Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin

1952:

messenger again to the said leader and sent to him for his land a big horse with a golden saddle adorned with the gold of Arabia and a golden bridle. Seeing it, the leader rejoiced all the more, thinking that they were sending gifts of homage in return for land. When therefore the messenger asked of him land, grass and water, he replied with a smile, "In return for the gift let them have as much as they desire." ...Then sent another messenger to the leader and this was the message which he delivered: "Arpad and his people say to you that you may no longer stay upon the land which they bought of you, for with the horse they bought your earth, with the bridle the grass, and with the saddle the water. And you, in your need and avarice, made to them a grant of land, grass and water." When this message was delivered to the leader, he said with a smile: "Let them kill the horse with a wooden mallet, and throw the bridle on the field, and throw the golden saddle into the water of the Danube." To which the messenger replied: "And what loss will that be to them, lord? If you kill the horse, you will give food for their dogs; if you throw the bridle on the field, their men will find the gold of the bridle when they mow the hay; if you throw the saddle into the Danube, their fishermen will lay out the gold of the saddle upon the bank and carry it home. If they have earth, grass and water, they have all."

960: 2689: 2772: 3470:

Hun/Xiongnu-like, and the Mansi-Sarmatian admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BCE, while Mansi-Hun around 217-315 CE. However, most individuals can be modeled as two-way admixtures of "Conq_Asia_Core" and "Eur_Core". The elite males carried, among others, East Eurasian Y-DNA haplogroups N1a, D1a, C2a, with Q1a and R1a-Z94 being sign of Hun-related ancestry, "generally accompanied by Asian maternal lineages". Notably, almost exclusively in the elite were present I2-Y3120 subclades, "very often accompanied by Asian maternal lineages, indicating that I2a1a2b1a1a could be more typical for the immigrants than to the local population". The study also showed "that a common 'proto-Ugric' gene pool appeared in the Bronze Age from the admixture of

2986: 3323:. The evidence implied that the conquerors did not contribute significantly to the gene pool of modern Hungarians. A 2021 study analyzed maternal lineages from 202 10-11th century commoners from Carpathian Basin and compared them to conqueror elite, finding that "the haplogroup composition of the commoner population markedly differs from that of the elite, and, in contrast to the elite, commoners cluster with European populations. Alongside this, detectable sub-haplogroup sharing indicates admixture between the elite and the commoners. The majority of the 10–11th century commoners most likely represent local populations of the Carpathian Basin, which admixed with the eastern immigrant groups (which included conquering Hungarians)". 55: 2023: 3523: 2591:, and stayed there for two weeks while they conquered all the inhabitants of that land from the Mures to the Timis River and they received their sons as hostages. Then, moving the army on, they came to the Timis River and encamped beside the ford of Foeni and when they sought to cross the Timis's flow, there came to oppose them Glad, (...) the prince of that country, with a great army of horsemen and foot soldiers, supported by Cumans, Bulgarians and Vlachs. (...) God with His grace went before the Hungarians, He gave them a great victory and their enemies fell before them as bundles of hay before reapers. In that battle two dukes of the Cumans and three 3254: 2186: 3348:

recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both European, Asian and Eurasian elements. In the same year the journal published an analysis of N3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000-5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of the proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (

1870:, Regino of Prüm and Porphyrogenitus on the connection between the Hungarians' conflict with the Bulgar-Pecheneg coalition and their withdrawal from the Pontic steppes. An intermediate theory proposes that the Hungarians had for decades been considering a westward move when the Bulgarian-Pecheneg attack accelerated their decision to leave the Pontic-Caspian steppe. For instance Róna-Tas argues, " fact that, despite a series of unfortunate events, the Magyars managed to keep their heads above water goes to show that they were indeed ready to move on" when the Pechenegs attacked them. 19: 2199: 2041: 1939:

after the passage narrating Svatopluk I's death, Györffy, Kristó, Róna-Tas and other historians suppose that the Hungarians invaded Pannonia in alliance with the Moravian monarch. They argue that the "Legend of the White Horse" in the Hungarian chronicles preserved the memory of a treaty the Hungarians had made with Svatopluk I according to pagan customs. The legend narrates that the Hungarians purchased their future homeland in the Carpathian Basin from Svatopluk for a white horse harnessed with gilded saddle and reins.

2749: 1147: 3356: 1608: 2481: 952: 2219: 3120: 1677: 2162:, they crossed the mountains and came into a region where they saw innumerable eagles; and because of the eagles they could not stay in that place, for the eagles came down from the trees like flies and devoured both their herds and their horses. For God intended that they should go down more quickly into Hungary. During three months they made their descent from the mountains, and they came to the boundaries of the kingdom of Hungary, that is to 3591: 2713:" spread in all over the Carpathian Basin, with its characteristic jewellery, including S-shaped earrings. The lack of archaeological finds connected to horses in "Bijelo Brdo" graves is another feature of these cemeteries. The earliest "Bijelo Brdo" assemblages are dated via unearthed coins to the rule of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the middle of the 10th century. Early cemeteries of the culture were unearthed, for instance, at 763: 1480: 928: 1833: 1915: 3506:

Hungarians and proto-Ob-Ugric groups in Western Siberia, despite their close geographical proximity for 1500–2000 years after their split estimated by linguistic models and chronology." and that "In the Carpathian Basin, the new settlers and the local population started admixing only in the second half of the 10th century". The study also concludes that man and women came together in the

1313:, Germans, Moravians and Vlachs", but later he adds that the Székelys also lived in the territory. According to Macartney, those lists were based on multiple sources and do not document the real ethnic conditions of the Carpathian Basin around 900. Ioan-Aurel Pop says that Simon of Kéza listed the peoples who inhabited the lands that the Hungarian conquered and the nearby territories. 3455:. The Árpád members and one individual from Serbia share additional private SNPs making a novel subclade R-SUR51 > R-ARP, and as the mentioned individual has additional private SNPs it branches from the medieval Árpáds forming R-ARP > R-UVD. Based on the data of the distribution, appearance and coalescence estimation of R-Y2633, the dynasty traces ancient origin near northern 3277:

Eurasian origin, however, it is remarkable that two individuals belong to subhaplogroup H6, which may also indicate Asian connection ... The single X2f maternal haplotype of the chief (sample 11) is of particular interest, as this haplotype is most probably of south Caucasian origin...", while only four had a Y-DNA Hg (typical European 2x I2a and R1b). A genetic study published in

2783:: "In fine weather these shepherds and cowboys wander about from place to place, sleeping in the open air, their bed being the bunda, a long sheepskin coat. Spread all over the Puszta you will find little straw-built huts where they and their flocks and herds take refuge in rainy and stormy weather, and where they all congregate on special fete days. These huts are called 'karám." 2630:. The first places the event in 902, while the others date it to 904. The three chronicles unanimously state that the Bavarians invited the Hungarian leader to a dinner on the pretext of negotiating a peace treaty and treacherously assassinated him. Kristó and other Hungarian historians argue that the dual leadership over the Hungarians ended with Kurszán's death. 1819:

unearthed at Bihar and other places east of the Tisza, but none of them definitively date to the 9th century. In the case of Doboka (Dăbâca), two pairs of bell-shaped pendants with analogues in sites in Austria, Bulgaria and Poland have been unearthed, but Florin Curta dates them to the 9th century, while Alexandru Madgearu to the period between 975 and 1050.

