692:
207:, by Diakonoff. Several studies argue that the connection is probable. Other scholars doubt that the language families are related, or believe that, while a connection is possible, the evidence is far from conclusive. Uralicist and Indo-Europeanist Petri Kallio argues that the matter is hindered by the lack of consensus about how to reconstruct Proto-Northeast-Caucasian, but that Alarodian is the most promising proposal for relations with Northeast Caucasian, greater than rival proposals to link it with Northwest Caucasian or other families.
457:, which only survives in fossilized form merged into some case endings in Urartian. Hurrian clearly marks tense or aspect through special suffixes, the unmarked form is the present tense. Urartian has not been shown to do so in the attested texts. The unmarked form functions as a past tense. Hurrian has special negative verbal suffixes that negate a verb and are placed before the ergative person agreement suffixes. Urartian has no such thing, and instead uses negative particles that are placed before the verb.
706:
337:, Armen Petrosyan, and others has proposed more extensive contacts between the languages, including vocabulary, grammar, parts of speech, and proper nouns loaned into Armenian, such as Urartian "eue" ("and"), attested in the earliest Urartian texts (compare to Armenian "yev" (և, եվ), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European
169:
between
Hurrian and Urartian is undisputed, the wider connections of Hurro-Urartian to other language families are controversial. After the decipherment of Hurrian and Urartian inscriptions and documents in the 19th and early 20th century, Hurrian and Urartian were soon recognized as not related to
470:
subject or object is optionally marked with a pronominal enclitic that need not be attached to the verb, and can also be attached to any other word in the clause. In
Urartian, the ergative suffixes and the absolutive clitics have merged into a single set of obligatory suffixes, that express the
425:
Despite this structural similarity, there are significant differences. In the phonology, written
Hurrian only seems to distinguish a single series of phonemic obstruents without any contrastive phonation distinctions, the variation in voicing, though visible in the script, was allophonic. In
471:
person of both the ergative and the absolutive participant and are an integral part of the verb. In general, the profusion of freely moving pronominal and conjunctional clitics that characterize
Hurrian, especially that of the Mitanni letter, has few parallels in Urartian.
1009:
Johanna
Nichols (January 2003). "The Nakh Dagestanian consonant correspondences". In Dee Ann Holisky; Kevin Tuite (eds.). Current Trends in Caucasian, East European, and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Howard I. Aronson. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 208. ISBN
325:
valley. It branched off from
Hurrian at approximately the beginning of the second millennium BC. Scholars, such as Paul Zimansky, contend that Urartian was only spoken by a small ruling class and was not the primary language of the majority of the population.
417:
The complex morpheme "chains" of nouns and verbs follow roughly the same morpheme sequences in both languages. In nouns, the sequence in both languages is stem – article – possessive suffix – plural suffix – case suffix – agreement
426:
contrast, written
Urartian distinguishes as many as three series: voiced, voiceless and "emphatic", perhaps glottalized. Urartian is characterized by the apparent reduction of some word-final vowels to schwa, e.g. Urartian
248:
between at least last quarter of the third millennium BC and its extinction towards the end of the second millennium BC. There were various
Hurrian-speaking states, of which the most prominent one was the kingdom of
1233:
John A. C. Greppin; I. M. Diakonoff, Some
Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 111, No. 4 (Oct., 1991), pp.
1302:
Armen
Petrosyan. "Towards the Origins of the Armenian People. The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review." Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. 2007. pp. 33-34.
1065:
Kallio, Petri. "XXI. Beyond Indo-European". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthew (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2285–2286.
422:) suffix. In verbs, the portion of the structure shared by both languages is stem – valency marker – person suffixes. Most morphemes have fairly similar phonological forms in the two languages.
329:
Although Hurro-Urartian languages became extinct with the collapse of the Urartu empire, Diakonoff and Greppin suggested that traces of its vocabulary survived in a small number of loanwords in
1303:
4166:
1255:
1314:
276:
was possibly related to Hurro-Urartian. Francfort and Tremblay on the basis of the Akkadian textual and archaeological evidence, proposed to identify the kingdom of
1291:
Hrach Martirosyan (2013). "The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian*" Leiden University. p. 85-86.
474:
Urartian is closer to the so-called Old Hurrian variety, mostly attested in Hittite documents, than to the Hurrian of the Mitanni letter. For example, both use
178:
languages. To date, the most conservative view holds that Hurro-Urartian is a primary language family not demonstrably related to any other language family.
153:
It is often assumed that the Hurro-Urartian languages, or a pre-split Proto-Hurro-Urartian language, were originally spoken by people who engaged in the
1399:
Fournet, Arnaud. 2013. "Eléments De Morphologie Et De Syntaxe De La Langue Hourrite. Destinés à l’étude Des Textes Mittaniens Et Anatolo-Hittites". In:
307:
archives. The "Old Hurrian" variety is known from some early royal inscriptions and from religious and literary texts, especially from Hittite centres.
