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Song, and JĂłkai read the 12 points. From here they went to the
Medical University on ĂjvilĂĄg Street, where the students also interrupted their university lectures and acted similarly in the courtyard, and later in front of the students of the Faculty of Engineering and Philosophy; the very same choreography happened in the University Square too. By this time, not only were they surrounded by a large crowd of youth, but they were also joined by a large audience from the street, which grew. PetĆfi has decided that the people would fulfill the first point of the 12 points, the freedom of the press, by his own authority, which he did. At 10 O'clock they went to the Landerer Publishing and Press company (the largest in the city) on the Hatvani street. Saw the enthusianism of the crowd, PetĆfi renamed the Hatvani Street to Street of the Free Press. " The print owner gave in, and immediately translating the desired documents into German, a few moments later, thousands came out of the fast press, copies of which were distributed to a gathering audience incessantly despite the pouring rain."
3159:, the sacred emblem of the Hungarian nation. In November 1848, Emperor Ferdinand abdicated in favour of Franz Joseph. The new Emperor revoked all the concessions granted in March and outlawed Kossuth and the Hungarian government â set up lawfully on the basis of the April laws. In April 1849, when the Hungarians had won many successes, after sounding the army, Kossuth issued the celebrated Hungarian Declaration of Independence, in which he declared that "the house of Habsburg-Lorraine, perjured in the sight of God and man, had forfeited the Hungarian throne." It was a step characteristic of his love for extreme and dramatic action, but it added to the dissensions between him and those who wished only for autonomy under the old dynasty, and his enemies did not hesitate to accuse him of aiming for kingship. The dethronement also made any compromise with the Habsburgs practicably impossible.
2357:'s policy of "stability" fell across Hungary, and the forces of reactionary absolutism reigned supreme. However, beneath the surface a strong popular current was beginning to run in the opposite direction. Affected by western Liberalism but without any direct help from abroad, Hungarian society was preparing for its future emancipation. Writers, scholars, poets, artists, noble and ordinary people, lay people and priests, without any previous history of working together or obvious connections between them, were working towards that ideal of political liberty which was to unite all Hungarians. Consciously or unconsciously, Mihåly Vörösmarty, Ferenc Kölcsey, Ferencz Kazinczy and his associates, to name but a few, were giving new life to Hungarian literature and simultaneously accomplishing political goals, with their pens proving no less powerful than their ancestors' swords.
3147:
success. Arthur Görgey in particular, whose abilities
Kossuth was the first to recognize, refused obedience; the two men were very different personalities. Twice Kossuth deposed him from the command; twice he had to restore him. It would have been well if Kossuth had had something more of Görgey's calculated ruthlessness, for, as has been rightly said, the revolutionary power he had seized could only be held by revolutionary means; but he was by nature soft-hearted and always merciful; though often audacious, he lacked decision in dealing with men. It has been said that he showed a want of personal courage; this is not improbable, the excess of feeling which made him so great an orator could hardly be combined with the coolness in danger required of a soldier; but no one was able, as he was, to infuse courage into others.
2572:
Kossuth demanded not merely the redress of actual grievances, but a liberal reform which would make grievances impossible in the future. In the highest circles a dissolution of the diet now seemed to be the sole remedy; but, before it could be carried out, tidings of the
February revolution in Paris reached Pressburg on 1 March, and on 3 March Kossuth's motion for the appointment of an independent, responsible ministry was accepted by the Lower House. The moderates, alarmed not so much by the motion itself as by its tone, again tried to intervene; but on 13 March the Vienna revolution broke out, and the Emperor, yielding to pressure or panic, appointed Count Louis Batthyåny premier of the first Hungarian responsible ministry, which included Kossuth, Széchenyi and Deåk.
3206:, and many Polish, Austrian and Italian volunteers. On 28 July 1849, the Hungarian Revolutionary Parliament proclaimed and enacted the first laws on ethnic and minority rights in Europe, but these were overturned after the Russian and Austrian armies crushed the Hungarian Revolution. Occasionally, the Austrian throne would overplay their hand in their tactics of divide and conquer in Hungary â with some quite unintended results. This happened in the case of the Slovaks who had begun the war as at least indifferent if not positively anti-Magyar but came to support the Hungarian Government against the Dynasty. But in another case, the Austrians' double-dealing brought some even more surprising new allies to the Hungarian cause during the war in 1849.
2461:
2694:
National Guard, and by this time they had begun collecting signatures, and in a few hours thousands of signatures had been collected. The people demanded the weapons. The military authority reported that it could only give 500 weapons because the rest were taken to KomĂĄrom. And below, the people, who had already gone to about 20â25 thousand, demanded the weapons and threatened to break into the arsenal if they did not get the weapon. A subcommittee was then appointed on the distribution of weapons for the national guards, and after an hour of deliberation, Rottenbiller reassured the people gathered in the hall, and JĂłkai reassured the crowd by announcing a bill alternately as national guards at night to take care of law and order.
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expounded. In particular Széchenyi insisted that the people must not look exclusively to the government, or even to the diet, for the necessary reforms. Society itself must take the initiative by breaking down the barriers of class exclusion and reviving a healthy notion of popular consciousness. The effect of this teaching was manifest at the diet of 1832, when the
Liberals in the Lower Chamber had a large majority. Prominent among whom were Ferenc DeĂĄk and Ădön Beothy. In the Upper House, however, the magnates united with the government to form a conservative party obstinately opposed to any project of reform, which frustrated all the Liberals' efforts.
427:
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March", the plebeian intelligentsia, should not be seen as a separate phenomenon in itself, but as an intellectual vanguard of an emerging societal strata that can be classified as the petty bourgeoisie. They did not represent a measurable political and economic force in a comparison with the nobility in the nationwide scene, but in historically critical situations, especially in the more developed, larger urban centers, they could still prove to become a significant or even the determinant factor. Politically, the petty bourgeoisie was the bearer of radical, republican aspirations similar to the French and German political events.
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3077:. If there was no possibility of inheriting the throne automatically due to the death of the predecessor king (as king Ferdinand was still alive), but the monarch was wanting to relinquish his throne and appoint another king before his death, there was technically only one legal solution: the parliament had the power to dethrone the monarch and elect his successor as the new king of Hungary. Owing to the legal and military tensions, the Hungarian parliament did not grant Franz Joseph this honour. This event gave to the Hungarian resistance a solid foundation of legality. From this time until the collapse of the revolution,
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3448:, struggled to elicit total support from the Slovak nation. Many Slovak peasants were more concerned with the abolition of feudal servitude, and not with wider national goals. Religious differences also played a key role, as the leaders of the Slovak volunteers were predominantly Protestant, which led to difficulties in eliciting support in regions with a catholic Slovak majority. As a result, they could recruit only up to 2,000 people, while a much higher percentage of the Slovak population was serving in the Hungarian Honvédség (Home Guard) among the Hungarian revolutionaries.
2841:
2488:
social movements can not be continually excluded from political life. Behind
Kossuth's conception of society was a notion of freedom that emphasized the unitary origin of rights, which he saw manifested in universal suffrage. In exercising political rights, Széchenyi took into account wealth and education of the citizens, thus he supported only limited suffrage similar to the Western European (British, French and Belgian) limited suffrage of the era. In 1885, Kossuth called Széchenyi a liberal elitist aristocrat while Széchenyi considered himself to be a democrat.
3488:
3417:
2419:, Hungary's first political newspaper, founded in 1841 by Kossuth. Its articles advocated armed reprisals if necessary, thus inflaming the extremists but alienating Széchenyi, who openly attacked Kossuth's opinions. Both sides produced violent polemics, but, as usual, the extreme views prevailed, and when the diet of 1843 convened Kossuth was more popular than ever while Széchenyi's influence had visibly declined. The tone of this diet was passionate, and the government was fiercely attacked for interfering with the elections. A new party called as
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made demands that their culture be spared
Magyarization and that they be given certain liberties and rights. These demands soon broke out into wider demonstrations clamouring for the rights of ethnic minorities in Hungary. Arrests were made that further enraged the demonstrators and eventually a Pan-Slavic Congress was held in Prague. A document was drafted at this congress and sent to the Hungarian government demanding the rights of the Slovak people. The Hungarians responded by imposing martial law on the Slovak region.
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3061:(which had existed as the supreme legislative power in Hungary since the late 12th century.) The Austrian Stadion constitution attempted to contradict the existing constitution of Hungary, with a view to its abolition. Even the territorial integrity of the country was in danger: on 7 March an imperial proclamation was issued in the name of the emperor Francis Joseph establishing a united constitution for the whole empire, of which the Kingdom of Hungary was carved up into five independent military districts.
2320:, he was considered an idealistic forerunner of revolutionary thought by some, and an unscrupulous adventurer by others. He stirred up a revolt against the nobility among the Hungarian serfs, a subversive act which led Francis II, the Holy Roman Emperor, to dismiss Martinovics and his boss, Ferenc Gotthardi, the former chief of the secret police. He was executed, together with six other prominent Jacobins, in May 1795. More than 42 members of the republican secret society were arrested, including the poet
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3343:, who commanded the Austrian troops in Hungary, officially re-stated this promise of independence for Vojvodina and conceded to all the demands of the Patriarch regarding Serbian nationhood. Acquiescence to the demands of the Patriarch should have meant a relaxation of the strict military administration of Vojvodina. Under this military administration in the border areas, any male between the ages of 16 years and 60 years of age could be conscripted into the army.
2441:
2484:), Count Széchenyi analyzed Kossuth's policy and responded to Kossuth's reform proposals. Széchenyi believed that economic, political and social reforms should proceed slowly and with care, in order to avoid the potentially disastrous prospect of violent interference from the Habsburg dynasty. Széchenyi was aware of the spread of Kossuth's ideas in Hungarian society, which he felt overlooked the need for a good relationship with the Habsburg dynasty.
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2674:, and thousands of copies of the National Song and 12 points were distributed; from there they went to the town hall, urging the adoption of the 12 points. The gathered people decided to head to the town hall and there called on the city council to sign their wishes. The council hall opened, the items of the program were submitted to the council, which were accepted by the council members and was signed by the clerk of the town council too.
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2236:, which proved to be a solid and major obstacle in the construction of Habsburg absolutism in Hungary. The counties were the centers of local public administration and local politics in Hungary, and they possessed a recognized right to refuse to carry out any "unlawful" (unconstitutional) royal orders. Thus, it was possible to question the legality of a surprisingly high proportion of the royal orders which emanated from Vienna.
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2159:. Around 40% of the private soldiers in the Hungarian Revolutionary Volunteer Army consisted of ethnic minorities of the country. Regarding the officer staff of Hungary: Around half of the officers and generals of the Hungarian Honvéd Army had foreign origin. There were at least as many ethnic Hungarian professional officers in the Imperial Habsburg army as in the Hungarian revolutionary Honvéd army.
3949:
played a pivotal role as the organizer and commander of the New York
Infantry Regiment, known as the Garibaldi Guard. Another remarkable feat was accomplished by Colonel Charles Zågonyi, who, with his Frémont Guard, fearlessly charged against significantly superior hostile forces, capturing the Heights of Springfield. This daring action later became known in American history as Zågonyi's Death Ride.
2678:
to Buda around 5 o'clock pm, and gathered around his battalion in the courtyard of the official building, steadfastly stood by his wishes, while his constituency declared: the election of a press court from among the people; . Ferenc Zichy, the chairman of the council, immediately released TĂĄncsics, dragged his car from Buda to the
National Theater Square with his own hands, and entered the theater.
3473:
efforts, the Slovak volunteer corps had little impact for the rest of the war until the
Russians marched in. It was used in 'mopping up' resistance in the wake of the Russian advance and then soon after was disbanded, ending Slovak involvement in the Revolution. The conclusion of the uprising is unclear, as the Slovaks fell back under Imperial authority and lacked any autonomy for some time.
2905:) into a democratic representative parliament. This law offered the widest suffrage right in Europe at the time. The first general parliamentary elections were held in June, which were based on popular representation instead of feudal forms. The reform oriented political forces won the elections. The electoral system and franchise were similar to the contemporary British system.
3247:. The first fighting in the Hungarian revolution was between the Croats and Magyars, and Austria's intervention on the part of their loyal Croatian subjects caused an upheaval in Vienna. JelaÄiÄ sent his army under the order of him, hoping to suppress the increasing power of Hungarian revolutionaries, but failed and was repelled by the Hungarians on 29 September near
2388:, the government imposed a war-tax and conscription without consulting the diet. The county assemblies instantly protested against this illegal act and at the 1823 diet Francis I was obliged to repudiate his ministers' actions. However, the estates felt that the maintenance of their liberties demanded more substantial guarantees than the dead letter of ancient laws.
3773:
national liberation movement in
Galicia in 1848. But even at this stage Vogl was occupied trying to stop another revolutionary uprising in Galicia. The Tsar was also preparing to send 30,000 Russian soldiers back over the Eastern Carpathian Mountains from Poland. Austria held Galicia and moved into Hungary, independent of Vogl's forces. At the same time, the able
2967:, who was not of sound mind. Franz Joseph didn't recognise BatthyĂĄny's second premiership, which began on 25 September. In addition, Franz Joseph was not recognized as king of Hungary by the Hungarian parliament, and he was not crowned king of Hungary until 1867. In the end, the final break between Vienna and Pest occurred when Field-Marshal
2409:. However, the nation was no longer to be cowed, with the diet of 1839 refusing to proceed to business until the political prisoners were released. While in the Lower Chamber the reforming majority was larger than ever, a Liberal party now also formed in the Upper House under the leadership of Count Louis BatthyĂĄny and Baron Joseph Eotvos.
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distributed. Von Urban acted in such a compelling manner that, by the end of September, 918 communities in the region had distanced themselves from the Revolution and were won over to the Imperial and Counter-revolutionary cause. This dealt a fatal blow to the power of the revolutionary party in Transylvania.
3346:
The Serbs of Vojvodina were expecting their requirement for Austrian military conscription to be the first measure to be relaxed. But the new Emperor Franz Joseph had other ideas and this promise was broken not more than two weeks after it had been made to the people of Vojvodina. This caused a split
2659:
From here â according to a preliminary agreement â they went first to the University of Law on University Street. A group of students was already waiting for them in the yard and they immediately brought a chair for PetĆfi and JĂłkai, here PetĆfi recited his poem written the night before, the National
3927:
The Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence of 1848â49 caused fundamental, decisive changes in social thinking, and in a short time transformed bold ideas into Laws, which could not be negated even when they had been abolished by the "old order". But only for a short while, because the ideas of
3752:
Thus, the Hungarian Government was equally successful on its eastern front (Transylvania) against the Russians, and on its western front against the Austrians. But there was a third front â the southern front in Banat, fighting the troops of the Serbian national movement and the Croatian troops
3460:
The Imperial government recognized that all across the Empire, ethnic minorities were seeking more autonomy, but it was only Hungary that desired a complete break. They used this by supporting the ethnic national movements against the Hungarian government. Slovak volunteer units were commissioned in
3190:
In 1848â49, the Austrian monarchy and those advising them manipulated the Croatians, Serbians and Romanians, making promises to the Magyars one day and making conflicting promises to the Serbs and other groups the next. Some of these groups were led to fight against the Hungarian Government by their
3021:
The Hungarian government was in serious military crisis due to the lack of soldiers, therefore they sent Kossuth (a brilliant orator) to recruit volunteers for the new Hungarian army. While JelaÄiÄ was marching on Pest, Kossuth went from town to town rousing the people to the defence of the country,
2689:
of national color, GĂĄbor Egressy sang the National Song, the choir sang the Hungarian Hymn and the National Song. The majority of the audience wanted TĂĄncsics to appear on the stage, but when he became aware of its ailing condition, he gave up his wish. Eventually, the people dispersed alongside the
2404:
and aristocratic privileges (equality before the law). The government's alarm at the power and popularity of the Liberal party led it, soon after emperor Ferdinand I's accession in 1835, to attempt to crush the reform movement by arresting and imprisoning the most active agitators, including Kossuth
3708:
was the Austrian Master of Ordnance, but was serving as the general in the field attempting to marshall all the Serbs still loyal to the Austrian throne, for another offensive against the Hungarian Government. Here, even on the southern front the Hungarian Armies were proving successful, initially.