1906:, "king of the Hungarians" stipulated that his people would only fight the Moravians if they received the lands they were to occupy. Accordingly, Aventinus continues, the Hungarians took possession of "both Dacias on this side and beyond" the Tisza east of the rivers Danube and Garam already in 893. Indeed, the Hungarian chronicles unanimously state that the 2883:. The Hungarians' fear of their eastern neighbors, the Pechenegs, is demonstrated by Porphyrogenitus's report on the failure of a Byzantine envoy to persuade them to attack the Pechenegs. The Hungarians clearly stated that they could not fight against the Pechenegs because "their people are numerous and they are the devil's brats". 1273:

armor themselves, but the horses of their illustrious men are covered in front with iron or quilted material. They devote a great deal of attention and training to archery on horse-back. A huge herd of horses, ponies and mares, follows them, to provide both food and milk and, at the same time, to give the impression of a multitude.

1035:) of the Carpathian basin. According to historian Bálint Csanád "Not one single element (of the original theory) is tenable" and that a "compelling piece of evidence is that a genuine similarity between the Avar- and Conquest-period skeletal material could only be demonstrated in 4.5% of the theoretically potential cases". 3469:

in May 2022 examined "48 from 10th century Conquering Hungarian elite cemeteries, 65 from commoner cemeteries of the Hungarian conquer-early Árpádian Period (10-11th centuries)". According to autosomal analysis, the Hungarian elite core can be modeled as ~50% Mansi-like, ~35% Sarmatian-like, and ~15%

3276:

was published, a study of 17 samples of first generation Hungarian conqueror cemeteries, revealing that "the most frequent Hg was B, which together with Hg A indicate that about 30% of the Karos population is genetically connected to Central and East Asia. The majority of Hg-s (H, U, T, J, X) are of

2529:

After the death of (...) remained at peace for a year and then strife and rebellion fell upon them and they made a civil war against one another and the came and utterly ruined them and possessed their country, in which even now live. And those of the folk who were left were scattered and fled for

2108:

The Hungarians were (…) driven from their home (…) by a neighboring people called the Petchenegs, because they were superior to them in strength and number and because (…) their own country was not sufficient to accommodate their swelling numbers. After they had been forced to flee by the violence of

1849:

in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895. This is confirmed by the archaeological findings, in the 10th century Hungarian cemeteries, the graves of women, children and elderly people are located next to the warriors, they were buried according to the same traditions, wore the same

1818:

was completed, while the stories about Zobor and Menumorut preserved the memory of the Hungarians' fight against the Moravians. Translating Menumorut's name as "Great Moravian", Grzesik associates him with Svatopluk I and refutes the report of Menumorut's rule in Bihar. Early medieval fortresses were

1447:

According to Béla Miklós Szőke's theory, the detailed description of the Magyars by western contemporary sources and the immediate Hungarian intervention in local wars suggest that the Hungarians had already lived on the eastern territories of the Carpathian Basin since the middle of the 9th century.

9245:

Neparáczki, Endre; Juhász, Zoltán; Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Csányi, Bernadett; Zink, Albert; Maixner, Frank; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Révész, László; Raskó, István; Török, Tibor (November 2016). "Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferred from

4039: 3347:

were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, and some had East Asian admixture. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to the conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a

2443:

and began to fight against the neighboring and Slavs. For the Slavs had settled there first, but the had seized the territory of the Slavs. The Magyars subsequently expelled the , took their land and settled among the Slavs, whom they reduced to submission. From that time this territory was called

2228:

Regino of Prüm states that the Hungarians "roamed the wildernesses of the Pannonians and the Avars and sought their daily food by hunting and fishing" following their arrival in the Carpathian Basin. Their advance towards the Danube seems to have stimulated Arnulf, who was crowned emperor to entrust

3505:

in the Trans-Urals and the western zone of south-western Siberia from where they crossed the River Volga and moved to the territory lying to the north of the Black Sea, at the beginning of the 9th century. According to the study there was "little or no biological connection between the ancestors of

2918:

The Hungarian leaders decided that their traditional lifestyle, partly based on plundering raids against sedentary peoples, could not be continued. The defeats at the Lechfeld and Arkadiopolis accelerated the Hungarians' adoption of a sedentary way of life. This process culminated in the coronation

2906:

in 912. Although a Byzantine hagiography of Saint George refers to a joint attack of Pechenegs, "Moesians" and Hungarians against the Byzantine Empire in 917, its reliability is not established. The Hungarians seem to have raided the Byzantine Empire for the first time in 943. However, their defeat

2520:

of Saint Naum relates that the Hungarians occupied Moravia, adding that the Moravians who "were not captured by the Hungarians, ran to the Bulgars". Constantine Porphyrogenitus also connects the fall of Moravia to its occupation by the Hungarians. The destruction of the early medieval urban centers

2095:

The Pechenegs destroyed the Hungarians' dwelling places. Those who survived the double attack left the Pontic steppes and crossed the Carpathians in search of a new homeland. The memory of the destruction brought by the Pechenegs seems to have been preserved by the Hungarians. The Hungarian name of

1272:

are armed with swords, body armor, bows and lances. Thus, in battles most of them bear double arms, carrying the lances high on their shoulders and holding the bows in their hands. They make use of both as need requires, but when pursued they use their bows to great advantage. Not only do they wear

2210:

The date of the Hungarian invasion varies according to the source. The earliest date (677) is preserved in the 14th-century versions of the "Hungarian Chronicle", while Anonymus gives the latest date (902). Contemporaneous sources suggest that the invasion followed the 894 Bulgarian-Byzantine war.

1778:

refers to a Bulgarian military leader named Onegavonais drowning in the Tisza around the same time. The emerging power of Moravia brought about a rapprochement between Bulgaria and East Francia in the 860s. King Arnulf of East Francia sent an embassy to the Bulgarians in 892 in order "to renew the

2430:

Over a long period the Slavs settled beside the Danube, where the Hungarian and Bulgarian lands now lie. From among these Slavs, parties scattered throughout the country and were known by appropriate names, according to the places where they settled. (...) he attacked the Danubian Slavs, settled

2087:

Simultaneously with the Hungarian attack from the north, the Byzantines invaded Bulgaria from the south. Tzar Simeon sent envoys to the Byzantine Empire to propose a truce. At the same time, he sent an embassy to the Pechenegs to incite them against the Hungarians. He succeeded, and the Pechenegs

1258:

Regino of Prüm and other contemporary authors portray the 9th-century Hungarians as nomadic warriors. Emperor Leo the Wise underlines the importance of horses to their military tactics. Analysis of horse skulls found in Hungarian warriors graves has not revealed any significant difference between

3459:

about 4,500 years ago, with a separation date of R-ARP from the closest kin Bashkirs from the Volga-Ural region to 2,000 years ago, while the individual from Serbia (R-UVD) descends from the Árpáds about 900 years ago. As the separation of haplogroup N-B539 between the Hungarians and Bashkirs is

3399:

of 36 samples from Cis-Ural region and 9 Hungarian conquerors confirmed connection of paternal Hg N-Z1936 (> N-B545/Y24365) and maternal Hg N1a1 via common ancient population in addition to archaeological, historical and linguistic sources, implying the Hungarian homeland was "probably in the

1938:

narrated in 894 that the Hungarians crossed the Danube into Pannonia where they "killed men and old women outright and carried off the young women alone with them like cattle to satisfy their lusts and reduced the whole" province "to desert". Although the annalist writes of this Hungarian attack

1882:

Meanwhile Arnulf…could not overcome Sviatopolk, duke of the Moravians…and – alas! – having dismantled those very well fortified barriers which…are called "closures" by the populace. Arnulf summoned to his aid the nation of the Hungarians, greedy, rash, ignorant of almighty God but well versed in

