was taken prisoner. 2346:Charles IV of France 2304:) in origin through 2246:improve this article 2208:sovereigns of France 832:Philip van Artevelde 798:Nuno Álvares Pereira 607:Antipope Clement VII 421:Bertrand du Guesclin 263:House of Plantagenet 177:House of Plantagenet 13261:Kingdom of Portugal 13128:Old Church Slavonic 13113:Anglo-Saxon England 12923:The Maid of Orleans 12853:The Silence of Joan 12781:Saint Joan the Maid 12706:The Maid of Orleans 12590:Cultural depictions 12445:Life and background 12290:Revolutions of 1848 12220:Early modern France 12001:Anglo-Saxon England 11906:Classical antiquity 11819:Battle of Castillon 11779:Battle of Agincourt 11743:Castilian Civil War 11581:Despenser's Crusade 11571:Castilian Civil War 11129:Wagner, J. (2006). 10925:Rogers, Clifford J. 10237:Griffiths, Ralph A. 10223:on 14 December 2012 9704:, pp. 290–291. 9637:, pp. 145–147. 9543:, pp. 307–308. 9363:, pp. 253–254. 9335:, pp. 182–184. 9210:, pp. 187–196. 9087:, pp. 102–103. 8867:, pp. 318–319. 8805:, pp. 233–234. 8767:, pp. 480–481. 8752:, pp. 307–312. 8737:, pp. 149–150. 8701:, pp. 304–305. 8650:, pp. 292–293. 8582:, pp. 329–330. 8567:, pp. 110–111. 8552:, pp. 179–180. 8535:, pp. 873–876. 8385:Philip VI of France 8372:Despenser's Crusade 8346:Despenser's Crusade 8316:Medieval demography 8144:Richard Plantagenet 8103:Earl of Shrewsbury 8036:Catherine of Valois 7382:War of Saint-Sardos 7309:Revolt of 1173–1174 7286:Plantagenet England 7233:Battle of Castillon 7100:Treaty of Picquigny 7084:Charles of Burgundy 6976:Battle of Castillon 6936:Arthur de Richemont 6630:Battle of Agincourt 6610:Battle of Agincourt 6600:Battle of Agincourt 6258:Catherine of Valois 6136:Truce of Leulinghem 6010:Kingdom of Portugal 5904:Edward of Angoulême 5802:Arnaud-Amanieu VIII 5756:Henry of Trastámara 5638:Castilian Civil War 5455:but failed to take 5338:. The English army 5092:Treaties and truces 5007:Saint-Jean-d'Angély 4905:Tournaisis campaign 4770:Kingdom of Scotland 4698:Guyenne-et-Gascogne 4613:War of Saint-Sardos 4597:Philip II of France 4493:(seated), 1286. As 4491:Philip IV of France 4487:Edward I of England 4416:University of Paris 4214:Thomas of Lancaster 4187:Catherine of Valois 3798:Edward of Woodstock 2565:had dominated, and 2549:, the war inspired 2524:Castilian Civil War 2415:(1356), where King 2331:French royal domain 2200:monarchs of England 2158:national identities 1814:Despenser's Crusade 1799:Castilian Civil War 1141:Treaties and truces 1056:Saint-Jean-d'Angély 954:Tournaisis campaign 821:Jacob van Artevelde 788:John IV of Brittany 698:Jean III de Grailly 561:Ambrosio Boccanegra 551:Henry of Trastámara 455:Rudolph of Lorraine 319:Kingdom of Portugal 285:Kingdom of Scotland 79:Battle of Agincourt 13637:Hundred Years' War 13442:In popular culture 13407:Crusading movement 13279:Hundred Years' War 13138:Civitas Schinesghe 13123:Carolingian Empire 13108:Kingdom of Croatia 13061:Barbarian kingdoms 12457:Hundred Years' War 12396:Crusading movement 12300:Russian Revolution 12135:Hundred Years' War 12031:Maritime republics 11934:Early Christianity 11924:Hellenistic period 11881:Paleolithic Europe 11814:Battle of Formigny 11799:Battle of Verneuil 11774:Battle of Poitiers 11530:Hundred Years' War 11292:, Atlantic Books, 11003:Sumption, Jonathan 10815:Preston, Richard; 10628:Lowe, Ben (1997). 10261:on 10 August 2018. 9928:on 10 August 2018. 9873:Sciences et Avenir 9752:, pp. 147–195 9692:, pp. 39–40). 9271:, pp. 283–284 9122:Treaty of Brétigny 9059:, pp. 20–21; 8939:, pp. 20–21; 8779:England circa 1334 8533:Previté-Orton 1978 8521:Previté-Orton 1978 8170:Historical Figure 8020:Reigned 1413–1422 7998:Reigned 1399–1413 7976:Reigned 1377–1399 7951:Duke of Lancaster 7906:Duke of Lancaster 7887:Reigned 1327–1377 7859:Isabella of France 7840:Historical Figure 7678:Reigned 1422–1461 7656:Reigned 1380–1422 7590:Reigned 1364–1380 7568:Reigned 1350–1364 7543:Reigned 1328–1350 7518:Historical Figure 7390:Hundred Years' War 7319:Second Barons' War 7172: 7166:The spread of the 7128: 6971: 6944:Battle of Formigny 6920: 6916:Battle of Formigny 6872:Pope Callixtus III 6864:siege of Compiègne 6827: 6800: 6761:Battle of Verneuil 6722:Alexander Buchanan 6702: 6676:Les États-Généraux 6614: 6305:Hundred Years' War 6212: 6119: 5962:Treaty of Guérande 5936:Earl of Buckingham 5934:In July 1380, the 5895: 5782: 5673:Hundred Years' War 5615:Battle of Cocherel 5591:Treaty of Brétigny 5583: 5579:Treaty of Brétigny 5563:Treaty of Brétigny 5538: 5468:Battle of Poitiers 5441:another Chevauchée 5403:Battle of Poitiers 5397:Battle of Poitiers 5359: 5332:Cotentin Peninsula 5322: 5249: 5194:English wool trade 5145: 4973:Calais (1346–1347) 4883:Thiérache campaign 4846:Hundred Years' War 4782:renewed the treaty 4706:dukes of Aquitaine 4682: 4605:Battle of Bouvines 4523:was seized by the 4513: 4396:proximity of blood 4151:Isabella of Valois 3967:Holy Roman Emperor 3803:"The Black Prince" 3628:Philip of Burgundy 2678:Hundred Years' War 2618:Joan II of Navarre 2597:Causes and prelude 2457:Henry V of England 2455:The newly crowned 2437:Treaty of Brétigny 2366:proximity of blood 2312:, which made them 2113:Duchy of Aquitaine 2097:Guerre de Cent Ans 2089:Hundred Years' War 1771:Hundred Years' War 1455:Hundred Years' War 1351:Hundred Years' War 1022:Calais (1346–1347) 932:Thiérache campaign 895:Hundred Years' War 783:Joanna of Flanders 768:Jean of Luxembourg 735:Henry le Despenser 693:Henry of Lancaster 602:Peter IV of Aragon 323:Kingdom of Navarre 297:Kingdom of Bohemia 253:Kingdom of England 50:Hundred Years' War 13652:Anglo-French wars 13624: 13623: 13533:Basic topics list 13334:Swiss mercenaries 13284:Wars of the Roses 13191:Kingdom of Poland 13176:Holy Roman Empire 13043:Early Middle Ages 13001: 13000: 12965: 12964: 12899:(1999 miniseries) 12404: 12403: 12330:COVID-19 pandemic 12275:French Revolution 12250:Habsburg monarchy 12230:Cossack Hetmanate 12210:Portuguese Empire 12200:Absolute monarchy 12195:Thirty Years' War 12090:Holy Roman Empire 12015:Bulgarian Empire 11974:Early Middle Ages 11891:Bronze Age Europe 11865:History of Europe 11831: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11789:Battle of Cravant 11697: 11696: 11604: 11603: 11591:Lancastrian phase 11447:on 26 March 2017. 11420:978-1-84119-678-7 11360:978-0-300-13451-3 11324:978-2-213-00898-1 11317:. Paris: Fayard. 11298:978-1-84887-927-0 11266:978-0-674-06560-4 11214:Library resources 11198:978-0-8573-8004-3 11175:978-1-8572-8493-5 11145:978-0-3133-2736-0 11109:978-1-5795-8282-1 11090:978-0-6911-1669-3 11061:(Subscription or 11035:978-0-5712-4012-8 11016:978-0-5711-3895-1 10993:(Subscription or 10938:978-0-1953-3403-6 10916:978-0-5212-0963-2 10903:Previté-Orton, C. 10894:978-0-1992-2687-0 10875:978-0-4153-0309-5 10852:978-0-5200-6266-5 10830:978-0-0303-3428-3 10807:978-0-1982-0695-8 10787:(Subscription or 10751:978-0-3001-1910-7 10714:978-1-8490-8616-5 10687:978-0-4152-6131-9 10665:978-1-8441-3529-5 10643:978-0-2710-1689-4 10620:978-0-1402-6133-2 10586:978-0-9076-2822-4 10558:978-0-5200-5523-0 10500:978-0-3133-3539-6 10477:978-1-9085-2465-2 10450:Index and Epitome 10408:978-1-8441-5217-9 10389:978-0-8511-5903-4 10362:(Subscription or 10325:978-0-8619-3226-9 10301:Macmillan Company 10285:978-1-8438-3398-7 10265:(Subscription or 10199:978-0-7509-2723-9 10180:978-0-1952-1930-2 10158:978-0-5212-9144-6 10132:978-1-8417-6269-2 10069:(Subscription or 10043:978-0-1982-2741-0 10008:(Subscription or 9979:978-0-7914-4701-7 9960:978-0-1953-3527-9 9932:(Subscription or 9661:, pp. 26–35. 9560:, pp. 76–80. 9496:, pp. 44–45. 9445:, pp. 76–77. 9417:, pp. 77–82. 9351:, pp. 77–82. 9155:, pp. 69–70. 8879:, pp. 55–45. 8822:, pp. 88–89. 