2936:
In the summer of 1848, the Hungarian government, seeing the civil war ahead, tried to get the Habsburgs' support against JelaÄiÄ. They offered to send troops to northern Italy. In August 1848, the Imperial Government in Vienna officially ordered the Hungarian government in Pest not to form an army.
2677:
They immediately elected a regular commission, of which PetĆfi was a member. The people, appointing their temporary committee, wished the political prisoner MihĂĄly TĂĄncsics â who had been arrested in Buda by the censor's officers â to be released from prison. In order to fulfill this wish, he moved
2239:
Until 1848, the Kingdom of Hungary's administration and government remained largely untouched by the government structure of the "overarching" Austrian Empire. However the old Hungarian constitution and Hungarian public law made it legally impossible to merge the Kingdom of Hungary into a different
3945:
exceptional military qualities possessed by these Hungarians. Despite their small representation, five individuals rose to the rank of brigadier general, fifteen became colonels, two achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel, fourteen were promoted to major, and fifteen held the position of captain.
3572:
The first is to side with the Hungarians, and thus turn against the Romanians and the empire; the second is to side with the Romanians, and thus support the empire against the Hungarians. In this choice, the Romanians and Hungarians are incidental factors. The most important principle is that of a
3350:
With war on three fronts the Hungarian Government should have been squashed immediately upon the start of hostilities. However, events early in the war worked in favor of the Government. The unity of the Serbs on the southern front was ruined by Austrian perfidy over the legal status of Vojvodina.
3150:
Throughout the terrible winter which followed, his energy and spirit never failed him. It was he who overcame the reluctance of the army to march to the relief of Vienna; after the defeat at the Battle of Schwechat, at which he was present, he sent JĂłzef Bem to carry on the war in Transylvania. At
2647:
at Pest, which was a favourite meeting point of the young extra-parliamentary radical liberal intellectuals in the 1840s. Early that morning, SĂĄndor PetĆfi hurried to the Pilvax cafĂ©, where the young people gathered. He found PĂĄl VasvĂĄri and Gyula Bulyovszky there, invited them to the apartment of
2623:
The arrival of the news of the revolution in Paris, and Kossuth's German speech about freedom and human rights had whipped up the passions of Austrian crowd in Vienna on 13 March. While the Viennese masses celebrated Kossuth as their hero, revolution broke out in Buda on 15 March; Kossuth traveled
3456:
the Slovak region under Hungarian control. The aim of this was to bring the varied ethnic groups around Hungary into a common culture. At the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution this process was seen as more imminent and threatening to ethnic groups, especially many Slovak intellectuals. Slovaks
3338:
was appointed Patriarch of Vojvodina in February 1849. RajaÄiÄ was a supporter of the Serbian national movement, although somewhat conservative with pro-Austrian leanings. At a crucial point during the war against the Hungarian Government, in late March 1849 when the Austrians needed more Serbian
3162:
Kossuth played a key role in tying down the Hungarian army for weeks for the siege and recapture of Buda castle, finally successful on 21 May 1849. The hopes of ultimate success were, however, frustrated by the intervention of Russia; all appeals to the western powers were vain, and on 11 August,
3146:
From this time he had an increased amount of power. The direction of the whole government was in his hands. Without military experience, he had to control and direct the movements of armies; he was unable to keep control over the generals or to establish that military co-operation so essential to
2908:
At that time the internal affairs and foreign policy of Hungary were not stable, and BatthyĂĄny faced many problems. His first and most important act was to organize the armed forces and the local governments. He insisted that the Austrian army, when in Hungary, would come under Hungarian law, and
2893:
The Twelve Points, or the March Laws as they were now called, were then adopted by the legislature and received royal assent on 10 April. Hungary had, to all intents and purposes, become an independent state bound to Austria only by the Austrian Archduke as Palatine. The new government approved a
2693:
The next day, on 16 March, PĂĄl NyĂĄry, the deputy mayor of Pest County, LipĂłt Rottenbiller, the deputy mayor of Pest and others, took the head of the movement and thus the events became of national significance. It was the very first task of the troubled people to demand the immediate entry of the
2491:
Széchenyi was an isolationist politician while, according to Kossuth, strong relations and collaboration with international liberal and progressive movements are essential for the success of liberty. Regarding foreign policy, Kossuth and his followers refused the isolationist policy of Széchenyi,
3948:
General Julius Stahel-SzĂĄmwald led a brigade, while General Alexander AsbĂłth was appointed as the commandant of an entire military zone. Notable achievements were also made by Colonel Philip Figyelmessy and Colonel GĂ©za MihalĂłczy, who served as staff officers. Additionally, Colonel George Utassy
3944:
During the year 1861, the United States of America had a relatively small Hungarian population of around 4,000 individuals. Surprisingly, out of this number, 1,000 Hungarians joined the Union Army, which was an unmatched percentage compared to other immigrant communities. This fact speaks to the
3472:
However, the leaders of the Slovak Volunteers also wanted its autonomy from Hungary. They hoped that the Slovak lands would become a direct part of the Austrian empire. Tensions caused due to unfulfilled promises from the Austrians soon began to rise. Lacking support and with increased Hungarian
2697:
In the evening, the two sister cities were fully illuminated, a crowd of enthusiastic people roared in the streets, shouting, "Long live freedom!" From the windows hung national flags embroidered with the name of freedom. Throughout the night, order and tranquility guarded the city, with raiding
2517:
The conservatives â who usually opposed most of the reforms â thought they could maintain a slim majority in the old feudal parliament, as the reformer liberals were divided between the ideas of SzĂ©chenyi and Kossuth. Immediately before the elections, however, DeĂĄk succeeded in reuniting all the
2975:
Meanwhile, BatthyĂĄny travelled again to Vienna to seek a compromise with the new Emperor. His efforts remained unsuccessful, because Franz Joseph refused to accept the reforms, which were known as the "April laws". This was unconstitutional, as the laws had already been signed by his uncle King
2487:
Kossuth, for his part, rejected the role of the aristocracy, and questioned the established norms of social status. In contrast to Széchenyi, Kossuth believed that in the process of social reform it would be impossible to restrain civil society in a passive role. According to Kossuth, the wider
3772:
However, in May 1849, Tsar Nicholas I pledged to redouble his efforts against the Hungarian Government. He and Emperor Franz Joseph started to regather and rearm an army to be commanded by Anton Vogl, the Austrian lieutenant-field-marshal who had actively participated in the suppression of the
3072:
From a constitutional point of view, and according to the coronation oath, a crowned Hungarian King cannot abdicate the Hungarian throne during his lifetime. If the king is alive but unable do his duty as ruler, a governor (or, in English, regent) had to undertake the royal duties. Therefore,
2979:
Hungarian liberals in Pest saw this as an opportunity. In September 1848, the Diet made concessions to the Pest Uprising, so as not to break up the Austro-Hungarian Union. But the counter-revolutionary forces were gathering. After many local victories, the combined Bohemian and Croatian armies
2632:
The process of commodity production and capitalization slowly reshaped the social conditions and the world view of the nobility, which began to advocate the human and civil rights in Hungary since the reform era. Recent studies of social history have also suggested that the so-called "youth of
2571:
The ensuing parliamentary elections resulted in a complete victory for the Progressives. This was also the last election which was based on the parliamentary system of the old feudal estates. All efforts to bring about an understanding between the government and the opposition were fruitless.
2399:
became the new rising star of the Hungarian Parliament in the mid 1830s and began to rival Szécheny's popularity thanks to his talent as orator in the parliament's liberal faction. Kossuth called for broader parliamentary democracy, rapid industrialization, general taxation, economic expansion
3935:
Hungary made the Austrian Empire understand that it could not defeat it alone. This in turn provided the country with the political capital that led to the Compromise of 1867. During the War of Independence, this strength was represented by the Honvéd Army, which was able to stand as an equal
3764:
replaced WindischgrÀtz as the new supreme commander of Austrian forces in Hungary. Instead of pursuing the Austrian army, the Hungarians stopped to retake the Fort of Buda and prepared defenses. At the same time, however, victory in Italy had freed many Austrian troops which had hitherto been
2162:
In regard to diplomacy and foreign policy during the revolution, the Hungarian liberals - similar to the other European liberal revolutionaries of 1848 - were primarily motivated by ideological considerations. They supported countries and forces that aligned with their new moral and political
3670:
into Wallachia. Only 2,000 Russian soldiers made it out of Transylvania back into Wallachia, the other 6,000 troops being killed or captured by the Hungarian Army. After securing all of Transylvania, Bem moved his 30,000â40,000-man Hungarian army against Austrian forces in the northern Banat
3598:
Education in the mother tongue. The bill promised that the Romanian tongued population would be taken into account at the establishment of public schools. However, secondary schools with Romanian as the language of teaching would have to teach Hungarian language and literature as an ordinary
2509:, while Kossuth supported protective tariffs due to the comparatively weak Hungarian industrial sector. While Kossuth envisaged the construction of a rapidly industrialized country, Széchenyi wanted to preserve the traditionally strong agricultural sector as the main bedrock of the economy.
2391:
Széchenyi, who had resided abroad and studied Western institutions, was recognised as their leader of all those who wished to create a new Hungary out of the old. For years he and his friends educated public opinion by issuing innumerable pamphlets in which the new Liberalism was eloquently
3535:
on September 10, and offered protection both to villages that rejected conscription and to the landowners who feared a peasant uprising. Urban then administered the oath of allegiance to the hundreds of peasants and village delegate, finally denouncing the Revolution in a Memorandum widely
2427:
the official language of administration, legislation and schooling in the Kingdom of Hungary, ending Latin's 844-year reign in that role, as well as freeing the peasants' holdings from all feudal obligations, legalising mixed marriages and throwing open official positions to non-nobles.
2275:
of the country, to preserve the liberties of its subjects and to respect the territorial integrity of the realm. From 1526 to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary also maintained its own customs borders, which separated Hungary from the united customs system of other Habsburg ruled territories.
2933:, regions in personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary. He was opposed to the new Hungarian government, and raised troops in his domains. Legally this meant that a monarch was preparing to attack one of his country's appointed and lawful government with another of his country's army.
2612:" (then seventeen years old), to perpetuate the ancient glory of the dynasty by meeting half-way the aspirations of a free people. He at once became a massively popular revolutionary speaker across Austria and most of continental Europe; his speech was read aloud in the streets of
2898:", which created a democratic political system. The newly established government also demanded that the Habsburg Empire spend all taxes they received from Hungary in Hungary itself, and that the Parliament should have authority over the Hungarian regiments of the Habsburg Army.
3716:
of October 1848, when insurgents attacked a garrison on its way to Hungary to support forces. However, the Austrian army was able to quell the rebellion. At the same time, at Schwechat, the Austrians defeated a Hungarian attempt to capture Vienna. After this victory, General
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3646:
in March 1849. A Russian army, composed of about 8,000 soldiers, invaded Transylvania on 8 April 1849. But as they crossed the Southern Carpathian mountain passes (along the border of Transylvania and Wallachia), they were met by a large Hungarian revolutionary army led by
3952:
At the onset of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Ladislas UjhĂĄzy as Consul in Ancona. Following the war's conclusion, many other Hungarians were offered positions in the American diplomatic and consular services, as well as various other public services.
3347:
in the population of the Vojvodina and at least part of the Serbs in that province began to support the elected Hungarian Government against the Austrians. Some Serbs sought to ingratiate the Serb nation with the Austrian Empire to promote the independence of Vojvodina.
138:
3870:
Kossuth thought his biggest mistake was to confront the Hungarian minorities. He set forth the dream of a multi-ethnic confederation of republics along the Danube, which might have prevented the escalation of hostile feelings between the ethnic groups in these areas.
2436:
The interval between the Diet of 1843 and that of 1847 saw the various political parties completely disintegrate and transform. Széchenyi openly joined the government, while the moderate Liberals separated from the extremists and formed a new party, the Centralists.
2652:. Around 8 o'clock, PetĆfi and his companions went to the Pilvax cafĂ© , and only six appeared at the set time (PetĆfi, JĂłkai, Bulyovszky, SebĆ, ErnĆ GaĂĄl and DĂĄniel Hamary). Here JĂłkai read out the 12 points and the proclamation. Petofi recited his new poem the
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3040:
BatthyĂĄny slowly realized that he could not reach his main goal, which was peaceful compromise with the Habsburg dynasty. On 2 October he resigned and simultaneously resigned his seat in parliament. The ministers of his cabinet also resigned on the same day.
3777:
led an army of 60,000 Austrians from the West and retook the ground lost throughout the spring. On 18 July, he finally captured Buda and Pest. The Russians were also successful in the east and the situation of the Hungarians became increasingly desperate.
3850:
until 1851. That year the US Congress invited him to come to the United States. He left the Ottoman Empire in September, stopped in Britain, then arrived in New York in December. In the US he was warmly received by the general public as well as the then
2496:: They supported countries and political forces that aligned with their moral and political standards. They also believed that political movements sharing the same modern liberal values should form an alliance against the "feudalist" conservatives.
3658:, had been involved in the uprising in Vienna in 1848 and, finally, became one of the top army commanders for Hungary from 1848 to 1849. When he encountered the Russians, Bem defeated them and forced them back out of the towns of Hermannstadt (now
2097:. Although the revolution failed, it is one of the most significant events in Hungary's modern history, forming the cornerstone of modern Hungarian national identityâthe anniversary of the Revolution's outbreak, 15 March, is one of Hungary's three
2536:
Civil and religious equality before the law. (The abolition of separate laws for the common people and nobility, the abolition of the legal privileges of nobility. Full religious liberty instead of moderated tolerance: the abolition of (Catholic)
3781:
On 13 August, after several bitter defeats, especially the battle of Segesvår against the Russians and the battles of Szöreg and Temesvår against the Austrian army, it was clear that Hungary had lost. In a hopeless situation, Görgey signed a
2331:
Though the Hungarian Jacobin republican movement did not affect the policy of the Hungarian Parliament and the parliamentary parties, it had strong ideological ties with forces beyond the parliament: radical youths and students like the poet
2412:
The results of the diet of 1839 did not satisfy the advanced Liberals, while the opposition of the government and of the Upper House still further fomented discontent in the general populace. This ill-feeling was also mainly fanned by the
2553:
Juries and representation on an equal basis. (The common people can be elected as juries at the legal courts, all people can be officials even at the highest levels of public administration and the judiciary, if they have the prescribed
3330:
on the other side of the Danube. In face of the emerging Hungarian independence movement leading up to the 1848 Revolution the Austrian monarchy had promised an independent status for the Serbs of Vojvodina within the Austrian Empire.
5639:
3163:
Kossuth abdicated in favor of Görgey, on the ground that in the last extremity the general alone could save the nation. Görgey capitulated at VilĂĄgos (now Ćiria, Romania) to the Russians, who handed over the army to the Austrians.
2971:
was given control of all armies in Hungary (including JelaÄiÄ's). He went to Hungary where he was mobbed and brutally murdered. Following his murder the Imperial court dissolved the Hungarian Diet and appointed JelaÄiÄ as Regent.
2352:
The frequent diets held in the earlier part of the reign occupied themselves with little else but war subsidies; after 1811 the Holy Roman Emperor stopped summoning them. In the latter years of Francis I's rule the dark shadow of
3451:
The Slovak nation and people had been poorly defined up to this point, as the Slovak people lacked a definitive border or national identity. However, in the years leading up to the revolution, the Hungarians had taken steps to
3239:, who would go on to be a revered Croatian hero, sought to free Croatia from Hungary as a separate entity under the Habsburgs. Eventually, he traveled to Vienna to take oaths to become counsel of Austrian Emperor. Soon after
3765:
fighting on this front. In June 1849 Russian and Austrian troops entered Hungary heavily outnumbering the Hungarian army. After all appeals to other European states failed, Kossuth abdicated on 11 August 1849, in favour of
2944:
to the Emperor to ask him to order the Serbs to capitulate and stop JelaÄiÄ, who was going to attack Hungary. But JelaÄiÄ went ahead and invaded Hungary to dissolve the Hungarian government, without any order from Austria.