1538:

and other places in Transdanubia demonstrate that their main features did not change with the fall of the Avar Khaganate. New settlements appeared in the former borderlands with cemeteries characterised by objects with clear analogues in contemporary Bavaria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moravia and other

3330:

in November 2019 examined the remains of 29 Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin. The majority of them carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 30% of East Eurasian & broadly Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian

3250:, and certain Central-Asian and Turkish populations" and "additional mtDNA testing identified six major mtDNA haplogroups (H, U, T, N1a, JT, X) among Hungarian conquerors, six among commoners from the time of the conquest (H, HV, M, R, T, U)", including those of Asian origin (like N, M and U4). 3237:

breeds at least at the level of high quality horses, our results show that the ethnic changes induced by the Hungarian Conquest in the late 9th century were accompanied by a similar change in the stables of the Carpathian Basin". A 2011 study on lactase persistence polymorphism of 23 elite and

1077:

For many years have in fact perpetrated the very crime of which they have only once falsely accused us. They themselves have taken in a large number of Hungarians and have shaved their own heads according to their heathen customs and they have sent them against our Christians, overcoming them,

3271:

in September 2016 examined mtDNA of 76 Hungarian-conquest period samples, and "West-Eurasian haplogroups (H, HV, I, J, K, N1a, R, T, U, V, X, W) were present at a frequency of 77%, and Central and East-Eurasian haplogroups (A, B, C, D, F, G, M) at 23%". In conclusion, "both the linguistically

1910:

had already been present in the Carpathian Basin when the Hungarians moved in. Kristó argues that Aventinus and the Hungarian historical tradition together point to an early occupation of the eastern territories of the Carpathian Basin by auxiliary troops of the Hungarian tribal confederation.

1840:

Three main theories attempt to explain the reasons for the "Hungarian land-taking". One argues that it was an intended military operation, prearranged following previous raids, with the express purpose of occupying a new homeland. This view (expounded, for example, by Bakay and Padányi) mainly

2126:

the invitation of Leo, the Christ-loving and glorious emperor crossed over and fought Symeon and totally defeated him, (…) and they went back to their own county. (…) But after Symeon (…) sent to the Pechenegs and made an agreement with them to attack and destroy And when had gone off on a

1951:

and whose name was Zuatapolug, and saluted him in the name of his people . On hearing this, Zuatapolug rejoiced greatly, for he thought that they were peasant people who would come and till his land; and so he dismissed the messenger graciously. Then by a common resolve despatched the same

3099:("Deeds of the Hungarians"), written before 1200, is the earliest extant local chronicle. However, according to Macartney, this "most misleading" example "of all the early Hungarian texts" contains much information that cannot be confirmed based on the contemporaneous sources. Around 1283 2127:

military expedition, the Pechenegs with Symeon came against and completely destroyed their families and miserably expelled thence who were guarding their country. When came back and found their country thus desolate and utterly ruined, they settled in the land where they live today (…).

2560:

and his army, which was composed of Bulgarians, Vlachs and Pechenegs from Banat. Glad ceded few towns from his duchy. Finally, Anonymus writes of a treaty between the Hungarians and Menumorut, stipulating that the local ruler's daughter was to be given in marriage to Árpád's son,

1267:

were unearthed in many warrior tombs from the period. Regino of Prüm noted the Hungarians' preference for deceptions such as apparent retreat in battle. Contemporaneous writers also recounted their viciousness, represented by the slaughter of adult males in settlement raids.

2787:

Hungarian society experienced fundamental changes in many fields (including animal husbandry, agriculture and religion) in the centuries following the "land-taking". These changes are reflected in the significant number of terms borrowed from local Slavs. About 20% of the

3460:

estimated to have occurred 2,000 years ago, it implies that the ancestors of Hungarians having Ugric and Turkic ancestry left the Volga Ural region about 2,000 years ago, and started a migration that eventually culminated in settlement in the Carpathian Basin.

2595:

of the Bulgarians were slain and Glad, their duke escaped in flight but all his army, melting like wax before flame, was destroyed at the point of the sword. (...) Prince Glad, having fled, as we said above, for fear of the Hungarians, entered the castle of

1296:

Based on extant Hungarian chronicles, it is clear that more than one (occasionally extended) list existed of the peoples inhabiting the Carpathian Basin at the time of the Hungarian landtaking. Anonymus, for instance, first writes of the "Slavs, Bulgarians,

2697:

The Hungarians settled in the lowlands of the Carpathian Basin along the rivers Danube, Tisza and their tributaries, where they could continue their semi-nomadic lifestyle. As an immediate consequence, their arrival "drove a non-Slavic wedge between the

1415:

Besides the Slavs, the presence of a German-speaking population can be demonstrated, based on toponyms. For example, the Hungarians adopted the Germanized form of the name of the river Vulka (whose name is of Slavic origin) and the document known as the

2670:, Braslav's fortress on the Zala in Pannonia. The Hungarians' victory hindered any attempts of eastward expansion by East Francia for the following decades and opened the way for the Hungarians to freely plunder vast territories of that kingdom. 3128:

Graves of the first generations of the conquering Hungarians were identified in the Carpathian Basin, but fewer than ten definitively Hungarian cemeteries have been unearthed in the Pontic steppes. Most Hungarian cemeteries include 25 or 30

1143:. In the wider region, at Subotsi on the river Adiamka, three graves (one of them belonging to a male buried with the skull and legs of his horse) are attributed to pre-conquest Hungarians. However, these tombs may date to the 10th century. 2645:, which ensured Berengar's victory. The victorious monarch allowed the Hungarians to pillage all the towns that had earlier accepted his opponent's rule, and agreed to pay a yearly tribute of about 375 kilograms (827 lb) of silver. 3123:

Map showing the basic territory of Bijelo Brdo culture (10th–12th century), according to the book of Russian archaeologist Valentin Vasilyevich Sedov. By this view, the area of the village of Bijelo Brdo itself is excluded from this

1786:, instead of Svatopluk I of Moravia and other rulers known from contemporary sources, writes of personalities and polities that are not mentioned by chroniclers working at the end of the 9th century. For instance, he refers to 3084:. The earliest local chronicle was compiled in the late 11th century. It exists in more than one variant, its original version having been extended and rewritten several times during the Middle Ages. For instance, the 14th-century 1521:

The Avars were initially nomadic horsemen, but both large cemeteries used by three or four generations and a growing number of settlements attest to their adoption of a sedentary (non-nomadic) way of life from the 8th century. The

2372:

relates that the Hungarians defeated the Moravians after their withdrawal from Italy. Thereafter the Hungarians and the Moravians made an alliance and jointly invaded Bavaria, according to Aventinus. However, the contemporary

1779:

former peace and to ask that they should not sell salt to the Moravians". The latter request suggests that the route from the salt mines of the eastern Carpathians to Moravia was controlled around that time by the Bulgarians.