291:
culture in ancient times, so many Hurrian texts are preserved from Hittite political centres. The Mitanni variety is chiefly known from the so-called "
1243:
Armen Petrosyan. "The Armenian Elements in the Language and Onomastics of Urartu." Association for Near Eastern and Caucasian Studies. 2010. p. 133.
284:. The Marhashite personal names seems to point towards an Eastern variant of Hurrian, or another language of the Hurro-Urartian language family.
1412:
Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday
3364:
3499:
1374:Дьяконов И. М. Языки древней Передней Азии. Издательство Наука, Москва. 1967. Часть I. Глава IV. Хурритский и урартский языки. pp. 113-165
750:
4216:
1466:
281:
269:, might have been Hurrian speakers. As little is known about them, it is hard to draw any conclusions about what languages they spoke.
1160:
893:
4156:
1244:
810:. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Vol. 20. New Haven: The American Schools of Oriental Research.
1181:"Urartian Material Culture As State Assemblage: An Anomaly in the Archaeology of Empire," Paul Zimansky, Page 103 of 103-115
4366:
2879:
2460:
1383:
Kassian, Alexei. 2010. Hurro-Urartian from the lexicostatistical viewpoint. In Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz (eds.),
1127:
Schneider, Thomas (2003). "Kassitisch und Hurro-Urartäisch. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu möglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen".
2989:
1435:
919:
1961:
1281:
1313:
Yervand Grekyan. "Urartian State Mythology". Yerevan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Press. 2018. pp. 44-45.
4361:
3146:
1033:
313:
is attested from the late 9th century BC to the late 7th century BC as the official written language of the state of
4239:
3492:
3122:
2361:
200:
2280:
2216:
1459:
4081:
4069:
2893:
2135:
2644:
4296:
4286:
4281:
4146:
3974:
3758:
3753:
3359:
3006:
2141:
1966:
1752:
1746:
1670:
1356:
Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Urartian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. pp. 105-123
4301:
4271:
4126:
3369:
3354:
3053:
2354:
2341:
2112:
2073:
1347:
Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. pp. 81-104
4249:
4151:
3590:
3485:
3349:
3343:
3128:
2401:
2319:
2292:
1996:
1986:
453:
In the morphology, there are differences. Hurrian indicates the plural of nouns through a special suffix
390:
4371:
3918:
2915:
2576:
2373:
2171:
2031:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1687:
1452:
1172:
Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Urartian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. p. 105
765:
181:
Early proposals for an external genetic relationship of Hurro-Urartian variously grouped them with the
166:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4174:
4096:
4091:
3747:
3733:
3508:
3327:
3134:
3110:
3085:
3058:
3041:
2051:
2006:
1976:
1949:
1520:
1475:
1414:, edited by Avetisyan Pavel S., Dan Roberto, and Grekyan Yervand H. Summertown: Archaeopress. 304-06.
1141:
Wilhelm, Gernot. 2008. Hurrian. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. p. 81
359:
486:, expressing the number of the ergative subject and occupying a position before the valency marker.
343:). Other loans from Armenian into Urartian includes personal names, toponyms, and names of deities.
4141:
4086:
3857:
3576:
3374:
3181:
2818:
2806:
2638:
1693:
1509:
1410:
Khachikyan, Margarit (2019). "Towards the Reconstruction of the Hurro-Urartian Protolanguage." In:
1075:
Kallio, Petri. "XXI. Beyond Indo-European". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthew (eds.).
374:
366:
3955:
3850:
3800:
3779:
3770:
3652:
3569:
3529:
2379:
2304:
1707:
1657:
1280:
Hrach Martirosyan. "Origins and historical development of the Armenian language." 2014. pp. 7-8.
175:
4111:
4106:
3871:
3843:
3834:
3793:
3393:
3241:
3036:
2812:
2765:
2395:
2312:
1971:
1955:
1763:
1664:
1527:
1503:
414:, intransitive vs transitive, is signalled by a special suffix, the so-called "class marker".
397:
3031:
762:
Andirons at Urkesh: New Evidence for the Hurrian Identity of the Early Trans-Caucasian Culture
339:
203:
language family can be included in a macro-family; this grouping was provisionally dubbed the
4263:
4136:
4116:
3864:
3659:
3597:
3439:
3337:
3026:
2829:
2619:
2608:
2570:
2177:
2151:
2056:
2046:
1729:
1645:
1496:
3140:
2865:
4244:
4234:
4224:
4074:
3928:
3741:
3625:
3414:
3171:
2979:
2952:
2935:
2903:
2801:
2515:
2440:
2367:
2146:
2123:
2095:
2026:
1937:
1718:
182:
3299:
317:
and was probably spoken by the majority of the population in the mountainous areas around
8:
4291:
4064:
4049:
3984:
3786:
3708:
3618:
3611:
3562:
3520:
3191:
3095:
2995:
2984:
2946:
2925:
2823:
2782:
2557:
2539:
2533:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2407:
2390:
2129:
1795:
1782:
1676:
1626:
1483:
1326:
780:
732:
Some Effects of the Hurro-Urartian People and Their Languages upon the Earliest Armenians
204:
154:
61:
1292:
4376:
4025:
3979:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3047:
3016:
3011:
2964:
2958:
2909:
2854:
2777:
2661:
2625:
2586:
2528:
2335:
2330:
2041:
1800:
1769:
1735:
1723:
1682:
1557:
1216:
1208:
1050:
825:. Revue hittite et asianique (in French). Vol. 34/35. Paris: Éditions Klincksieck.