8504:978-2-262-10723-9 8468:978-1-003-46441-9 8431:978-0-86597-837-9 8252: 8251: 8240:Duke of Burgundy 8216:Duke of Burgundy 8213:John the Fearless 8192:Duke of Burgundy 8157: 8156: 8064:Regent 1422–1435 8056:John of Lancaster 7957:Edward III's son 7903:Henry of Grosmont 7827: 7826: 7681:Charles VI's son 7634:Regent 1380–1382 7547:Charles of Valois 7505: 7504: 7363:First Barons' War 7338:Anglo-French Wars 7324:Wars of the Roses 7266:Prominent figures 7112:French Revolution 7077:Wars of the Roses 7071: 7070: 6932:Count of Clermont 6906:French resurgence 6884:congress of Arras 6880:Cardinal Beaufort 6802:The English laid 6656:John the Fearless 6585: 6584: 6238:Count of Armagnac 6228:John the Fearless 6124:one of his uncles 6110: 6109: 6059:Glyndŵr rebellion 5838:, accompanied by 5814:Battle of Montiel 5743: 5742: 5585:The French king, 5483:(later to become 5461:John II of France 5382:besieged the city 5312:, 1346, from the 5287:Duchy of Brittany 5171:Count of Flanders 5136: 5135: 4895:Scheldt campaigns 4643:, to pay homage. 4633:Charles of Valois 4617:Duke of Aquitaine 4559:Geoffrey of Anjou 4495:Duke of Aquitaine 4477:Peerage of France 4445:for the duchy of 4385:Blanche of France 4377: 4376: 4373: 4372: 3836:Edmund of Langley 3632:Count of Auvergne 3579:Joan of the Tower 2634:Count of Poitiers 2591:Wars of the Roses 2547:dynastic conflict 2526:(1366–1369), the 2522:(1341–1364), the 2417:John II of France 2278: 2277: 2270: 2182:(1337–1360), the 2169:historiographical 2084: 2083: 1878:Anglo-French Wars 1842: 1841: 1834:Lancastrian phase 1824:Glyndŵr rebellion 1735: 1734: 1421: 1420: 1317: 1316: 1279:Saint-Pol-de-Léon 1185: 1184: 944:Scheldt campaigns 862: 861: 688:John of Lancaster 678:Edmund of Langley 525:Archibald Douglas 473:John the Fearless 444:Charles d'Orléans 315:Duchy of Brittany 293:Republic of Genoa 277:Duchy of Brittany 259:Kingdom of France 243:Kingdom of France 232: 231: 181:Wars of the Roses 179:, leading to the 128:Iberian Peninsula 61:Anglo-French Wars 18:Hundred Years War 16:(Redirected from 13694: 13657:Global conflicts 13614: 13613: 13604: 13603: 13594: 13553:Medieval studies 13397:Church and State 13271:Late Middle Ages 13163:High Middle Ages 13081:Christianization 13051:Migration Period 13028: 13021: 13014: 13005: 13004: 12682:Washington, D.C. 12677:Portland, Oregon 12595: 12594: 12565:Guy XIV de Laval 12467:Siege of Orléans 12431: 12424: 12417: 12408: 12407: 12265:Great Divergence 12180:Age of Discovery 12125:Late Middle Ages 12095:High Middle Ages 12006:Byzantine Empire 11989:Christianization 11979:Migration Period 11914:Classical Greece 11886:Neolithic Europe 11858: 11851: 11844: 11835: 11834: 11708: 11707: 11613: 11612: 11586:1383–1385 Crisis 11541: 11540: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11500: 11499: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11462:Jean Froissart, 11448: 11443:. Archived from 11424: 11392: 11347: 11345: 11343: 11328: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11275: 11269:. Archived from 11254: 11202: 11179: 11156: 11155:on 16 July 2018. 11154: 11148:. Archived from 11137: 11125: 11113: 11094: 11066: 11058: 11039: 11020: 10998: 10990: 10971: 10942: 10920: 10898: 10879: 10856: 10834: 10811: 10792: 10784: 10783:on 16 July 2018. 10779:. Archived from 10778: 10755: 10725: 10723: 10706: 10691: 10674:Neillands, Robin 10669: 10647: 10624: 10602: 10600: 10598: 10562: 10539:. Translated by 10538: 10524: 10514: 10504: 10481: 10460: 10437: 10436: 10430: 10412: 10393: 10367: 10359: 10337: 10304: 10289: 10270: 10262: 10257:. Archived from 10232: 10230: 10228: 10219:. Archived from 10203: 10184: 10162: 10143: 10141: 10135:. Archived from 10124: 10109: 10101: 10099:"Brétigny" 10089: 10086:Garner, James W. 10074: 10066: 10047: 10031: 10018:Bartlett, Robert 10013: 10005: 9983: 9964: 9948: 9937: 9929: 9924:. Archived from 9889: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9865: 9859: 9858:, pp. 1–17. 9845: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9826:, pp. 84–91 9821: 9812: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9741: 9735: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9686: 9677: 9671: 9662: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9619: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9584:. Archived from 9570: 9561: 9555: 9544: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9458: 9455: 9446: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9412: 9406: 9400: 9394: 9392: 9385: 9379: 9370: 9364: 9358: 9352: 9342: 9336: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9262: 9256: 9250: 9235: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9057:Le Patourel 1984 9050: 9044: 9041:Le Patourel 1984 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9006: 9000: 8997:Le Patourel 1984 8994: 8988: 8982: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8944: 8937:Le Patourel 1984 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8806: 8796: 8790: 8782: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8753: 8747: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8690: 8684: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8641: 8635: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8568: 8562: 8553: 8547: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8509: 8508: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8417: 8400: 8381: 8375: 8368: 8362: 8355: 8349: 8342: 8285: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8233: 8209: 8185: 8164: 8163: 8140: 8118: 8096: 8080:Sir John Fastolf 8076: 8059:Duke of Bedford 8052: 8032: 8010: 7988: 7966: 7944: 7921: 7899: 7877: 7855: 7834: 7833: 7812: 7792: 7772: 7757:Duke of Alençon 7750: 7730: 7710: 7690: 7672:King Charles VII 7668: 7659:Charles V's son 7646: 7622: 7602: 7580: 7571:Philip VI's son 7558: 7533: 7512: 7511: 7497: 7490: 7483: 7427:Anglo-Welsh wars 7296: 7270: 7269: 7251: 7157:War of the Roses 7028: 7025: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6992: 6991: 6892:duke of Burgundy 6825:pictured in 1429 6788:Siege of Orléans 6695:Duke of Clarence 6660:Treaty of Troyes 6646:Treaty of Troyes 6616:In August 1415, 6312: 6310: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6210:in Paris in 1407 6062: 6060: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6027: 6026: 5951: 5940:Duke of Brittany 5920:Peasants' Revolt 5847: 5840:John de Montfort 5834:In August 1373, 5790:Battle of Nájera 5752:Peter of Castile 5680: 5678: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5643: 5642: 5510: 5466:This led to the 5280:Charles of Blois 5276:John of Montfort 5272:Duke of Brittany 5246: 5243: 4853: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4816: 4815: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4662:France in 1330. 4537:English monarchs 4525:Duke of Normandy 4367: 4366: 1470–1471 4365: 4360: 4359: 1422–1461 4358: 4232: 4227: 4218:Duke of Clarence 4207: 4206: 1413–1422 4205: 4171: 4170: 1377–1399 4169: 4144: 4143: 1422–1461 4142: 4134:"the Victorious" 4000: 3999: 1399–1413 3998: 3974: 3973: 1355–1378 3972: 3935: 3934: 1380–1422 3933: 3791:Duke of Burgundy 3780: 3779: 1364–1380 3778: 3621: 3620: 1349–1387 3619: 3599: 3598: 1329–1371 3597: 3592:King of Scotland 3572: 3571: 1327–1377 3570: 3545: 3544: 1350–1364 3543: 3415:Joan of Burgundy 3408: 3406: 3396:"the Posthumous" 3384: 3383: 1328–1349 3382: 3377:Queen of Navarre 3366: 3365: 1328–1343 3364: 3354:King of Navarre 3320: 3319: 1328–1350 3318: 3170: 3169: 1322–1328 3168: 3138: 3137: 1316–1322 3136: 3110: 3109: 1305–1316 3108: 3097: 3096: 1314–1316 3095: 3066: 3065: 1307–1327 3064: 2912: 2911: 1284–1305 2910: 2899: 2898: 1285–1314 2897: 2877: 2876: 1274–1305 2875: 2870:Queen of Navarre 2859: 2858: 1272–1307 2857: 2686: 2685: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2648: 2647: 2622:John I of France 2536:1383–1385 crisis 2488:Siege of Orléans 2387:cousin instead, 2378:native Frenchman 2356:, whose mother, 