2063:

invaded Byzantine territories and defeated a small imperial troop. The Byzantines approached the Hungarians to hire them to fight the Bulgarians. Nicetas Sclerus, the Byzantine envoy, concluded a treaty with their leaders,

2463:

in 901 to introduce further measures against the Hungarians. Moravian envoys proposed peace between Moravia and East Francia, because the Hungarians had in the meantime plundered their country. A Hungarian army invading

1259:

these horses and Western breeds. Regino of Prüm states that the Hungarians knew "nothing about fighting hand-to-hand in formation or taking besieged cities", but he underlines their archery skills. Remains indicate that

2692:

Settlements bearing the name of a Hungarian tribe in the Carpathian Basin (after Sándor Török). They may point at the places where the Hungarians lived amongst other peoples and help in reconstructing where the tribes

1576:

around 870. According to Pohl, it "simply proved impossible to keep up an Avar identity after Avar institutions and the high claims of their tradition had failed." The growing number of archaeological evidence in

2556:, Slovakia) and defeated and killed Zobor, the local Czech ruler, on Mount Zobor near his seat. Thereafter, as Anonymus continues, the Hungarians first occupied Pannonia from the "Romans" and next battled with 9076:

Makkai, László (1994). "Hungary before the Hungarian conquest; The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the West to 955". In Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (eds.).

3111:, earlier conquerors of the Carpathian Basin that emigrated from the Asian steppes. Accordingly, in his narration, the Hungarian invasion is in fact a second conquest of the same territory by the same people. 1448:

Regarding the right location of early Hungarian settlements, the Arabic geographer al-Jayhani (only snippets of his work survived in other Muslim authors' papers) in the 870s placed the Hungarians between the

1727:. For instance, Kristó and Senga propose the existence of two Moravias (one in the north and other one in the south), while Boba, Bowlus and Eggers argue that Moravia's core territory is in the region of the 2839:) in the borderlands of their new homeland uninhabited for defensive purposes. In this easternmost territory of the Carpathian Basin, the earliest graves attributed to Hungarian warriors—for instance, at 1877:

and Liutprand of Cremona condemned the Frankish monarch for destroying the defense lines built along the empire's borders, because this also enabled the Hungarians to attack East Francia within a decade.

1452:

and Danube rivers. Szőke identifies al-Jayhani's Danube with the middle Danube region, as opposed to the previously assumed lower Danube region because, following al-Jayhani's description, the Christian

2295:, the ruler of the central territories, according to this narrative. In contrast with Anonymus, Simon of Kéza writes of the Hungarians' fight with Svatopluk following their arrival. According to the 3238:

commoner samples from the 10-11th century found that their low prevalence of lactase persistence "corresponds well with those of present-day populations of the Uralic linguistic family, such as the

9401:"Az avar továbbélés kérdéséről: a 9. századi avar történelem görög és latin nyelvű forrásai [=On the survival of the Avars: Greek and Latin sources of the 9th-century of the Avar history]" 3283:

in October 2018 examined the mtDNA of individuals from 10th-century graves associated with the Hungarian conquerors of the Basin. The majority of their maternal lineages were traced back to the

3067:

caused by Hungarian invasions, although its earliest extant copy is from the 15th century. Similarly late manuscripts (the oldest of which was written in the 14th century) offer the text of the

3042:, a 16th-century historian, provides information that is not known by the other works which suggests that he used now-lost sources. However, his work is not considered to be a reliable source. 2706:." Fine argues that the Hungarians' departure from the western regions of the Pontic steppes weakened their former allies, the Khazars, which contributed to the collapse of the Khazar Empire. 2656:

on 4 July 907. Other contemporary sources add that Margrave Luitpold of Bavaria and 19 Bavarian counts also died in the battle. Most historians (including Engel, Makkai, and Spinei) identify

2500:

The date when Moravia ceased to exist is uncertain, because there is no clear evidence either of the "existence of Moravia as a state" after 902 (Spinei) or of its fall. A short note in the

9751:

Tóth, Sándor László (1999). "The Territories of the Hungarian Tribal Federation around 950 (Some Observations on ConstantineVII's "Tourkia")". In Prinzing, Günter; Salamon, Maciej (eds.).

1638:

walls at the end of the century. Four churches surrounded by cemeteries were unearthed in and around the settlement. At least one of them continued to be used up to the 11th century.

2396:

on 20 November 900. He had a strong fortress erected against them on the Enns. Nevertheless, the Hungarians became the masters of the Carpathian Basin by the occupation of Pannonia. The

959: 1814:" ruling over Transylvania. According to historian Ryszard Grzesik, the reference to Gelou and his Vlachs evidences that the Vlachs had already settled in Transylvania by the time the 1200:

in 881. Madgearu proposes that Kavar groups were already settled in the Tisza plain within the Carpathian Basin around 881, which may have given rise to the anachronistic reference to

2004:(…). But fifty years ago the so-called Uzes made common cause with the Chazars and joined battle with the Pechenegs and prevailed over them and expelled them from their country (…). 1581:

also presumes Avar population in the Carpathian Basin at the eve of the 10th century. Archaeological findings suggesting that there is a substantial late Avar presence on the

3559:

and his assistants. It was completed in 1894 for the 1,000th anniversary of the event. Since the 1,100th anniversary of the event in 1995, the painting has been displayed in the

3272:

recorded Finno-Ugric roots and historically documented Turkic and Central Asian influxes had possible genetic imprints in the conquerors' genetic composition". In the same year,

3367:

in January 2020 examined the remains of 19 male Hungarian conquerors. These conquerors were found to be carriers of a diverse set of haplogroups, and displayed genetic links to

2088:

broke into Hungarian territories from the east, forcing the Hungarian warriors to withdraw from Bulgaria. The Bulgarians, according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, attacked and

9205:

Nagy, P.L.; Olasz, J.; Neparáczki, E.; et al. (2020), "Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third",

9038:

Madgearu, Alexandru (2005a). "Chapter Three: Salt Trade and Warfare: The Rise of Romanian-Slavic Military Organization in Early Medieval Transylvania". In Curta, Florin (ed.).

1873:

In fact, following a break of eleven years, the Hungarians returned to the Carpathian Basin in 892. They came to assist Arnulf of East Francia against Svatopluk I of Moravia.

2318:

list Árpád, Szabolcs, Gyula, Örs, Künd, Lél and Vérbulcsú. Contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous sources make mention of Álmos (Constantine Porphyrogenitus), of Árpád (

1171:("Seven Hungarians") denomination of the tribal confederation, although he writes of "seven leading persons" jointly bearing this name instead of a political organization. 2104:. Thus the 14th-century Hungarian chronicles' story of eagles compelling the Hungarians' ancestors to cross the Carpathians most probably refers to the Pechenegs' attack. 878:

in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895. Other theories assert that the Hungarians crossed the Carpathian Mountains following a joint attack by the

4020: 3141:

furnished with metal plates, pear-shaped stirrups and other metal works. Many of these objects had close analogues in the contemporaneous archaeological cultures (e.g.

2072:

and Byzantine ships transferred Hungarian warriors across the Lower Danube. The Hungarians invaded Bulgaria, forced Tzar Simeon to flee to the fortress of Dristra (now

2652:

reports that Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg fell, along with Bishops Uto of Freising and Zachary of Säben, in a "disastrous battle" fought against the Hungarians at

1774:

against the Bulgars in 824. Bulgarian troops also invaded Pannonia, "expelled the Slavic chieftains and appointed Bulgar governors instead" in 827. An inscription at

2357:

The death of Arnulf released the Hungarians from their alliance with East Francia. On their way back from Italy they expanded their rule over Pannonia. According to

2361:, the Hungarians "claimed for themselves the nation of the Moravians, which King Arnulf had subdued with the aid of their might" at the coronation of Arnulf's son, 2341:, the sacred ruler of the Hungarians, at the time of their destruction by the Pechenegs, which caused his sacrifice. If his death was in fact the consequence of a 1634:, a fortress in the marshes. Initially defended by timber walls, this "castle complex" (András Róna-Tas) became an administrative center. It was strengthened by 1224: 2249:(two sons of the late Moravian ruler, Svatopluk I), in which Emperor Arnulf also intervened. There is no mention of the Hungarians' activities in those years. 2211:

The route taken across the Carpathians is also contested. Anonymus and Simon of Kéza have the invading Hungarians crossing the northeastern passes, while the

9686:

Szakács, Béla Zsolt (2006). "Between Chronicle and Legend: Image Cycles of St Ladislaus in Fourteenth-Century Hungarian Manuscripts". In Kooper, Erik (ed.).