2383:
It was a direct attack upon the constitution which, in Istvån Széchenyi's words, first "startled the nation out of its sickly drowsiness". In 1823, when the reactionary powers were considering joint action to suppress the
2987:'s request, BatthyĂĄny became Prime Minister again. On 13 September BatthyĂĄny announced a rebellion and requested that the Palatine lead them. However the Palatine, under the Emperor's orders, resigned and left Hungary.
3036:
The battle became an icon for the Hungarian army for its effect on politics and morale. Kossuth's second letter for the Austrian people and this battle were the causes of the second revolution in Vienna on 6 October.
2316:, he argued that citizens tend to oppose any repression and that sovereignty resides with the people. He also became a Freemason, and was in favour of the adoption of a federal republic in Hungary. As a member of the
3585:
As early as August to September 1848, the Hungarian Parliament's Nationality Committee drafted a nationality bill for the Romanians, promising them such wide rights that could meet even today's democratic standards:
3354:
Some right-wing participants in the Serbian national movement felt that a "revolution" in Hungary more threatened the prerogatives of landowners, and the nobles in Serbian Vojvodina, than the occupying Austrians.
2607:
had arrived, in a speech of surpassing power he demanded parliamentary government for Hungary and constitutional government for the rest of Austria. He appealed to the hope of the Habsburgs, "our beloved Archduke
2186:
agreed with Franz Joseph and sent a 200,000 strong army with 80,000 auxiliary forces. The joint Russo-Austrian army finally defeated the Hungarian forces, Habsburg power was restored and Hungary was placed under
2163:
standards. They also believed that governments and political movements sharing the same modern liberal values should form an alliance against the "feudal type" of monarchies. This outlook was similar to modern
3744:
In April 1849, after these defeats, the Hungarian Government recovered and scored several victories on this western front. They stopped the Austrian advance and retook Buda and Pest. Then, the Hungarian Army
2544:
National Guard. (The forming of their own Hungarian national guard, it worked like a police force to keep the law and order during the transition of the system, thus preserving the morality of the revolution)
3556:
the union of Bukovina, Transylvania and Banat under a government (...) the union of all Romanians in the Austrian state into one single independent nation under the rule of Austria as completing part of the
8811:
4747:
4173:
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finally convened the Diet in response to growing concerns amongst the Hungarian nobility about taxes and the diminishing economy, after the Napoleonic Wars. This â and the reaction to the reforms of
2464:
The crowd captured the Landerer & Heckenast printing house, where they printed the 12 points and the National Song. Thus 15 March became the memorial Day of the Freedom of the Press in Hungary.
2240:
state. Hungary's central government structures remained well separated from the imperial government. The country was governed by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary (the Gubernium) â based in
3053:
on 4 March 1849. The centralist Stadion Constitution provided very strong power for the monarch, and marked the way of neo-absolutism. The new March Constitution of Austria was drafted by the
3511:
In any case, the union of Transylvania, proclaimed against all human rights, is not valid, and the courts of law in the entire world must admit the justness of the Romanian people's protest
3069:
When BatthyĂĄny resigned he was appointed with Szemere to carry on the government provisionally, and at the end of September Kossuth was made President of the Committee of National Defence.
5911:
3057:, where Hungary had no representation. Austrian legislative bodies like the Imperial Diet traditionally had no power in Hungary. Despite this, the Imperial Diet also tried to abolish the
2620:
was overthrown (13 March), and when a deputation from the Diet visited Vienna to receive the assent of Emperor Ferdinand to their petition it was Kossuth who received the chief ovation.
2120:) into a democratic representative parliament. This law offered the widest right to vote in Europe at the time. The April laws utterly erased all privileges of the Hungarian nobility.
3081:, as head of state of Hungary, became the de facto and de jure ruler of the country. With the exception of Kåzmér Batthyåny, all members of the new cabinet were Kossuth's supporters.
951:
4836:
3469:), where a Slovak council openly seceded from Hungary. Tensions rose as the Hungarian army executed a number of Slovak leaders for high treason and the fighting became more bloody.
3398:
After the fall of the Hungarian revolution in 1849, Vojvodina became an Austrian Crown Land. In 1860 it became again a Hungarian Crown Land and was part of Hungary until the end of
3721:
and 70,000 troops were sent to Hungary to crush the Hungarian revolution. The Austrians followed the Danube down from Vienna and crossed over into Hungary to envelope Komorn (now
2716:
that year, and it initially acknowledged Hungary's government. Therefore, the Governor-General's officers, acting in the name of the King, appointed Hungary's new parliament with
5754:
3790:) to the Russians (so that the war would be considered a Russian victory and because the rebels considered the Russians more lenient), who handed the army over to the Austrians.
3627:
Despite this effort from the Hungarians, the Romanians sought the fulfillment of their demands from the emperor, which led to a bloody civil war between them and the Hungarians.
3502:, Romania), the Transylvanian Diet (formed of 116 Hungarians, 114 Székelys and 35 Saxons) ratified the re-union with Hungary. Romanians and Germans disagreed with the decision.
2530:
Accountable ministries in Buda and Pest (Instead of the simple royal appointment of ministers, all ministers and the government must be elected and dismissed by the parliament)
3228:
was weak in the beginning of the 19th century, but grew with increasing Hungarian pressure, especially the April Laws that ignored Croatian autonomy under Hungarian Kingdom.
2211:
was one of the earliest examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch, which was forced on the Hungarian king in much the same way King
2423:
was created, which united the reform oriented Liberals, to oppose the conservatives. Fresh triumphs were won by the Liberals (the Opposition Party) â in 1844 the diet made
3982:
3155:(1808â1865), the American envoy. Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-GrĂ€tz, however, refused all terms, and the Diet and government fled to Debrecen, Kossuth taking with him the
2910:
4099:
2852:
5 July 1848: The opening ceremony of the first parliament, which was based on popular representation. The members of the first responsible government are on the balcony.
3029:. 40% of private soldiers in the revolutionary army consisted of ethnic minorities of the country. The new Hungarian army defeated the Croatians on 29 September at the
8806:
2698:
national guards who arrested wanted criminals, vagrants, and looters hiding in several locations who wanted to take advantage of the turbulent situation of the day.
5095:
Romsics, BĂ©la K. KirĂĄly: Geopolitics in the Danube Region: Hungarian Reconciliation Efforts 1848â1998 p. 413, Publisher: Central European University Press, 1999,
2225:
of the dynasty and for the other Lands, however the new Erblande term was not applied to Kingdom of Hungary The Court reassured Hungary's separate parliament, the
7113:
2916:
BatthyĂĄny was a very capable leader, but he was stuck in the middle of a clash between the Austrian monarchy and the Hungarian separatists. He was devoted to the
8168:
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4743:
944:
6221:
4403:
Illustrations of the political and diplomatic relations of the independent Kingdom of Hungary; and of the interest that Europe has in the "Austrian Alliance."
2312:
should be recognized; he saw the aristocracy as the enemy of mankind, because they prevented ordinary people from becoming educated. In another of his works,
8860:
2637:
2376:). Even so, the Nobles still retained their privileges of paying no taxes and not giving the vote to the masses. The influential Hungarian politician Count
4401:
4208:
Eric Roman: Austria-Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present: p. 67, Publisher: Infobase Publishing, 2003
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Charles W. Ingrao : The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618â1815, Volume 21 of New Approaches to European History, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2000
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as its capital. So in 1849, the Danube divided Serbia from the Kingdom of Hungary. The Hungarian district on the northern side of the river was called "
3187:
or Magyars, who wanted independence, formed a majority only in the central areas of the country. The Hungarians were surrounded by other nationalities.
6864:
2649:
2581:
2341:
2116:, in 1831) to enact a law implementing democratic parliamentary elections. The new suffrage law (Act V of 1848) transformed the old feudal parliament (
4023:
6859:
3310:, under Ottoman rule the area north of the Danube saw an influx of Southern Slavs along with the invading Ottoman army. In 1804 the semi-independent
2139:
of Austria, the revocation of the April laws, and the Austrian military campaign against the Kingdom of Hungary resulted in the fall of the pacifist
937:
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8205:
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Union. (with Transylvania, including the re-union of the Hungarian and Transylvanian parliaments, which became separate during the Ottoman wars)
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6163:
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The Memorandum of the Romanian nation from the Great Principality of Transylvania, Banat, from neighbouring territories to Hungary and Bukovina
3191:
leaders who were striving for their own independence; this triggered numerous brutal incidents between the Magyars and Romanians among others.
2415:
3243:
declared an independent Kingdom of Hungary dethroning the Habsburgs, the Croats rebelled against the Hungarians and declared their loyalty to
8848:
6977:
6946:
3909:
by the Tsarist troops, and were kept there both under the Tsarist and Communist systems. In 1940 the Soviet Union offered the banners to the
3275:
2755:
41:
3424:
The Slovak volunteers units were a reactionary armed movement opposed to the Hungarian Revolution. Organized in the Western parts of modern
2547:
Joint share of tax burdens. (abolition of the tax exemption of the nobility, the abolition of customs and tariff exemption of the nobility)
9089:
7751:
7254:
5660:
4367:
3528:
2802:
2056:
1804:
1644:
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88:
6468:
2147:'s followers (who demanded full independence for Hungary) suddenly gaining power in the parliament. Austrian military intervention in the
8801:
8796:
8056:
2774:
60:
5081:
4706:
3924:
According to legend, Hungarians do not clink beer glasses together, in memory of Austrians doing so after the revolution's suppression.
2229:, however, that the assumption of the monarch's new title did not in any sense affect Hungary's separate legal system and constitution.
8717:
8117:
7086:
6518:
5792:
5778:
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as its first Prime Minister. The Austrian monarchy also made other concessions to subdue the Viennese masses: on 13 March 1848, Prince
2681:
On the afternoon of this day, the people wanted JĂłzsef Bajza, the deputy director of the national theater, to perform the banned opera
1409:
5938:
5072:
4697:
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The army to swear to support the constitution, our soldiers should not be sent abroad, and foreign soldiers should leave our country.
2094:
2781:
67:
8343:
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4015:
Zachary C Shirkey: Joining the Fray: Outside Military Intervention in Civil Wars Military Strategy and Operational Art â pp. 1944â
8034:
4789:
8198:
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Official correspondence between the State and districts and municipalities with a Romanian majority may be conducted in Romanian,
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1784:
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8107:
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4103:
3859:
was named for him. He left the United States for England in the summer of 1852. He remained there until 1859, when he moved to
2667:, a political prisoner. A symbol of PetĆfi's famous day, activists distributed a three-colored Hungarian cockade to the crowd.
2603:
The crisis came from abroad â as Kossuth expected â and he used it to the full. On 3 March 1848, shortly after the news of the
2178:. In the hope of Russian military support, the young Emperor Franz Joseph kissed the hands of the Ruler of all the Russians in
2135:). This unconstitutional act irreversibly escalated the conflict between him and the Hungarian parliament. The new constrained
1454:
3874:
Many of Kossuth's comrades-in-exile joined him in the United States, including the sons of one of his sisters. Some of these "
2788:
74:
9153:
8477:
7259:
6702:
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5266:
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4934:
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4522:
4243:
4213:
4157:
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On 17 March 1848 the Emperor assented and BatthyĂĄny created the first Hungarian responsible government. On 23 March 1848, as
2252:
2170:
After a series of serious Austrian defeats in 1849, the Austrian Empire came close to the brink of collapse. The new emperor
1634:
1519:
312:
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3718:
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592:
9193:
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2288:
died and was succeeded by Francis I, putting a stop to enlightened reforms in Hungary, which outraged many reform-oriented
6252:
5889:
4572:
Tomasz Kamusella: The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe, Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009,
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Serbs comprised 49% of the total population. The Serbs of Vojvodina had sought their independence or attachment with the
2770:
2460:
2233:
1694:
209:
56:
7332:
3323:
1270:
9067:
8899:
8786:
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7597:
7327:
7289:
7249:
7239:
7234:
5611:
Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict and the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia
4461:
3832:
2267:
in order to promulgate laws there or exercise royal prerogatives in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary. Since the
1973:
1764:
1744:
1609:
1484:
1444:
860:
842:
830:
810:
790:
777:
417:
6623:
2380:
recognized the need to bring the country the advances of the more developed West European countries, such as Britain.
1245:
1210:
9009:
8628:
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8569:
8517:
8512:
8502:
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8462:
8452:
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8392:
8387:
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8333:
8318:
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7473:
7199:
6970:
5858:
5735:
5172:
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4332:
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this was conceded by the Austrian Empire. He tried to repatriate conscript soldiers from Hungary. He established the
2821:
2604:
107:
6628:
6618:
5286:
4040:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle ..., by Spencer C. Tucker, 2009 p. 1188
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2724:
was made to resign his position as the Austrian Government's Chancellor. He then fled to London for his own safety.
1215:
1165:
8611:
8547:
8372:
8285:
7694:
7549:
7314:
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6201:
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5034:. Atlantic studies on society in change, 58; East European monographs, 262. Social Sciences Monograph. p. 23.
4496:
3461:
Vienna to join campaigns against the Hungarians across the theatre. A Slovak regiment then marched to Miava (today
2255:, in Hungary the coronation was absolutely indispensable as, if it were not properly executed, the Kingdom stayed "
2049:
1474:
3846:
Kossuth went into exile after the revolution, initially gaining asylum in the Ottoman Empire, where he resided in
3757:, the General of the Hungarian forces in the Banat, was initially successful in battles along the southern front.
2550:
The abolition of socage. (abolition of Feudalism and abolition of the serfdom of peasantry and their bondservices)
9163:
9004:
8764:
8749:
8690:
8049:
5794:
Between Minority and Majority. Hungarian and Jewish/Israeli Ethnical and Cultural Experiences in Recent Centuries
2968:
2151:
resulted in strong anti-Habsburg sentiment among Hungarians, and the events in Hungary grew into a war for total
1953:
8904:
6819:
4809:
Charles Frederick Henningsen: Kossuth and 'The Times', by the author of 'The revelations of Russia'. 1851. p. 10
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7304:
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2759:
2301:
2008:
1968:
1849:
1714:
995:
177:
45:
5951:
2533:
An annual parliamentary session in Pest. (instead of the rare ad-hoc sessions which were convened by the king)
1225:
8887:
8638:
8367:
8193:
8188:
8143:
7928:
7918:
7684:
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3221:
3215:
3127:
2991:
2285:
1918:
1599:
1399:
264:
3302:
Between the Tisza river and Transylvania, north of the Danube lies the former region of Hungary called the "
2663:
It was only around noon that the raging crowd dispersed, agreeing to go to Buda in the afternoon to release
2344:, and the journalist JĂłzsef Irinyi who sparked the revolution in the Pilvax coffee palace on 15 March 1848.
1155:
1140:
985:
8964:
8934:
8929:
8870:
8759:
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8722:
8663:
8542:
8425:
7774:
7646:
7519:
7309:
7179:
7131:
7101:
6963:
3972:
3267:
3026:
1859:
7430:
3737:, captured Buda and Pest. (the town was known in German as Ofen and later Buda and Pest were united into
2983:
Consequently, BatthyĂĄny and his government resigned, except for Kossuth, Szemere, and MĂ©szĂĄros. Later, on
2795:
2263:
between the Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg ruled areas, the Habsburg monarchs had to be crowned as
1000:
980:
81:
9099:
9082:
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1963:
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Dr. Gyula Csernatoni and Dr. ZoltĂĄn Ferenci: PetĆfi Museum, 1st of November, 1890. (in Hungarian) Link:
2941:
2518:
Liberals on the common platform of "The Twelve Points". The twelve points served as basis for the later
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8527:
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A Sociology of Constitutions.Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-Sociological Perspective
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was the first to make a stand against the Revolution. He summoned leaders of all 44 districts of the
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1734:
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Paschalis M. Kitromilides: Enlightenment and Revolution, Publisher: Harvard University Press, 2013,
3855:, which made relations between the US and Austria somewhat strained for the following twenty years.