2291:Capetian dynasty 2273: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2230: 2222: 2176:European history 2109:Late Middle Ages 1881: 1879: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1846: 1845: 1819:1383–1385 Crisis 1774: 1772: 1762: 1755: 1748: 1739: 1738: 1462: 1460: 1448: 1441: 1434: 1425: 1424: 1358: 1356: 1344: 1337: 1330: 1321: 1320: 1284:La Roche-Derrien 1224: 1222: 1212: 1205: 1198: 1189: 1188: 902: 888: 881: 874: 865: 864: 840: 811: 803:Peter of Castile 778:John of Montfort 748: 730: 722:Thomas Montacute 717: 705: 668:The Black Prince 597: 579: 546: 533: 520: 508: 496: 488:Charles of Blois 463: 451: 439: 412: 369: 327:Duchy of Gascony 310:Burgundian State 281:Crown of Castile 272:Burgundian State 98: 97: 91:Siege of Orléans 71: 47: 46: 21: 13702: 13701: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13627: 13626: 13625: 13620: 13582: 13563:Neo-medievalism 13511: 13447:Itinerant court 13370: 13265: 13186:Georgian Empire 13171:Norman Conquest 13157: 13103:Frankish Empire 13037: 13032: 13002: 12997: 12961: 12915:Giovanna d'Arco 12902: 12875: 12744: 12693: 12688:Jeanne au Sacre 12647: 12620: 12584: 12575:Jean V de Bueil 12555:André de Lohéac 12519: 12513: 12477:Meung-sur-Loire 12440: 12435: 12405: 12400: 12339: 12305:Interwar period 12280:Napoleonic Wars 12144: 12115:Mongol invasion 12068:Crown of Aragon 11960: 11900: 11896:Iron Age Europe 11867: 11862: 11832: 11823: 11809:Battle of Patay 11784:Battle of Baugé 11764:Battle of Crécy 11747: 11703: 11693: 11652: 11600: 11556:Edwardian phase 11532: 11527: 11489: 11487: 11478: 11439: 11431: 11421: 11405: 11364: 11341: 11339: 11331: 11325: 11312: 11279: 11277: 11276:on 12 June 2018 11273: 11267: 11252: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11222: 11221: 11217: 11210: 11208:Further reading 11205: 11199: 11176: 11152: 11146: 11135: 11110: 11091: 11060: 11036: 11017: 10992: 10939: 10917: 10895: 10876: 10853: 10831: 10817:Wise, Sydney F. 10808: 10786: 10752: 10730:Ormrod, W. Mark 10721: 10715: 10704: 10688: 10666: 10644: 10621: 10596: 10594: 10587: 10567:Le Patourel, J. 10559: 10512: 10501: 10478: 10434: 10409: 10390: 10378:, eds. (2003). 10361: 10326: 10286: 10264: 10239:(28 May 2015). 10226: 10224: 10200: 10181: 10159: 10139: 10133: 10122: 10068: 10044: 10007: 9988:Barber, Richard 9980: 9961: 9931: 9898: 9893: 9892: 9882: 9880: 9867: 9866: 9862: 9846: 9842: 9834: 9830: 9822: 9815: 9803: 9799: 9760: 9756: 9748: 9744: 9736: 9732: 9724: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9687: 9680: 9672: 9665: 9657: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9633: 9622: 9617: 9613: 9605: 9601: 9591: 9589: 9572: 9571: 9564: 9556: 9547: 9535: 9531: 9523: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9461: 9456: 9449: 9437: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9401: 9397: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9371: 9367: 9359: 9355: 9343: 9339: 9327: 9323: 9315: 9311: 9303: 9299: 9291: 9287: 9279: 9275: 9263: 9259: 9251: 9238: 9230: 9226: 9218: 9214: 9206: 9202: 9198:, pp. 3–4. 9194:, p. 122; 9190: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9166: 9159: 9151: 9147: 9139: 9135: 9129:Wayback Machine 9119: 9115: 9107: 9103: 9095: 9091: 9083: 9079: 9071: 9067: 9053:Guignebert 1930 9051: 9047: 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9008: 9007: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8958:Guignebert 1930 8956: 8947: 8935: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8901:The Black Death 8899: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8863: 8856: 8846: 8844: 8833:"Auray, France" 8831: 8830: 8826: 8818: 8809: 8797: 8793: 8777:Glassock, R.E. 8775: 8771: 8763: 8756: 8748: 8741: 8733: 8729: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8685: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8658: 8654: 8646:, p. 298; 8642: 8638: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8578: 8571: 8563: 8556: 8548: 8539: 8531: 8527: 8519: 8512: 8505: 8491: 8487: 8469: 8453:. p. 146. 8443: 8439: 8432: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8403: 8382: 8378: 8369: 8365: 8356: 8352: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8281: 8276: 8274: 8267: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8245:Duke 1419–1467 8244: 8239: 8237:Philip the Good 8221:Duke 1404–1419 8220: 8215: 8197:Duke 1363–1404 8196: 8191: 8189:Philip the Bold 8162: 8146: 8127: 8102: 8067:Henry IV's son 8063: 8058: 8023:Henry IV's son 8019: 7997: 7975: 7970:King Richard II 7950: 7934:Prince of Wales 7905: 7886: 7881:King Edward III 7864: 7832: 7756: 7677: 7655: 7650:King Charles VI 7633: 7628: 7589: 7567: 7542: 7510: 7501: 7472: 7471: 7457: 7445: 7444: 7430: 7418: 7417: 7411:Lancastrian War 7341: 7329: 7328: 7304: 7279: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7245: 7237:field artillery 7205: 7137:Norman Conquest 7133: 7120: 7104:claim the title 7072: 7067: 7029: 7024:Burgundian Wars 7023: 7021: 7019: 6989: 6952: 6908: 6896:Treaty of Arras 6888:Philip the Good 6854: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6734: 6732:English success 6718:Battle of Baugé 6699:Battle of Baugé 6691:Clan Carmichael 6684: 6668:Estates-General 6648: 6642: 6632:, north of the 6612:in October 1415 6602: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6426:Meung-sur-Loire 6352:2nd La Rochelle 6313: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6272: 6266: 6220:Philip the Bold 6170:Prince of Wales 6128:Lords Appellant 6111: 6106: 6063: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6024: 6018: 5970: 5932: 5879: 5877:English turmoil 5832: 5826: 5744: 5739: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5623: 5605:(near southern 5571: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5507:Jean de Venette 5502: 5472:Jean de Grailly 5413:Prince of Wales 5405: 5399: 5363:Battle of Crécy 5328: 5318:British Library 5310:Battle of Crécy 5303: 5261:Battle of Sluys 5244: 5227:Battle of Sluys 5219: 5206:sheep in Sussex 5160:Robert d'Artois 5150: 5137: 5132: 4878:English Channel 4854: 4850: 4849:Edwardian phase 4847: 4845: 4843: 4813: 4807: 4798:English Channel 4778:Philip the Fair 4766: 4760: 4680: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4579:kings of France 4563:Empress Matilda 4549:that had ruled 4517:Norman Conquest 4479: 4473: 4467: 4459:war on Scotland 4424:Count of Valois 4362: 4355: 4354: 4353:King of England 4352: 4230:Battle of Baugé 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4201: 4200:King of England 4199: 4178:Anne of Bohemia 4166: 4165: 4164:King of England 4163: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4132: 3995: 3994: 3993:King of England 3992: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3946:Duke of Orléans 3945: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3839: 3801: 3790: 3787:Philip the Bold 3775: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3631: 3616: 3615: 3614:King of Navarre 3613: 3609: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3567: 3566: 3565:King of England 3564: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3403: 3402: 3401:King of Navarre 3400: 3398: 3394: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3361: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3308:"the Fortunate" 3306: 3165: 3164: 3163:King of Navarre 3162: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3133: 3132: 3131:King of Navarre 3130: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3105: 3104: 3103:King of Navarre 3102: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3076: 3061: 3060: 3059:King of England 3058: 2907: 2906: 2905:King of Navarre 2904: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2854: 2853: 2852:King of England 2851: 2847: 2837:Count of Évreux 2836: 2826:Count of Valois 2825: 2675: 