3420: 8080:

Szeifert, Bea; Gerber, Daniel; Csáky, Veronika; Langó, Péter; Stashenkov, Dmitrii; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Sitdikov, Ayrat; Gazimzyanov, Ilgizar (9 May 2022).

991:, a geographically unified but politically divided land, after acquiring thorough local knowledge of the area from the 860s onwards. After the end of the 3221:

and 14 from Hungarian conquest period, and "Avar sequences were genetically heterogeneous, closely related to Eastern breeds including the north Russian

2565:. Macartney argues that Anonymus's narration of both Menumorut and of Glad is basically a transcription of a much later report of the early 11th-century 5647:

Wang, Chuan-Chao; Posth, Cosimo; Furtwängler, Anja; Sümegi, Katalin; Bánfai, Zsolt; Kásler, Miklós; Krause, Johannes; Melegh, Béla (28 September 2021).

3842:

Wang, Chuan-Chao; Posth, Cosimo; Furtwängler, Anja; Sümegi, Katalin; Bánfai, Zsolt; Kásler, Miklós; Krause, Johannes; Melegh, Béla (28 September 2021).

3133:

graves, but isolated burials were common. Adult males (and sometimes women and children) were buried together with either parts of their horses or with

2886:

Instead of attacking the Pechenegs and the Bulgarians in the east, the Hungarians made several raids into Western Europe. For instance, they plundered

2804:. Similarly, the Hungarian name of vegetables, fruits and other cultivated plants, as well as many Hungarian terms connected to agriculture are Slavic 3510:

with some maternal lineages originating in the east also surviving in the area. The main paternal lineages of the Hungarian conquerors belong to the

9400: 4843:"Avar–magyar találkozó. Helyszín, időpont? (In: ...in nostra lingua Hringe nominant, Tanulmányok Szentpéteri József 60. születésnapja tiszteletére)" 2084:, son of Arpad" at that time, which suggests that he was the commander of the army, but he might have been mentioned in the war context by chance. 1418: 74: 2051:

The relationship between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire sharpened in 894, because Emperor Leo the Wise forced the Bulgarian merchants to leave

8129: 284: 1866:

and the Bulgarians forced the Hungarians' hand. Kristó, Tóth and the theory's other adherents refer to the unanimous testimony provided by the

3339:

was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common among

2688: 8184:(Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation by Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. 791: 539: 379: 304: 9482:"De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries 8166:(Edited, Translated and Annotated by Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy) (2010). In: Rady, Martyn; Veszprémy, László; Bak, János M. (2010); 2256:

in 899 and 900. The letter of Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg and his suffragans suggests that Emperor Arnulf incited them to attack King

1539:

distant territories. A manor defended by timber walls (similar to noble courts of other parts of the Carolingian Empire) was unearthed at

9753:

Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa, 950–1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996

5888: 5598: 3700: 2958: 8348: 3257:"Comparison of the major Hg distributions from ancient Hungarian populations ... Brackets mark east Eurasian Hgs", by Maár et al. 2021 2302:

The Hungarian chronicles preserved two separate lists of the Hungarians' leaders at the time of the conquest. Anonymus mentions Álmos,

2284:, defeated them at Venice on 29 June 900. They returned from Italy when they learned of the death of Emperor Arnulf at the end of 899. 1228: 1046:

on the latter's behalf in the Lower Danube region in 836 or 837. The first known Hungarian raid in Central Europe was recorded in the

1043: 2911:

in 955 "put an end to the raids in the West" (Kontler), while they stopped plundering the Byzantines following their defeat in the

2859:. All the same, warriors were also stationed in outposts east of the Carpathians, as suggested by 10th-century graves unearthed at 2771: 3331:

paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to

2109:

the Petchenegs, they said goodbye to their homeland and set out to look for lands where they could live and establish settlements.

1731:, in present-day Serbia. The existence of a southern Moravian realm is not supported by artifacts, while strongholds unearthed at 9650:

The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu)

9501:"Y-chromosomal connection between Hungarians and geographically distant populations of the Ural Mountain region and West Siberia" 8854:. Teleki László Foundation & Hungarian National Organisation of the World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples. pp. 235–246. 519: 2299:, the Hungarians "remained quietly in Erdelw and rested their herds" there after their crossing because of an attack by eagles. 9869: 2583:

and other place names recorded in Banat in the 14th century and 16th century attest to the memory of a local ruler named Glad.

1573: 1530:, who occupied Transdanubia and attached it to his empire. Archaeological investigation of early medieval rural settlements at 1167:

that formed a confederation. Constantine Porphyrogenitus mentions this number. Anonymous seems to have preserved the Hungarian

1027:, there is no trace of massacres and mass graves, it is believed to have been a peaceful transition for local residents in the 189: 5804:. Helikon Kiadó, MTA BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Témacsoport (Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Hungarian Prehistory Research Team). 3913:. Helikon Kiadó, MTA BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Témacsoport (Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Hungarian Prehistory Research Team). 9722: 9695: 9676: 9638: 9619: 9489: 9047: 9028: 8677: 8488: 8406: 8327:

The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor

8289: 8263: 8203: 8175: 5906: 5872: 5809: 5774: 5744: 5616: 3981: 3918: 3805: 3763: 3718: 369: 254: 9612:

Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky)

3560: 3030:

around 908, sums up his knowledge on the Hungarians in a sole entry under "the year 889". Another valuable source is Bishop

9706: 2253: 1862:

was not a weakened population without a significant military power. The opposite view maintains that a joint attack by the

8850:

Hajdú, Mihály (2004). "The Hungarian language". In Nanovfszky, György; Rubovszky, Éva; Klima, László; et al. (eds.).

8198:(2007). In: The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona (Translated by Paolo Squatriti); The Catholic University of Press; 1711:

and Slovakia. However, Constantine Porphyrogenitus places "great Moravia, the unbaptized" somewhere in the regions beyond

2615:

An important event following the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, the Bavarians' murder of Kurszán, was recorded by the

1592:(another people of Turkic origin) were also present in the territory. The charter refers to the "Marches of the Wangars" 429: 9285:"Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians" 8748:"Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes" 5829: 3938: 3080:

The Hungarians initially preserved the memory of the major events in "the form of folk songs and ballads", according to

3527: 3104: 3013: 2953: 1977:) in 893. Later he caused a new movement of peoples who one by one invaded the lands of their western neighbors in the 1283: 708: 499: 479: 344: 219: 179: 8500:"Early medieval genetic data from Ural region evaluated in the light of archaeological evidence of ancient Hungarians" 9826: 9807: 9762: 9741: 9657: 9600: 9470: 9451: 9107: 9086: 9066: 8960: 8939: 8920: 8899: 8880: 8859: 8794: 8736: 8717: 8696: 8654: 8469: 8450: 8431: 8317: 8303: 8249: 8235: 8221: 8189: 5842: 3951: 3210: 2512: 8553:"Y-chromosome analysis of ancient Hungarian and two modern Hungarian-speaking populations from the Carpathian Basin" 1746:

was also deeply involved in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century. A late 10th-century Byzantine lexicon known as

9914: 9889: 9789: 8759: 3149:

culture" of the Pontic steppes. Most cemeteries from the 9th and 10th centuries are concentrated in the Upper

1985:

clearly connects the westward movement of the Pechenegs and the Hungarians to previous fights between the Karluks,

784: 209: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9884: 9879: 2384:

One of the Hungarian contingents crossed the Danube and plundered the territories on the river's north bank, but

2349:

who were executed, according to Ibn Fadlan and al-Masudi, in the case of disasters affecting their whole people.