3202:
3165:
114:
4229:
4206:
4201:
4179:
4121:
3899:
3822:
3715:
3116:
3021:
3001:
2940:
2920:
2631:
2592:
2563:
2551:
2488:
2434:
2412:
2385:
2325:
2298:
2117:
2078:
2068:
2036:
1909:
1835:
1817:
1811:
1713:
1631:
1545:
1385:
Ugarit-Forschungen: Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas
1220:
1029:
840:
410:, i.e. they receive a "copy" of the case suffixes of the head. In verbs, the type of
373:
mergers, Hurrian and Urartian are both characterized by the use of suffixes in their
347:
334:
310:
171:
142:
134:
90:
3207:
3196:
3176:
1514:
1327:"Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios"
4191:
4184:
4131:
4059:
4054:
4011:
4004:
3934:
3878:
3816:
3722:
3694:
3680:
3666:
3583:
3555:
3543:
3536:
3424:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3223:
3217:
3186:
3079:
2974:
2898:
2836:
2788:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2684:
2668:
2603:
2598:
2581:
2522:
2416:
2348:
2259:
2226:
2194:
2090:
2062:
2011:
1932:
1916:
1902:
1884:
1877:
1863:
1823:
1805:
1789:
1775:
1597:
1580:
1415:
1404:
1200:
711:
494:
Below are some Hurrian and Urartian lexical cognates, as listed by Kassian (2010).
401:
382:
273:
229:
218:
211:
196:
186:
138:
127:
98:
83:
44:
3264:
3212:
2204:
962:
777:
Lexical Matches between Sumerian and Hurro-Urartian: Possible Historical Scenarios
4018:
3969:
3923:
3806:
3701:
3673:
3632:
3549:
3419:
3294:
3279:
3248:
2969:
2930:
2795:
2741:
2613:
2475:
2241:
2236:
2101:
2016:
1897:
1890:
1870:
1852:
1757:
1740:
1539:
1439:
691:
466:
130:
57:
51:
1432:
934:
450:. As the last two examples shows, the Hurrian geminates are absent in Urartian.
4196:
3964:
3477:
3429:
3289:
3258:
3229:
2860:
2746:
2729:
2679:
2674:
2545:
2482:
2252:
2246:
2166:
2161:
2107:
2084:
1829:
1651:
1608:
1591:
1585:
1563:
1551:
406:
292:
192:
1163:// Iranica Antiqua, vol. XLV (2010), pp. 51–224. doi: 10.2143/IA.45.0.2047119.
4355:
3313:
3253:
3235:
2751:
2735:
2689:
2446:
2266:
2231:
2221:
2199:
2156:
2021:
1602:
1534:
1401:
Bulletin De l’Académie Belge Pour l’Étude Des Langues Anciennes Et Orientales
735:
363:
300:
1444:
4101:
3909:
3643:
2210:
1419:
920:"Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European"
411:
386:
330:
894:"Long-Range Linguistic Relations: Cultural Transmission or Consanguinity?"
1433:
Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European
697:
482:) as the marker of transitive valency and both display the plural suffix
237:
236:, occasionally called "Hurrites". It was spoken in the northern parts of
40:
4276:
3995:
3945:
3811:
1857:
378:
189:, and other non-Semitic and non-Indo-European languages of the region.
1212:
1191:
Diakonoff, I. M. (1985). "Hurro-Urartian Borrowings in Old Armenian".
322:
296:
108:
1110:
1049:
Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Gudava, T.E. (1998). "Caucasian Languages".
1021:
393:, although there is significant variation, especially in Urartian.
1204:
1091:
988:
705:
370:
318:
288:
277:
245:
233:
32:
989:"About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origins"
3512:
258:
254:
250:
3953:
1256:
About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origin.
1077:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
3604:
3453:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
3434:
3332:
791:
Wilhelm, Gernot (2008). "Hurrian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).
314:
304:
266:
214:
argue that Hurro-Urartian is a sister family to Indo-European.
36:
346:
There are some lexical matches between Hurro-Urartian and the
262:
241:
464:
is marked obligatorily through a suffix in a verb form. The
1269:
Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon.
1150:
J. N. Postgate, "Mannäer", in RlA VII, pp. 340-42, 1987-90
400:
suffix" comparable, albeit apparently not identical, to a
261:). It has been proposed that two little known groups, the
1026:
The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)
795:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–104.