2610: 2604: 2599: 2579:role in warfare 2571:standing armies 2530:(1356–1369) in 2516: 2508:Siege of Calais 2453: 2425: 2401: 2399:Edwardian phase 2393:Count of Valois 2376:decided that a 2364:by the rule of 2283: 2274: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2243: 2231: 2220: 2196:House of Valois 2188:Lancastrian War 2085: 2080: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1843: 1838: 1784:Edwardian phase 1775: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1736: 1731: 1576:Meung-sur-Loire 1502:2nd La Rochelle 1463: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1422: 1417: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1318: 1313: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1186: 1181: 927:English Channel 903: 899: 898:Edwardian phase 896: 894: 892: 855: 836: 807: 773:Philip the Good 758:Robert d'Artois 744: 726: 713: 709:Thomas Dagworth 683:Richard of York 611: 593: 575: 542: 538:John of Darnley 529: 516: 492: 483:Philip the Good 468:Philip the Bold 459: 435: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 303: 301:Crown of Aragon 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 247:House of Valois 224:except for the 213: 207: 175:Decline of the 156:House of Valois 150: 149: 142: 139:House of Valois 130: 105: 83:Battle of Patay 72: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13700: 13690: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13622: 13621: 13619: 13618: 13608: 13598: 13587: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13558:Misconceptions 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13519: 13517: 13513: 13512: 13510: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13378: 13376: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13368: 13366:Little Ice Age 13363: 13362: 13361: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13319:Western Schism 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13275: 13273: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13167: 13165: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13073: 13068: 13066:Late antiquity 13063: 13058: 13053: 13047: 13045: 13039: 13038: 13031: 13030: 13023: 13016: 13008: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12977:March to Reims 12973: 12971: 12967: 12966: 12963: 12962: 12960: 12959: 12951: 12943: 12935: 12934:(written 1943) 12927: 12919: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12900: 12892: 12883: 12881: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12873: 12865: 12857: 12849: 12841: 12833: 12825: 12817: 12809: 12801: 12793: 12785: 12777: 12769: 12765:Joan the Woman 12761: 12752: 12750: 12746: 12745: 12743: 12742: 12734: 12726: 12718: 12710: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12691: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12655: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12637: 12628: 12626: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12610: 12601: 12599: 12592: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12560:Gilles de Rais 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12536: 12533:Isabelle Romée 12530: 12523: 12521: 12520:contemporaries 12515: 12514: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12462:Loire Campaign 12459: 12454: 12448: 12446: 12442: 12441: 12434: 12433: 12426: 12419: 12411: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12347: 12345: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12255:Russian Empire 12252: 12247: 12245:British Empire 12242: 12240:Dutch Republic 12237: 12235:Swedish Empire 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12215:Spanish Empire 12212: 12207: 12205:Ottoman Empire 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12165: 12160: 12154: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12120:Serbian Empire 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12021: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11992: 11991: 11981: 11976: 11970: 11968: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11958: 11956:Late antiquity 11953: 11948: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11919:Roman Republic 11916: 11910: 11908: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11877: 11875: 11869: 11868: 11861: 11860: 11853: 11846: 11838: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11755: 11753: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11714: 11712: 11705: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11660: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11619: 11617: 11610: 11606: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11576:Caroline phase 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11547: 11545: 11538: 11534: 11533: 11526: 11525: 11518: 11511: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11476: 11470: 11460: 11455: 11449: 11437: 11430: 11429:External links 11427: 11426: 11425: 11419: 11403: 11393: 11375:(3): 245–256. 11362: 11348: 11329: 11323: 11310: 11300: 11286: 11265: 11236: 11235: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11203: 11197: 11180: 11174: 11157: 11144: 11126: 11114: 11108: 11095: 11089: 11067: 11040: 11034: 11021: 11015: 10999: 10972: 10943: 10937: 10927:, ed. (2010). 10921: 10915: 10899: 10893: 10880: 10874: 10857: 10851: 10835: 10829: 10812: 10806: 10793: 10756: 10750: 10726: 10713: 10692: 10686: 10670: 10664: 10648: 10642: 10625: 10619: 10603: 10585: 10571:Jones, Michael 10563: 10557: 10541:Sheridan, Alan 10525: 10505: 10499: 10482: 10476: 10461: 10431: 10413: 10407: 10394: 10388: 10372:Hattendorf, J. 10368: 10338: 10324: 10311:Valois Guyenne 10305: 10290: 10284: 10271: 10233: 10204: 10198: 10185: 10179: 10163: 10157: 10144: 10131: 10110: 10096:, ed. (1911). 10094:Chisholm, Hugh 10090: 10075: 10048: 10042: 10014: 9984: 9978: 9972:. SUNY Press. 9965: 9959: 9938: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9860: 9840: 9838:, p. 189. 9828: 9813: 9797: 9754: 9742: 9730: 9718: 9706: 9702:Neillands 2001 9694: 9678: 9663: 9651: 9649:, p. 562. 9639: 9620: 9611: 9609:, p. 777. 9599: 9562: 9545: 9537:Griffiths 2015 9529: 9525:Griffiths 2015 9510: 9498: 9482: 9459: 9447: 9431: 9419: 9407: 9395: 9380: 9365: 9353: 9345:Neillands 2001 9337: 9333:Neillands 2001 9321: 9309: 9307:, p. 411. 9297: 9295:, p. 409. 9285: 9273: 9257: 9236: 9224: 9212: 9200: 9184: 9182:, p. 122. 9172: 9157: 9145: 9133: 9113: 9101: 9099:, p. 384. 9089: 9077: 9075:, p. 501. 9065: 9045: 9033: 9001: 8999:, p. 189. 8989: 8987:, p. 326. 8985:Prestwich 2007 8974: 8962: 8945: 8943:, p. 218. 8929: 8927:, p. 388. 8917: 8905: 8893: 8881: 8869: 8865:Prestwich 2007 8854: 8824: 8807: 8791: 8781:. p. 160. 8769: 8754: 8750:Prestwich 2007 8739: 8735:Prestwich 2003 8727: 8725:, p. 184. 8715: 8713:, p. 180. 8703: 8699:Prestwich 2007 8691: 8689:, p. 306. 8687:Prestwich 2007 8676: 8674:, p. 394. 8672:Prestwich 2007 8664: 8662:, p. 194. 8652: 8648:Prestwich 2007 8644:Prestwich 1988 8636: 8634:, p. 298. 8632:Prestwich 1988 8620: 8608: 8596: 8584: 8569: 8565:Neillands 2001 8554: 8537: 8525: 8523:, p. 872. 