2337:, Árpád's father "could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdély". The episode implies that Álmos was the 2230: 1031:. Other scholars dismiss the continuity between late Avar and Hungarian Conquerors and/or the "double-conquest" ( 688: 9344:"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin" 8350:

SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL)

8082:"Tracing genetic connections of ancient Hungarians to the 6th-14th century populations of the Volga-Ural region" 5611:(in Hungarian). Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141. 3713:(in Hungarian). Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141. 2468:

was defeated in April 901, and Aventinus describes a defeat of the Hungarians by Margrave Luitpold at the river

831:'taking/conquest of the homeland'), was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the 9894: 9874: 3514:, at a total of 36.8%, with variable amounts (from 6.1% to 1%) still found in the modern Hungarian population. 2920: 2588: 2435:

over the hill now called Hungarian and on arriving at the Dnipro, they pitched camp. They were nomads like the

839:

in the late 9th and early 10th century. Before the arrival of the Hungarians, three early medieval powers, the

743: 703: 584: 449: 9705:

Szőke, Béla Miklós (2003). "A Karoling-kor (811–896) ". In Visy, Zsolt; Nagy, Mihály; B. Kiss, Zsuzsa (eds.).

2978:("On Governing the Empire") provides the most detailed account. It was compiled under the auspices of Emperor 2637:, leading from Pannonia to Lombardy, in 904. They arrived as King Berengar I's allies against his rival, King 1993:. Porphyrogenitus writes of a joint attack by the Khazars and Ouzes that compelled the Pechenegs to cross the 4816: 3576: 2679: 2385: 1851: 1739:

and other areas to the north of the middle Danube point at the existence of a power center in those regions.

1692:, developed Moravia's military strength. He promoted the proselytizing activities of the Byzantine brothers, 1078:

leading some away as captives, killing others, while still others, imprisoned, perished of hunger and thirst.

1042:

contains the earliest certain reference to the Hungarians. It states that Hungarian warriors intervened in a

913: 653: 334: 134: 9554:"Mitochondrial sequence variation in ancient horses from the Carpathian Basin and possible modern relatives" 5791: 3900: 1510:. However, the Gepids survived up until the second half of the 9th century, according to a reference in the 920:

between 943 and 971. However, they gradually settled in the basin and established a Christian monarchy, the

8230:(Edited and translated by László Veszprémy and Frank Schaer with a study by Jenő Szűcs) (1999). CEU Press. 3493:. The earliest traces of their ancestors' settlements can be found in the territory bordered by the Rivers 3485:

people from Western Siberia (6th–13th century), the pre-Conquest period and subsisting Hungarians from the

3383:(mainly N3a4-Z1936, N3a4-Z1936 > Y13850, N3a4-Z1936 > Y13850 > L1034; less N3a2-M2118, present in 2912: 2616: 2368: 2034: 1103:

until their invasion across the Carpathians. He adds that it was located in the territory where the rivers

594: 399: 9669:

The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century

9463:

Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th Century: The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State

4842: 3295:

cultures of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, while one-third of their maternal lineages could be traced back to

1019:

population survived the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin. In this power vacuum, The

9415: 5649:"Genome-wide autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome analysis of King Bela III of the Hungarian Arpad dynasty" 3844:"Genome-wide autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome analysis of King Bela III of the Hungarian Arpad dynasty" 2539: 2522: 2132: 2030: 2022: 2009: 777: 713: 698: 54: 34: 8356:. Toronto: Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto. p. 16. Archived from 4848:(in Hungarian). MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont, Kecskeméti Katona József Múzeum. pp. 121–140 3404:

was disseminated Lomovatovo and Nevolino cultures are archaeologically related to ancient Hungarians".

9817:

Nägler, Thomas (2005). "Transylvania between 900 and 1300". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.).

2666:(Bratislava, Slovakia), but some researchers (for instance Boba and Bowlus) argue that it can refer to 1770:

on the Danube", most probably along the lower courses of the river Tisza, sought the assistance of the

683: 229: 8133: 5724: 3785: 4817:"A Kárpát-medence a Karoling-korban és a magyar honfoglalás (Tudomány és hagyományőrzés konferencia)" 3539: 3522: 3481:

Another study published in 2022, taking into account the genetic data originating from ancient proto-

3069: 2962: 1696:

in an attempt to seek independence from East Francia. Moravia reached its "peak of importance" under

1182:, who (according to Constantine) joined the Hungarians following their unsuccessful riot against the 856: 855:. They occasionally hired Hungarian horsemen as soldiers. Therefore, the Hungarians who dwelt on the 574: 469: 274: 264: 79: 8706:

Engel, Pál (2003). "A honfoglalás és a Fehérló-monda "igaz története" ". In Csukovits, Enikő (ed.).

3614: 3026: 3020:

in 900 also refers to the conquering Hungarians, but it is often regarded as a fake document. Abbot

8557: 5761: 3750: 3604: 3205: 3081: 2974: 2552:

According to Anonymus, who does not write of Moravia, the Hungarians invaded the region of Nyitra (

2544: 2525:(Spišské Tomášovce), Dévény and other places in modern Slovakia is dated to the period around 900. 2410:

who had earlier subjugated the Slavs' homeland in Pannonia, according to scholars who identify the

2137: 2014: 733: 614: 459: 4066:"Gyula László's theory of the "two-time conquest of the Magyars" and the archaeology of the Avars" 2658: 9591:

Austria–Hungary & the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

9172:"Comparison of lactase persistence polymorphism in ancient and present-day Hungarian populations" 8312:

Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum (Edited by Dezső Dercsényi) (1970). Corvina, Taplinger Publishing.

3619: 2683: 2600:. (...) sent to seek peace with and of his own will delivered up the castle with diverse gifts. 1650: 1302: 723: 663: 549: 169: 3489:(6th–14th century) and their neighbours, emphasises the connection of Hungarian Conquerors with 3359:"The frequency of paternal haplogroups in the Hungarian Conqueror samples", by Fóthi et al. 2020 3253: 3107:, wrote the next surviving chronicle. He claims that the Hungarians were closely related to the 3074: 1588:

A charter issued in 860 by King Louis the German for the Mattsee Abbey may well attest that the

1523: 1388:("sooty river"). Place names of Slavic origin abound across the Carpathian Basin. For instance, 9443: 9435: 8357: 3053:

of saints preserved an eyewitness account on the Bulgarian-Byzantine war of 894–896. The first

2968: 2089: 1743: 1697: 1470: 1004: 883: 840: 439: 8216:(Translated by Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers); The University of Michigan Press; 5912: 5622: 3724: 3416: 3336: 3073:, a historical work completed in 1113. It provides information based on earlier Byzantine and 2322:

and Constantine Porphyrogenitus), of Liountikas (Constantine Porphyrogenitus) and of Kurszán (

1515: 1015:

population in their stateless state. According to one theory the archaeological evidence, the