389:
in syntax. Both are considered to have the default order
221:
may have belonged to the Hurro-Urartian language family.
1365:
Wegner, I. 2000. Einführung in die hurritische Sprache.
442:"lordship", Hurrian 3rd person plural enclitic pronoun
970:
Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences
841:"On Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian language"
687:
876:
1048:
877:Starostin, Sergei A.; Diakonoff, Igor M. (1986).
396:In both languages, nouns can receive a peculiar "
4353:
3507:
1405:https://doi.org/10.14428/babelao.vol2.2013.19843
1028:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 556.
1024:. In McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon (eds.).
866:. Translated by Lori Jennings. New York: Delmar.
224:
1108:
986:
879:Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Language
861:
369:, despite a number of not entirely predictable
1089:
3493:
1474:
1460:
838:
784:
333:. More recent scholarship by Arnaud Fournet,
4337:Families with more than 30 languages are in
3463:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1122:
1120:
287:There was a strong Hurrian influence on the
1377:
1090:Fournet, Arnaud; Bomhard, Allan R. (2010).
3500:
3486:
1467:
1453:
956:
954:
160:
1190:
1126:
1117:
891:
358:Besides their fairly consistent ergative
1193:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1079:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2285–2286.
1019:
834:
832:
730:John A. C. Greppin and I. M. Diakonoff.
1324:
1092:"The Indo-European Elements in Hurrian"
960:
951:
820:
805:
790:
137:, comprising only two known languages:
4354:
1068:
917:
864:The Pre-History of the Armenian People
199:suggested that Hurro-Urartian and the
3481:
1448:
963:"The Urartian substratum in Armenian"
829:
747:Historical Dictionary of the Hittites
381:morphology, including ten to fifteen
1161:Marhaši et la civilisation de l'Oxus
793:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor
460:In Hurrian, only the person of the
13:
1393:
1098:. La Garenne Colombes, Charleston.
1074:
404:. Nominal modifiers are marked by
353:
14:
4388:
1426:
1331:Cuneiform Digital Library Journal
704:
690:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1318:
1307:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1261:
1258:(81.2:207–22) by Arnaud Fournet
1248:
1237:
1227:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1102:
1083:
1059:
1042:
1013:
1003:
980:
911:
885:
870:
823:Glossaire de la langue Hourrite
350:, indicating an early contact.
918:Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. (1999).
855:
814:
799:
769:
754:
739:
724:
244:and the southeastern parts of
1:
1159:Francfort H.-P., Tremblay X.
718:
225:Contacts with other languages
1129:Altorientalische Forschungen
7:
4367:Pre-Indo-European languages
1387:, 383-452. Münster: Ugarit.
961:Greppin, John A.C. (2008).
892:Diakonoff, Igor M. (1995).
760:Marilyn Kelly- Buccellati.
489:
56:One of the world's primary
10:
4393:
4157:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1403:2 (avril), pp. 3–52.
1131:(in German) (30): 372–381.
927:UCLA Indo-European Studies
821:Laroche, Emmanuel (1980).
148:
4325:
4262:
4215:
4165:
4045:
4038:
3993:
3944:
3908:
3833:
3769:
3732:
3642:
3519:
3448:
3407:
3384:
3323:
3312:
3156:
2889:
2878:
2846:
2773:
2764:
2653:
2470:
2459:
2426:
2288:
2279:
2187:
1945:
1931:
1845:
1640:
1622:
1573:
1491:
1482:
1476:Primary language families
1254:Archiv Orientální. 2013.
933:: 147–264. Archived from
107:
76:
68:
52:Linguistic classification
50:
26:
21:
4362:Hurro-Urartian languages
2293:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
1325:Kassian, Alexei (2014).
1109:Fournet, Arnaud (2019).
1052:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1022:"Urartian and Urartians"
987:Fournet, Arnaud (2013).
862:Diakonoff, I.M. (1984).
232:was the language of the
4334:have no living members.
4217:East and Southeast Asia
3460:have no living members.
1020:Zimansky, Paul (2011).
881:. Munich: R. Kitzinger.
808:Introduction to Hurrian
806:Speiser, E. A. (1941).
161:External classification
16:Extinct language family
3440:Unclassified languages
3394:list of sign languages
2362:Northeastern Tasmanian
1420:10.2307/j.ctvndv9f0.37
1267:Hrach K. Martirosyan.
1111:"PIE Roots in Hurrian"
845:Bibliotheca Orientalis
839:Smeets, Rieks (1989).
201:Northeastern Caucasian
3415:Constructed languages
734:.(1991) pp. 720-730.