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Hungarian money called "Kossuth bankĂł" with inscriptions in the language of the nationalities on it
3384:
3375:
3131:
2848:
2493:
2271:, all Hungarian monarchs were obliged to take an oath during the coronation ceremony to uphold the
2164:
1998:
1879:
1724:
1150:
1125:
3936:
opponent to one of the most powerful armies in Europe, the Austrian Imperial-Royal (K.u.K.) Army.
3445:
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2685:
in the theater with full lighting for the celebration of this day. The actors took the stage with
1205:
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Stephen GĂĄl (1947): Hungary and the Anglo-Saxon World Publisher: Officina Press Budapest Link:
4435:
4281:
3902:
3852:
3797:
3783:
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On 25 February 1849 the representatives of the Romanian population sent to the Habsburg Emperor
3151:
the end of the year, when the Austrians were approaching Pest, he asked for the mediation of Mr
1260:
1095:
902:
463:
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7804:
7274:
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4929:. Language, Power, and Social Process. Vol. 9. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 75â76.
3817:
3635:
Because of the success of revolutionary resistance, Franz Joseph had to ask for help from the "
3620:
In ethnic majority areas, the national guards will receive their orders in the ethnic language,
3605:
Full ecclesiastical equality for the Orthodox Church with the Catholic and Protestant churches,
3437:
3327:
3322:", and by that time it was home to almost half a million Serbian inhabitants. According to the
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2721:
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1704:
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At 3 p.m., a mass demonstration was held in Museum Square at the front of the building of the
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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4744:"Hungary's Place in Europe: LiberalâConservative Foreign Policy Disputes in the Reform Era"
4397:
4174:"Hungary's Place in Europe: LiberalâConservative Foreign Policy Disputes in the Reform Era"
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With the end of Hungarian Revolution, Croatia would be directly ruled by Austria until the
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6445:. Edited and translated Christopher Pringle. Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Ltd., 2021.
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5640:"DobrovoÄŸnĂci SlovenskĂ©ho nĂĄrodnĂ©ho vojska rokov 1848â1849 v KoĆĄiciach a pri Ć€ahanovciach"
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The new suffrage law (Act V of 1848) transformed the old feudal estates based parliament (
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A department of Romanian philology and literature would be established at the university.
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Though the Emperor formally relieved JelaÄiÄ of his duties, JelaÄiÄ and his army invaded
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After the failed revolution, in 1849 there was nationwide "passive resistance". In 1851
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Representatives elected to city and county councils do not have to understand Hungarian,
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Minorities Research â A collection of studies by Hungarian authors 5 (2003) pp. 159â160
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Diglossia and Power: Language Policies and Practice in the 19th Century Habsburg Empire
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prof. AndrĂĄs GerĆ (2014): Nationalities and the Hungarian Parliament (1867â1918) LINK:
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An account of this service, written by Count Miklos Banffy, a witness, may be read at
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prof. AndrĂĄs GerĆ (2014): Nationalities and the Hungarian Parliament (1867â1918) Link:
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was a draw that pushed the loyalist Croatian forces towards Vienna and away from Pest.
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2203:, which limited the power of the Crown and had greatly increased the authority of the
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the Reform Age and Revolution became again laws, winning the final victory after the
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The challenge of ethnic conflict, democracy and self-determination in Central Europe
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government in exchange for the release of the imprisoned Hungarian Communist leader
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united empire, for it guarantees the extension of Austria's proclaimed constitution.
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and aimed to keep the constitution, but the Emperor was dissatisfied with his work.
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While in most Western European countries (like France and Britain) the king's reign
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8377:
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6884:
6499:"Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions" new articles by scholars; comprehensive coverage
6460:
5217:"From "Eastern Switzerland" to Ethnic Cleansing, address at Duquesne History Forum"
4373:
4127:
3363:
3298:
Battle of VrĆĄac, between army of Serbian Vojvodina and Hungarian army, January 1849
3194:
In 1848 and 1849, however, the Hungarians were supported by most Slovaks, Germans,
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1913:
1579:
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1135:
538:
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6605:
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All rights granted to one nationality will be extended to all other nationalities.
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The Transylvanian Saxons rejected the incorporation of Transylvania into Hungary.
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3044:
2452:
1060:
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8781:
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8275:
8255:
7953:
7908:
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7379:
7352:
7269:
7118:
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6548:
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had been in a personal union with the kingdom of Hungary since the 12th century.
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1983:
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became the new Commander-in-Chief of all the armies of the independent Hungary.
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143:
9117:
8944:
8707:
8697:
8074:
8023:
7879:
6920:
6910:
6563:
6503:
6364:
Cavendish, Richard. "Declaration of Hungary's Independence: April 14th, 1849."
6330:
CsikĂĄny TamĂĄs (2004), "Magyar hadtörtĂ©nelem 1848â1867", in CsikĂĄny TamĂĄs, ed.,
5885:
4771:, ed. Gyula Viszota, 2 vols. (Budapest: Magyar TörtĂ©nelmi TĂĄrsulat, 1927â1930).
3906:
3875:
3749:. The Spring Offensive hence proved to be a great success for the revolution.
3667:
3524:
3506:
3284:
3232:
3104:
3049:
The Habsburg government in Vienna proclaimed a new constitution, the so-called
3003:
2927:
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RĂĄkĂłczi runner-up. However, the standing committee sat together until morning.
2538:
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2337:
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2032:
1230:
1045:
929:
764:
759:
747:
643:
515:
485:
381:
6874:
6378:
Deme, LĂĄszlĂł. "The Society for Equality in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848."
5288:
Etudes historiques hongroises 1990: Ethnicity and society in Hungary, Volume 2
3754:
2219:. In 1804, Emperor Franz assumed the title of Emperor of Austria for all the
9147:
9077:
8914:
8552:
7863:
7010:
6844:
6829:
5823:
5248:
5085:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 917â918.
5076:
5063:
4971:
4710:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 915â918.
4701:
4691:
4422:
Hungary and the Habsburgs, 1765â1800: An Experiment in Enlightened Absolutism
3840:
3821:
3614:
Romanians may address the State and local authorities in their mother tongue,
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3429:
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3078:
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With the help of Kossuth's recruiting speeches, BatthyĂĄny quickly formed the
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2501:
2445:
2396:
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2175:
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870:
852:
800:
782:
456:
219:
4556:, C.A. Simpson: The Habsburg Empire 1700â1918 , Publisher: Routledge, 2014,
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to restore order in Hungary after the conflict. He ordered the execution of
3769:, who he thought was the only general who was capable of saving the nation.
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8833:
8357:
8323:
8078:
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6809:
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5282:
4350:
Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions
4225:
4139:
3883:
3666:) in Transylvania, back over the Southern Carpathian Mountains through the
3195:
3139:
3011:
2953:
2527:
Freedom of the Press (The abolition of censorship and the censor's offices)
2152:
1282:
865:
631:
8594:
6794:
6498:
6414:
5291:. Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. p. 108.
4896:
Posters, Propaganda, and Persuasion in Election Campaigns Around the World
3676:
3648:
3084:
The new government (the Szemere administration) was formed on 2 May 1849:
2890:, all members of the government were the supporters of Széchenyi's ideas.
881:
524:
8939:
8668:
8589:
8522:
8352:
7005:
4819:
4100:"Between the campaigns of Napoleonic troops and the abolition of bondage"
4005:
Rosonczy: OROSZ GYORSSEGĂLY BĂCSNEK 1849 TAVASZĂN (PhD dissertation 2015)
3839:, which lasted until 1860, during which time he implemented a process of
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3637:
3545:
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3399:
3007:
2902:
2653:
2289:
2256:
2216:
2188:
2117:
719:
151:
6195:
5926:
Nationality Question and Policy Towards National Minorities in 1848â1849
5566:
5447:
HorvĂĄth, Eugene (1934). "Russia and the Hungarian Revolution (1848â9)".
3729:, Slovakia). They continued down the Danube to Pest, the capital of the
3608:
Election of officials according to the national proportion of the place,
3367:
3064:
2856:
2440:
2003:
480:
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6383:
6334:. ZrĂnyi MiklĂłs NemzetvĂ©delmi Egyetem, HadtudomĂĄnyi Kar, Budapest, p. 9
5997:
5658:
5494:
5460:
5252:
3428:, the volunteers led multiple campaign across majority Slovak areas in
2895:
2835:
2762: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2617:
2519:
2354:
2241:
2128:
6955:
5974:
5138:
www.vasidigitkonyvtar.hu (The Hungarian Peoples' Online Encyclopaedia)
3939:
3847:
3726:
3722:
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2292:
intellectuals who were followers of new radical ideas based on French
2131:
without any legal right (since they had already been ratified by King
8562:
7015:
6481:
Szilassy, Sandor. "America and the Hungarian Revolution of 1848â49."
6456:
6409:
6007:
6005:
4324:
3895:
3589:
3319:
3280:
3097:
Foreign Minister, Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Trade :
3014:
to the East; and Austrian main forces under the supreme commander of
2864:
2642:
362:
324:
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3580:
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2709:
forced the Imperial governor to accept all twelve of their demands.
2575:
23:
9127:
8989:
7224:
7164:
7146:
6357:
Barany, George. "The awakening of Magyar nationalism before 1848."
6101:
3738:
3466:
3425:
3315:
3294:
2727:
2221:
533:
467:
295:
6017:
6002:
5062:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
4500:
3697:
2940:
On 29 August, with the assent of parliament, BatthyĂĄny went with
2232:
The other serious problem for the Habsburgs was the traditionally
529:
7195:
6398:
HorvĂĄth, Eugene. "Russia and the Hungarian Revolution (1848â9)."
5992:
Eugene HorvĂĄth, "Russia and the Hungarian Revolution (1848â9)."
5806:
Centrul de Studii Transilvane; FundaÈia CulturalÄ RomĂąnÄ (1998).
5511:
5509:
2686:
2591:
2512:
2401:
2199:
Unlike other Habsburg-ruled areas, the Kingdom of Hungary had an
2113:
2074:
1889:
450:
215:
Kossuth and many of his allies go into exile in the United States
4145:
Revolution and the Meanings of Freedom in the Nineteenth Century
8066:
5478:. Vol. 2. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books. p. 58.
5386:
5111:
Greger-Delacroix: The Reliable Book of Facts: Hungary '98 p. 32
4980:. Vol. 9: Schmidt-Theyer. Walter de Gruyter. p. 237.
3918:
3910:
3836:
3462:
3045:
The Austrian Stadion Constitution and the renewal of antagonism
2613:
2300:, who worked as a secret agent for the new Holy Roman Emperor,
2179:
2109:
1369:
510:
358:
5506:
3379:) won some battles against the Austrians, for example at the
6373:
Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians 1848â1849
5189:
Forråsok a Muravidék történetéhez/Viri za zgodovino Prekmurja
4769:
GrĂłf SzĂ©chenyi IstvĂĄn ĂrĂłi Ă©s hĂrlapi vitĂĄja Kossuth Lajossal
3860:
3659:
3303:
2999:
2123:
The crucial turning point came when the new Austrian monarch
6448:
Lincoln, W.B. "Russia and the European Revolutions of 1848"
6416:
The Serbs: History, Myth & the Destruction of Yugoslavia
5853:. Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Science.
4512:
3824:) and Prime Minister BatthyĂĄny was executed the same day in
2913:, whose job was to ensure internal security of the country.
2706:
1349:
4352:, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, p. 6
4176:. 29 July 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023
2248:â and by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna.
137:
6332:
A magyar honvĂ©dsĂ©g 1848â1989. Egyetemi tankönyv I. kötet.
5874:
http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro/pdf/BAM/BRUKENTHALIA_1.pdf
5311:
2079:
Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence of 1848â1849
4362:
4258:
The Making of the West: Volume C, Lynn Hunt, pp. 683â684
3983:
Revolutionary Spring: Fighting for a New World 1848â1849
5312:
Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven; Vasvari, Louise O. (2011).
5247:
3570:
considered that there were two options for the Saxons:
3373:
At the start of the war, the Hungarian Defence Forces (
2308:
explicitly declared that only authority derived from a
6436:
The press during the Hungarian revolution of 1848â1849
6125:
6113:
4696:
Bain, Robert Nisbet; Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). "
4462:"Central Europe Review â Hungary: The Holy Crown"
3283:
became a Hungarian Crown Land after the defeat of the
3022:
and the popular force of the Honvéd was his creation.
2959:
After the Austrian revolution in Vienna was defeated,
2456:
The National Song being recited at the National Museum
8861:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
6089:
6077:
6065:
6053:
6041:
6029:
5589:
5482:
5258:
The National Question in Europe in Historical Context
5114:
4644:
The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat
3890:, who served as Kossuth's private secretary, fled to
3878:" remained after Kossuth departed, and fought on the
3065:
Szemere government and Regent-President Lajos Kossuth
2990:
Hungary now had war raging on four fronts: JelaÄiÄ's
208:
Hungary placed under military dictatorship until the
5730:, Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers,
5659:
MikulĂĄĆĄ Teich; DuĆĄan KovĂĄÄ; Martin D. Brown (2011).
5607:
4396:
4316:
4231:
The Hungarians A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat
3753:
of JelaÄiÄ within the province of Vojvodina itself.
3733:. After some fierce fighting, the Austrians, led by
3231:
In response, Croatian leaders called for a distinct
5521:
4608:. p. 391 , Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, 2014,
3940:
Hungarian revolutionaries in the American Civil War
3905:in 1849, their revolutionary banners were taken to
3436:in the east. The leaders of the Slovak Volunteers,
2879:, BatthyĂĄny commended his government to the Diet.
2648:MĂłr JĂłkai, where a proclamation was edited for the
2432:"Long debate" of reformers in the press (1841â1848)
2253:
began immediately upon the death of his predecessor
2104:In April 1848, Hungary became the third country of
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6413:
4269:
3867:, in hopes of returning to Hungary. He never did.
3387:in April 1849, at which time they even stated the
3121:Minister of Labour, Infrastructure and Transport:
2582:12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848
1340:The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest
4440:A Book of Golden Deeds Of all Times and all Lands
3812:, the leader of the Austrian army, was appointed
3581:Attempts of reconciliation with the nationalities
2886:serving as Prime Minister. With the exception of
2882:The first responsible government was formed with
2576:The one day bloodless revolution in Pest and Buda
2444:The entrance room of the Pilvax coffee palace at
2143:(who sought agreement with the court) and led to
9145:
8876:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
8206:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
6533:
5616:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
4912:. New York: Barnes and Noble Books. p. 150.
4194:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3339:soldiers to fight the war, the Austrian General
2844:A parliamentary election campaign of a candidate
2728:Parliamentary monarchy, the BatthyĂĄny government
2194:
2174:had to call for Russian help in the name of the
959:
8995:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
8910:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944â1953)
5342:The nationality issue in the Hungary of 1848â49
5191:. Vol. 1. Szombathely-Zalaegerszeg. 2008.
4515:The Hungarian state: thousand years in Europe:
4067:
3894:after the revolution and eventually settled in
2976:Ferdinand, and he had no right to revoke them.
6269:
6142:
6140:
5473:
2368:â started what is known as the Reform Period (
8849:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
8050:
7180:
6971:
6519:
6452:(Jan 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 1, pp 53â59 online.
5007:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 222.
4970:
4854:(in Hungarian). 22 March 1999. Archived from
4442:. London, Glasgow and Bombay: Blackie and Son
4123:
4121:
3276:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
3091:Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior,
2894:sweeping reform package, referred to as the "
2860:JelaÄiÄ's attacks in the last quarter of 1848
2279:
2050:
945:
5818:(Supplement). Romanian Cultural Foundation.