8805: 4698: 3436: 3401: 3142: 2191: 2172: 1958: 1758: 1582: 1373: 1156: 887: 678: 9099:

Transylvania in the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom (896–1526), History of Transylvania, Volume I

3229:... by contrast, the early Hungarian horses showed a relatively close relationship with the 3182: 2080:. An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus's work states that the Hungarians had a prince named " 9512: 9361: 9302: 9132: 8763: 8607: 8511: 5660: 3855: 3568: 3511: 3031: 2944: 2924: 2641:. The Hungarians devastated the territories occupied earlier by King Louis along the river 2440: 2358: 2060: 2045: 1927: 1888: 1689: 1062: 946: 860: 728: 389: 69: 23: 3198: 2985: 2742: 2562: 8: 3471: 3432: 3372: 3320: 3046: 2872: 2710: 2257: 2222: 1922: 1693: 1685: 1654: 1646: 1565: 1487: 1305:" as inhabiting the territory, but later he refers to "a people called Kozar" and to the 906: 826: 748: 529: 199: 114: 9516: 9365: 9306: 9136: 8767: 8729:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth century

8611: 8515: 8325: 5664: 3859: 2402:

may also reflect the memory of this event when relating how the Hungarians expelled the

18: 9589: 9535: 9500: 9382: 9348: 9343: 9325: 9284: 9271: 9229: 9158: 9017: 8998: 8971: 8666: 8628: 8594: 8589: 8534: 8499: 8106: 8081: 6916: 5681: 5648: 3876: 3843: 3829:

Continuity and/or encounter? "Avar" and "Hungarian" in the 9th century Carpathian Basin

3552: 3412: 3267: 3209:

in March 2008 analyzed 4 samples from the 10th century, and two carried North Eurasian

3137:

and other objects symbolizing a horse. The graves also yielded decorated silver belts,

3039: 3003: 2908: 2887: 2789: 2756: 2502: 2465: 2393: 2241:) with the defense of all Pannonia in 896. In 897 or 898 a civil war broke out between 1874: 1724: 1325: 1255:

commanded an army of 20,000 horsemen, but the reliability of this number is uncertain.

1188: 1048: 921: 817: 693: 673: 668: 658: 509: 324: 43: 8645:

Curta, Florin (2001). "Transylvania around A.D 1000". In Urbańczyk, Przemyslaw (ed.).

5727:[Outline of the background of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin] 3788:[Outline of the background of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin] 3431:. The subclade was also found in nearest contemporary matches of 48 Bashkirs from the 3423:. It was established that the male lineage of the Árpáds belonged to the Y-haplogroup 3307:(Asian Huns). The mtDNA of the conquerors was found to be most closely related to the 2185: 1622:

were initially governed by royal officers and local chieftains. A Slavic prince named

1531: 1400:("citadel") and other early medieval fortresses bore a Slavic name, while the name of 1069:. Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg clearly states in his letter of around 900 that the 9822: 9803: 9785: 9758: 9737: 9718: 9691: 9672: 9653: 9634: 9615: 9596: 9575: 9540: 9485: 9466: 9447: 9387: 9330: 9263: 9234: 9193: 9162: 9150: 9103: 9082: 9062: 9043: 9024: 9003: 8956: 8935: 8916: 8895: 8876: 8855: 8831: 8790: 8732: 8713: 8692: 8673: 8650: 8633: 8576: 8571: 8552: 8539: 8484: 8465: 8446: 8427: 8402: 8313: 8299: 8285: 8259: 8245: 8231: 8217: 8199: 8185: 8171: 8111: 5902: 5868: 5838: 5805: 5770: 5740: 5686: 5612: 4065: 3977: 3947: 3914: 3881: 3801: 3759: 3714: 3556: 3486: 3380: 3300: 3284: 3214: 3064: 3008: 2832: 2752: 2709:

Some decades after the Hungarian conquest, a new synthesis of earlier cultures, the "

2450: 2398: 2001:

Originally, the Pechenegs had their dwelling on the river and likewise on the river

1720: 1454: 901:

The Hungarians strengthened their control over the Carpathian Basin by defeating the

604: 489: 9821:. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 199–231. 9782:

In Search of a New Homeland: The Prehistory of the Hungarian People and the Conquest

8972:"Maternal Lineages from 10–11th Century Commoner Cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin" 8343:(First edition published in 1930. The first 50 pages are a scholarly introduction.) 5705: 4021:"A Magyarságkutató Intézet azon dolgozik, hogy fényt derítsen valódi származásunkra" 3998: 3021: 2291:

before conquering Gelou's Transylvania. Subsequently, the Hungarians turned against

2114: 1131:

is not unanimously accepted, the last three names without doubt refer to the rivers

1070: 9565: 9530: 9520: 9377: 9369: 9320: 9310: 9275: 9255: 9224: 9214: 9183: 9140: 8993: 8983: 8821: 8771: 8623: 8615: 8566: 8529: 8519: 8258:(Translated and annotated by Janet L. Nelson) (1991). Manchester University Press. 8101: 8093: 5676: 5668: 3871: 3863: 3482: 3292: 3288: 3218: 3095: 3086: 2999: 2991: 2764: 2607: 2311: 2307: 2265: 1970: 1499: 1329: 1317: 1216: 1054: 917: 902: 894:(the region to the west of the river) in 900. They exploited internal conflicts in 867: 648: 314: 8244:(Translated and annotated by Timothy Reuter) (1992). Manchester University Press. 3824:

Folytonosság és/vagy találkozás? "Avar" és "magyar" a 9. századi Kárpát-medencében

3100: 2856: 2851:—are concentrated around the Transylvanian salt mines in the valley of the rivers 1736: 9357: 9315: 9123: 8603: 3507: 3475: 3465: 3262: 2979: 2948: 2928: 2895: 2891: 2638: 2362: 2342: 1978: 1859: 1846: 1662: 1495: 1441: 1321: 1092: 1028: 1024: 1016: 1012: 992: 988: 972: 875: 863:

were familiar with what would become their homeland when their conquest started.

852: 718: 419: 409: 294: 124: 8401:(Text, translation, and commentary by George T. Dennis) (2010). Dumbarton Oaks. 8296:

The History of al-Tabarī, Volume XXXVIII: The Return of the Caliphate to Baghdad

2734: 2569:, Glad's alleged descendant. In contrast, for instance, Madgearu maintains that 2506:

refers to a "war with the Hungarians in Moravia" in 902, during which the "land

2252:

The next event recorded in connection with the Hungarians is their raid against

1502:

people. Upon their arrival in the region, they imposed their authority over the

1223:(two Muslim scholars from the 10th and 11th centuries, respectively, whose 1053:

which writes of "enemies, called Hungarians, hitherto unknown" who ravaged King

9525: 9373: 8776: 8747: 8524: 6863: 5901:. Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 120, 170. 5672: 3867: 3596: 3490: 3392: 3368: 3146: 2880: 2868: 2281: 2277: 2261: 2077: 2052: 2040: 1708: 1704: 1483: 968: 836: 767: 9849: 9570: 9553: 9259: 9219: 9145: 9118: 9097: 3186: 2852: 2748: 2198: 1437: 1345: 9863: 8835: 3609: 3502: 3440: 3355: 3134: 2848: 2485: 1966: 1572:

lists the Avars among the peoples under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the