1962:Binanderean–Goilalan
434:"another", Urartian
362:and their generally
217:The poorly attested
183:Kartvelian languages
72:Proto-Hurro-Urartian
3975:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3759:Northwest Caucasian
3754:Northeast Caucasian
3244:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3147:Tequiraca–Canichana
2990:Harákmbut–Katukinan
1753:Northwest Caucasian
1747:Northeast Caucasian
1671:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
391:subject–object–verb
210:Arnaud Fournet and
205:Alarodian languages
155:Kura-Araxes culture
4240:Austronesian–Ongan
4039:Proposed groupings
2866:Tarascan/Purépecha
2355:Northern Tasmanian
2113:South Bougainville
2074:North Bougainville
1438:2018-09-24 at the
749:. (2004) pp. 129.
4372:Language families
4349:
4348:
4258:
4257:
4250:Sino-Austronesian
4034:
4033:
3509:Language families
3475:
3474:
3425:Language isolates
3403:
3402:
3308:
3307:
2874:
2873:
2760:
2759:
2455:
2454:
2402:Western Tasmanian
2320:Eastern Tasmanian
2275:
2274:
1997:East Geelvink Bay
1927:
1926:
1618:
1617:
993:Archiv Orientální
775:Kassian, Alexei.
686:
685:
383:grammatical cases
335:Hrach Martirosyan
303:surviving in the
135:Ancient Near East
121:
120:
58:language families
4384:
4317:Proto-Euphratean
4043:
4042:
3951:
3950:
3919:Great Andamanese
3502:
3495:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3321:
3320:
3275:Huaorani/Waorani
3159:(extant in 2000)
3123:Esmeralda–Yaruro
2894:Andoque–Urequena
2887:
2886:
2771:
2770:
2577:Plateau Penutian
2468:
2467:
2443:(Northern Daly?)
2286:
2285:
2172:Northwest Papuan
2136:Trans–New Guinea
2002:East New Britain
1977:Central Solomons
1943:
1942:
1688:Great Andamanese
1638:
1637:
1489:
1488:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1001:
1000:
984:
978:
977:
967:
958:
949:
948:
946:
945:
939:
924:
915:
909:
908:
898:
889:
883:
882:
874:
868:
867:
859:
853:
852:
836:
827:
826:
818:
812:
811:
803:
797:
796:
788:
782:
773:
767:
758:
752:
745:Charles Burney.
743:
737:
728:
714:
712:Languages portal
709:
708:
700:
695:
694:
497:
496:
462:ergative subject
402:definite article
282:Ancient Margiana
274:Kassite language
219:Kassite language
212:Allan R. Bomhard
197:Sergei Starostin
167:genetic relation
117:
45:Zagros Mountains
19:
18:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4321:
4312:Paleo-Laplandic
4307:Pre-Finno-Ugric
4254:
4211:
4175:Greater Siangic
4161:
4147:Uralic–Yukaghir
4097:Ibero-Caucasian
4092:Elamo-Dravidian
4030:
3989:
3940:
3904:
3829:
3765:
3748:North Caucasian
3728:
3638:
3577:Paleo-Sardinian
3515:
3506:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3444:
3430:Mixed languages
3399:
3380:
3315:
3304:
3158:
3152:
3007:Katembri–Taruma
2881:
2870:
2842:
2756:
2649:
2462:
2451:
2422:
2271:
2183:
2142:Turama–Kikorian
2052:Lower Mamberamo
2007:East Strickland
1935:
1923:
1841:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1569:
1478:
1473:
1440:Wayback Machine
1429:
1396:
1394:Further reading
1391:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
985:
981:
965:
959:
952:
943:
941:
937:
922:
916:
912:
896:
890:
886:
875:
871:
860:
856:
837:
830:
819:
815:
804:
800:
789:
785:
774:
770:
759:
755:
744:
740:
729:
725:
721:
710:
703:
696:
689:
492:
356:
354:Characteristics
295:" from Hurrian
227:
163:
151:
131:language family
113:
60:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4390:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4142:Uralo-Siberian
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Serbi–Mongolic
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4087:Dravido-Korean
4084:
4082:Dené–Yeniseian
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4070:Dené–Caucasian
4067:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3688:Hurro-Urartian
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3570:Paleo-Corsican
3566:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Indo-Pakistani
3352:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3054:Piaroa–Saliban
3051:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2819:Tequistlatecan
2816:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2342:Marrku–Wurrugu
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1701:Hurro-Urartian
1697:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1428:
1427:External links
1425:
1424:
1423:
1408:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1317:
1306:
1295:
1284:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1236:
1226:
1205:10.2307/602722
1199:(4): 597–603.