5365:
5281:
5162:
5000:
4695:
4497:The Last Habsburg Coronation: Budapest, 1916
4307:Francis Fukuyama: What's Wrong with Hungary?
4272:Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada
4267:
4224:
4138:
4128:"Bona Gåbor: A szabadsågharc honvédsége Link
3115:Minister of Education, Science and Culture:
8802:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
8797:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
6326:
6324:
6157:
6155:
6137:
5665:. Cambridge University Press. p. 126.
5543:(in Hungarian). PĂĄkozd. 29 September 1998.
5261:. Cambridge University Press. p. 256.
2499:Széchenyi based his economic policy on the
9174:Political movements in the Austrian Empire
9159:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
8118:Military history of the Russian Federation
8057:
8043:
7187:
7173:
6978:
6964:
6526:
6512:
6242:"EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica: Kossuth article"
5211:
5165:FelsĆszölnök, SzĂĄz magyar falu könyveshĂĄza
4626:A Magyar Jakobinusok Köztårsasågi Mozgalma
4464:. Archived from the original on 2019-05-17
4118:
3523:In September 1848, the Austrian commander
3405:
3391:from the Habsburg Empire. The same month,
3002:to the South-East; Austrian troops led by
2057:
2043:
952:
938:
8368:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652â1689)
5848:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5474:Kinder, Herman; Hilgeman, Werner (1978).
5031:Hungarian statesmen of destiny, 1860â1960
5027:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4630:The Hungarian Jacobin Republican Movement
2822:Learn how and when to remove this message
2284:In February 1790 the Holy Roman Emperor,
2095:revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas
423:
408:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
6321:
6152:
5067:
5048:
5004:Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon
4922:
4296:the Hungarian constitution was restored.
3792:
3696:
3686:
3588:
3514:
3486:
3415:
3357:
3293:
3170:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2585:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2439:
1281:
204:Thirteen rebel generals executed at Arad
8329:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580â1747)
8199:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
6985:
5446:
5318:. Purdue University Press. p. 50.
4949:
4826:(Indiana University Press, 1994) p. 213
4641:
4513:Andrås A. Gergely; Gåbor Måthé (2000).
4501:Theodore's Royalty and Monarchy Website
4453:
3561:
2956:parts of Hungary on 11 September 1848.
2598:
921:and 200,000 men from the Russian Empire
820:
9199:Rebellions against the Austrian Empire
9146:
8950:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
8881:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
8740:GeorgianâOssetian conflict (1918â1920)
8718:Soviet westward offensive of 1918â1919
8432:Austro-RussianâTurkish War (1735â1739)
8108:Military history of the Russian Empire
6759:Prince Franz de Paula of Liechtenstein
6455:
6388:GĂĄngĂł, GĂĄbor. "1848â1849 in Hungary,"
6301:
6131:
6119:
6107:
6095:
6083:
6071:
6059:
6047:
6035:
6023:
6011:
5980:
5799:
5791:PĂĄl Hatos and Attila NovĂĄk (editors).
5777:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5713:
5614:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press Series.
5595:
5541:"PĂĄkozd-SukorĂł Battle 1848 Exhibition"
5515:
5500:
5488:
5392:
5315:Comparative Hungarian Cultural Studies
5163:KozĂĄr, MĂĄria; GyurĂĄcz, Ferenc (2000).
5120:
4659:
4347:
4320:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683â1797
3166:
2712:Austria had its own problems with the
2400:through exports, and the abolition of
2087:1848â49-es forradalom Ă©s szabadsĂĄgharc
9100:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
8478:Russian colonization of North America
8038:
7168:
6959:
6703:Hungarian Declaration of Independence
6507:
6408:
6210:
6198:DeĂĄk Ferenc Ă©s a passzĂv rezisztencia
6161:
5918:
5692:"SzlovĂĄkok a magyar szabadsĂĄgharcban"
5527:
5449:The Slavonic and East European Review
5338:
4953:Francis Joseph I.: His Life and Times
4459:
4433:
3898:where he became noted as a musician.
3853:US Secretary of State, Daniel Webster
3389:Hungarian Declaration of Independence
3261:
2701:The bloodless mass demonstrations in
2627:
2492:thus they stood on the ground of the
2234:highly autonomous counties of Hungary
933:
919:170,000 men from the Austrian Empire,
218:Austrian Empire introduces policy of
8113:Military history of the Soviet Union
7194:
6162:SzabĂł, JĂĄnos B. (5 September 2006).
5878:
5689:
4956:. Covent Garden: Duckworth. p.
4907:
4606:A Companion to the French Revolution
4102:. City of Bratislava. Archived from
3314:had formed south of the Danube with
2760:adding citations to reliable sources
2731:
2513:"The Twelve Points" of the reformers
449:Legions of the revolutionaries from
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
8854:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
6713:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
6682:1848â1849 massacres in Transylvania
6477:on 2005-02-09 – via Marxists.
6279:. 12 September 2001. Archived from
5941:Kossuth KiadĂł, 2009 Budapest, p. 38
5406:"Nationalism in Hungary, 1848â1867"
5366:Ronen, Dov; Pelinka, Anton (1997).
3963:1848â1849 massacres in Transylvania
3930:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
3566:In the first days of October 1848,
3483:1848â1849 massacres in Transylvania
3073:Ferdinand remained still the legal
2563:The freeing of political prisoners.
2472:Members of the BatthyĂĄny government
210:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
13:
8900:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
8266:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
6769:Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-GrÀtz
6351:
5983:, pp. 242, 262, 8 April 1849.
5962:from the original on 26 March 2012
5886:"Counter-revolution and Civil War"
5503:, p. 250, The War in Hungary.
4894:Steven A. Seidman and Peter Lang.
3833:Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen
3735:Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-GrÀtz
3701:Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-GrÀtz
3654:Bem had been a participant in the
3498:On 29 May 1848, at KolozsvĂĄr (now
3006:and Romanian insurgents headed by
14:
9210:
8765:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
6492:
6483:Slavonic and East European Review
6443:Hungary 1848: The Winter Campaign
6438:(East European Monographs, 1986).
6400:Slavonic and East European Review
5994:Slavonic and East European Review
5892:from the original on 20 June 2015
5830:from the original on 20 June 2015
5547:from the original on 28 July 2011
5476:The Anchor Atlas of world History
4950:Mahaffy, Robert Pentland (1908).
4923:Schjerve, Rosita Rindler (2003).
4750:from the original on 30 July 2023
4646:, C Hurst & Co, p. 194,
4628:, p. 103 Budapest 1968, English:
4624:Ădön Beöthy and Tibor VĂĄgvölgyi:
2931:(Viceroy) of Croatia and Dalmatia
2347:
1695:Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen
8819:SovietâJapanese border conflicts
8612:Russian conquest of Central Asia
8548:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
8344:PolishâMuscovite War (1605â1618)
8286:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
6894:
6778:
6722:
6337:
6295:
6245:
6236:
6186:
5679:from the original on 2017-02-08.
5577:from the original on 7 July 2011
5055:
4683:
2980:entered Pest on 5 January 1849.
2736:
2340:, the philosopher and historian
2314:Catechism of People and Citizens
2093:and was closely linked to other
2026:
1318:
901:
892:
869:
859:
851:
841:
829:
809:
799:
789:
776:
758:
746:
733:
726:
713:
706:
694:
687:
675:
668:
656:
649:
637:
625:
612:
599:
586:
571:
557:
474:
462:
443:
425:
410:
390:
374:
352:
340:
329:
318:
306:
289:
282:
270:
258:
242:
200:Hungary placed under martial law
136:
22:
9105:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
8750:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
8691:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
6224:from the original on 8 May 2018
6164:"Hungary's War of Independence"
5986:
5944:
5931:
5904:
5867:
5842:
5785:
5760:from the original on 2014-05-14
5740:
5698:. Magyar szemle. Archived from
5683:
5652:
5632:
5601:
5559:
5533:
5467:
5440:
5434:"Hungary's War of Independence"
5426:
5412:
5398:
5359:
5332:
5305:
5275:
5241:
5205:
5181:
5156:
5126:
5105:
5089:
5021:
4994:
4964:
4943:
4916:
4901:
4888:
4870:
4840:
4829:
4812:
4803:
4792:from the original on 2017-09-17
4774:
4762:
4736:
4727:
4714:
4635:
4618:
4598:
4582:
4566:
4547:
4531:
4506:
4489:
4427:
4414:
4390:
4356:
4341:
4310:
4301:
4261:
4252:
4218:
4202:
3921:government accepted the offer.
3476:
2969:Count Franz Philipp von Lamberg
2747:needs additional citations for
168:(1 year, 6 months, and 19 days)
33:needs additional citations for
8787:Urtatagai conflict (1925â1926)
8437:War of the Austrian Succession
6931:Nikolai Fyodorovich Engelhardt
5140:(in Hungarian). Archived from
4977:Dictionary of German biography
4369:The Habsburg Empire, 1790â1918
4166:
4132:
4092:
4061:
4043:
4034:
4009:
3998:
3673:capturing the city of TemesvĂĄr
3662:, Romania) and Kronstadt (now
3656:Polish insurrection of 1830â31
3505:On 10 June 1848 the newspaper
2771:"Hungarian Revolution of 1848"
2636:The revolution started in the
924:Beginning of 1849: 170,000 men
166:15 March 1848 â 4 October 1849
57:"Hungarian Revolution of 1848"
1:
9010:South Ossetia war (1991â1992)
8888:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
8639:Russian invasion of Manchuria
8629:Russo-Turkish War (1877â1878)
8575:Russo-Turkish War (1828â1829)
8570:Russo-Persian War (1826â1828)
8513:Russo-Turkish War (1806â1812)
8503:Russo-Persian War (1804â1813)
8468:Russo-Swedish War (1788â1790)
8463:Russo-Turkish War (1787â1792)
8453:Russo-Turkish War (1768â1774)
8443:Russo-Swedish War (1741â1743)
8421:Russo-Persian War (1722â1723)
8416:Russo-Turkish War (1710â1711)
8393:Russo-Turkish War (1686â1700)
8388:Russo-Turkish War (1676â1681)
8363:Russo-Persian War (1651â1653)
8339:Russo-Swedish War (1590â1595)
8334:Russo-Turkish War (1568â1570)
8319:Russo-Swedish War (1554â1557)
8194:List of wars involving Russia
8189:Sino-Russian border conflicts
6936:Maksim Maksimovich Grotenhelm
6916:Grigory Yakovlevich Skariatin
6473:. Vol. 9. Archived from
6304:"Szabad-e sörrel koccintani?"
6110:, p. 293, 19 April 1849.
6026:, p. 242, 22 April 1848.
6014:, p. 319, 22 April 1848.
5913:A Concise History of Hungary"
5649:. KoĆĄice â SĂdlisko Ć€ahanovce
5608:Geert-Hinrich Ahrens (2007).
5420:"Heritage History â Products"
4818:Peter F. Sugar, PĂ©ter HanĂĄk,
4317:Michael Hochedlinger (2015).
3992:
3863:, at the time the capital of
3747:relieved the siege of KomĂĄrom
3383:in September 1848 and at the
3256:CroatianâHungarian Settlement
3216:Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)
3088:Head of state, Lajos Kossuth.
2195:Hungary before the Revolution
1635:RĂĄkĂłczi's War of Independence
1600:Principality of Upper Hungary
1400:Hungarian invasions of Europe
9154:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
8965:Eritrean War of Independence
8935:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
8930:East German uprising of 1953
8871:Eastern Front (World War II)
8760:Red Army invasion of Georgia
8755:Red Army invasion of Armenia
8723:Estonian War of Independence
8664:Russian occupation of Tabriz
8585:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
8543:War of the Seventh Coalition
8426:War of the Polish Succession
8373:Russo-Polish War (1654â1667)
7255:Principality of Transylvania
6926:Grigory Khristoforovich Zass
6554:Hungarian Revolutionary Army
6535:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
6149:; Leathes, Prothero and Vard
6147:The Cambridge modern history
4852:(English: "The April laws")"
3973:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3804:
3682:
3539:
3529:Principality of Transylvania
3027:Hungarian Revolutionary Army
2505:principles practised by the
2207:since the 13th century. The
2091:European Revolutions of 1848
2071:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
1645:Principality of Transylvania
1570:Principality of Transylvania
123:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
7:
9194:1849 in the Austrian Empire
9189:1848 in the Austrian Empire
9005:War in Abkhazia (1992â1993)
8955:Sino-Soviet border conflict
8824:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
8792:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
8728:Latvian War of Independence
8617:Russian conquest of Bukhara
8508:War of the Fourth Coalition
8493:War of the Second Coalition
7290:Interwar Kingdom of Hungary
5690:PĂĄva, IstvĂĄn (1999-08-01).
4722:Széchenyi és Kossuth vitåja
3956:
3901:After the Hungarian Army's
3630:
3341:Juraj Rukavina Vidovgradski
3324:census of 1840 in Vojvodina
1850:Hungarian People's Republic
1785:Governorate of Subcarpathia
1725:Hungarian People's Republic
1455:Personal union with Croatia
521:Croats from Western Hungary
437:(14 April â 13 August 1849)
154:to a crowd on 15 March 1848
10:
9215:
9000:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
8538:War of the Sixth Coalition
8528:War of the Fifth Coalition
8498:War of the Third Coalition
8103:Military history of Russia
8065:Armed conflicts involving
6921:Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich
6911:Fyodor Sergeevich Panyutin
6220:. gepeskonyv.btk.elte.hu.
5939:Magyarorszåg története 14.
5728:Illustrated Slovak History
5395:, p. 390, 3 May 1848.
5372:. Frank Cass. p. 40.
4460:Nemes, Paul (2000-01-10).
4436:"The Crown of St. Stephen"
4236:Princeton University Press
4076:Cambridge University Press
3706:Laval Nugent von Westmeath
3543:
3480:
3420:Slovak volunteers, 1848/49
3409:
3265:
3213:
3142:(14 July â 11 August 1849)
3138:(7 May â 7 July 1849) and
2911:Organisation of Militiamen
2833:
2579:
2280:The Hungarian Jacobin Club
2273:constitutional arrangement
1475:Mongol invasion of Hungary
593:Alfred I of Windisch-GrÀtz
9113:
9048:
8839:Soviet invasion of Poland
8649:
8533:French invasion of Russia
8401:
8299:
8218:
8144:MuscoviteâLithuanian Wars
8136:
8093:
8086:
7996:
7833:
7752:Universities and colleges
7726:
7717:
7623:
7614:
7500:
7491:
7406:
7397:
7323:
7215:
7206:
7079:
7024:
6993:
6944:
6893:
6777:
6739:Franz Joseph I of Austria
6721:
6695:
6674:
6588:
6572:
6541:
6467:: March 6âMay 19, 1849".
6359:Austrian History Yearbook
4481:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4434:Yonge, Charlotte (1867).
4150:Stanford University Press
3651:, a Polish-born General.
3209:
2961:Franz Joseph I of Austria
2672:Hungarian National Museum
2201:old historic constitution
1840:Second Hungarian Republic
1735:Hungarian Soviet Republic
1685:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
1540:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
971:
913:
547:
347:Supreme Ruthenian Council
231:
158:
135:
127:
122:
8980:South African Border War
8905:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
8807:Chechen uprising of 1932
8488:Russo-Persian War (1796)
7731:Anti-Hungarian sentiment
7411:Administrative divisions
5952:"The Gendarme of Europe"
4364:Carlile Aylmer Macartney
4068:Chris Thornhill (2011).
3268:Serb Uprising of 1848â49
3134:(14 April â 1 May 1849)
3055:Imperial Diet of Austria
2522:. They were as follows:
2494:liberal internationalism
2259:". Even during the long
2242:Pozsony (now Bratislava)
2165:liberal internationalism
2127:arbitrarily revoked the
1880:Third Hungarian Republic
581:(before 2 December 1848)
503:Pro-Hungarian Romanians
302:Pro-Habsburg Hungarians
8622:Khivan campaign of 1873
8473:Russo-Polish War (1792)
7639:Hungarian National Bank
7270:Austro-Hungarian Empire
6749:Julius Jacob von Haynau
6465:Neue Rheinische Zeitung
6420:. New Haven, CT: Yale.