8510: 8503: 8485: 8479:Edward Freeman 8467: 8437: 8430: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8376: 8363: 8350: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8272: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8246: 8241: 8234: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8217: 8210: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8193: 8186: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8141: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8097: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8077: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8060: 8053: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8033: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7959: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7945: 7937: 7936: 7930: 7927: 7922: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7900: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7848: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7838: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7816:Gilles de Rais 7813: 7805: 7804: 7803:Master gunner 7801: 7798: 7793: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7776:Jean de Dunois 7773: 7765: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7751: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7731: 7723: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7711: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7691: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7639: 7638: 7637:John II's son 7635: 7630: 7629:Duke of Anjou 7623: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7603: 7595: 7594: 7593:John II's son 7591: 7586: 7584:King Charles V 7581: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7551: 7550: 7544: 7539: 7537:King Philip VI 7534: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7451: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7431: 7424: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7342: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7289: 7288: 7281: 7280: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7256: 7253: 7244: 7241: 7204: 7201: 7180:state capacity 7132: 7129: 7119: 7116: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7018: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6995: 6988: 6987:End of the war 6985: 6951: 6948: 6930:. In 1450 the 6907: 6904: 6868:Pierre Cauchon 6853: 6850: 6846:siege of Paris 6790:in 1429. From 6779: 6776: 6771:Main article: 6768: 6765: 6733: 6730: 6683: 6680: 6644:Main article: 6641: 6638: 6598:Main article: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6379:La Brossinière 6376: 6371: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6301: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6268:Main article: 6265: 6262: 6198:Glyndŵr Rising 6159:House of Percy 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6072:Mynydd Hyddgen 6068: 6065: 6064: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6017: 6014: 5969: 5968:French turmoil 5966: 5931: 5928: 5914:king's uncle, 5878: 5875: 5828:Main article: 5825: 5822: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5646: 5630:Main article: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5596:Louis of Anjou 5577:France at the 5570: 5567: 5521:Reims campaign 5519:Main article: 5516: 5513: 5505:Chronicles of 5500: 5476:captal de Buch 5401:Main article: 5398: 5395: 5302: 5299: 5218: 5215: 5149: 5146: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5081:Reims campaign 5078: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4953:Crécy campaign 4950: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4927: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4842: 4841: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4809:Main article: 4806: 4803: 4759: 4756: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4655: 4652: 4575:Angevin Empire 4533:King of France 4521:English throne 4489:(kneeling) to 4469:Main article: 4466: 4463: 4432:Avignon papacy 4408:Roger Mortimer 4389:House of Capet 4381:Joan of Évreux 4375: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4210: 4208: 4192: 4190: 4183: 4181: 4174: 4172: 4156: 4154: 4147: 4145: 4137:King of France 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3938: 3936: 3928:King of France 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3832: 3830: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3773:King of France 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3624: 3622: 3602: 3600: 3584: 3582: 3575: 3573: 3557: 3555: 3548: 3546: 3538:King of France 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3411: 3409: 3399:King of France 3387: 3385: 3369: 3367: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3327:Joan of Valois 3323: 3321: 3313:King of France 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3153:King of France 3141: 3139: 3125:King of France 3113: 3111: 3090:King of France 3082: 3080: 3069: 3067: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2892:King of France 2880: 2878: 2862: 2860: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2798: 2796: 2789: 2787: 2784:Évreux (Capet) 2780: 2778: 2775:Valois (Capet) 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2651: 2606:Main article: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2587:English nobles 2515: 2512: 2504:Pale of Calais 2452: 2449: 2424: 2421: 2411:(1346) and at 2400: 2397: 2341:were English. 2327:ally of France 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2234: 2232: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2125:Western Europe 2082: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1849: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1809:Caroline phase 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1529:La Brossinière 1526: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1436: 1428: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1347: 1346: 1339: 1332: 1324: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1200: 1192: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1130:Reims campaign 1127: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1002:Crécy campaign 999: 994: 993: 992: 987: 976: 975: 969: 968: 967: 966: 961: 951: 946: 941: 940: 939: 929: 924: 919: 913: 912: 908: 905: 904: 891: 890: 883: 876: 868: 860: 859: 854: 853: 845:Frans Ackerman 842: 829: 818: 813: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 763:Edward Balliol 760: 755: 750: 737: 732: 719: 706: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 658: 648: 638: 625: 614: 612: 610: 609: 604: 599: 589:John the Blind 586: 581: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 535: 522: 509: 498: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 452: 441: 431:Hugues Quiéret 428: 426:Jean de Vienne 423: 418: 416:Gilles de Rais 413: 402: 400:Louis, Dauphin 397: 390: 380: 370: 357: 346: 343: 342: 338: 337: 307: 305:Avignon Papacy 268: 267: 266: 265: 249: 239: 238: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226:Pale of Calais 215: 209: 208: 206: 205: 204: 203: 189: 183: 173: 167: 162: 145: 144: 143: 136: 132: 131: 114: 112: 108: 107: 102: 94: 93: 64: 63: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13699: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13634: 13632: 13617: 13609: 13607: 13599: 13597: 13593: 13589: 13588: 13585: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13520: 13518: 13514: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13373: 13367: 13364: 13360: 13357: 13356: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13274: 13272: 13268: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13226:Scholasticism 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13164: 13160: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13088:Rise of Islam 13086: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13048: 13046: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13029: 13024: 13022: 13017: 13015: 13010: 13009: 13006: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12968: 12957: 12956: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12936: 12933: 12932: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12912: 12911: 12909: 12905: 12898: 12897: 12893: 12890: 12889: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12878: 12871: 12870: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12858: 12855: 12854: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12837:Joan the Maid 12834: 12831: 12830: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12754: 12753: 12751: 12747: 12740: 12739: 12735: 12732: 