1183:
1174:
1165:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1116:
1101:
1082:
1067:
1058:
1041:
1034:
1012:
1002:
979:
950:
910:
884:
869:
854:
828:
813:
798:
783:
768:
753:
738:
722:
720:
717:
716:
715:
701:
684:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
662:
661:
658:
655:
651:
650:
647:
644:
640:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
618:
617:
614:
611:
607:
606:
603:
600:
596:
595:
592:
589:
585:
584:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
523:
519:
518:
515:
512:
508:
507:
504:
501:
491:
488:
420:Suffixaufnahme
407:Suffixaufnahme
355:
352:
321:and the upper
293:Mitanni letter
226:
223:
193:Igor Diakonoff
162:
159:
150:
147:
124:Hurro-Urartian
119:
118:
111:
105:
104:
103:
102:
94:
87:
78:
74:
73:
70:
69:Proto-language
66:
65:
54:
48:
47:
30:
24:
23:
22:Hurro-Urartian
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4389:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Eskimo–Uralic
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:Paleosiberian
3952:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3851:Austroasiatic
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:Austroasiatic
3798:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3780:Indo-European
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:Indo-European
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:Indo-European
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Original Thai
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3129:Hibito–Cholón
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2645:Yuman–Cochimí
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:Southern Daly
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:Darwin Region
2302:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:Demta–Sentani
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1708:Indo-European
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:Austroasiatic
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1035:9780199940127
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
983:
976:(2): 134–137.
975:
971:
964:
957:
955:
940:on 2018-09-24
936:
932:
928:
921:
914:
906:
902:
901:Mother Tongue
895:
888:
880:
873:
865:
858:
850:
846:
842:
835:
833:
824:
817:
809:
802:
794:
787:
781:
778:
772:
766:
763:
757:
751:
748:
742:
736:
733:
727:
723:
713:
707:
702:
699:
693:
688:
681:
678:
675:
674:
670:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
653:
652:
648:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
608:
604:
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
587:
586:
582:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
522:to burn (tr.)
521:
520:
516:
513:
510:
509:
505:
502:
499:
498:
495:
487:
485:
481:
478:(rather than
477:
472:
469:
468:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
421:
415:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
387:postpositions
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
364:agglutinative
361:
351:
349:
344:
342:
341:
336:
332:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
306:
302:
301:Amenhotep III
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
222:
220:
215:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
179:
177:
176:Indo-European
173:
168:
158:
156:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
116:
112:
110:
106:
101:
100:
95:
93:
92:
88:
86:
85:
81:
80:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:controversial
63:
59:
55:
53:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:
25:
20:
4338:
4331:
4330:Families in
4287:Pre-Goidelic
4282:Pre-Germanic
4112:Indo-Semitic
4107:Indo-Pacific
4102:Indo-Hittite
4017:
4010:
4003:
3933:
3910:Indian Ocean
3877:
3872:Austronesian
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3844:Sino-Tibetan
3842:
3821:
3799:
3794:Sino-Tibetan
3792:
3785:
3778:
3746:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3598:North Picene
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3464:
3457:
3456:Families in
3391:
3342:
3240:
3228:
3078:
3046:
3037:Pano-Tacanan
2994:
2957:
2945:
2916:Arutani–Sape
2908:
2853:
2835:
2828:
2813:Oto-Manguean
2811:
2794:
2787:
2734:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2667:
2660:
2637:
2630:
2618:
2591:
2569:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2481:
2474:
2433:
2400:
2396:Western Daly
2374:Pama–Nyungan
2372:
2360:
2353:
2340:
2318:
2313:Eastern Daly
2311:
2303:
2258:
2134:
2122:
2100:
2083:
2061:
2032:Kaure–Kosare
1992:Doso–Turumsa
1982:Chimbu–Wahgi
1972:Bulaka River
1956:Austronesian
1954:
1915:
1908:
1889:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1764:Sino-Tibetan
1762:
1745:
1728:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1675:
1665:Austronesian
1663:
1656:
1644:
1590:
1528:Nilo-Saharan
1526:
1519:
1504:Austronesian
1502:
1495:
1411:
1400:
1384:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1309:
1298:
1287:
1276:
1271:Brill. 2009.
1268:
1263:
1250:
1239:
1229:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1104:
1096:academia.edu
1095:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1051:
1044:
1025:
1015:
1005:
996:
992:
982:
973:
969:
942:. Retrieved
935:the original
930:
926:
913:
904:
900:
887:
878:
872:
863:
857:
848:
844:
822:
816:
807:
801:
792:
786:
776:
771:
761:
756:
746:
741:
731:
726:
493:
483:
479:
475:
473:
465:
461:
459:
454:
452:
447:
446:vs Urartian
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
419:
416:
405:
395:
379:inflectional
375:derivational
357:
345:
338:
331:Old Armenian
328:
309:
286:
271:
228:
216:
209:
191:
180:
164:
152:
123:
122:
97:
89:
82:
77:Subdivisions
29:distribution
4137:Ural-Altaic
4117:Indo-Uralic
3929:Sentinelese
3660:Afroasiatic
3626:Eteocypriot
3350:Germanosign
3254:Mura-Pirahã
3135:Lule–Vilela
3111:Bora-Witoto
3086:Uru–Chipaya
3059:Ticuna–Yuri
3042:Peba–Yaguan
3027:Nambikwaran
2830:Uto-Aztecan
2766:Mesoamerica
2620:Uto-Aztecan
2609:Tsimshianic
2571:Palaihnihan
2441:Malak-Malak
2178:Papuan Gulf
2152:West Papuan
2057:Lower Sepik
2047:Lakes Plain
1950:Arai–Samaia
1938:the Pacific
1646:Afroasiatic
1521:Niger–Congo
1497:Afroasiatic
1010:9027247587.