6402:12.36 (1934): 628â645.
5996:12.36 (1934): 628â645.
5638:Anton MeteĆko, (2013).
5134:"Kik voltak a honvédek"
5082:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5069:Phillips, Walter Alison
4707:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3810:Julius Jacob von Haynau
3775:Julius Jacob von Haynau
3762:Ludwig Baron von Welden
3712:This combat led to the
3531:to his headquarters in
3412:Slovak Uprising 1848â49
3406:Western Slovak Uprising
2918:constitutional monarchy
1929:History of Transylvania
1435:Principality of Hungary
1286:Photograph of the aged
619:Julius Jacob von Haynau
567:(after 2 December 1848)
325:Transylvanian Romanians
313:Slovak National Council
193:Austro-Russian victory
9164:Revolutions in Hungary
9095:Western Libya campaign
8770:East Karelian uprising
8291:Wagner Group rebellion
8226:Uprising of Bolotnikov
7795:International rankings
7670:Science and technology
7550:Chief of General Staff
7245:OttomanâHungarian wars
6734:Ferdinand I of Austria
6392:(2001) 15#1 pp 39â47.
5956:www.writewellgroup.com
5808:"Transylvanian Review"
5726:Ć piesz, Anton (2006),
5339:Spira, György (1992).
4908:Gazi, Stephen (1973).
4642:Lendvai, Paul (2002),
4517:. Korona. p. 66.
4348:Laszlo, PĂ©ter (2011),
3818:The 13 Martyrs of Arad
3801:
3702:
3694:
3594:
3520:
3495:
3421:
3370:
3328:Principality of Serbia
3312:Principality of Serbia
3299:
3183:In 1848 and 1849, the
3180:
2965:Ferdinand I of Austria
2872:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2722:Klemens von Metternich
2595:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2373:
2306:Oratio pro Leopoldo II
2086:
1291:
548:Commanders and leaders
500:Pro-Hungarian Slovaks
397:Grand Duchy of Finland
9169:Hungarian nationalism
9090:Intervention in Syria
9025:Tajikistani Civil War
8733:LithuanianâSoviet War
8674:Battle of Robat Karim
8123:Post-Soviet conflicts
7240:Late Medieval Kingdom
7235:High Medieval Kingdom
6463:. "Articles from the
6368:49#4 (1999) pp: 50â51
6302:Pityer (2 May 2013).
5001:JĂșlius Bartl (2002).
4850:Az åprilisi törvények
4268:Robert Young (1995).
3796:
3700:
3690:
3592:
3518:
3490:
3446:Michal Miloslav HodĆŸa
3442:Jozef Miloslav Hurban
3419:
3361:
3297:
3174:
3109:Minister of Justice:
2994:troops to the South;
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2834:Further information:
2589:
2580:Further information:
2476:In his 1841 pamphlet
2471:
2463:
2455:
2443:
1954:Transylvanian Princes
1805:Revisions of Délvidék
1590:Wesselényi conspiracy
1370:Kingdom of the Gepids
1285:
962:Hungarian Revolution
197:Revolution suppressed
9073:Annexation of Crimea
8777:Central Asian Revolt
8686:UkrainianâSoviet War
8558:Russo-Circassian War
8241:Pugachev's Rebellion
8184:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
8128:Russian Armed Forces
8098:Early modern warfare
7984:World Heritage Sites
7856:Palaces and mansions
7220:Hungarian prehistory
6906:Alexander von LĂŒders
6708:Surrender at VilĂĄgos
6257:. Vol. 34. 1893
5812:Transylvanian Review
5215:(17 November 2000).
5144:on 25 September 2008
4910:A History of Croatia
4824:A History of Hungary
4786:marcius15.kormany.hu
4398:Joshua Toulmin Smith
4278:McGill-Queen's Press
3978:Bourgeois revolution
3903:surrender at VilĂĄgos
3857:Kossuth County, Iowa
3798:Surrender at VilĂĄgos
3784:surrender at VilĂĄgos
3644:Nicholas I of Russia
3562:Transylvanian Saxons
3554:where they demanded
3226:Croatian nationalism
3153:William Henry Stiles
3051:Stadion Constitution
2756:improve this article
2714:revolution in Vienna
2616:to the mob by which
2599:Revolution in Vienna
2304:, until 1792 in his
2184:Nicholas I of Russia
2141:BatthyĂĄny government
2137:Stadion Constitution
1655:Hungarian Reform Era
1335:Hungarian prehistory
506:Pro-Hungarian Serbs
335:Transylvanian Saxons
42:improve this article
9133:Sphere of influence
9063:Russo-Ukrainian War
8920:First Indochina War
8893:SovietâJapanese War
8829:Xinjiang War (1937)
8698:Kazakhstan Campaign
8483:KoĆciuszko Uprising
8383:Second Northern War
8261:Coup attempt (1991)
8154:Soviet-Finnish wars
6987:Revolutions of 1848
6783:Leaders for Hungary
6727:Leaders for Austria
6615:Battles of KomĂĄrom
6434:KosĂĄry, Domokos G.
6361:2 (1966) pp: 19â50.
5662:Slovakia in History
5345:. Akadémiai Kiadó.
4106:on 24 February 2007
3888:George Lichtenstein
3886:. Hungarian lawyer
3568:Stephan Ludwig Roth
3167:War of Independence
3157:Crown of St Stephen
3128:Minister of Defence
2963:replaced his uncle
2950:Muraköz (MeÄimurje)
2638:Pilvax coffee house
2605:revolution in Paris
2386:revolution in Spain
2336:, the novel-writer
2269:Golden Bull of 1222
2209:Golden Bull of 1222
1795:Second Vienna Award
1380:Ostrogothic Kingdom
1288:Emperor Ferdinand I
740:Hryhory Yakhymovych
130:Revolutions of 1848
9123:Russian Revolution
9058:Russo-Georgian War
9040:Second Chechen War
9020:Georgian Civil War
8659:Russo-Japanese War
8411:Great Northern War
8309:Russo-Crimean Wars
8281:Second Chechen War
8179:Russo-Turkish wars
8174:Russo-Swedish wars
8164:Russo-Persian Wars
8149:Russo-Crimean Wars
7934:Hungarian language
7785:Hungarian diaspora
7685:Telecommunications
7310:Revolution of 1956
7265:Revolution of 1848
6899:Leaders for Russia
6815:Arisztid Dessewffy
6744:Eduard Clam-Gallas
6559:Kingdom of Hungary
6204:2012-04-03 at the
5958:. 12 August 2010.
5849:Miskolczy (2002).
5645:2021-04-30 at the
5229:on 17 January 2013
5028:Paul BĆdy (1989).
4882:2019-04-25 at the
4055:2019-04-25 at the
4028:2014-12-27 at the
3802:
3703:
3695:
3595:
3521:
3496:
3492:Battle of TemesvĂĄr
3422:
3371:
3366:(4 April 1849) by
3300:
3262:Serbs of Vojvodina
3222:Kingdom of Croatia
3200:Hungarian Slovenes
3181:
3103:Finance Minister:
2877:head of government
2873:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2628:Revolution in Pest
2624:home immediately.
2596:
2478:People of the East
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2362:Emperor Francis II
2318:Hungarian Jacobins
2149:Kingdom of Hungary
2106:Continental Europe
2089:) was one of many
2033:Hungary portal
1934:Hungarian language
1924:History of Hungary
1860:Revolution of 1956
1775:First Vienna Award
1765:Kingdom of Hungary
1745:Hungarian Republic
1665:Revolution of 1848
1610:Kingdom of Hungary
1485:Kingdom of Hungary
1445:Kingdom of Hungary
1410:Hungarian conquest
1292:
496:Hungarian Slovenes
418:Kingdom of Hungary
296:Serbian volunteers
265:Kingdom of Croatia
178:Kingdom of Hungary
9141:
9140:
9030:First Chechen War
8985:SovietâAfghan War
8970:Angolan Civil War
8745:PolishâSoviet War
8703:Finnish Civil War
8681:Russian Civil War
8580:November Uprising
8518:Anglo-Russian War
8458:Bar Confederation
8271:First Chechen War
8251:Russian Civil War
8246:Decembrist revolt
8236:Bulavin Rebellion
8231:Razin's Rebellion
8214:
8213:
8169:Russo-Polish Wars
8137:Lists by opponent
8032:
8031:
7992:
7991:
7775:Human trafficking
7713:
7712:
7610:
7609:
7574:Political parties
7520:Foreign relations
7487:
7486:
7393:
7392:
7305:People's Republic
7285:Treaty of Trianon
7162:
7161:
6953:
6952:
6485:(1966): 180â196.
6461:Engels, Friedrich
6427:978-0-300-08507-5
6390:Hungarian Studies
6132:Marx & Engels
6120:Marx & Engels
6108:Marx & Engels
6096:Marx & Engels
6084:Marx & Engels
6072:Marx & Engels
6060:Marx & Engels
6048:Marx & Engels
6036:Marx & Engels
6024:Marx & Engels
6012:Marx & Engels
5981:Marx & Engels
5672:978-1-139-49494-6
5625:978-0-8018-8557-0
5596:Marx & Engels
5516:Marx & Engels
5501:Marx & Engels
5489:Marx & Engels
5393:Marx & Engels
5379:978-0-7146-4752-4
5352:978-963-05-6296-6
5325:978-1-55753-593-1
5298:978-963-8311-68-9
5268:978-0-521-36713-4
5198:978-963-7227-19-6
5121:Marx & Engels
5101:978-963-9116-29-0
5041:978-0-88033-159-3
5014:978-0-86516-444-4
4987:978-3-11-096629-9
4936:978-3-11-017654-4
4724:, Gondolat, 1977.
4653:978-1-85065-682-1
4614:978-1-118-97752-1
4594:978-0-674-72641-3
4578:978-0-230-55070-4
4562:978-1-317-89572-5
4543:978-1-107-26869-2
4524:978-963-9191-79-2
4410:. pp. 19â23.
4374:Faber & Faber
4245:978-0-691-20027-9
4214:978-0-8160-7469-3
4159:978-0-8047-2748-8
4085:978-1-139-49580-6
4021:978-1-4094-7091-5
3987:Christopher Clark
3865:Piedmont-Sardinia
3835:was appointed as
3731:Hungarian Kingdom
3432:, all the way to
3334:Toward this end,
3289:Great Turkish War
3272:Serbian Vojvodina
2952:and the Southern
2832:
2831:
2824:
2806:
2407:Miklós Wesselényi
2298:IgnĂĄc Martinovics
2215:was made to sign
2099:national holidays
2067:
2066:
1898:
1897:
1870:Goulash Communism
1823:
1822:
1755:Treaty of Trianon
1618:
1617:
1503:
1502:
1418:
1417:
1279:
1278:
928:
927:
606:Ludwig von Welden
491:Hungarian Germans
277:Serbian Vojvodina
227:
226:
118:
117:
110:
92:
9206:
9015:Transnistria War
8960:War of Attrition
8866:Continuation War
8815:
8607:January Uprising
8448:Seven Years' War
8348:Time of Troubles
8314:Russo-Kazan Wars
8159:Russo-Kazan Wars
8091:
8090:
8059:
8052:
8045:
8036:
8035:
8012:
8005:
7903:
7896:
7889:
7882:
7858:
7851:
7754:
7724:
7723:
7661:
7641:
7621:
7620:
7600:
7586:
7498:
7497:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7421:Cities and towns
7404:
7403:
7250:Habsburg Kingdom
7213:
7212:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7166:
7165:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6957:
6956:
6898:
6885:Bertalan Szemere
6880:Istvån Széchenyi
6865:Alessandro Monti
6805:Henryk DembiĆski
6782:
6726:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6505:
6504:
6478:
6441:Nobili, Johann.
6431:
6419:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6328:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6214:
6208:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6170:. Archived from
6159:
6150:
6144:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6087:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6009:
6000:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5948:
5942:
5937:Hermann RĂłbert:
5935:
5929:
5922:
5916:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5882:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5803:
5797:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5776:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5759:
5752:
5744:
5738:
5724:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5656:
5650:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5513:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5222:. Archived from
5221:
5213:Jeszenszky, GĂ©za
5209:
5203:
5202:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5103:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5025:
5019:
5018:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4905:
4899:
4892:
4886:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4844:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4746:. 29 July 2023.
4740:
4734:
4731:
4725:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4657:
4656:
4639:
4633:
4622:
4616:
4602:
4596:
4586:
4580:
4570:
4564:
4551:
4545:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4510:
4504:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4480:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4431:
4425:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4327:. p. XVII.
4314:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4275:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4222:
4216:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4136:
4130:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4065:
4059:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4032:
4013:
4007:
4002:
3381:Battle of PĂĄkozd
3308:Battle of MohĂĄcs
3185:Hungarian people
3099:Kåzmér Batthyåny
3093:Bertalan Szemere
3031:Battle of PĂĄkozd
2985:Palatine Stephen
2869:Battle of PĂĄkozd
2827:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2764:
2740:
2732:
2646:
2421:Opposition party
2378:Istvån Széchenyi
2182:on 21 May 1849.
2157:Habsburg dynasty
2073:, also known in
2059:
2052:
2045:
2031:
2030:
2029:
1836:
1835:
1631:
1630:
1580:Bocskai uprising
1516:
1515:
1431:
1430:
1366:
1365:
1322:
1312:
1294:
1293:
966:
954:
947:
940:
931:
930:
906:Alessandro Monti
905:
897:
896:
895:
877:Henryk DembiĆski
873:
864:
863:
855:
846:
845:
834:
833:
825:
822:
814:
813:
804:
803:
794:
793:
781:
780:
763:
762:
751:
750:
742:
738:
737:
736:
731:
730:
718:
717:
716:
711:
710:
699:
698:
697:
692:
691:
680:
679:
678:
673:
672:
661:
660:
659:
654:
653:
642:
641:
630:
629:
621:
617:
616:
604:
603:
595:
591:
590:
576:
575:
562:
561:
539:Banat Bulgarians
479:
478:
477:
466:
448:
447:
446:
436:
435:
431:
429:
428:
421:
420:
416:
414:
413:
395:
394:
393:
384:
380:
378:
377:
357:
356:
355:
345:
344:
343:
333:
323:
322:
321:
311:
310:
309:
294:
293:
292:
287:
286:
285:
275:
274:
273:
263:
262:
261:
252:
248:
246:
245:
160:
159:
140:
120:
119:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
9214:
9213:
9209:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9204:
9203:
9184:1849 in Hungary
9179:1848 in Hungary
9144:
9143:
9142:
9137:
9109:
9050:
9044:
9035:War of Dagestan
8809:
8782:August Uprising
8651:
8645:
8634:Boxer Rebellion
8602:Amur Annexation
8403:
8397:
8301:
8295:
8276:War of Dagestan
8256:August Uprising
8210:
8132:
8082:
8063:
8033:
8028:
8015:
8008:
8001:
7988:
7899:
7892:
7885:
7878:
7854:
7847:
7829:
7815:Public holidays
7750:
7709:
7659:
7637:
7606:
7598:
7584:
7540:Law enforcement
7483:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7389:
7319:
7300:Second Republic
7202:
7193:
7163:
7158:
7143:United Kingdom
7128:Ottoman Empire
7087:Austrian Empire
7075:
7020:
6989:
6984:
6954:
6949:
6940:
6889:
6870:Ferenc Ottinger
6800:JĂĄnos Damjanich
6790:Lajos BatthyĂĄny
6773:
6717:
6691:
6687:Vienna Uprising
6670:
6584:
6568:
6549:Austrian Empire
6537:
6532:
6495:
6470:Collected Works
6428:
6382:(1972): 71â88.