12731: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12690: 12689: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12667:New York City 12665: 12663: 12661: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12643: 12642: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12623: 12616: 12615: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12540: 12537: 12534: 12531: 12528: 12527:Jacques d'Arc 12525: 12524: 12522: 12516: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12432: 12427: 12425: 12420: 12418: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12351:Art of Europe 12349: 12348: 12346: 12342: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12151: 12150:Modern period 12147: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12033: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11963: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11859: 11854: 11852: 11847: 11845: 11840: 11839: 11836: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11709: 11706: 11700: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11633:John of Gaunt 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11614: 11611: 11607: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11542: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11519: 11517: 11512: 11510: 11505: 11504: 11501: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11422: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11369: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11337: 11336: 11330: 11326: 11320: 11316: 11311: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11299: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11272: 11268: 11262: 11258: 11251: 11250: 11245: 11241: 11240: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11200: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11158: 11151: 11147: 11141: 11134: 11133: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11105: 11101: 11096: 11092: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11077: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11027: 11022: 11018: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10979: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10890: 10886: 10881: 10877: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10858: 10854: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10813: 10809: 10803: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10753: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10720: 10716: 10710: 10703: 10702: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10652:Mortimer, Ian 10649: 10645: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10592: 10588: 10582: 10578: 10577: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10537: 10536: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10511: 10506: 10502: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10469: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10457: 10452: 10451: 10446: 10442: 10441:Hunt, William 10432: 10428: 10427: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10404: 10400: 10395: 10391: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10342:Harriss, G.L. 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10312: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10297: 10291: 10287: 10281: 10277: 10272: 10268: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10191: 10186: 10182: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10150: 10145: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10121: 10120: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10106: 10100: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10076: 10072: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10055: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10035: 10030: 10029: 10023: 10022:Roberts, J.M. 10019: 10015: 10011: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9994: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9952: 9947: 9946: 9939: 9935: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9900: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9864: 9857: 9853: 9850: 9844: 9837: 9832: 9825: 9820: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9801: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9746: 9740:, p. 61. 9739: 9734: 9728:, p. 16. 9727: 9722: 9716:, p. 15. 9715: 9710: 9703: 9698: 9691: 9685: 9683: 9676:, p. 79. 9675: 9670: 9668: 9660: 9655: 9648: 9647:Sumption 1999 9643: 9636: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9625: 9615: 9608: 9603: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9567: 9559: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9533: 9526: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9507: 9502: 9495: 9491: 9486: 9479: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9454: 9452: 9444: 9441: 9435: 9428: 9423: 9416: 9411: 9404: 9399: 9391:. p. 70. 9390: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9373:Mortimer 2008 9369: 9362: 9361:Mortimer 2008 9357: 9350: 9346: 9341: 9334: 9331:, p. 6; 9330: 9325: 9318: 9313: 9306: 9305:Sumption 2012 9301: 9294: 9293:Sumption 2012 9289: 9282: 9281:Sumption 2012 9277: 9270: 9267: 9261: 9254: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9233: 9228: 9221: 9216: 9209: 9208:Sumption 2012 9204: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9181: 9176: 9170:, p. 78. 9169: 9164: 9162: 9154: 9149: 9143:, p. 86. 9142: 9137: 9130: 9126: 9123: 9117: 9110: 9105: 9098: 9093: 9086: 9081: 9074: 9073:Chisholm 1911 9069: 9063:, p. 501 9062: 9061:Chisholm 1911 9058: 9054: 9049: 9043:, p. 32. 9042: 9037: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8986: 8981: 8979: 8972:, p. 66. 8971: 8966: 8959: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8926: 8921: 8914: 8909: 8902: 8897: 8890: 8889:Grummitt 2008 8885: 8878: 8873: 8866: 8861: 8859: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8821: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8804: 8803:Sumption 1999 8800: 8799:Sumption 1999 8795: 8788: 8785: 8780: 8773: 8766: 8761: 8759: 8751: 8746: 8744: 8736: 8731: 8724: 8723:Sumption 1999 8719: 8712: 8711:Sumption 1999 8707: 8700: 8695: 8688: 8683: 8681: 8673: 8668: 8661: 8656: 8649: 8645: 8640: 8633: 8630:, p. 8; 8629: 8624: 8617: 8612: 8606:, p. 17. 8605: 8604:Bartlett 2000 8600: 8594:, p. 22. 8593: 8592:Bartlett 2000 8588: 8581: 8580:Brissaud 1915 8576: 8574: 8566: 8561: 8559: 8551: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8534: 8529: 8522: 8517: 8515: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8433: 8427: 8423: 8416: 8412: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8373: 8367: 8360: 8354: 8347: 8341: 8337: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8283:France portal 8273: 8270: 8259: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8152: 8149: 8147:Duke of York 8145: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8123: 8122:King Henry VI 8120: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8066: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8046: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7993: 7992:King Henry IV 7990: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7948:John of Gaunt 7946: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7498: 7493: 7491: 7486: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7396:Edwardian War 7394: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7369: 7368:Saintonge War 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7314:Third Crusade 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7186: 7185:standing army 7181: 7176: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7159:(1455–1487). 