698:Asia portal
638:u=i, =u=ri
438:vs Hurrian
430:vs Hurrian
299:to pharaoh
238:Mesopotamia
174:nor to the
41:Mesopotamia
4356:Categories
4277:Pre-Celtic
4245:East Asian
4235:Austro-Tai
4225:Andamanese
4075:Eurasiatic
3996:North Asia
3946:North Asia
3858:Hmong–Mien
3812:Burushaski
3771:South Asia
3742:Kartvelian
3709:Philistine
3619:Eteocretan
3563:Tartessian
3344:Francosign
3192:Chiquitano
3172:Alacalufan
2980:Guaicuruan
2953:Chapacuran
2936:Cahuapanan
2904:Araucanian
2807:Mixe–Zoque
2802:Misumalpan
2516:Comecrudan
2368:Nyulnyulan
2147:Upper Yuat
2124:Torricelli
2096:Senu River
2027:Foja Range
1933:New Guinea
1858:Burushaski
1719:Kartvelian
1694:Hmong–Mien
1510:Khoe–Kwadi
944:2016-08-18
851:: 260–280.
719:References
467:absolutive
367:morphology
165:While the
27:Geographic
4377:Cuneiform
4302:Pre-Vedic
4292:Pre-Greek
4264:Substrata
4167:Arunachal
4065:Nostratic
4050:Alarodian
3985:Yeniseian
3835:East Asia
3787:Dravidian
3644:West Asia
3612:Tyrsenian
3375:Tanzanian
3316:languages
3213:Hodï/Joti
3157:Isolates
3096:Yanomaman
3032:Otomákoan
2996:Jirajaran
2985:Guajiboan
2947:Catacaoan
2926:Barbacoan
2855:Cuitlatec
2824:Totonacan
2783:Jicaquean
2662:Chimariko
2558:Muskogean
2540:Kalapuyan
2534:Iroquoian
2509:Chumashan
2502:Chinookan
2495:Chimakuan
2413:Yangmanic
2408:Worrorran
2391:Wagaydyic
2281:Australia
2130:Trans-Fly
1796:Yeniseian
1783:Tyrsenian
1677:Dravidian
1221:163807245
779:. (2014)
764:. (2004)
506:Urartian
398:anaphoric
360:alignment
297:Tushratta
109:Glottolog
62:Alarodian
4297:Vasconic
4272:Atlantic
4026:Eskaleut
3980:Yukaghir
3895:Koreanic
3890:Tungusic
3885:Mongolic
3823:Harappan
3734:Caucasus
3716:Sumerian
3591:Ligurian
3408:See also
3385:Isolates
3360:Japanese
3300:Yuracaré
3182:Candoshi
3141:Macro-Jê
3106:Zaparoan
3101:Zamucoan
3091:Witotoan
3074:Tucanoan
3069:Tiniguan
3064:Timotean
3048:Quechuan
3017:Matacoan
3012:Mascoian
3002:Jivaroan
2965:Chibchan
2959:Charruan
2910:Arawakan
2847:Isolates
2778:Chibchan
2654:Isolates
2626:Wakashan
2587:Salishan
2529:Eskaleut
2435:Giimbiyu
2427:Isolates
2336:Jarrakan
2331:Iwaidjan
2188:Isolates
2042:Kutubuan
1910:Sumerian
1846:Isolates
1801:Yukaghir
1770:Tungusic
1736:Mongolic
1724:Koreanic
1683:Eskaleut
1574:Isolates
1558:Ubangian
1436:Archived
907:: 34–40.
649:šu=sini
605:baba=ni
599:mountain
594:iš-/šu-
517:šui=ni-
490:Cognates
371:morpheme
348:Sumerian
319:Lake Van
311:Urartian
278:Marhashi
265:and the
246:Anatolia
234:Hurrians
143:Urartian
115:hurr1239
91:Urartian
33:Anatolia
4332:italics
4230:Austric
4207:Kho-Bwa
4202:Hrusish
4180:Siangic
4122:Karasuk
4022: ?
3935:Kenaboi
3900:Japonic
3865:Kra–Dai
3826: ?