6375:(Phoenix, 2001)
6354:
6352:Further reading
6349:
6342:
6338:
6329:
6322:
6313:
6311:
6300:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6283:on 15 June 2011
6277:"MĂĄtyĂĄs RĂĄkosi"
6275:
6274:
6270:
6260:
6258:
6251:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6227:
6225:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6206:Wayback Machine
6196:TamĂĄs Csapody:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6174:on 1 April 2008
6160:
6153:
6145:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6118:
6114:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6070:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6046:
6042:
6034:
6030:
6022:
6018:
6010:
6003:
5991:
5987:
5979:
5975:
5965:
5963:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5936:
5932:
5923:
5919:
5910:MiklĂłs MolnĂĄr.
5909:
5905:
5895:
5893:
5888:. mek.oszk.hu.
5884:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5868:
5861:
5847:
5843:
5833:
5831:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5786:
5770:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5748:"Archived copy"
5746:
5745:
5741:
5725:
5714:
5705:
5703:
5696:magyarszemle.hu
5688:
5684:
5673:
5657:
5653:
5647:Wayback Machine
5637:
5633:
5626:
5618:. p. 243.
5606:
5602:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5518:, 8 April 1848.
5514:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5472:
5468:
5455:(36): 628â645.
5445:
5441:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5310:
5306:
5299:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5094:
5090:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5026:
5022:
5015:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4969:
4965:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4921:
4917:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4889:
4884:Wayback Machine
4875:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4858:on 16 July 2011
4846:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4830:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4795:
4793:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4719:
4715:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4660:
4654:
4640:
4636:
4623:
4619:
4604:Peter McPhee:
4603:
4599:
4587:
4583:
4571:
4567:
4552:
4548:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4511:
4507:
4494:
4490:
4474:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4458:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4432:
4428:
4420:Ăva H. BalĂĄzs:
4419:
4415:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4361:
4357:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4238:. p. 236.
4223:
4219:
4207:
4203:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4152:. p. 309.
4137:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4078:. p. 245.
4066:
4062:
4057:Wayback Machine
4048:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4030:Wayback Machine
4014:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3959:
3942:
3814:plenipotentiary
3807:
3760:In April 1849,
3714:Vienna Uprising
3685:
3633:
3583:
3564:
3548:
3542:
3533:NaszĂłd (NÄsÄud)
3485:
3479:
3414:
3408:
3278:
3266:Main articles:
3264:
3218:
3212:
3169:
3075:king of Hungary
3067:
3059:Diet of Hungary
3047:
2903:Estates General
2884:Lajos BatthyĂĄny
2838:
2828:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2741:
2730:
2718:Lajos BatthyĂĄny
2665:MihĂĄly TĂĄncsics
2640:
2630:
2601:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2515:
2434:
2395:The journalist
2350:
2326:Ferenc Kazinczy
2310:social contract
2290:French-speaking
2282:
2265:King of Hungary
2227:Diet of Hungary
2213:John of England
2197:
2118:Estates General
2112:, in 1791, and
2063:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
1949:Hungarian Kings
1908:
1900:
1899:
1884:1989–2012
1874:1956–1989
1854:1949–1989
1844:1946–1949
1833:
1825:
1824:
1819:1941–1945
1789:1939–1945
1769:1920–1946
1749:1919–1920
1729:1918–1919
1719:1918–1941
1715:Interwar period
1709:1914–1918
1699:1867–1918
1689:1867–1918
1675:Hungarian State
1669:1848–1849
1659:1825–1848
1649:1711–1867
1639:1703–1711
1628:
1620:
1619:
1614:1699–1867
1604:1682–1685
1594:1664–1671
1584:1604–1606
1574:1570–1711
1564:1541–1699
1560:Ottoman Hungary
1554:1526–1699
1544:1526–1570
1534:1526–1699
1513:
1505:
1504:
1499:1366–1526
1489:1301–1526
1479:1241–1242
1459:1102–1918
1449:1000–1301
1428:
1420:
1419:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1330:
1310:
1303:
1280:
1275:
996:Slovak uprising
967:
963:
960:
958:
920:
909:
893:
891:
858:
848:JĂĄnos Damjanich
840:
828:
808:
807:
796:Lajos BatthyĂĄny
788:
787:
775:
769:
757:
745:
734:
732:
725:
724:
714:
712:
705:
695:
693:
686:
682:Stevan KniÄanin
676:
674:
667:
657:
655:
648:
636:
624:
611:
610:
598:
585:
584:
580:
570:
566:
556:
543:
534:Bunjevac people
475:
473:
444:
442:
439:
438:
433:Hungarian State
426:
424:
422:
411:
409:
407:
401:
391:
389:
386:
385:
375:
373:
372:
368:
353:
351:
341:
339:
319:
317:
307:
305:
290:
288:
283:
281:
271:
269:
259:
257:
254:
253:
250:Austrian Empire
243:
241:
240:
184:
182:Austrian Empire
167:
146:'s painting of
141:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
9212:
9202:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9118:Russian Winter
9114:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9060:
9054:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8945:Vlora incident
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8857:
8856:
8846:
8841:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8715:
8710:
8708:Sochi conflict
8705:
8700:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8666:
8661:
8655:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8631:
8626:
8625:
8624:
8619:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8566:
8565:
8560:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8434:
8429:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8407:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8305:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8222:
8220:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8209:
8208:
8203:
8202:
8201:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8140:
8138:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8062:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8039:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8014:
8013:
8006:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7883:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7852:
7839:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7727:
7721:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7675:Stock exchange
7672:
7667:
7662:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7630:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7593:Prime Minister
7590:
7589:
7588:
7576:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7559:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7476:
7474:National parks
7471:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7438:
7433:
7431:Extreme points
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7407:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7315:Third Republic
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7280:First Republic
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7192:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7169:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7034:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6983:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6960:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6902:
6900:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6855:LĂĄzĂĄr MĂ©szĂĄros
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6784:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6566:
6564:Russian Empire
6561:
6556:
6551:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6531:
6530:
6523:
6516:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6494:
6493:External links
6491:
6490:
6489:
6479:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6432:
6426:
6406:
6396:
6386:
6376:
6371:DeĂĄk, IstvĂĄn.
6369:
6362:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6336:
6320:
6310:(in Hungarian)
6308:RetrĂł LegendĂĄk
6294:
6268:
6244:
6235:
6209:
6193:(in Hungarian)
6185:
6168:historynet.com
6151:
6136:
6134:, p. 303.
6124:
6122:, p. 618.
6112:
6100:
6098:, p. 331.
6088:
6086:, p. 346.
6076:
6074:, p. 304.
6064:
6062:, p. 343.
6052:
6050:, p. 611.
6040:
6038:, p. 334.
6028:
6016:
6001:
5985:
5973:
5943:
5930:
5924:Katus LĂĄszlĂł:
5917:
5903:
5877:
5866:
5859:
5841:
5798:
5784:
5739:
5712:
5682:
5671:
5651:
5631:
5624:
5600:
5598:, p. 603.
5588:
5558:
5532:
5520:
5505:
5493:
5491:, p. 613.
5481:
5466:
5439:
5425:
5411:
5397:
5385:
5378:
5358:
5351:
5331:
5324:
5304:
5297:
5274:
5267:
5240:
5204:
5197:
5180:
5173:
5155:
5125:
5123:, p. 229.
5113:
5104:
5088:
5077:Chisholm, Hugh
5047:
5040:
5020:
5013:
4993:
4986:
4963:
4942:
4935:
4915:
4900:
4887:
4869:
4839:
4828:
4811:
4802:
4773:
4761:
4735:
4726:
4720:MihĂĄly LackĂł:
4713:
4702:Chisholm, Hugh
4658:
4652:
4634:
4617:
4597:
4581:
4565:
4546:
4530:
4523:
4505:
4488:
4452:
4426:
4424:. p. 320.
4413:
4389:
4382:
4376:. p. 29.
4355:
4340:
4333:
4309:
4300:
4290:
4260:
4251:
4244:
4217:
4201:
4165:
4158:
4131:
4117:
4091:
4084:
4060:
4042:
4033:
4008:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:LaszlĂł Lovassy
3965:
3958:
3955:
3941:
3938:
3876:Forty-Eighters
3806:
3803:
3788:Ćiria, Romania
3725:, Hungary and
3684:
3681:
3668:Roterturm Pass
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3582:
3579:
3563:
3560:
3541:
3538:
3525:Karl von Urban
3519:Karl von Urban
3507:Wiener Zeitung
3494:in August 1849
3478:
3475:
3434:Kassa (KoĆĄice)
3410:Main article:
3407:
3404:
3285:Ottoman Empire
3263:
3260:
3258:in the 1860s.
3233:Triune Kingdom
3214:Main article:
3211:
3208:
3204:Hungarian Jews
3168:
3165:
3144:
3143:
3132:LĂĄzĂĄr MĂ©szĂĄros
3125:
3119:
3117:MihĂĄly HorvĂĄth
3113:
3107:
3105:Ferenc Duschek
3101:
3095:
3089:
3066:
3063:
3046:
3043:
3004:Karl von Urban
2830:
2829:
2744:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2629:
2626:
2600:
2597:
2590:The Hungarian
2577:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:National Bank.
2555:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:state religion
2534:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2507:British Empire
2433:
2430:
2349:
2348:Era of Reforms
2346:
2322:JĂĄnos BatsĂĄnyi
2281:
2278:
2261:personal union
2196:
2193:
2172:Franz Joseph I
2125:Franz Joseph I
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1439:895–1000
1437:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1404:~800–970
1402:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1390:Avar Khaganate
1386:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1364:
1362:Early medieval
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1345:Roman Pannonia
1342:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:4th SzenttamĂĄs
1138:
1133:
1131:2nd Nagyszeben
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1001:3rd SzenttamĂĄs
998:
993:
988:
986:2nd SzenttamĂĄs
983:
981:1st SzenttamĂĄs
978:
972:
969:
968:
957:
956:
949:
942:
934:
926:
925:
922:
916:
915:
911:
910:
908:
907:
899:
889:
884:
879:
874:
856:
838:
826:
805:
785:
772:
770:
768:
767:
765:Ivan Paskevich
755:
743:
722:
703:
684:
665:
646:
644:Karl von Urban
634:
622:
608:
596:
582:
568:
564:Franz Joseph I
553:
550:
549:
545:
544:
542:
541:
536:
527:
518:
513:
509:Pro-Hungarian
507:
504:
501:
498:
493:
488:
486:Hungarian Jews
483:
471:
460:
454:
406:
405:
404:
402:
400:
399:
382:Russian Empire
371:
370:
369:
367:
366:
349:
337:
327:
315:
303:
300:
299:
298:
267:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
229:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
216:
213:
206:
201:
198:
190:
186:
185:
176:
174:
170:
169:
164:
156:
155:
133:
132:
125:
124:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9211:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9151:
9149:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9112:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9084:
9083:2022 invasion
9081:
9079:
9078:War in Donbas
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9047:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8915:Ili Rebellion
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8813:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8692:
8689:
8688:
8687:
8684:
8683:
8682:
8679:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8648:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8553:Caucasian War
8551:
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7760:Family policy
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7349:
7348:ĂrpĂĄd dynasty
7346:
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7281:
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7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7260:RĂĄkĂłczi's War
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
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7040:
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7027:
7023:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7011:Republicanism
7009:
7007:
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7002:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6992:
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6981:
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6868:
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6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6845:Lajos Kossuth
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6835:György Klapka
6833:
6831:
6830:Richard Guyon
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:AndrĂĄs GĂĄspĂĄr
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
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6798:
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6788:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6754:Josip JelaÄiÄ
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6725:
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6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:Second battle
6622:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6589:Major battles
6587:
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6578:
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6575:
6571:
6565:
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6557:
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6451:
6450:History Today
6447:
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6429:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6411:
6407:
6405:
6401:
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6395:
6391:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6380:Slavic Review
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6366:History Today
6363:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6345:
6340:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6309:
6305:
6298:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6256:
6255:
6254:Musical Times
6248:
6239:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6189:
6173:
6169:
6165:
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5907:
5891:
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5875:
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5862:
5860:0-88033-497-5
5856:
5852:
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5809:
5802:
5796:
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5774:
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5749:
5743:
5737:
5736:0-86516-500-9
5733:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5702:on 2021-09-23
5701:
5697:
5693:
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5678:
5674:
5668:
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5612:
5604:
5597:
5592:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5530:, p. 60.
5529:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5502:
5497:
5490:
5485:
5477:
5470:
5462:
5458:
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5450:
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5436:. 2006-09-05.
5435:
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5415:
5407:
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5270:
5264:
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5254:
5250:
5249:Mikulas Teich
5244:
5225:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5176:
5174:963-9287-20-2
5170:
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5122:
5117:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5092:
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5070:
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5064:public domain
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5024:
5016:
5010:
5006:
5005:
4997:
4989:
4983:
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4978:
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4972:Walther Killy
4967:
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4692:public domain
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4607:
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4579:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4554:Jean Berenger
4550:
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4526:
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4509:
4502:
4498:
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4484:
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4383:9780571306299
4379:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4365:
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4334:9781317887928
4330:
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4291:9780773565470
4287:
4283:
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3997:
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3961:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3946:
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3933:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:MĂĄtyĂĄs RĂĄkosi
3912:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3841:Germanisation
3838:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:Arad, Romania
3819:
3815:
3811:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:WindischgrÀtz
3715:
3710:
3707:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3680:
3678:
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3669:
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3474:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3430:Upper Hungary
3427:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3336:Josif RajaÄiÄ
3332:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3306:". After the
3305:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:Lajos Kossuth
3238:
3237:Josip JelaÄiÄ
3234:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3177:Siege of Buda
3173:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:SebĆ Vukovics
3108:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Lajos Kossuth
3076:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3018:to the west.