7158: 7152: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7139:(1066), when 7138: 7124: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7078: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7026: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7004: 7002: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6984: 6982: 6977: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6858: 6849: 6847: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6311: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6168:was declared 6167: 6166:Owain Glyndŵr 6162: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6143:John of Gaunt 6139: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6092:Stalling Down 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6061: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5994:John of Berry 5991: 5986: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5916:John of Gaunt 5912: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5836:John of Gaunt 5831: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5679: 5667: 5662: 5660: 5655: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5575: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5509: 5508: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5429:Castelnaudary 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5187:Low Countries 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5148:End of homage 5141: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5123:Second London 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4997:Calais (1350) 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4852: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4812: 4802: 4801:French king. 4799: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4764:Auld Alliance 4755: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4660: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4609:Saintonge War 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4557:, the son of 4556: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4370: 4351: 4350: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4284: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4216: 4215: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4179: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4152: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4114: 4112: 4104: 4102: 4094: 4092: 4084: 4082: 4074: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4046: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4026: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3991: 3990: 3965: 3964: 3944: 3943: 3926: 3923:"the Beloved" 3920: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3903: 3902: 3881: 3880: 3858: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3829: 3828: 3827:John of Gaunt 3804: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3788: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3758: 3750: 3748: 3724: 3722: 3716: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3580: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3553: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3523: 3509: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3481: 3469: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3375: 3374: 3359: 3358: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3329: 3328: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3288: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3262: 3254: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3200: 3198: 3192: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3101: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3057: 3056: 3031: 3028: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3008: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2903: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2868: 2867: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2834: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2744: 2742: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620:, and a son, 2619: 2615: 2609: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:heavy cavalry 2561:armies where 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2300:, and later, 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2272: 2269: 2261: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2235:This section 2233: 2229: 2224: 2223: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180:Edwardian War 2177: 2173: 2172:periodisation 2170: 2165: 2163: 2162:global powers 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1773: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1172:Second London 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1046:Calais (1350) 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 991: 988: 986: 983: 982: 981: 978: 977: 974: 971: 970: 965: 962: 960: 957: 956: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 938: 935: 934: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 914: 910: 909: 906: 901: 889: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 869: 866: 858: 852: 851: 846: 843: 841: 839: 833: 830: 828: 827: 822: 819: 817: 816:Pope Urban VI 814: 812: 810: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 747: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 729: 723: 720: 718: 716: 710: 707: 704: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 673:John of Gaunt 671: 669: 666: 664: 663: 659: 657: 654: 653: 649: 647: 644: 643: 639: 637: 636: 631: 630: 626: 624: 621: 620: 616: 615: 613: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 596: 590: 587: 585: 584:Antonio Doria 582: 580: 578: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 545: 539: 536: 534: 532: 526: 523: 521: 519: 513: 510: 507: 502: 499: 497: 495: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 478:Owain Glyndŵr 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 462: 456: 453: 450: 445: 442: 440: 438: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 411: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 395: 391: 389: 386: 385: 381: 379: 376: 375: 371: 368: 363: 362: 358: 356: 353: 352: 348: 347: 345: 344: 339: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 270: 269: 264: 261:loyal to the 260: 257: 256: 255: 254: 250: 248: 245:loyal to the 244: 241: 240: 235: 227: 223: 219: 216: 211: 210: 202: 198: 194: 190: 187: 184: 182: 178: 174: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 160:French throne 157: 154: 153: 152: 151: 148: 140: 137: 134: 133: 129: 125: 124:Great Britain 121: 120:Low Countries 117: 113: 110: 109: 103: 100: 99: 95: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 70: 65: 62: 58: 55:Part of the 53: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 13387:Architecture 13359:Great Famine 13349:Universities 13289:Hussite Wars 13278: 13206:Great Schism 13093:Papal States 12953: 12945: 12937: 12929: 12921: 12913: 12894: 12886: 12867: 12859: 12851: 12843: 12835: 12827: 12819: 12811: 12803: 12796: 12787: 12779: 12771: 12763: 12755: 12736: 12728: 12721: 12713: 12705: 12686: 12660:Jeanne d'Arc 12659: 12639: 12631: 12612: 12604: 12539:Pierre d'Arc 12509:Canonization 12456: 12310:World War II 12163:Early modern 12140:Kalmar Union 12134: 12011:Papal States 11929:Roman Empire 11529: 11490:14 September 11488:. 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Retrieved 9586:the original 9532: 9506:Harriss 2010 9501: 9490:Allmand 2010 9485: 9478:Allmand 2010 9439: 9434: 9422: 9410: 9398: 9388: 9383: 9368: 9356: 9340: 9324: 9319:, p. 6. 9312: 9300: 9288: 9276: 9269:Vauchéz 2000 9265: 9260: 9227: 9215: 9203: 9187: 9175: 9148: 9136: 9120:Britannica. 9116: 9109:Backman 2003 9104: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9048: 9036: 9024:. Retrieved 9013: 9004: 8992: 8970:Venette 1953 8965: 8932: 8920: 8915:, p. 1. 8908: 8900: 8896: 8891:, p. 1. 