3817:Kusunda
3723:Elamite
3695:Kassite
3681:Kaskian
3584:Camunic
3556:Iberian
3513:Eurasia
3458:italics
3435:Pidgins
3420:Creoles
3370:Swedish
3338:Chinese
3285:Urarina
3270:Puinave
3224:Itonama
3218:Irantxe
3187:Chimane
3117:Chimuan
3022:Nadahup
2941:Cariban
2921:Aymaran
2882:America
2724:Waikuri
2717:Tonkawa
2710:Timucua
2703:Takelma
2696:Siuslaw
2685:Kutenai
2669:Esselen
2632:Wintuan
2593:Shastan
2564:Na-Dene
2552:Maiduan
2489:Caddoan
2463:America
2417:Wagiman
2415:(incl.
2386:Tangkic
2326:Garawan
2299:Bunuban
2260:Tambora
2227:Maybrat
2195:Abinomn
2118:Teberan
2079:Pauwasi
2069:Mairasi
2037:Kiwaian
1917:Tambora
1903:Shompen
1885:Kusunda
1878:Kenaboi
1864:Elamite
1836:Siangic
1818:Kho-Bwa
1812:Hrusish
1730:Kra–Dai
1714:Japonic
1623:Eurasia
1598:Sandawe
1581:Bangime
1546:Songhay
1234:720-730
591:iš-/šu-
583:tiš=ni
566:to hear
544:to give
539:nun=a-
514:šua=lla
503:Hurrian
476:-o-/-u-
440:evrišše
412:valency
289:Hittite
259:1270 BC
257:–
251:Mitanni
230:Hurrian
187:Elamite
172:Semitic
149:Origins
139:Hurrian
133:of the
128:extinct
99:Kassite
84:Hurrian
4192:Mijiic
4185:Digaro
4132:Pontic
4060:Borean
4055:Altaic
4019:Rouran
4012:Turkic
4005:Uralic
3994:Other
3879:Turkic
3807:Nihali
3702:Gutian
3674:Hattic
3667:Turkic
3633:Minoan
3605:Sicani
3550:Basque
3544:Turkic
3537:Uralic
3521:Europe
3333:BANZSL
3295:Yamana
3280:Trumai
3249:Movima
3203:Fulniô
3166:Aikanã
3080:Tupian
2975:Chonan
2899:Arauan
2837:Xincan
2789:Lencan
2742:Yokuts
2639:Yukian
2604:Tanoan
2599:Siouan
2582:Pomoan
2523:Coosan
2349:Mirndi
2242:Porome
2237:Pawaia
2091:Senagi
2063:Madang
2012:Eleman
1967:Border
1898:Nihali
1891:Minoan
1871:Hattic
1853:Basque
1824:Mijiic
1806:Digaro
1790:Uralic
1776:Turkic
1627:Europe
1484:Africa
1219:
1213:602722
1211:
1032:
679:šawali
646:šu=kki
616:ti=ni
602:pab=ni
436:eurišə
385:, and
340:*h₁epi
315:Urartu
305:Amarna
267:Mannae
126:is an
37:Levant
3970:Nivkh
3924:Ongan
3290:Warao
3259:Nukak
3230:Kunza
3208:Guató
3197:Cofán
3177:Camsá
2970:Choco
2931:Boran
2880:South
2861:Huave
2796:Mayan
2747:Yuchi
2730:Washo
2680:Karuk
2675:Haida
2614:Utian
2546:Keres
2483:Alsea
2476:Algic
2461:North
2253:Taiap
2247:Sulka
2102:Sepik
2017:Engan
1758:Ongan
1741:Nivkh
1609:Shabo
1592:Jalaa
1586:Hadza
1540:Mande
1217:S2CID
1209:JSTOR
966:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
923:(PDF)
897:(PDF)
682:šali
665:to go
660:hari
627:šuhi
577:heart
572:haš-
558:šu=ni
500:gloss
263:Nairi
242:Syria
4339:bold
4197:Miju
3965:Ainu
3465:bold
3392:See
3328:Arab
3314:Sign
3265:Páez
3242:Maku
3236:Leco
2752:Zuni
2736:Yana
2690:Seri
2447:Tiwi
2267:Wiru
2232:Mpur
2222:Kuot
2205:Anêm
2200:Abun
2167:Yuat
2162:Yawa
2108:Skou
2085:Ramu
1936:and
1830:Miju
1652:Ainu
1632:Asia
1630:and
1603:Laal
1564:Kadu
1552:Ijaw
1515:Kx'a
1337:(4).
1335:2014
1030:ISBN
849:XLVI
676:year
671:uš-
668:ušš-
657:hari
654:road
624:šuhe
613:tiye
610:name
580:tiša
569:haš-
561:šu-
555:hand
550:ar-
533:come
528:am-
484:-it-
455:-až-
444:-lla
377:and
280:and
272:The
255:1450
240:and
195:and
170:the
141:and
3912:rim
3511:of
2217:Kol
2211:Ata
2157:Yam
2022:Fas
1535:Tuu
1416:doi
1201:doi
1197:105
643:one
632:not
621:new
547:ar-
536:un-
525:am-
511:all
480:-i-
448:-lə
432:oli
428:ulə
323:Zab
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