3017:
3016:WindischgrÀtz
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2954:Transdanubian
2951:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2924:Josip JelaÄiÄ
2921:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2888:Lajos Kossuth
2885:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2826:
2823:
2815:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773: â
2772:
2768:
2767:Find sources:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2745:This section
2743:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2654:National Song
2651:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2502:laissez-faire
2497:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2397:Lajos Kossuth
2393:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:SĂĄndor PetĆfi
2329:
2327:
2324:and linguist
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:Enlightenment
2291:
2287:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2244:and later in
2243:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2176:Holy Alliance
2173:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:Lajos Kossuth
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:ĂrpĂĄd dynasty
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
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1742:
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1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
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1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
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1668:
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1658:
1656:
1653:
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1648:
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1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
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1624:
1623:
1613:
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1608:
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1603:
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1598:
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1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1550:Royal Hungary
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1414:862–895
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:567–822
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:469–553
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:454–567
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1350:Hunnic Empire
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:Early history
1326:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1290:dated c. 1870
1289:
1284:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
970:
965:
955:
950:
948:
943:
941:
936:
935:
932:
923:
918:
917:
912:
904:
900:
890:
888:
887:JĂłzef Wysocki
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
872:
867:
862:
857:
854:
849:
844:
839:
837:
836:György Klapka
832:
827:
823:
817:
812:
806:
802:
797:
792:
786:
784:
783:Lajos Kossuth
779:
774:
773:
771:
766:
761:
756:
754:
749:
744:
741:
729:
723:
721:
709:
704:
702:
690:
685:
683:
671:
666:
664:
663:Josip JelaÄiÄ
652:
647:
645:
640:
635:
633:
628:
623:
620:
615:
609:
607:
602:
597:
594:
589:
583:
579:
574:
569:
565:
560:
555:
554:
552:
551:
546:
540:
537:
535:
531:
528:
526:
522:
519:
517:
516:Zipser Saxons
514:
512:
508:
505:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
472:
469:
465:
461:
458:
455:
452:
441:
440:
434:
419:
403:
398:
388:
387:
383:
364:
360:
350:
348:
338:
336:
332:
328:
326:
316:
314:
304:
301:
297:
280:
279:
278:
268:
266:
256:
255:
251:
236:
235:
230:
221:
220:Germanisation
217:
214:
211:
207:
205:
202:
199:
196:
195:
194:
191:
188:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
171:
165:
162:
161:
157:
153:
152:National Song
150:reciting the
149:
148:SĂĄndor PetĆfi
145:
139:
134:
131:
126:
121:
112:
109:
101:
98:December 2023
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: â
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
8834:World War II
8584:
8358:Smolensk War
8324:Livonian War
7843:Architecture
7810:Prostitution
7741:Demographics
7705:Unemployment
7695:Trade unions
7530:Intelligence
7525:Human rights
7510:Constitution
7385:Coat of arms
7343:List of wars
7328:Christianity
7295:World War II
7264:
7230:Principality
7091:
6850:Vilmos LĂĄzĂĄr
6840:György Kmety
6825:ArtĂșr Görgey
6810:Antal Vetter
6764:Franz Schlik
6675:Other events
6629:Third battle
6619:First battle
6542:Belligerents
6534:
6482:
6475:the original
6469:
6464:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6415:
6399:
6389:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6339:
6331:
6312:. Retrieved
6307:
6297:
6285:. Retrieved
6281:the original
6271:
6259:. Retrieved
6253:
6247:
6238:
6226:. Retrieved
6218:"KormĂĄnyzat"
6212:
6197:
6188:
6176:. Retrieved
6172:the original
6167:
6146:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6091:
6079:
6067:
6055:
6043:
6031:
6019:
5993:
5988:
5976:
5964:. Retrieved
5955:
5946:
5933:
5920:
5912:
5906:
5894:. Retrieved
5880:
5869:
5850:
5844:
5832:. Retrieved
5815:
5811:
5801:
5793:
5787:
5762:. Retrieved
5742:
5727:
5704:. Retrieved
5700:the original
5695:
5685:
5661:
5654:
5634:
5610:
5603:
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5571:1hungary.com
5570:
5561:
5549:. Retrieved
5535:
5523:
5496:
5484:
5475:
5469:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5428:
5414:
5400:
5388:
5368:
5361:
5341:
5334:
5314:
5307:
5287:
5283:Ferenc Glatz
5277:
5257:
5243:
5231:. Retrieved
5224:the original
5207:
5188:
5183:
5164:
5158:
5146:. Retrieved
5142:the original
5137:
5128:
5116:
5107:
5091:
5080:
5050:
5030:
5023:
5003:
4996:
4976:
4966:
4952:
4945:
4925:
4918:
4909:
4903:
4895:
4890:
4872:
4860:. Retrieved
4856:the original
4849:
4842:
4831:
4823:
4814:
4805:
4794:. Retrieved
4785:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4752:. Retrieved
4738:
4729:
4721:
4716:
4705:
4643:
4637:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4605:
4600:
4584:
4568:
4549:
4533:
4514:
4508:
4491:
4466:. Retrieved
4455:
4444:. Retrieved
4439:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4402:
4392:
4368:
4358:
4349:
4343:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4295:
4271:
4263:
4254:
4230:
4226:Paul Lendvai
4220:
4204:
4178:. Retrieved
4168:
4144:
4140:Isser Woloch
4134:
4108:. Retrieved
4104:the original
4094:
4070:
4063:
4045:
4036:
4011:
4000:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3934:
3926:
3923:
3900:
3884:US Civil War
3882:side in the
3873:
3869:
3845:
3830:
3808:
3780:
3771:
3767:ArtĂșr Görgey
3759:
3751:
3743:
3711:
3704:
3692:ArtĂșr Görgey
3679:, Romania).
3653:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3584:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3522:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3477:Transylvania
3471:
3459:
3450:
3438:ÄœudovĂt Ć tĂșr
3423:
3397:
3393:ArtĂșr Görgey
3374:
3372:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3333:
3301:
3279:
3253:
3230:
3219:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3161:
3149:
3145:
3140:Lajos Aulich
3136:ArtĂșr Görgey
3123:LĂĄszlĂł CsĂĄny
3083:
3071:
3068:
3048:
3039:
3035:
3024:
3020:
3012:Transylvania
2989:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2958:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2881:
2874:
2818:
2809:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2766:
2754:Please help
2749:verification
2746:
2711:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2610:Franz Joseph
2602:
2594:used in 1848
2570:
2516:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2448:in the 1840s
2435:
2416:Pesti Hirlap
2414:
2411:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2359:
2351:
2330:
2313:
2305:
2296:philosophy.
2283:
2250:
2238:
2231:
2220:
2198:
2169:
2161:
2153:independence
2122:
2103:
2078:
2070:
2068:
1989:Coat of arms
1974:Christianity
1969:List of Wars
1832:Contemporary
1815:World War II
1664:
1530:Ottoman Wars
1512:Early modern
1495:Ottoman Wars
1011:Transylvania
961:
866:Lajos Aulich
816:ArtĂșr Görgey
701:ÄœudovĂt Ć tĂșr
632:Franz Schlik
232:Belligerents
192:
144:MihĂĄly Zichy
128:Part of the
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
8940:Vietnam War
8810: [
8669:World War I
8590:Crimean War
8523:Finnish War
8439:(1740â1748)
8428:(1733â1738)
8353:Ingrian War
8069:(including
7959:Spa culture
7790:Irredentism
7628:Agriculture
7557:Nationality
7275:World War I
7080:By location
7006:Nationalism
6875:MĂłr Perczel
4820:Tibor Frank
4782:"mĂĄrcius15"
4733:Lacko p. 47
3755:MĂłr Perczel
3546:Avram Iancu
3400:World War I
3364:TĂĄpiĂłbicske
3179:in May 1849
3008:Avram Iancu
2942:Ferenc DeĂĄk
2641: [
2342:PĂĄl VasvĂĄri
2217:Magna Carta
2189:martial law
2133:Ferdinand I
1705:World War I
1627:Late modern
1520:Reformation
1465:Golden Bull
1309:History of
1246:4th KomĂĄrom
1216:3rd KomĂĄrom
1211:2nd KomĂĄrom
1191:AlsĂłnyĂĄrasd
1166:1st KomĂĄrom
1146:TĂĄpiĂłbicske
1126:2nd Szolnok
1081:1st Szolnok
1016:Nagykanizsa
898:Peter Giron
720:Avram Iancu
578:Ferdinand I
365:volunteers
9148:Categories
8975:Ogaden War
8925:Korean War
8844:Winter War
8713:Heimosodat
8300:Tsardom of
7974:Television
7939:Literature
7929:Inventions
7780:Hungarians
7770:Healthcare
7660:(currency)
7562:Parliament
7363:Holy Crown
7124:Luxembourg
7001:Liberalism
6860:JĂĄnos MĂłga
6580:April Laws
6457:Marx, Karl
6410:Judah, Tim
6314:2019-10-08
6261:9 February
5764:2014-05-14
5706:2019-02-21
5528:Judah 1997
5253:Roy Porter
5233:24 January
4796:2018-03-16
4468:2008-09-26
4446:2008-08-21
4280:. p.
3993:References
3892:Königsberg
3544:See also:
3481:See also:
3362:Battle at
2896:April laws
2836:April laws
2812:March 2020
2782:newspapers
2618:Metternich
2554:education)
2520:April laws
2482:Kelet NĂ©pe
2355:Metternich
2302:Leopold II
2205:parliament
2129:April laws
1994:Literature
1944:Holy Crown
1914:Hungarians
1894:since 2012
1121:MezĆkövesd
1096:BranyiszkĂł
753:Nicholas I
68:newspapers
8595:Ă
land War
8563:Murid War
8402:18thâ19th
7919:Festivals
7800:Languages
7746:Education
7700:Transport
7647:Companies
7579:President
7515:Elections
7469:Mountains
7441:Hydrology
7399:Geography
7137:Wallachia
7102:Vojvodina
7047:Schleswig
7025:By nation
7016:Socialism
6795:JĂłzef Bem
6696:Influence
6666:Kishegyes
6601:Schwechat
5824:2067-1016
5567:"Isaszeg"
5071:(1911). "
4325:Routledge
3896:Edinburgh
3805:Aftermath
3683:Austrians
3677:TimiÈoara
3649:JĂłzef Bem
3640:of Europe
3540:Romanians
3454:Magyarize
3376:Honvédség
3320:Vojvodina
3281:Vojvodina
2996:Romanians
2650:12 points
2374:reformkor
2370:Hungarian
2366:Joseph II
2338:MĂłr JĂłkai
2286:Joseph II
2155:from the
2083:Hungarian
1221:Kishegyes
1161:NagysallĂł
1111:CibakhĂĄza
1036:Schwechat
882:JĂłzef Bem
9128:Cold War
8990:Gulf War
8346:and the
8219:Internal
8075:Imperial
8019:Category
7924:Folklore
7901:Sausages
7820:Religion
7680:Taxation
7665:Industry
7545:Military
7493:Politics
7416:Counties
7375:Nobility
7358:Monarchs
7338:Military
7333:Economic
7225:Pannonia
7200:articles
7132:Moldavia
7107:Slovakia
7054:Italians
6661:TemesvĂĄr
6651:SegesvĂĄr
6487:in JSTOR
6412:(1997).
6384:in JSTOR
6222:Archived
6202:Archived
5960:Archived
5890:Archived
5828:Archived
5773:cite web
5755:Archived
5677:Archived
5643:Archived
5575:Archived
5545:Archived
5285:(1990).
5255:(1993).
4974:(2005).
4898:. p. 201
4880:Archived
4790:Archived
4748:Archived
4499:. From
4477:cite web
4408:W. Jeffs
4400:(1861).
4366:(2014).
4228:(2021).
4190:cite web
4142:(1996).
4053:Archived
4026:Archived
3957:See also
3739:Budapest
3638:gendarme
3631:Russians
3599:subject.
3557:Monarchy
3467:Slovakia
3426:Slovakia
3368:MĂłr Than
3316:Belgrade
2992:Croatian
2687:cockades
2683:BĂĄnk bĂĄn
2360:In 1825
2257:orphaned
2222:Erblande
2014:Budapest
2004:Székelys
1964:Military
1959:Nobility
1919:Timeline
1427:Medieval
1300:a series
1298:Part of
1256:TemesvĂĄr
1241:Debrecen
1236:SegesvĂĄr
1066:Pancsova
1051:JarkovĂĄc
914:Strength
481:Székelys
470:legions
459:legions
363:Moravian
173:Location
9068:Outline
9051:century
8652:century
8404:century
8087:Related
8071:Tsarist
8003:Outline
7979:Theatre
7969:Symbols
7914:Fashion
7874:Cuisine
7849:Castles
7835:Culture
7719:Society
7690:Tourism
7657:Forint
7616:Economy
7567:Speaker
7505:Cabinet
7479:Regions
7447:Islands
7436:Geology
7426:Climate
7208:History
7196:Hungary
7152:Ireland
7147:Britain
7114:Belgium
7092:Hungary
7042:Germans
6947:Commons
6636:Isaszeg
6611:KĂĄpolna
6573:Pretext
6287:28 June
6228:20 June
5896:20 June
5834:20 June
5551:28 June
5461:4202930
5167:. KHT.
5079:(ed.).
5073:Hungary
5066::
4862:28 June
4754:30 July
4704:(ed.).
4698:Hungary
4694::
4180:30 July
3848:KĂŒtahya
3727:KomĂĄrno
3723:KomĂĄrom
3642:" Tsar
3509:wrote:
3385:Isaszeg
3287:in the
3245:Austria
2796:scholar
2592:cockade
2402:serfdom
2114:Belgium
2108:(after
2075:Hungary
1979:Economy
1890:Hungary
1311:Hungary
1261:VilĂĄgos
1226:2nd VĂĄc
1186:ZsigĂĄrd
1156:1st VĂĄc
1151:Isaszeg
1116:KĂĄpolna
1106:Kompolt
1091:VĂzakna
1076:NyĂĄrasd
1041:Friedau
1026:Letenye
991:Perlasz
976:KarlĂłca
964:of 1848
818: (
525:Muraköz
468:Italian
453:states
142:Artist
82:scholar
8378:Deluge
8302:Russia
8081:times)
8079:Soviet
8067:Russia
8024:Portal
7894:Dishes
7869:Cinema
7765:Health
7652:Energy
7461:Rivers
7368:Regent
7198:
7119:Brazil
7097:Prague
7071:Swedes
7059:Sicily
7037:French
6994:Ideals
6656:SzĆreg
6596:PĂĄkozd
6424:
6404:online
6394:online
6178:2 July
5998:online
5966:2 July
5857:
5851:Ambrus
5822:
5734:
5669:
5622:
5581:2 July
5459:
5376:
5349:
5322:
5295:
5265:
5195:
5171:
5148:2 July
5099:
5075:". In
5060:
5038:
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4933:
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4688:
4650:
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4576:
4560:
4541:
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4331:
4288:
4242:
4212:
4156:
4110:8 June
4082:
4019:
3919:Horthy
3917:â the
3911:Horthy
3907:Russia
3837:Regent
3800:, 1849
3664:BraÈov
3463:Myjava
3274:, and
3249:PĂĄkozd
3235:. Ban
3210:Croats
3202:, the
3196:Rusyns
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2614:Vienna
2425:Magyar
2180:Warsaw
2110:France
1907:Topics
1302:on the
1266:Hetény
1251:SzĆreg
1181:Csorna
1136:Hatvan
1086:Cegléd
1006:PĂĄkozd
868:
850:
798:
511:Rusyns
457:Polish
451:German
430:
415:
379:
247:
189:Result
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
8814:]
8010:Index
7964:Sport
7954:Names
7949:Music
7944:Media
7909:Dance
7825:Women
7736:Crime
7633:Banks
7454:Lakes
7066:Poles
7032:Danes
6646:Pered
5758:(PDF)
5751:(PDF)
5457:JSTOR
5227:(PDF)
5220:(PDF)
3880:Union
3861:Turin
3820:(now
3786:(now
3675:(now
3660:Sibiu
3304:Banat
3000:Banat
2803:JSTOR
2789:books
2645:]
1999:Music
1201:IhĂĄsz
1196:Pered
1101:Piski
1071:Kassa
1056:Moson
1031:Kotor
1021:Ozora
530:Ć okac
359:Czech
89:JSTOR
75:books
9049:21st
8650:20th
8077:and
7887:Beer
7880:Wine
7805:LGBT
7599:list
7585:list
7380:Flag
7353:King
6641:Buda
6422:ISBN
6289:2011
6263:2012
6230:2015
6180:2011
5968:2011
5898:2015
5855:ISBN
5836:2015
5820:ISSN
5779:link
5732:ISBN
5667:ISBN
5620:ISBN
5583:2011
5553:2011
5374:ISBN
5347:ISBN
5320:ISBN
5293:ISBN
5263:ISBN
5235:2008
5193:ISBN
5169:ISBN
5150:2011
5097:ISBN
5036:ISBN
5009:ISBN
4982:ISBN
4931:ISBN
4864:2011
4756:2023
4648:ISBN
4610:ISBN
4590:ISBN
4574:ISBN
4558:ISBN
4539:ISBN
4519:ISBN
4483:link
4378:ISBN
4329:ISBN
4286:ISBN
4240:ISBN
4210:ISBN
4196:link
4182:2023
4154:ISBN
4112:2007
4080:ISBN
4017:ISBN
3826:Pest
3500:Cluj
3444:and
3220:The
3198:and
3175:The
2926:was
2775:news
2707:Buda
2705:and
2703:Pest
2446:Pest
2405:and
2246:Pest
2069:The
2009:Jews
1984:Flag
1864:1956
1809:1941
1799:1940
1779:1938
1759:1920
1739:1919
1679:1849
1524:1520
1469:1222
1271:Izsa
1231:Tura
1206:GyĆr
1176:KĂĄty
1171:Buda
1046:Rika
532:and
523:and
361:and
163:Date
61:news
7864:Art
7535:Law
6606:MĂłr
4282:138
3985:by
3741:).
3010:in
2998:in
2929:Ban
2758:by
2077:as
1061:MĂłr
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