8884: 8872: 8845:. Retrieved 8836: 8827: 8794: 8783: 8778: 8772: 8730: 8718: 8706: 8694: 8667: 8655: 8639: 8623: 8616:Gormley 2007 8611: 8599: 8587: 8550:Turchin 2003 8528: 8494: 8488: 8474: 8472: 8446: 8440: 8421: 8415: 8387:confiscated 8379: 8366: 8359:Caroline War 8353: 8340: 8014:King Henry V 7562:King John II 7452: 7425: 7406:Caroline War 7389: 7388: 7345: 7336: 7246: 7225: 7217: 7209: 7206: 7190: 7177: 7173: 7153: 7145: 7134: 7118:Significance 7088:took up arms 7081: 7073: 6972: 6963:Jean Fouquet 6925: 6921: 6876: 6861: 6855: 6843: 6828: 6801: 6791: 6757: 6742: 6735: 6703: 6649: 6615: 6577:2nd Bordeaux 6562:1st Bordeaux 6249:privateering 6242: 6213: 6163: 6140: 6120: 5998: 5987: 5979: 5971: 5933: 5908: 5896: 5854:River Allier 5833: 5811: 5794: 5786:Black Prince 5783: 5745: 5600: 5584: 5559:Black Monday 5552: 5539: 5531:Black Monday 5504: 5497: 5493: 5465: 5417:Black Prince 5406: 5379: 5360: 5342:the city of 5329: 5289:set off the 5284: 5265: 5250: 5191: 5168: 5164: 5153: 5151: 5118:First London 4963:Blanchetaque 4787: 4767: 4749: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4645: 4630: 4621: 4607:(1214), the 4587: 4544:Anglo-Norman 4541: 4514: 4502: 4499:Jean Fouquet 4440: 4393: 4378: 4347: 4224: 4212: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4158: 4149: 4133: 4127: 3987: 3961: 3940: 3922: 3916: 3877: 3840:Duke of York 3834: 3825: 3802: 3796: 3785: 3769: 3763: 3626: 3610: 3604: 3586: 3577: 3559: 3550: 3534: 3528: 3413: 3395: 3389: 3371: 3355: 3350: 3344: 3325: 3307: 3301: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3099: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3053: 2901: 2888: 2882: 2864: 2849:"Longshanks" 2848: 2842: 2831: 2820: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2680:(1337–1453) 2677: 2611: 2583: 2544: 2517: 2498:(1450), and 2485: 2454: 2441: 2426: 2402: 2382: 2343: 2295: 2284: 2264: 2258:January 2022 2255: 2244:Please help 2239:verification 2236: 2184:Caroline War 2166: 2142: 2088: 2086: 1965: 1769: 1727:2nd Bordeaux 1712:1st Bordeaux 1234:Champtoceaux 1167:First London 1012:Blanchetaque 849: 837: 825: 808: 753:John Fastolf 745: 727: 714: 660: 650: 640: 634: 627: 617: 594: 576: 543: 530: 517: 512:John Stewart 493: 460: 436: 392: 382: 372: 359: 349: 335:Papal States 331:Ghent rebels 289:Welsh rebels 251: 237:Belligerents 158:retains the 147:Full results 146: 44: 13616:WikiProject 13543:Medievalism 13382:Agriculture 13246:Manorialism 13241:Communalism 13236:Monasticism 13153:Reconquista 13143:Kievan Rus' 12979:(initiated) 12896:Joan of Arc 12869:Joan of Arc 12797:Joan of Arc 12789:Joan of Arc 12757:Joan of Arc 12641:Joan of Arc 12614:Joan of Arc 12438:Joan of Arc 12295:World War I 12285:Nationalism 12173:Reformation 12158:Renaissance 12130:Black Death 12063:Kievan Rus' 11966:Middle Ages 11723:Chevauchées 11689:Joan of Arc 11684:Charles VII 11280:3 September 11118:Venette, J. 11071:Turchin, P. 10696:Nicolle, D. 10529:Ladurie, E. 10114:Curry, Anne 9852:Rogers 2010 9674:Wagner 2006 9607:Jaques 2007 9592:20 December 9541:Wagner 2006 9494:Wagner 2006 9232:Ormrod 2008 9220:Barber 2004 9196:Wagner 2006 9192:Wagner 2006 9180:Wagner 2006 9168:Wagner 2006 9141:Wagner 2006 9097:Ormrod 2001 9085:Wagner 2006 9015:History.com 8941:Wilson 2011 8913:Hewitt 2004 8877:Rogers 2010 8820:Rogers 2010 8660:Wilson 2011 8628:Harris 1994 8100:John Talbot 7796:Jean Bureau 7694:Joan of Arc 7168:Black Death 7108:Louis XVIII 7027:(1474–1477) 6981:Jean Bureau 6823:Joan of Arc 6808:Joan of Arc 6664:Charles VII 6557:Blanquefort 6190:Southampton 5705:La Rochelle 5700:Pontvallain 5443:he ravaged 5433:Carcassonne 5409:Black Death 5245: 1470 5200:sit on the 5155:arrière-ban 4851:(1337–1360) 4737:Plantagenet 4595:. However, 4129:Charles VII 3407: 1316 3357:jure uxoris 3310:"of Valois" 2793:Plantagenet 2477:Joan of Arc 2471:(1415) and 2444:Black Death 2385:patrilineal 2145:Middle Ages 2134:Black Death 2129:nationalism 1707:Blanquefort 1383:La Rochelle 1378:Pontvallain 900:(1337–1360) 740:John Talbot 405:Joan of Arc 394:Charles VII 312:(1419–1435) 212:Territorial 87:Joan of Arc 13631:Categories 13538:Land terms 13492:Technology 13472:Philosophy 13452:Literature 13417:Demography 13118:Viking Age 12888:Saint Joan 12880:Television 12821:Saint Joan 12714:Saint Joan 12518:Family and 12058:Viking Age 11873:Prehistory 11679:Charles VI 11623:Edward III 11407:Seward, D. 11244:Barker, J. 11187:. London: 11164:. London: 11065:required.) 10997:required.) 10791:required.) 10740:. London: 10734:Edward III 10597:25 October 10547:. p. 10366:required.) 10269:required.) 10073:required.) 10012:required.) 9936:required.) 9856:Jones 2008 9807:, p. 9770:: 102037. 9558:Davis 2003 9427:Sizer 2007 9415:Curry 2002 9403:Smith 2008 9349:Curry 2002 9329:Baker 2000 9317:Baker 2000 9153:Curry 2002 9026:22 January 8787:Darby 1976 8765:Friar 2004 8407:References 8153:Commander 8150:1411–1460 8109:Commander 8106:1387–1453 8087:Commander 8084:1380–1459 8040:1401–1437 7954:1340–1399 7929:1330–1376 7912:Commander 7909:1310–1361 7823:Commander 7820:1405–1440 7800:1390–1463 7783:Commander 7780:1402–1468 7763:Commander 7760:1409–1476 7741:Commander 7738:1390–1461 7721:Commander 7718:1390–1443 7698:1412–1431 7613:Commander 7610:1320–1380 7467:Second War 7303:Other wars 6456:La Charité 6216:Charles VI 6164:In Wales, 6102:Pwll Melyn 6087:Shrewsbury 6020:See also: 6002:proxy wars 5974:Charles VI 5958:Charles VI 5949:chevauchée 5900:Richard II 5845:chevauchée 5804:, Lord of 5798:hearth tax 5769:Statue of 5636:See also: 5421:Chevauchée 5367:longbowmen 5355:Edward III 5324:See also: 5240:, Bruges, 5234:manuscript 5198:chancellor 5103:Malestroit 5002:Winchelsea 4910:Saint-Omer 4873:Arnemuiden 4762:See also: 4745:suzerainty 4641:Edward III 4625:suzerainty 4485:Homage of 4160:Richard II 3963:Charles IV 3918:Charles VI 3879:Luxembourg 3770:"the Wise" 3606:Charles II 3561:Edward III 3535:"the Good" 3346:Philip III 3160:"the Bald" 3150:"the Fair" 3145:Charles IV 3122:"the Tall" 2889:"the Fair" 2643:Charles IV 2534:, and the 1606:La Charité 1289:The Thirty 1152:Malestroit 1051:Winchelsea 959:Saint-Omer 922:Arnemuiden 629:Richard II 619:Edward III 384:Charles VI 220:loses all 13523:Dark Ages 13432:Household 13427:Hastilude 13196:Feudalism 12662:(Frémiet) 12625:Paintings 12550:Pierronne 12541:(brother) 12482:Beaugency 12105:Feudalism 12076:Catalonia 11733:Jacquerie 11674:Charles V 11664:Philip VI 11466:from the 11389:159935247 10968:2573-5012 10866:Routledge 10376:Unger, R. 10334:0269-2244 10167:Davis, P. 9792:234810004 9784:0176-2680 9750:Lowe 1997 9377:Bean 2008 9253:Tuck 2004 8925:Hunt 1903 8451:Routledge 8389:Aquitaine 8243:1396–1467 8219:1371–1419 8195:1342–1404 8126:1421–1471 8062:1389–1435 8018:1387–1422 7996:1367–1413 7974:1367–1400 7885:1312–1377 7863:1295–1358 7676:1403–1461 7654:1368–1422 7632:1339–1384 7588:1338–1380 7566:1319–1364 7541:1293–1350 7462:First War 7043:Héricourt 6749:dysentery 6572:Castillon 6567:Martignas 6546:1450–1453 6540:Cherbourg 6514:1449–1450 6478:St. Denis 6467:1435–1444 6461:Compiègne 6431:Beaugency 6400:1428–1430 6394:Montargis 6389:St. James 6358:1421–1428 6332:Agincourt 6321:1415–1420 6254:Leicester 6214:In 1392, 6182:Worcester 6161:by 1408. 6082:Bryn Glas 5924:Wat Tyler 5887:de Vienne 5850:Charles V 5720:Roosebeke 5611:Charles V 5555:hailstorm 5503:From the 5485:Charles V 5425:Avignonet 5268:invasions 5098:Espléchin 5076:Jacquerie 5070:1358–1360 5028:1355–1356 4992:Lunalonge 4986:1349–1352 4948:Aiguillon 4941:Auberoche 4924:1345–1347 4862:1337–1340 4794:Holy Land 4718:Aquitaine 4593:Richard I 4511:, Paris). 4501:from the 4447:Aquitaine 4436:Salic law 4428:Philip VI 4412:Edward II 3925:"the Mad" 3765:Charles V 3611:"the Bad" 3303:Philip VI 3156:Charles I 3128:Philip II 3055:Edward II 2884:Philip IV 2567:artillery 2500:Castillon 2469:Agincourt 2429:Charles V 2350:Salic law 2344:In 1328, 2152:warfare; 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