1474: 1260: 1247: 1164: 1151: 1140: 1058: 895: 848: 9845:"The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian Conquest in the 9th Century" 9717:(in Hungarian). Nemzeti Kulturális Örökség Minisztériuma. pp. 312–317. 8380:"Rus' primary chronicle critical edition – Interlinear line-level collation" 8298:(Translated by Franz Rosenthal) (1985). State University of New York Press. 5859: 3968: 2961:, a military conflict directly preceding the Hungarians' departure from the 2792:

vocabulary is of Slavic origin, including the Hungarian words for sheep-pen

9844: 9579: 9544: 9391: 9334: 9267: 9238: 9197: 9154: 9007: 8637: 8580: 8543: 8115: 5690: 3885: 3316: 3243: 3226: 3213:

N1a1-Tat ("previously called Tat or N1c", M46). A 2009 study also examined

3170: 3017: 2903: 2633:

The Hungarians invaded Italy using the so-called "Route of the Hungarians"

2423: 2378: 2246: 2203: 2163: 2056: 2026: 1728: 1661:. Under his rule, Moravian troops interved into the conflict known as the " 1658: 1627: 1578: 1466: 1427: 1369: 1278: 1186:. The Hungarians and the Kabars are mentioned in the longer version of the 1146: 1128: 1084: 1066: 1008: 1000: 996: 844: 8988: 8826: 8462:

Franks, Moravians and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907

8284:(Translated and annotated by Simon MacLean); Manchester University Press; 8097: 3190: 2780: 1732: 1263:

were the Hungarians' most important weapons. In addition, slightly curved

951: 8333:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325 4752: 3456: 3340: 3247: 3234: 3162: 3055: 2899: 2776: 2703: 2557: 1986: 1918: 1607: 1561: 1553: 1527: 1449: 1393: 1377: 1236: 9631:

Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe

5220: 5196: 3319:. The conquerors did not display significant genetic relations to other 3119: 2864: 2726: 2718: 2081: 1907: 1535: 1397: 1389: 1364:

were borrowed from Slavs. The Hungarians also adopted a great number of

1306: 738: 9188: 9171: 6904: 5186: 5184: 3296: 3230: 3138: 3060: 3012:

which ends in 901 is the earliest among them. A letter from Archbishop

2730: 2699: 2642: 2460: 2065: 2002: 1855: 1842: 1630:

around 840. He promoted the colonisation of his lands and also erected

1540: 1020: 984: 871: 832: 8619: 3308: 3063:, written around 924, contains nearly contemporary information on the 2667: 2218: 1944: 1900: 1841:

follows the narration of Anonymus and later Hungarian chronicles. The

1631: 1612: 1432: 1098: 8424:

The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe

8214:

Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories

7745: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7231: 6500: 3548: 3448: 3444: 3344: 2840: 2663: 2510:

succumbed", but this text is ambiguous. Alternatively, the so-called

2419: 2288: 2242: 2147: 1982: 1863: 1787: 1763: 1635: 1401: 1349: 1095:

mentions that the Hungarians dwelled in a territory that they called

879: 9246:

mtDNA haplotypes and Y-chromosome haplogroups in a small cemetery".

9019:

The Medieval Hungarian Historians: A Critical & Analytical Guide

8590:"Maternal Genetic Ancestry and Legacy of 10th Century AD Hungarians" 8379: 5181: 4932: 4710: 3822: 3194: 2947:

were the first to record these events. The earliest work is Emperor

2489: 2480: 1850:

style of ornaments, and belonged to the same anthropological group.

1676: 866:

The Hungarian conquest started in the context of a "late or 'small'

9289: 3349: 3332: 3279: 2805: 2714: 2493: 2269: 2155: 2073: 1775: 1756:

of Bulgaria attacked the Avars from the southeast around 803. The

1712: 1601: 1365: 1332:

population. For instance, the Hungarian names of the rivers Danube

1132: 964: 927: 891: 9059:

The Romanians in the Anonymous Gesta Hungarorum: Truth and Fiction

7803: 7736: 7015: 2722: 2334: 1422:

from around 870 lists Germanic place names in Pannonia, including

1123:

run. Although the identification of the first two rivers with the

9117:

Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (25 May 2022).

9061:. Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. 8278:

History and Politics in Late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe: The

4560: 4558: 3564: 3428: 3388: 3312: 3304: 3217:

variation in 31 ancient horses from the Pannonian Basin, 17 from

2876: 2738: 2575: 1974: 1795: 1791: 1716: 1623: 1619: 1596:

situated in the westernmost regions of the Carpathian Basin. The

1589: 1560:

asked Charlemagne to let his people settle in the region between

1381: 1232: 1220: 1183: 1124: 976: 624: 8689:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

6700: 6449: 5942: 5429: 4040:"Reflections on the 'Dual Conquest' Theory of Hungarian Origins" 3154: 2303: 2189:

The Hungarians' arrival in the Carpathian Basin depicted in the

1666: 1083:

Letter of Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg and his suffragans to

9629:

Spiesz, Anton; Caplovic, Dusan; Bolchazy, Ladislaus J. (2006).

5858:

Négyesi, Lajos; Veszprémy, László (2011). Gubcsi, Lajos (ed.).

3967:

Négyesi, Lajos; Veszprémy, László (2011). Gubcsi, Lajos (ed.).

3498: 3452: 3384: 3239: 3222: 3161:, but early small cemeteries were also unearthed at Kolozsvár ( 3130: 2860: 2566: 2531: 2469: 2436: 2418:

as Franks. Other historians associate them either with Vlachs (

2389: 2273: 2151: 1997:

River sometime between 893 and 902 (most probably around 894).

1948: 1811: 1803: 1771: 1548: 1503: 1385: 1310: 1298: 1201: 1193: 104: 9119:"The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians" 8013: 7989: 7977: 5579: 5044: 5042: 4555: 3669: 3395:. A 2020 archaeogenetic and archaeological study published in 3158: 1832: 1600:

denomination seems to reflect the Slavic form of the Onogurs'

1361: 9710:[Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium] 9414:(11). Szeged (HU): Tiszatáj Alapítvány: 50–56. Archived from 9102:. Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 8347:

Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (2013) .

7386: 7051: 4422: 4398: 4284: 4282: 3494: 3427:

subclade R-Z2125 > R-Z2123 > R-Y2632 > R-Y2633 >

3376: 3150: 2844: 2597: 2592: 2553: 2292: 2260:. They routed the Italian troops on 2 September at the river 2234: 1994: 1990: 1807: 1799: 1767: 1642: 1507: 1479: 1444:

and other rivers could be either Turkic or Slavic in origin.

1405: 1357: 1337: 1328:) names of the longest rivers in the Carpathian Basin from a 1264: 1241: 1179: 9465:. Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Fundaţia Culturală Română. 8324:

Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953).

7883: 7881: 7866: 7335: 6651: 6649: 4347: 4175: 3419:

and unknown Árpád member named as "II/52" / "HU52" from the

2431:

among them, and did them violence... The Magyars passed by

916:

to Western Europe between 899 and 955 and also targeted the

9298: 8256:

The Annals of St-Bertin (Ninth-Century Histories, Volume I)

7941: 7844: 7842: 7352: 7350: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7063: 6979: 6712: 6624: 6622: 6595: 6583: 6524: 6036: 6034: 5954: 5273: 5039: 4657: 3166: 3108: 2530:

refuge to the adjacent nations, to the Bulgarians and and

2432: 2238: 2159: 1753: 1748: 1353: 1341: 1136: 1065:, at war with Louis the German, hired Hungarians to invade 84: 22:

Hungarian conquest (of the Carpathian Basin) – painting by

9854:: The Time of the Hungarian Conquest (a video on YouTube)" 9040:

East Central & Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages

8164: